Appendix E - A short glossary of Sanskrit Terms

Ativyāpti—
Over-application of the lakṣaṇa.

Adhikaraṇa—
Substratum or basis where something resides.

Adhyavasāya—
Ascertainment.

Ananugatatva—
The state of having ananugama.

Ananugama—
Absence of knowledge of genericity.

Anirvācya—
Inexplicable. Indefinable.

Anugama—
Common characteristic. Genericity or knowledge of genericity.

Anumānaprayoga—
A demonstration of anumāna in the form of a five-part sentence. It usually comprises of pratijñā, hetu and udāharaṇa.

Anuvṛtti—
Inclusion. Genericity.

Anyonyāśraya—
Fault of mutual dependence.

Anvaya—
Presence.

Abhyupagama—
Acceptance.

Artha—
Object.

Avacchedaka—
Delimitor.

Avinābhāva—
That relation between two things, where one of them cannot exist independently without the other.

Avyāpti—
Narrow application of the lakṣaṇa.

Asambhava—
Non-application of the lakṣaṇa.

Asambhavitva—
The state of having asambhava.

Ātmāśraya—
Fault of self-dependence.

Ādheya—
That which resides on a substratum.

Anavasthā—
Infinite regression.

Āpātatas—
Suddenly. At the primary level. Once.

Ārambhavāda—
The theory accepted by the Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika darśanas that the perceivable and consumable world is made of combinatio

Āropa—
Superimposition.

Āropya—
That which is superimposed.

Upādhi—
Condition. Condition which connects the otherwise disconnected sādhya and hetu.

Karman—
Action, which resides in the dravya.

Kalpanāgaurava—
An explanation which is based on more concepts. Superfluous explanation.

Kalpanālāghava—
An explanation which is based on lesser concepts. Parsimonious explanation.

Karaṇa—
Most important cause.

Kāraṇa—
Cause.

Kārya—
Effect.

Kṣaṇika—
Momentary.

Guṇa—
Attribute or property, which resides in the dravya and exists only so long as it resides in it.

Jāti—
Genus.

Jātīya—
That which belongs to a jāti. This word is used in compounds, for example, tajjātīya, sajātīya, and so forth.

Jñapti—
Knowledge.

Jñāna—
Knowledge.

Jñeya—
Object of knowledge.

Dravya—
The substratum where guṇa and karman reside.

Dharma—
That which resides on a substratum.

Dharmin—
The substratum where a dharma resides.

Niyāmaka—
That which limits/regulates something.

Niravayava—
That which has no parts. Partless.

Nirākaraṇa—
Refutation

Pakṣa—
The locus where something is to be proved to exist. For example, śabda is the pakṣa, where anityatva (non-eternality) i

Padārtha—
Literally 'word and the object it represents', used by Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika darśanas to denote categories o

Paramāṇu—
The partless and smallest unit of matter, which cannot be divided into its constituent parts.

Paramparā—
Series.

Pariṇāma—
Transformation.

Pariṇāmavāda—
The Sāṅkhya theory that the world is a transformation of Prakṛti.

Pāka—
Contact with fire.

Piṭharapākavāda—
The theory that pāka happens in the composite kārya dravya (like pot) and not in paramāṇus. This theory is accepted b

Pīlūpākavāda—
The theory that pāka happens in paramāṇus. This theory is accepted by the Vaiśeṣikas.

Pratiyogin—
The opposite of a dharmin in the case of bheda (difference). The thing of which abhāva (absence) is known.

Prativādin—
Opponent in a debate.

Pramā—
Valid knowledge.

Pramāṇa—
The most important cause of valid knowledge.

Pramiti—
Valid knowledge.

Prameya—
Object of valid knowledge.

Pralaya—
Dissolution.

Prasaṅga—
Incidence. Undesired incidence.

Bādha—
Invalidity. Contradiction.

Bhūtacaitanyavāda—
The theory that matter is conscious.

Madhyastha—
Moderator in a debate. A person who is on no one's side in a discussion.

Yathārtha—
That which is in accordance with artha or object. An adjective

Lakṣaṇa—
Definition.

Vāda—
Theory. Discussion.

Vādin—
Debater.

Vijātīya—
Of a different jāti.

Vipratipatti—
Disagreement.

Vipratipanna—
The thing or concept about which there are opposing views.

Vibhāga—
Disjunction.

Vibhū—
All-pervading.

Vimata—
The object of dispute in a debate.

Vivakṣā—
Intention to say.

Vivarta—
Illusory transformation.

Vivartavāda—
The theory of Advaita Vedānta which says that the world is an

Vivādapada—
The object of dispute in a debate.

Viśiṣṭa—
Specified.

Viśeṣa—
Specific. A padārtha which resides in the paramāṇus and vibhū

Viśeṣaṇa—
Specification. Specifier.

Viṣaya—
Object.

Vaidharmya—
Difference.

Vyakti—
Individual.

Vyañjaka—
That which is different from a jāti, and makes that jāti known.

Vyatireka—
Absence. Difference.

Vyavahāra—
Knowledge. Usage of words.

Vyāghāta—
Contradiction.

Vyāpti—
Invariable relation.

Vyāvartaka—
That which excludes something.

Vyāvṛtti—
Exclusion.

Saṃyoga—
Conjunction.

Saṅgrāhaka—
A common characteristic of multiple things, which helps be

Sajātīya—
That which belongs to the same jāti.

Samavāya—
A relation which exists between the parts and the whole, dravya

Sampratipatti—
Agreement.

Sampratipanna—
The thing or concept about which there is a common view.

Samyaktva—
Validity.

Sarga—
Creation.

Sādharmya—
Similarity.

Sādhya—
That which is to be proved to be residing in a pakṣa.

Sāmānya—
General. Jāti.

Sāvayava—
That which has parts.

Hetu—
The dharma which resides in the pakṣa, on the basis of which

Hetvābhāsa—
Semblance of hetu.