Part 3 - Antaraiksanamani (Antariksha Nama)

The following sixteen words are included in antariksanamani 1 1. Ambaram: This word is not used in the RV. However, its form ambare is used in the RV.VIII.8.14, but not in the 2 sense assigned. It should be noted that the word ambaram is also listed in the section called antikanamani in the II chapter of the Nighantu. Devaraja interpretes the word as the 'clouds make sound in this' or 'by the contact of wind, it makes sound. The quality of akasa is sound. Dayananda Sarasvati, in his commentary on RV.VIII.8.14, interpretes ambare as antarikse. 1 I 3 F 2. Vivat: The form viyat appears in RV.IV.19.3. Sayana explains it as sithilangam. Ksiraswami interpretes the word as viyacchati na viramati. Devaraja interpretes the word as antariksa (op.elt., P+8) * 71 • 2. 1. 1. amberam 2. viyat 3. vyauma 4. barhih 6. antariksam 7. akasam 8 apah 1 . prthivi 11. svayambhuh 12 adhvo 13. puskaram 14. samgarah 16. adhvaram | 5. dhanva 10. bhuh ར་ 3. 15. samudrah ambare 8.8.14. antikanamaitat | samipe sthah bhavathah sayanabhasya ambante sabdayante'smin meghah ambate sabdayate va svayam vayu-meghadi samsargat - akasagunohi sabdah | varsasu pranibhya udakam dadatiti ambaram | * vigatam yamanamuparamanamasmaditi viyat - antariksam hi sarvatra vyaptatvat na kutra cit uparata | puta 20 1 2

f 72 3. Vyoma: This word with its forms vyoma, vyoman and vyomani occurs in twenty five places in the RV. The word vyomasat is seen in RV. IV. 40.5. Sayana interpretes it as vayu. Prior to this, he explains vyoma as antariksam. The words parame, vyoman occur in sixteen places. In the padapatha it is split as vioman. Sayana explains the word as udakasrayatvena utkrste antarikse (RV. I. 164.41), He says that the Rk is interpreted in favour of vak, the word should be interpreted as hrdayakase. Sayana quotes Yaska who interpretes the word in the Nirukta (11.40) as vyavane. The word 'vyoma' also occurs in dinnamani (Nigh.1.6.6) and in udakanamani (Nigh.1.12.54). also/wher The word is interpreted in five places as sthana (RV,I.164,34,35; III.32.10; V.15.2; X.1094). And in two places it is interpreted as visesena raksake (1.164.39; VII.13.2). While explaining the word sayana interpretes it variously. 4 The commentary of Devaraja, on the Nighantu also explains the word vyoma variously. 21 4. ☑ vipurvadavatevyaptyarthatvat bhu .pa. vyavati vyapnoti sarvam jagat yada bhavati gatyarthah om avanam gamanam, vividham asmin vidhate | yada | raksanarthah bhu- a visesenavati pranino avakasapradanena | tatha ca niruktam - " yontariksam mahanavayavah parivito vayuna 11.408

73 6 4. Barhih The word with its forms Coccur in the RV. in Zo tn / one hundred and thirty-nine places. In one hundred places it is used to mean darbha according to sayana, and in many other places yaina. Nowhere the word is used to mean antariksa according to Sayana. The word occurs in the following sections of the Nighantu. 1. Udakanamani: 1.12.78 2. Trayodasapadani : 5.2.6 3. Mahannamani (barhisat): 3.3.25. # 7 5. Dhanvat The word occurs in the IV chapter also of the Nighantu (4.2.27). 8 The word with its other forms occurs 5. bruhi vrddhau bhu0 pa "brhati vardhane nena pranijatan * 7. sarve hi pranina akasa vardhante pavivrdham va tvayam vibhutvat devaraja (Rv. VIII 102-14) barhih, barhisi, barhismati, barhismate, barhisah, barhihstham burhih iva | dhanvati gacchati asmadapah | yada | " dhana dhanye " 8 di . a! dhanyate ata avakasapradanaya devatatvat f svam svamabhistam va | devaraja !. , 8. dhanvan, dhanvamna, dhanvatu dhanvani dhanya dhanva' iva, dhanva' arnasah, dhanva'carah, dhanva'cyutah, dhanva'arnasah dhanvati, dhanva'saho - ?

