Nyaya-Vaisheshika (critical and historical study)

by Aruna Rani | 1973 | 97,110 words

Hinduism Hindu Philosophy Nyaya

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Summary: This essay studies Nyaya-Vaisheshika—A combination of two of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy. The study also discusses in detail the authors of various works and critically analyzes key concepts of Nyaya-Vaisesika. Such Indian philosophies seek the direct realization of the Atman (the self) to attain ultimate freedom and bliss.

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Source 1: exoticindiaart.com
Source 2: shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Contents of this online book ( + / - )

The full text of the Nyaya-Vaisheshika (critical and historical study) in English is available here and publically accesible (free to read online). Of course, I would always recommend buying the book so you get the latest edition. You can see all this book’s content by visiting the pages in the below index:

Warning! This document has not been proofread. However, for each page you can (and should) verify the text with the original source PDF file.

Acknowledgements

+ Chapter 1 - Introduction

. 1. Philosophy—its Concept and Aim

. 2. The Systems of Indian Philosophy

. 3. Sequence of the Texts

+ Chapter 2 - Historical Study of Nyaya system

. 1. Introduction

. 2. Origin of Nyaya System

. 3. Stages of Nvava

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (a): Gautama

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (b): Vatsyayana

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (c): Uddyotakara

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (d): Vacaspati Mishra

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (e): Jyanta Bhatta

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (f): Bhasarvajna

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (g): Udayana (1050 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (g): Udayana (1050 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (h): Gangesa Upadhyaya (12th century)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (h): Gangesa Upadhyaya (12th century)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (h): Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (1450-1525 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (i): Vardhamana Upadhyaya (1250 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (i): Raghunatha Siromani (1477-1547 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (j): Paksadhara Mishra alias Jayadeva (1775 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (j): Mathuranatha Tarkavagisha (about 1570 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (k): Jagadisha Tarkalankara (about 1570 A.D.)

. 4. Authors of Nyaya (l): Gadadhara Bhattacharya (about 1650 A.D.)

. 5. The Syncretic School (Nyaya and Vaisesika)

+ Chapter 3 - Historical study of Vaisheshika system

. 1. Introduction

. 2. The Origin of Vaisesika System

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (a): Kanada

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (b): Prasastapada

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (c): Udayana

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (d): Sridhara (about 991 A.D.)

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (e): Vyomasiva (1100 A.D.)

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (f): Vardhamana (1250 A.D.)

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (g): Sankara Misra (1462 A.D.)

. 3. Authors of Vaisheshika (h): Shivaditya (1462 A.D.)

+ Chapter 3 - Theory of Pramanas (epistemology)

. Nature of Pramana

. Validity of Pramana

. Division of Pramana

. Importance of Perception (pratyaksa)

. Definition of Perception (pratyaksa)

. Ordinary Perception (laukika-pratyaksa)

. Extraordinary Perception (alaukika-pratyaksa)

. Inference (anumana)

. Establishment of Inference (anumana)

. Distinction between Perception and Inference (anumana)

. Kinds of Inference (anumana)

. Vyapti—The Ground of Inference (anumana)

. Tarka (indirect proof)

. Samanyalaksana Perception

. Hetvabhasas (fallacies)

. Nature of Comparison (upamana)

. Upamana as different from “Analogy”

. Upamana as an independent Pramana

. Nature of Testimony (sabda)

. Division of Testimony (sabda)

. Sabda as an independent Pramana

. Nyava’s stand on the other means of knowledge

+ Chapter 4 - Theory of Padarthas (categories)

. Gautama’s Sixteen Padarthas

. Kanada’s Seven Padarthas

. Substance (dravya)

. Quality (guna)

. Karma (motion)

. Kinds of Motion (karma)

. Conses of Motion (karma)

. Motion (karma) as an object of perception

. Generality (samanya)

. Particularity (visesa)

. Inference (samvaya)

. Samavaya distinguished from Samyoga

. Non-existence (abhava)

+ Chapter 5 - Nature of the physical world

. Introduction (Nature of the physical world)

. The nature of “Earth”

. The nature of “Water”

. The nature of “Fire”

. The nature of “Air”

. The nature of “Akasa”

. The nature of “Dik”

. The nature of “Kala” (time)

. The nature of “Manas” (mind)

. Theory of Atomism

+ Chapter 6 - Theory of Causation

. Introduction (theory of causation)

. Sankhya Theory of Parinamavada

. Vedanta Theory of Vivartavada

. Buddhists Theory of Pratitya Samutpatvada

. Nyeva Vaisesika Theory of Asatkaryavada or Arambhavada

. Classification of Causes

. Anyathasiddha (Unnecessary Antecedent)

. Plurality of Causes

+ Chapter 7 - Conception of Soul (Atman)

. Introduction (conception of soul—Atman)

. Jivatman (Individual Self) (Introduction)

. Nature of the Individual Self (Jivatman)

. Plurality of Individual Soul (Jivatman)

. Paramatman (Supreme Self)

. God in Vaisesika System

. God in Nyaya System

. Nature of God

. Proofs for the Existence of God

. Aim of Ishvara in Creating the Universe

. Relation of God to the Individual Souls

. God as the Efficient Cause of the world according to Nyaya-Vaisesika

+ Chapter 8 - Conception of Moksa (liberation)

. Introduction (Conception of Moksa—liberation)

. Means to Liberation (moksa)

. Criticism about the Conception of Moksa

. Critical Estimate of Nyaya-Vaisesika Conception of Moksa

Appendix A - Detailed list of the Authors of old Nyaya

Appendix B - Detailed list of the Authors of Navya Nyaya

Appendix C - Detailed list of Commentaries on Tattva Chintamani

Appendix D - Detailed list of Commentaries on Tarka-Sangraha of Annambhatta

Appendix E - Abundant element in Earth’s Crust

Appendix F - Atomism in Science

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Last Updated: 20 August, 2024

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