5. Dinacarya (timetable for the healthy person)

The Manasollasa gives detailed description of dinacarya (or timetable for the healthy person). etaistapobhih kurute niyatah kayasosanam | sa sarvam labhate kamam dusprapam natra samsayah || 1.17.124 It means there is no doubt that the person who does his duties regularly, with self-control, he/she should have healthy life. One should get up from bed early morning. This is considered to be an auspicious time when there is less of noise in the atmosphere and the entire surrounding is impregnated with calmness and peace. Getting up from bed and offering prayer to the god (of one's own religion or belief) creates such an impact in the individual that he/she enjoys happiness throughout the day time. Before actually leaving the bed, an individual should chalk out his programme of work for the day. Cleaning the face: Whether it is summer or rainy season or winter, one should wash the face with water immediately after getting up from the bed. This helps in the cleaning of the dirt accumulated in the eyes, nose and mouth during night and gives freshness. In winter season, lukewarm water can be used for this purpose. Protecting Eyesight: While washing the face, one should take a mouthful of water, close the mouth and keep the eyes open as far as possible. A handful of water, with a little force, should be sprinkled over the eyes. This is considered to be very useful for presrving and promoting eye sight. Care should be taken not to apply much force while sprinkling

166 water. After sprinkling water, eyelids should be very gently rubbed so that the eyeballs get a gentle massage. Drinking Water: According to Manasollasa, the king should drink divya (rain) water in the Sarad season, flowing water from rivers in Hemanta, from lakes in Sisira, from big reservoirs in Vasanta, from springs Vasanta in the hot season and from wells in the rainy season. divyam saradi paniyam hemante saridudbhavam | sisire vari tadagam vasante sarasam payah || 3-14 1627 After washing the face and mouth, one should drink a glass of water. This is prescribed for all seasons and on all days. This helps in the proper evacuation of the stool and urine. Some people are in the habit of taking bed tea for this purpose. The reflex action produced by bed tea is different from the one produced by the cold water. Only the latter produces pressure, thus, stimulating the intestines to start the peristatic movement for evacuation. Tea (caffeine) stimulates the intestines so strongly that its stimulating effect loses its significance after some days and the individual becomes addicted to tea. The caffeine content of the tea or coffee produces some adverse effects on the glands of the stomach and intestines which the cold water does not. Cold water is, however, prohibited if the individual is suffering from cold, cough or sore throat. Evacuation: One should make a regular habit of going to latrine after getting up from bed. One does not feel the urge for it at times, because of certain reasons. Either the meal of the previous night has not been properly digested, or the individual had inadequate sleep. The habit of drinking a glass of cold water in the morning overcomes these difficulties caused by indigestion and inadequate sleep and thus, the individual gets clear motion. People who are exposed to a lot of worry or those who are short-tempered, sensitive or wrathful, do get a lot of wind in their stomach. This accumulates in the intestines during the night.

167 Wind is also formed because of the intake of pulses (dal) and fried things in excess. Wind formation also takes place in persons who do not take leafy vegetables and fruits in adequate quantity. Whatever the cause may be, when the wind is formed it creates some obstruction in the bowel movement. The individual may at times feel that he has complete evacuation. But after some time, he gets the urge again and there are people who go to latrine three to four times in the morning itself, before they feel comfortable with the evacuation. This causes considerable inconvenience, and in many cases, the evacuation remains incomplete which causes suppression of appetite, indigestion, headache, uneasy feeling, fatigue and even sleeplessness. Wind, when formed in excess, puts pressure on the heart and may cause palpitation. It is, therefore, necessary for an individual to take necessary precautions relating to food, drinks and sleep, so that he gets clear motion in the morning. However, if he has an urge for the second time, it should not be stopped by force. That will not be good for health. Cleaning teeth: One should use the tooth-cleaning stick whose top portion is crushed and which is either astringent, pungent or bitter in taste. This should be done in such a way that the gums are not injured. This removes the foul smell from the mouth. It removes the dirt of the tongue, teeth and mouth creating thereby the taste for food. In addition, teeth are kept clean and healthy. Tongue scraping: Tongue scrapers should be made of gold, silver, copper, tin or brass. Their edges should not be sharp and they should be curved to facilitate scraping. The midrib of a mango leaf can also be used as a tongue scraper. The scum deposited on the tongue gives rise to foul smell. So the tongue should be scraped regularly. Use of Nasal drops: One should inhale Anu taila every year during the three seasons, viz., the rainy season, the autumn and the spring, when the sky is free from cloud.