" * in the RV. in fifty six places. The forms, dhanva,dhanva arnasah and dhanvati are interpreted as dhavi gatyarthe by Sayana. Only in five places the word is interpreted to mean antariksa. 9 In twelve places the word is also used in the sense of gati, as it comes in the IV chapter of the Nighantu (4.2.27). (Dhanva RV. IX.75.5; 97.16,17,18,19; 97.52; 105.4; 106.4; 109,1; 110.1; Dhanvati III.53.4 and dhanva arnasah v,45,2). These are different forms of the root dhar to go. 74 n 10 6. Antariks am: 2 ninety seven places in the senses assigned. The word with its forms occurs in Yaska derives 11 9. 2.35.8., 9.93.7, 1.168.5. 479 szyn: 7 477 1 GZ: antariksasya vacanah | tena tatrasthamudakam laksyate | udakasavino megha iva | 1.95.10, 1135.9, dhanvanucit dhanvani udaka nirgamana-apadanabhute antarikse'pi niralambe | akase vilamba kurvana ityarthah | 10. skandasvamin nighantubhasya - "antara madhye sarvabhutanam 00 santam santam niskriyam va santamavyuham viskambhasthanatmakatvat antari ime rodasyo ksiyatiti va | purvasariresu antara ksayamiti va, antahsabdata purvapadam aksaya sabdata uttarapadam vinasisvapi avinasityarthah iti | 11. antariksana, antariksana, antariksyah, antariksat, antariksasya, antariksasa antariksapra, antariksagrama antariksa, antariksa purbhih, antariksa •

antariksa as antara ksantam (i.e. residing in between the heaven and the earth) or it is imperishable in the bodies (Niru.2.10). Sayana follows Yaska while explaining the word in the RV. 12 75 7. Akasam:13 The word is not used in the RV. Among the other samhitas, it is used only in the Paippalada samhita (3.28.5). In the later period it. is used in the Taittariya Upanisad (2.1). 14 8. Apah: The word is also listed in the following sections of the Nighantu: 12. 10.149.1. antariksam antara vantam madhyamasthanagatam | yadva antariksamiti sakhtamyarthe prathamapa | 1.35.7. antariksani antariksopalaksitani lokatraya sthanani | 10.65.40 antariksani dyavaprthivyorantara madhyeksiyanti nivasantityantariksani | madhyasthanani | 15. apurva kasa| diptau ? di . ai asamantalu kante dipyante suryadayo'tra | yada | na kasate prthivyadivat 14. apratyaksatvat | tatha ca srutih r . 3.59.2.8 iti | tasmannantariksam pasyati | " tasmadva etasmadatmana akasah sambhutah 1 tai . u. 2. 1. 8 alpa vyapti bhu-pa vyapnoti yantariksam | sarvam jagat apyate va pranibhih r . ve . 10.45.8.

(1) Udakanamani: 1.12.52. (2) Sattrimisatpadani: 5.3.21 (1) Apah: Udakanamani (1.12.81), 15 In five hundred and fifty places the word with its forms and compounds is used in the RV: only in fifty places it is used in the sense of 16 atmosphere, 76 But, in many places the word isinterpreted as vrstyudakan 117 (i.e. rain water). In thirty seven places the word is interpreted to mean vasativarakhyani udakani. In three places, the word is interpreted as 'stuti' (RV.IV.38.4; V.44.6; VIII.69.11). The word apah with accent on 'a' is used in fifteen places to mean karma; except in the RV.X.68.6, where Sayana says: "apah antariksam karma va. Sayana explains the Rk. 1.131.4, interpreting the word apah which comes twice in 15. apa, apah irva, apah, apama, apamuirva, apsu . - 1 apsuksitah, apsuprajah, apsu'jita, apsa jelapa, apsuda sadam, apasm, apsah | 16.kra .3.56.7. apah apnoti sarvam jagat ityayam antariksam | 1.36.8. apah antariksama, appasabdo antariksavaci | *HTT: great (17.1.3.8.) sfa amarky ofbarang i 17.5.1.63.8, 10.27.20, 1.52.8, 64.1, 10.4.5, · 100.18, 103.2.5. 105.8. 4.16.6.7,8, 28.1. ?

