Part 1 - Prthivinamani (Prithivi Nama)

The following twenty one words are synonyms of earth. listed 1 1. Gauh: The word is also in the following sub-groupings:- 1. Sadharanani: 1.4.4 (Nighantu) ii. Rasminamani: 1.5.3 (gavah) iii. Vannamani : 1,11.4 iv. Stotranamani: 3.16.7 v. Padani: 4.1.54 vi. Padani: 5.5.29 $ ہw The word 'gauh' occurs in seven hundred and ninety four places in the Roveda. They are as follows: 1. Gauh: The word is used in nominative singular in nineteen places. According to Sayana it is used to mean cow or products of cow in fourteen places and in RV I.173.3, it means bull (vrsa iva). In X.27.22 the word is explained 1. 1.77:1 f 2. JHT 1 7. ksoni 1 8. falfa: 12. muhi 1 3. UHT I 4. GIT 1 5. ksa 1 6. ksama | 9. avanih | 13.fgq: 1 | 16. niyamtih | 17. bhuh | 21. gotra | 10.39 f 1 11.geat 1 14. aditih | 15. ili | 18. bhumih | 19. pusa 20. gatuh | 1

by Sayana as 'gosambandhini snayumati (1.e. string of a bow made of cow's sinews). Yaska in his Nirukta (2.5) also refers to this Rk. In RV I.36.1 the word is explained by Sayana as that (praise) which goes to the gods. 2 In four places Sayana gives more than one meaning. Gauh means prthivi In RV. X. 31. 10. (Prthiva tayoh aranyoh matrbhutam) • 27 2. Gauh iva: Is used in three places; in all the places it is used in the sense of 'like a cow.' 1 2. 1 164. 17 gorupa gamanasila esa, agnau huyamanahutih gorupena stuyate | yadva adityadimasamuhah eva gorupena stuyate | agni prastahutih samyagadityamupatisthate iti smrteh manu . 3.768 tam nayantyotah suryasya rasmayo yatra devanam patireki'dhivasah Xma. u. 1.2.5.8 iti sruteh | 1.164-29. gauh matrbhuta gauh | yadva | gauritivai nama | madhyamikavak yayabhivrta abhito vyapta adhisthitetyarthah | ma cah krosanti itivat ta maighah sabdam karoti | madhyamikavak abhivyapta | ||| 8.94.1. gauh prsnirupa | "vinaye vai payaso maruto jatah ' iti sruteh | yadva gaumadhyamika vak | tatraiva madhyamasthane marutamapi vartanattesam tatputratvamupacati | . iv 10.6556. dhenuh | yadva | gauritimadhyamikavada ya paya urja duhana "ta no mandresaduhana ca 8.100.118 ityadisu drstatvat | 1 8

28 3. Gavau: The word is used in four places in the nominative dual form. In RV. III.53.17 Sayana comments gacchata iti gavasvau (two horses yoked to chariot). RV.VI.27.7. it means asvau, according to Sayana. In RV. In X.27.20 he explains 'horses which are going towards enemies .3 or sacrifices. In RV.X,85.11, he explains 'the bulls in the form of the sun and the moon. 4 mavavana alsoh 4. Gavah: It is used in the nominative plural at ninetyeight places. In seventy one places, it means cows and in four places it is explained as pasavah. The word is used to mean rasmayah in ten places. In eight places it is in the meaning of stutayah or stutilaksana vacah. In RV. I.38.2. Skandaswamin comments: gavah, asva atra gavah ucyante. Sayana interpretes it as cows (yatha gavo rananti). At VIII.20.21, Sayana comments on gavah: gavasca yusman matrbhutah. ' But In IX, 41.1 Sayana interpretes the word in three ways, 5 3. mat mga agira yfamaret zet i 4. · atat atzutanat gufoquat | 5. gavo nam | udakamniva tani yatha turnamadhah patanti tadvat evam bopamiyante | yatha gavah svagostham pratyasum gacchanti tadvat | athava gavah stutivacah tah yatha stutyam prati ksipram prapnuvanti tadvat | -

29 as water, cow and prayers. In IX.97.9, sayana says, 'gavah anye gantarah.' In IX.101.8 he gives double meaning 'gavah stutilaksana vacah athava dhenavah. Here the first meaning is more appropriate. The Rk praises soma. Thus, it can be explained as priyatamah diptah stutayah somasya madartham stuvanti. The second meaning 'the affectionate emulous cows celebrate soma for his exhilaration' is not appropriate. At RV.X.92.2, Sayana explains gavah gamansvabhava and quotes Yaska (Niru.12.7) gavah gamanat (usasah) Commenting upon RV.X.85.13 savitra datta qavah which is related to surya vivaha and at RV X.172.1, he says usaso vahanabhuta gavah. 5. Gavah: Is used in two places, i.e. VI.28.6 and X.100.10. In both the places it is vocative (addressing the cows which are deified). 6. Gavah iva: This word is used in three places to mean as cows. In X.146.3, Sayana interpretes 'gavayadya mrgah iva.' (VIII.43.17; X.146.3; 149.4). 7. Gava: Used only in V.27.16 (two bulls). 6. desama $115 . Heat Fresh 211911 sayanabhasya | gava / vanaivahi gavam hiranyanam va sakatena samyuktau nryaruna rajarsih dadau | nor exact an quitalin 1 ཅ་ ་ ་ཕན་ན