168 One who habitually resorts to nasal therapy in time according to the prescribed method, his eyes, nose and ears are not affected by any morbidity. His hair and beard never become white or grey; he never experiences hair fall; these rather grow luxuriously. Diseases like torticolitis, headache, facial paralysis, lock jaw, rhinitis, hemicrania and tremors of the head are cured by inhalation therapy. Being nourished by inhalation, his veins, joints, ligaments and tendons of head and neck gain greater strength. His face becomes cheerful and plumpy and his voice becomes sweet and stabilised. All his sense organs become clear and they gain considerable strength. Diseases relating to head and neck do not attack him all of a sudden. Even though he might be growing old, old age does not affect his head in the form of grey hair. Chewing One desirous of clarity, taste and good smell of mouth should keep in mouth (chew) the fruits of jati (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), kataka (Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn.), puga (Areca catechu Linn.), kakkola (Fiper cubeba Linn.), suksmaila (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.), flower stalk of lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum Merr. and L.M.), fresh betel leaf (Piper betle Linn) and the extract of karpura (Cinnamomum camphora Nees and Eberm.). Application of oil: In this section, "the enjoyment of bath" and various kinds of preparation of an ointment are described. The king's persons Somesvara says¹, should first anoint the king with fragrant oil and then expert wrestlers well-versed in the art of massaging should massage his body. An ointment prepared with fragrant unguents like kostha etc in water or kanjika is applied afterwards to the body for rubbing and cleaning the skin. The scented oil of amalaki is then applied to the hair, sometimes scented turmeric is applied in addition. 9. ausadhigandhasamsiddhaih stutyairdosapahaih subhaih | tailairabhyajya gatrani malaih samtahavedibhih || 3.2.933

169 One who applies sesamum oil on his head regularly, does not suffer from headache, baldness, greying of hair, nor do his hair fall. Strength of his head and forehead is specially enhanced. His hair becomes black, long and deep-rooted. His sense organs work properly. The skin of his face becomes brightened. Application of sesamum oil on the head produces sound sleep and happiness. Oil Massage : As a pitcher, a dry skin or an axis of a cart becomes strong and resistant by the application of oil, so by the massage of oil, the human body becomes strong and smooth-skinned. It does not become susceptible to the diseases due to vata and it becomes resistant to exhaustions and exertions. Vayu dominates in the tactile sensory organ and this sensory organ is lodged in the skin. Massage is exceedingly beneficial to the skin. Therefore, one should practise oil massage regularly. Of the person who practises oil massage regularly, the body, even if subjected to injuries or strenuous work, is not much injured. His physique becomes smooth, strong and charming. By applying the oil massage regularly, the onslaught of aging is slackened. By massaging oil on the sole of the feet, roughness, immobility, dryness, fatigue and numbness are cured. It promotes strength and steadiness of feet. The eyesight becomes clear and vitiated vata is relieved thereby. Prevention of sciatica, cracking of feet, constriction of vessels and ligaments of feet are ensured if oil massage is applied to the feet regularly. Unction over the body eliminates bad smell, curbs heaviness, drowsiness, itching and removes undesirable dirt and unpleasantness due to sweating.

170 Exercise: A physical action which is desirable and is capable of bringing about bodily stability and strength is known as physical exercise. This has to be practised in moderation depending upon the factors such as sex, age, climate, occupation, health, etc. Good effects of exercise: Physical exercise brings about lightness, ability to work, stability, resistance to discomfort and allevation of dosas (specially kapha). It stimulates the power of digestion. Bad effects excessive exercise: Physical exercise in excess causes exertion, exhaustion, consumption, thirst, raktapitta (bleeding from different parts of the body), pratamaka (an acute form of dysphonia), cough, fever and vomiting. Perspiration, enhanced respiration, lightness of the body, proper functioning of the heart and such other organs of the body are indicative of the exercise being performed correctly. One should not do exercise, laughing, speaking, travelling on foot, sexual activities and night walking in excess, even if one is accustomed to these. Contra-indication of exercise: Exercise is contra-indicated for persons who are emaciated due to excessive sexual activity, weight lifting and by travelling on foot and for those who are in the grip of anger, grief, fear, exhaustion and for the children, for the old persons and for persons having varika constitution and profession of speaking too much. One should not do exercise while he is hungry and thirsty too. Our ancient poets and scholars have given their appreciation on these topics 16 i.e., Physical Exercises: 16) All these (1-8) statements are quoted from - Ayurvedacharya Bhaskar Govind Ghanekar's "Vaidyakiya Subhasita Sahityam", Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, Varanasi - 1977.