RV two different ways (i.e. water and food). 6- 18 1 htJK ! ..In RV. III.9.2 and in some other places Sayana explains apah as matrbhuta apah. + It may be noted that in accusative case, the form apah with accent on 'pa' means water; and apah with accent on 'a' means karma. 77 twsiap ༩༦༥Q༦། i In four hundred and fifty six places, the word is explained as water in general. While explaining eight Rks (i.e. RV.II.35.1,2,3,7,9,10, 11 and 13) which belong to the god apam napat, Sayana says that Agni is the grand child of the waters. In RV.I.116.24 and 117.4 apsu is explained as water in a well. Sayana explains the word (apam in RV apam VII.89.4 as samudranam udakanam. And in RV. VI.44.18, he 19 + arat explains the same word as aptavyanam dhananam va udakanam va. The word apa is used in eight places addressing the waters as apo devih. le apah / > 18. samudranadyatmakanyudakani | apkaryani vrihyadyannani va | 19. apa nam patu, apam pautrasthaniyah | adbhya ausadhivanaspatayo jayante, ausadhi vanaspatibhya esa agnijayita iti tatpautratvam | 8 r. 2.35. 1. 8 apam napat samjnako'gnih r . 2.35.9.8 31441 \,, * | tum me pusa Nom-Sing!

Rs 78 20 It should be noted that the word apasam and its forms are used in sixty-seven places in the sense of karma. (The words apah, apah and apa are used as verbs in fourteen places. These are different forms of the root ap, to obtain). Yaska also derives the word apah (water) from 'ap' (to obtain) (Niru.9.26). 9. Prthlys:21 This word orthivi is listed also in the V chapter in three groups separately (viz., Nigh.5.3.26; 5.5.26, 5.6.19). The word prthivi is listed in prthivinamani (Nigh.1.1.11) and dyava prthivinamani in the III chapter of the Nighantu. 22 The word and its forms are used in three hundred and fifteen places. Out of these in two hundred and forty seven places it is used in the sense of prthivi or prthivyabhimani 20. apaseh, apasi, apasi iva, apasamm, apah tamah, apah tama, apati, apada se | 21. prthivi | pratha prakhyane bhu . a prathate prthivi r . 2.14.2011. 10.121.1.) 22. prthivi prthivi, prthivi prthvi iti prthivi dyava, prthivim prthivimaiva prthivyam, prthivyai, prthvi iti prthvi, prthvi'iti prthivi iti prthivih, prthivya, prthivyah, prthvi'iti prthvim | 1 19

devata. The word is used in seventeen places as the synonym of antariksa, according to sayana. 23 24 10. Bhuh: The word is listed also in prthivInamani. 25 The word, with its other forms occurs in eight places only and gives the meaning of earth, according to Sayana. (It may be noted that bhuh, bhuvam, bhuvani, and bhuvah are verbs). 26 11. Svayambhuht The word occurs only once in the RV. (X.83.4). Sayana explains it as svayamevotpannah (i.e. selfmanifested). 79 23. prthivi 1039.6, 102.2, 7.34.32 10.147.1. prthivim 1.67350851, 4, 5, 10.65.40 10.88.9, prthivyam 1. 168.8, 3.14.1. prthivya 6.49.6. 7.24.3, 8.39,5. 10.28.2, 29.7, | 24. bhavatyasmad vrstyadih | bhuh bhavateh bha . pa bha0 25° bhuva, bhuve, bhuvah | 1 Rs.6.15.14, 10.72.4, 149.2, 6.55.13, 27.14, 72.4, 77.6. 26. svayam bhavati na kanacit srjyate, kesancid vadinam paksa nityam hi 'akasam svayambhu iti kesucitrdevarajayajvan