8. Gava iva occurs in III.33.1.. It means, like dual mother coWS. Here two rivers called vipat and sutudri are compared with cows and horses while explaining their speed. or cattle.' 8 9. Gam is used in forty places, mainly as accusative singular. But in some places, it is used in the sense of plural,7 In thirty-five places it is interpreted as 'cow In three places Sayana gives alternative meanings (1.161.10; V.52.16; VII.44.3). The two RKS, RV. VIII,101,15 and 16 belong to godevata. Sayana interpretes gam as earth. (visvarupyam visvarupavatim gam bhumim). in VIII.74.10 and X.59.10 gam is interpreted by Sayana as gantaram. In RV I.33.15, he interpretes gam jalesu Gatam magnam. 9 But 10. Gam iva comes twice in RV VIII.65.3 and X.79.6. alqmr The word is explained 'like a cow or cattle. * 30 7. #.3.4.21., 14.3, 87.2, 81.3, 97.2, 101-15, 16. 8. gam avajati, baddayabhumim pratigamayati | athavayamarthah | 9. 1 nam paingukam gam udakam prati avagamayati | prathamo'rthah sadhiyan | 5.52.16, garama madhyamikavacam godevatam va | 7.44.13. gam bhumim vagdevatam va | gam 810. 128.4.8, gama - 810.57.1.8 ca kriyapade varteta | }

case. 3 industrious, buy is it really unfue ? 11. Gava occurs only in RV.V.30.7, in instrumental sayana explains it as vairena (by the thunderbolt). 10 12. Gah is used in ninety-eight places. In eightyone places it is interpreted as cows in accusative plural, of these in twelve places it is interpreted as pasun. In RV.II.36.1, Sayana explains gah: govikaradidadhi payaprabhrtini. He gives generally the same meaning in RV. VI.47.14; IX.14.5; 72.3; 95.1; and 107.26. In the following places Sayana interpretes the word gah as stuti or vac: (1) 1.84.16: here Sayana gives 'double meaning for this RK. In the first interpretation Sayana explains the word gah gatimatosvan and in the second interpretation gah vedarupah vagvisesana. (11) IX.71.1 gah stotrbhi kriyamanah stutih (praise by the worshippers). (iii) IX.83.3 gah asirarthah stutayo va. 31 11 Sayana interpretes gah as rays in RV.I.92.2; and quotes the Nighantu. This RK praises the goddess usas. 10. 1.91.22; IV 7.10; VI.27.8; VI.54.6; IX.64.3; IX.64,13; 96.16; 97.13; 39; X.8.8; 67.3; 68.11. 11. gah purvamutthitan rasmin idrsih svavahanabhutascatuspadirgasva va sva rathe yojayat | uktam ca " arunyo gava usasam * niru . 1.15. 877.1.15.7 iti | evam gobhiryuktam rathamaruhya upatah .. f : 1

} F f So it is appropriate to explain gah as 'the rays of the early dawn. * 32 } In RV. IX, 90. 4, Gah means rasmin according to sayana. In 333 sayana interpretes gah as cows, Skandasvamin explains, the word as cow and further says: athava gavah atra apah abhipretah mechah apah ksipanti. In RV IX.42.1, qah is interpreted as rasmayan, 1 , ] 1 I of we 1 1 In other ten places Sayana interpretes it in the sense 6 of water 12 (In RV.V. 29.3 and X.68,3 he gives the meaning 13 of cow aiso), He explains gah as earth in RV. IX, 91.6. Gah occurs in the sense of a verb, according to Sayana in , RV, C, 174,4, 14 " } " 2 1 12. 1,33,10. gah gamanasilanyudakani | II. 34.14, gah 8 me tadantargatah varsya apah |, III.30.10. 314: 1 III.30.21. apah | | v. 29. 3. dhanuvrstilaksananyudakani va | VII. 36.1. apo vrstayudakani | 1 IX.82.1. T: 36517 | IX.108.6. HT: 1 V.48.2.36|17 | x. 68.3. gah | dhenuh | yadva | sadhunayanadi gunayukta ga apah vartatebhyo meghebhyo ahatya sarvatra varsati | 10.89.7. JTT: 3677 1 13. gah sarvairgamyate'treti gamvah prthivyah | tah prthivih | 14. gih gacchati ati udakani | |