171 (1) Moving of mace or heavy weapons, bending bows etc. provide exercise for the different parts of the body. This is known as exercise. 17 ( 2 ) Exercises, keeping the body fit, are considered the best. 18 ( 3 ) Enjoy wealth economically. Walk slowly and steadily. Climb up the hillocks slowly. Systematically cultivate learning and practise religion. Do exercises regularly. 19 (4) State revenue rises sharply when the king employs his energy within limits. Over-straining is the main cause of sharp fall. Exercises within the limits of bodily energy make room for sound health. Overdoing any thing results in dejection and loss of health. 20 (5) Oh! king, There is no other game which can equal hunting. With a proper exercise, feet movement becomes quick and one can walk a long distance. It is very useful in times of danger for life. f (cold) is reduced and heat in the stomach, which is the main cause for bodily health, remains constant. With reduction of fat, physical organs become strong, fit and light. Resistance to cold, heat, air, rain, hunger, thirst develops. 2 21 17 ) tulabhramagunakarsadhanurakarsanadibhih | ayamo vividho'nganam vyayama iti kirtitah || (dhanurveda ) 18) vyayamah sthairyakaranam || (caraka ) 19) sanairarthah, sanaih panthah, sanaih parvatamaruhet | , sanairvidya ca dharmasca, vyayamasca sanaih sanaih || (canakyanitisastra ) 20) sthane samavatam saktya vyayame vrdhdiranginam | ayathabalamarabhbho nidanam ksayasampadah || (sisupalavadha - 2.94 ) 21) deva yatha mrgaya hyaupakariki na tathanyat | atra hi vyayamotkarsadapatsupakarta dirghadhvalanghanaksamo janghajavah | kaphapacayadarogyamulasayagnidiptih | medapakarsadanganam sthairyakarkasyalaghavadini | sitosnavatavarsaksutpipasasahatvam | (dasakumaracarita )

172 (6) Posture is the first prerequisite in Hathayoga. Posture helps in steadying the mind and body, in maintianing health and in keeping them light. 22 (7) Person acquires honey through hard work. Hardwork alone helps him/her to get sweet Udumbara fruit. Look at the labour put in by the sun. He is ever moving without any exhaustion." (8) One who sleeps, belongs to Kaliyuga. One who is free from sleep belongs to Dwaparayuga. One who is ever standing belongs to Tretayuga. One who is ever on the move belongs to Kritayuga.² Bathing Manasollasa third Vimsati second Adhyaya explains about snanavidhi. Bathing is a purifying, sexual stimulant and refreshes the body and mind. It removes fatigue, sweating and dirt. It generates strength in the body and is an aid par excellence for the enhancement of the vitality in the body. We find different views on bath in different works of Sanskrit literature. Some more information is given in the ancient Sanskrit literature 25 : (1) Neither cleanliness of body nor purity of mind-cleansing emotions - is possible without bath. So bathing is the prerequisite of physical and mental activities.26 - 22 ) hathasya prathamangatvadasanam purvamucyate | kuryattadasanam sthairyamarogyam cangalaghavam || (hathayogapradipika ) 23) caran vai madhu vindati caran svadumudumbaram | suryasya pasya manam yo na tandrayate caran | (aitareya brahmana ) 24) kalih sayano bhavati, samjihanastu dvaparah | uttisthastreta bhavati, krtam sampadyate caran || caraiveti || (aitareyabrahmana ) 25) All these (1-11) statements are quoted from - Ayurvedacharya Bhaskar Govind Ghanekar's "Vaidyakiya Subhasita Sahityam", Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, Varanasi - 1977. 26) nairmalyam bhavasuddhisca vina snanam na yujyate | tasmatkaryavisuddhayartham snanamadau vidhiyate || (bhavisyapurana ;