12. Adhvat 27 The word occurs with its forms dn 28 forty-two places. Sayana explains it generally as marga. He interpretes adhvan in RV. VI. 12.3 as svamarge antarikse Juma, A and in the RV. I. 104.2, as anusthanamargan. He explains adhvanah in RV. IV.5.12, as dhanaprapti margasya and in RV.VI.16.3 mahamargan. } 80 13. Puskaram: four places. 29 30 The forms' of this word occur in sayana does not comment on puskare which occurs in VII.33.11; but he quotes brhaddevata (5.149-155). Yaska in his Nirukta (5.14) 31 quotes this Rk and explains 27. adhva ad bhaksane ad • paththe adanam svasti gacchatam paksyadinam visamasthanabhavat gacchantyasmin devadayam ityadhva | adhogatikriyat iti madhavah | yadva | adhva marge'smina vidyate | santi hi akasa mevapathadayah | $ satatam gacchantyatra suryadaya ityadhva | .9.50.5., 10.47.13.8 28. adhvanam adhvamsu adhva'bhih | adhvane, adhvani, adhvana, adhvanah | 29. pu pusti " | posayati bhutani avakasapradanena ' udakadanadyupakarenava | "puskam vari rati puskaram - iti srirasvami | posayati bhutani | pusodaradih | 87.7..330 1108 30. puskare, puskarat, puskara s raja | 31. puskaramantariksam | positabhutani | udakam puskaram | pujakaram | pujayitavyam | puspam pusyateh | 1 puskaram vapuskaram va |

81 the word as atmosphere: 'it nourishes (posati) created beings.' Further, he says that water is called puskaram because it is a means of worship. He says puskaram (lotus) is derived from the same root, it is also a means of decorating the body. The other words puskarinim and puskarini iva occur in RV.V.78,7 and X, 107.10 respectively. Sayana explains both as lakes full of lotuses. (The Rk. VII. 33.11 relates to the story of the birth of Vasistha). 32 14. Sagarah: The form of this word, viz., sagarasya occurs in X.89.4. Sayana explains it as antarikssasya sagaram samudrah ityantriksanamasu pathitat. ' 33 34 15. Samudrah : The word with its forms occurs in + 32. saha girantyasmin sthita adityaramayo bhaumarasamiti sagarah | saha udgirantyasminsthita megha varsodakamiti va | giryate abhyavadriyate viyate iti garah udakam | tena sahavartate iti sagarah 1... akasi hi sva gunena sabdena sahaiva sarvada vartate | 330 samudravanti sangata urdhvam dravanti gacchantyasmadapo rasmibhirakrsyamana adityamandalam | yadva | varsakale rasmibhih pravartamanah sammodante smin bhutani } . antariksavariniti va | ekibhutamudakamasmina vidyate | 34. samudram, samudram 'iva, samudrasye, samudrasya iva, samudra, samudrah, samudrani samudran samudrata samudrene, samudresu samudra, samudrah samudre, samudraya va samudrah samudriyom, samudriyani samudrayah samudrah | •

6 82 the RV. in one hundred and ninety three places. Out of these, In in forty two places Sayana explains it as atmosphere. four places the word is interpreted by Sayana as megha (RV.X.58.5; 123.8; 149.1; I.164.42). The word is explained as dronakalasa in six places (RV. IX.64.27; 66.12; 84.4; IX.85.10; 95.4; 107.21)., In.RV. VIII.12.17, samudra is explained by Sayana as somarasa. In other places it is explained mainly as ocean. ༣ 35 In the following nine places he gives double meaning. While explaining Rk. IV.58.1, Sayana gives different meanings to the word samudrat. 36 It should be noted that this Rk belongs to one of the divinites Agni, Surya, apa and ghrta. 35. $ 4. 30.4. antariksam jaladhim va | 8.6.29. samundanasilam yajamanairdiyamanam somam | va samudropalaksitam sarva jagadavapasyati | 8.12.2. udadhimantariksam va | 9. 107. 4. samudrasya antariksasya | yadva | samudravantyasmadrasah | tasya kalasasya | 9.107.21 samudre antariksa kalase va | 7.87.1. samudriya samudra udadhai bhavani | yadva | samudravantyasmadapa iti samudramantariksam | 36. sammodante'smin yajamana iti va samudro'gnih parthivah athava samudravantyapo'smaditi vyutpattya vaidyato gnih | athava samudrata samudravanasadhanat adityadurmirasa udakalaksana udarat | * adityajjayate vrstih " iti sruteh | yadva | samudradukta vyutpatteh antariksa urmirudakamudarat | athava samudraduktalaksanata gavamudhasah sakasat urmijvalah ksirarasah |

