Part 4 - A probable mention by Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya

In the anumāna khaṇḍa of his Tattvacintāmaṇi, Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya mentions a few pūrvapakṣa definitions of vyāpti. One of the definitions is 'anaupādhikaḥ sambandhaḥ'. After presenting the definition of upādhi as 'sādhyavyāpakatve sati sādhanāvyāpakaḥ', an opinion is presented in favour of the absence of upādhi as follows:

"yāvatsādhyavyāpake prameyatvādau sādhanāvyāpakatvaṃ yāvatsādhanāvyāpake ca ghaṭatvādau sādhyavyāpakatvaṃ niṣidhyate"^[1]

The basic idea is that whatever pervades the sādhya, does not not pervade the sādhana, and whatever pervades the sādhana, does not not pervade the sādhya. Such a pervasion is the absence of upādhi and hence the anaupādhika sambandha. 

Mathurānātha Tarkavāgīśa comments on this and says:

"yāvatsādhyavyāpake sādhanāvyāpakatvābhāvo yāvatsādhanāvyāpake sādhyavyāpakatvābhāvo vā anaupādhikatvapadārtha iti bhāvaḥ"^[2]

It is refuted by Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya on the basis of vyadhikaraṇatva, and the said commentator says:

"vyadhikaraṇatvāditi niruktaniṣedhasya hetuniṣṭhasādhyasāmānādhikaraṇyavyadhikaraṇatvādityarthaḥ tathāca tādṛśānaupādhikatvaviśiṣṭaṃ sādhyasāmānādhikaraṇyaṃ sarvvatra hetau nāstītyavyāptiriti bhāvaḥ"^[3]

The idea behind the refutation is that such a relation is not present in every hetu which possesses the so-called 'anaupādhika sambandha' with its sādhya.

Something similar is mentioned by Ānandajñāna during his refutation of the definition of vyāpti as 'anaupādhika sambandha'. 

He takes a pūrvapakṣa explanation of 'anaupādhikatva' as:

"yāvantaḥ sādhyavyāpakāḥ te sarve sādhanavyāpakāḥ yāvanto vā sādhanāvyāpakāḥ te sarve sādhyāvyāpakāḥ iti nirūpaṇīyā tatsiddhiḥ"^[4]

This too means that whatever pervades the sādhya pervades the sādhana and whatever does not pervade the sādhana does not pervade the sādhya. In this way, Ānandajñāna thinks that his opponent shall explain the 'anaupādhika sambandha', through the absence of which they shall prove the existence of upādhi.

Ānandajñāna refutes it by saying that if such is the explanation behind the indirect proof of upādhi, there would be the absence of upādhi anywhere and everywhere, because whatever pervades the sādhya pervades the sādhana, and whatever does not pervade sādhana does not pervade the sādhya, leaving no room for anything like upādhi to exist. So it implies, that there would be an absence of upādhi even in the case where it is being said to exist.^[5]

Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya gives a counterargument to the said form of upādhi and says that in the anumāna, which involves upādhi, that is, "there is dhūma, because there is vahni", the complete ārdrendhana (moist fuel) does not pervade the sādhana (vahni) and also does not pervade the sādhya (dhūma).^[6] This is because all of the ārdrendhana cannot pervade one dhūma and also that it cannot pervade the mountainsmoke. Then, all the ārdrendhana which pervades the sādhya (dhūma), also pervades the sādhana (mahānasīya vahni or kitchen-fire).^[7] Hence, he says that absence of an upādhi defined as such, would also be found at a place where such an upādhi exists.

Here it seems that Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya has formally elaborated what Ānandajñāna has said above. Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya himself has improved the definition of upādhi in the same text.^[8] This direction of argumentation is not found in Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya (Śrīharṣa) and Tattvapradīpikā

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Vyāptivāda), pp. 79-80

[2]:

TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Vyāptivāda), p. 85

[3]:

TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Vyāptivāda), p. 85

[4]:

Tarkasaṅgraha (Ānandajñāna) (Pariccheda 2), p. 92

[5]:

tathā sati kvāpi tadabhāvaprasaṅgāt sādhyavyāpakatve sādhanavyāpakatvāt tadavyāpakatve ca sādhyāvyāpakatvāt -Tarkasaṅgraha (Ānandajñāna) (Pariccheda 2), p. 92 The text reads 'sādhyavyāpakatve sādhanavyāpakatvābhāvāt', which highly likely to be a scribal mistake, and is quite evident from the manuscript folio 19.

[6]:

sopādherapi tathātvāt tathāhi sādhanasya vahneravyāpakaṃ yāvadārdrendhanantat pratyekamavyāpakaṃ sādhyadhūmasya -TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Vyāptivāda), pp. 80-81

[7]:

dvitīye sādhyadhūmasya vyāpakamārdrendhanaṃ tat vyāpakaṃ mahānasīyavahneḥ -TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Vyāptivāda), p. 81

[8]:

paryyavasitasādhyavyāpakatve sati sādhanāvyāpakatvaṃ yaddharmāvacchedena sādhyaṃ prasiddhaṃ tadavacchinnaṃ sādhyaṃ -TC, Vol. 2, Part 1 (Upādhivāda), pp. 336-341