173 ( 2 ) Activities prescribed in Vedas, Smrtis and Puranas are all religionoriented and performed after bathing. So, bathing is a daily requirement. It enhances charm, fitness and health. ' ( 3 ) One should always take bath daily in a river, lake, tank, reservoir or a fountain.28 (4) Fresh meat, fresh food, young lady, milk products, ghee and hot-water bath are considered instantly energising and inspiring." ( 5 ) Morning bath, service of cow, gardening, working in flower garden and service rendered to parents are all considered sacred and healthy. 30 (6) Speak like a parrot. Meditate like a crane. Masticate like a goat. Bathe like an elephant. 31 ( 7 ) These are ten benefits accruing by daily bath : Strength, form, voice and colour become pure. Touch and smell become refined. Body becomes clean. Complexion improves. Youthfulness is retained. Beautiful brides are a certainty.³ 32 (8) Bathing keeps the mind cheerful, wards off bad dreams, strengthens the bases of sanctity, removes impurities, enhances lustre, beautifies 27) snanamulah kriyah sarvah smrtisrutyudita nrnam | tasmat snanam niseveta sripustyarogyavardhanam || (yajnavalkya ) 28) nadisu devakhatesu tadagesu sarahsu ca | snanam samacarennityam gartaprasravanesu ca | (manusmrti - 4. 203) 29) sadyomamsam navannam ca bala stri ksirabhojanam | ghrtamusnodakasnanam sadyah pranakarani sat || (canakyasataka ) 30) pratah snanam gavam seva aramah, puspavatika | ' matapitrosca susrusa sastraya ca sukhaya ca || (mahabharata ) 31) sukavad bhasanam kuryad, bakavad dhyanamacaret | ajavaccarvanam kuryad, gajavatsnanamacaret || 32) guna dasa snanasilam bhajante balam rupam svaravarnaprasuddhih | sparsasca gandhasca visuddhata ca srih saukumaryam pravarasca naryah || (mahabharata )

174 form, wipes off an enemy, inspires warmth of love, helps in attracting women and relieves exhaustion.33 ( 9 ) One should not take bath after taking food, while suffering from sickness, at midnight, putting on many clothes and in an unknown pool or pond.34 (10) If sickness, weakness, old age etc. come in the way of bathing, do not pour water on the head. Either pour water all over the body or have a sponge bath.35 ( 11 ) Implicit faith in one's religion is steadiness. Control of senses is religion. Removal of mind's impurities is bathing. Protection of the living creatures is charity. Bathing in water keeps the body clean. If it is not permissible, reading of holy texts, self-restraint and meditation can be practised to keep the mind tranquil. 36 Dress : Manasollasa explains about vastropabhogah . It says, excellent clothes of cotton or silk, woven with silver or golden threads of various kinds and colours, be brought from different countries and should be worn. Wearing clean apparel adds to the bodily charm, reputation and longevity. It prevents inauspiciousness. It brings about pleasure, grace, competence to participate in conferences and good look. 33 ) snanam nama manahprasadajananam duhsvapravidhvamsanam saucasyayatanam malapaharanam samvardhanam tejasah | rupadyotakaram ripupramathanam kamagnisamdipanam narinam ca manoharam sramaharam snane dasaite gunah || (canakyarajaniti ) 34) na snanamacared bhuktva naturo na mahanisi | na vasobhih sahajatram, navijnate jalasaye || (manusmrti - 4.129) 35) asiraskam bhavet snanam snanasaktau tu karminam | adrena vasasa va syanmarjanam daihikam viduh || (jabalasmrtih ) 36 ) svadharme sthirata sthairyam dharmamindriyanigrahah | ' snanam manomalatyago, danam vai bhutaraksanam || na jalaplutadehasya snanamityabhidhiyate | sa snato yo damasnatah sucisuddhamanomalah || (mahabharata )

175 Use of perfumes: Use of scents and garlands stimulates libido, produces good smell in the body and enhances longevity and charm. It gives corpulence and strength to the body. It is pleasing to the mind and it prevents inauspiciousness. Use of ornaments: Wearing of gems and ornaments adds to the prosperity, auspiciousness, longevity and grace. It is pleasant and charming. It is also conducive to the vitality of the body. The dressing and cutting of hair, beard (including moustaches) and nails, add to the corpulence, libido, longevity, cleanliness and beauty. Use of footwear: Use of footwear is conducive to eyesight and feet. It protects the feet from attacks of reptiles, germs, etc. It gives strength and facilitates the display of physical force and is libidinal stimulant. The author Somesvara deals with the interesting topic of Paduka Bhoga or the enjoyment of sandals. After taking bath, the King should put on a pair of sandals made of Sriparni or Harichandana wood or of leather which overs only the front portion of the foot according to convenience. sriparnidarughatite haricandananirmite || 3.3.954-958. : Food The Manasollasa recommends change in food and drinks in accordance with the needs. One should eat in proper quantity. The quantity of food to be taken, again, depends upon the power of digestion including metabolism of the individual. The amount of food which, without disturbing the equilibrium of dhatus and dosas of the body, gets digested as well as metabolised in proper time, is to be regarded as the proper quantity. Items of food like Sali (Oryza sativa Linn.), sastika (a variety of Oryza sativa Linn.), mudga (Phaseolus mungo Linn.), common quail, gray partridge, antelope, rabbit, wapiti, Indian sambar, etc. - even though light for digestion by nature, are to be taken according to the quantity prescribed. Similarly, preparations of flour, sugarcane and milk, tila, (Sesamum indicum Linn.), masa (Phaseolus radiatus Linn.) and meat of