" 83 Yaska in his Nirukta (2.10) shows the difference between parthiva samudra and antariksa samudra. He puts a question to himself and derives the word samudra. 'From it water flows up in the form of vapour (sam-ud-dru) or water flows towards, it (dam+abhi+Saru), 'beings take delight in it' or 'it is a great reservoir of water' or 'it moistens thoroughly' (samJud). 37 In connection with this he narrates a story related to Devapi and Santanu. Yaska quotes here the RK X.98.5. 1 38 16. Adhvaram: Its forms occur in one hundred and ninety four places. sayana interpretes it as 'sacrifice' in one hundred and eighty five places and defines (RV.I.14.11) na vidvate dhvaro himsa yasmin so dhvarah. In RV.IV.2.10, he explains adhvaram as anupahatam havirlaksanam annam. The word adhvarayavah in eight places is used as sambodhana to rtviks, adhvaryuh and adhvaryubhih are explained as rtviks. 37. 38 samudravantyasmadapah | samabhidravantyinamapah sammodante sminbhutani | samudrako bhavati ... adhvaram, adhvarah, adhvarasya adhvarasya, adhvaranam adhvaran adhvaraya, adhvare adhvaresu adhvarasya iva | )

w 84 It should be noted that the word adhvarah is listed in the 17 th section of the III chapter of the Nighantu under Yajnanamani. In the Nirukta the word adhvara occurs in three places (Niru, 1.8; 6.13; and 10.19), and Yaska says 39 that it belongs to Yajnanamani. He explains it as adhvaryuh (priest) = adhvara-yuh viz., 'he directs the sacrifice', he is the leader of the sacrifice or else,' 'he loves sacrifice. The word is formed by the addition of the 140 suffix yuh to adhi in the sense of studying. A-dhvara is a synonym of 'sacrifice. The root 'dhvar' means to kill; a-dhvara denotes the negation of killing, i.e. nonviolence. 1 The discussion made above may be given in a tabular form as follows: 39. 40. nila . 1.8. adhvaryuh | adhvaryuradhvarayuh adhvaram yunakti | adhvarasya neta adhvaram kamayata iti va | api vadhiyane yurupabandhah | adhvara imti yajna nama | dhvaratihimsa karma | tatpratisedhah | adhvaram yajnam skandasvami vyakhyati + devarajayajvan |

R Words 85 No. of times used in the RV. 1 No. of times used in the sense assigned I Ambaram 2 Viyat 1 3 Vyoma 25 4 Barhi 139 5 Dhanva 56 6 Antariksam 97 7 Akasam 8 Apah 550 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 18 5 97 9 Prthivi 315 50 47 10 Bhuh 8 11 Svayambhuh 1 12 Adhva 42 1 13 Puskaram 4 1 14 Sagarah 1 1 15 Samudrah 193 42 16 Adhvaram 194 The above table shows that two words, viz., viyat and akasam are not used in the RV; and five words (viz., S.No.1,4,10 11 and 16) are not used in the sense assigned to them according to Sayana. Three words viz., adhva, puskara and sagarah are interpreted only once in the sense assigned. Of these, sagarah occurs only once in the RV.

zhi 86 Sayana while commenting on the Rk.1.15415, says that the word pathah belongs to antariksanama and he quotes Nirukta (6,7).41 He explains the word as avinasvara brahma loka. But, it should be noted that the word is not included The word patha comes in the list of synonyms of antariksa. in the fourth chapter of the Nighantu (4.3.30). 41. 1 $ pathah antariksanamaitat, "patho'ntariksam pathavyakhyatam hai niru . 6.7.8 iti yaskenoktatvat | avinasvaram brahmalokamityarthah |