176 marshy and aquatic animals even though heavy for digestion by nature, are also required to be taken in proper quantity. But from this, it should not be concluded that the description of heaviness or lightness does not carry any importance. The light food articles are predominant in the qualities of vayu and agni. Those dominated by prthvi and ap mahabhutas are heavy. Acording to their qualities, the light articles of food are stimulants of appetite and by nature are considered to be less harmful even if taken in excess of the prescribed quantity. On the other hand, heavy articles of food are suppressors of appetite and are exceedingly harmful if taken in excess unless there is a strong power of digestion and metabolism achieved by physical exercise. If the food articles are heavy, only three fourths or half of the stomach capacity is to be filled up. Even in the case of light food articles, excessive intake is not conducive to the maintenance of the power of digestion and metabolism. Taken in appropriate quantity, food certainly helps the individual in bringing about strength, complexion, happiness and longevity without disturbing the equilibrium of dhatus and dosas of the body. Use of collyrium One should regularly apply collyrium made of antimony because it is useful for the eyes. Rasanjana (a preparation of Berberis aristata DC.) is to be applied once in every five or eight nights for lachrymation of the eyes. Of all the mahabhutas, tejas dominates in the composition of the eyes. So they are specially susceptible to the attacks of kapha. Therefore, the collyrium etc., which alleviate kapha are good for keeping the vision clear. A strong collyrium must not be applied to the eyes during the day time as the eyes weakened by drainage will be adversely affected at the sight of the sun. Thus, the collyrium meant for drainage should, as a rule, be applied only during night.

177 Food is must for all beings. But it should be proper and nutrious. Taittariya Upanisad says, that 37 : (1) Food is the source of birth and growth. Anything swallowed by living beings is called food. 38 (2) Oh king ! food helps in the birth and growth of living beings. All beings are alive by taking food.39 (3) One can live long by giving up wealth which is not easy to renounce. But one cannot live long without taking food.40 (4) Be upright in your action for procuring food. Take food only to sustain life. Protect life for continued existence of fundamental principles of philosopy. Cultivate dispassion and discrimination for wiping misery or sorrow. 41 ( 5 ) Consider food as creator himself. Don't condemn food. Follow this precept. Don't discard food. Follow this precept. Praise food. Follow this precept. 42 (6) The wise find no fault with food except when it is harmful to life or causes disease. 43 37) All these (1-11 ) statements are quoted from - ayurvedacharya Bhaskar Govind Ghanekar's "Vaidyakiya Subhasita Sahityam", Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, Varanasi - 1977. 38) annad bhutani jayante ; jatanyannena vardhante | adyate'tti ca bhutani ; tasmadannam taducyate || (taittiriyopanisad brahmanandavalli - anuvak 2. 1) 39 ) aharatsarvabhutani sambhavanti mahipate | aharena vivardhante tena jivanti jantavah || (mahabharata ) 40) sakyate dustyaje'pyarthe ciraratraya jivitum | na tu bhojanamutsrjya sakyam vartayitum ciram || (mahabharata ) 41 ) atraharartham karma kuryadanindyam kuryadaharam pranasandharanartham | pranah sandharyastattvajijnasanartham tattvam jijnasyam yena bhuyo na duhkham || (yogavasistha ) 42) annam brahmeti vyajanat || annam na nindyat || annam na paricaksita, tadvratam || annam bahu kurvita, tadvratam | (taittiriyopanisad brahmanandavalli - anuvak 2.1) 43) upaghatamrte dosam nannasyodirayedbudhah || (markandeyapurana )

178 (7) Food deserves respect. It shall be taken without looking down upon it. Be happy and cheerful when food is served. Always speak highly of food." (8) Food consumed is divided into three parts. The undigestible part is converted into filth. The middle portion is reduced to flesh. The most delicate portion becomes the mind. 45 (9) Mind also becomes pure when food is pure. (10) Of all cleanliness, clean food is the best. 47 46 (11) Water, food and wise-sayings are the three precious gems in this earth. But fools regard pieces of stone as gems. 48