15 Sayana explains in two ways in five RKs. (1,92.2; IX.98.8; X.68.3; 1.84.16; V.29.3). 33 1 13, Gah iva occurs five times in the RV. According to sayana gah is cow, used as a simile, (As) per the index of the Roveda samhita Vol.V, p. 193 published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Poona, gah iva occurs in RV.X.127,8. is not found there). But this word 14, Gobhih occurs in seventy five places e In sixtyfour places sayana explains it as cows bulls, animals; or cow-products like milk, skin etc. In two places he interpretes 15. 1.1 92.2 mah purvamutthitana samina idrsih svavahanabhutascatuspadirga eva va .... | uktam ca " aranyo gava usatam nih | . 15.78 iti | evam gobhiyuktam rathamaruyosatah dawn are personified as cows) (Here the rays of the I. 84. 16. gah gatimato'svan | yadva | vedarupanu vagvisesan | (Speedy herse of speech in the form of Vedas) V. 29.3. dhanurvrsti laksanani udakani va | (Cows or rainwater) x.18 .8. gah isanyat sabdan prerayan yadva yajamananam yajnasadhanabhuta gah prerayan | ( uttering cries or making the sacrificer's cow to proceed) X.68-3. In the first context, though Sayana does not mentions, 'cows' are implied. Further he says: yadva | sadhunayanadigunayukta ga apah parvatebhyo meghebhyo ahatya sarvatra varsati |

34 it as balivardaih (RV.1.23.15 and V.80.3). While explaining the word gobhih in RV. VI. 75. 11. sayana interpretes it as 16 'string of a bow' and gives reference to Nirukta 9.19. Yaska, in his Nirukta 2.5, explains the word gobhih which 17 occurs in RV.VI.47.26 and in VI.75.11 as 'sinew and string.' : In four places Sayana explains it as vagbhih or stutilaksanaih (RV.I.134.2; 151.8; VIII.20.8 and X.31.4). In five places Sayana interpretes it rasmibhih or kiranaih (RV.I.7.3; 62.5; V.1.3; IX.84.3; 86.27), In RV. 1.95.8, Sayana interpretes gobhih: gantribhih (adbhih meghasthabhih saha). While explaining the Rk I. 7.3, sayana gives two meaning of word gobhih rays or water, and he t 16. sa | gobhih govikaraih snayubhih | athava gauriti jyanama taya sambaddha ; tathi ca nigamah - vrkse vrkse niyata mimayadgauh r 10.27 22.8 iti | asyayamarthah vrksa vrksa dhanusi dhanusi gaurya niyata mimayat sabdam karotiti | 17. 'gobhih sannaddho ati vivyasva ' 8.6.47-268 iti rathastutau | athapi snava ca slesma ca | gobhih sannaddha patati prasuta | 86.75.11.8 itisastutau | jyapi gaurucyate | gavyacet tadvitam | atha cenna | gavya gamayatisun | 1 1

' 35 18 narrates a story which belongs to vetrasura. The word vrtra is explained by Yaska as cloud and he cites the opinion 19 of other schools. Here the word gobhih can be interpreted as'rays of the sun', which change the snow of mountains into liquid. Also it should be noted that the rays of the sun are responsible for the formation of clouds. Sayana interpretes the word in RV.IX.74.8 and 86.47 as water. 1 In other six places he gives more than one meaning. 20 18. pura vrtrasurena jagati yat apatitam tamastannivaranena 19. .20. praninam drstisiddhyarthamadityam loke sthapitavanityarthah | sa ca suryah gobhih svakiyarasmibhih adrim parvatapramukha sarva jagat visesena darsanartha preritavan prakasitavanityarthah | athava indra evam gobhih jalairnimitta bhutaih adrim mesa visesena preritavan | pacadasa samkhyakesu rasminamasu "vedayah kiranah gavah " nighah 1.5.38 iti pathat | trimsat samkhyakesu meghanamasu "adrih grava nipa . 1.10.18 iti pathitam | 6 nirukta 2016. tatko vrtrah | megha iti nairuktah tvastrisura ityaitihasikah aparam ca jyotisa ca misribhavakarmana varsa karma jayate | tatra upamarthena yuddhavarnana bhavati | ahivattu khala mantravarna brahmanavadasca | vivrddhya sarirasya srotamsi nivarascakara | taksiman hate prasasyandira apah | 1.13402. gobhih vagbhirmantrarupabhih | yadva | gobhih gantrbhih ahavaniyam prati anetrbhih | 1 9.32.3. gobhih gavyaih payobhih | udakaih va | ' 9.81.2. anaduhairadhisavana carmabhih | yadva | govikaraih ksiradibhih | 1. 151.8. gobhih govikaraih paya adibhih | yadva | gobhih stutibhih vagbhih | 9.86.27. gobhih, diptapakse gobhih rasmibhisavrtam | 9.43.1. gobhih vasativaribhirabhih govikaraih paya adibhi | ""

i 15. Gobhih iva occurs only once in VIII.24.6. 21 cuan 16. Gave occurs in thirteen places in dative case. In twelve places it means cow or pasu in general, Though it is in singular, it means plural (Sayana: latyabhiprayam sarvatraikavacanam) In RV.V.33.4 Sayana interpretes: gave vrstyudakaya. 36 17. Gobhyah occurs only in two places. In RV.VIII.45.30 Sayana interpretes: gobhyah gamanavadbhyah udakebhyah in ablative case. In RV.X. 165.3 gobhyah is used in the sense of a cow. 18. Goh: occurs in forty-eight places mostly in genetive case. In thirty-two places cow or animal is its meaning in general. In RV.III, 1.25; 5011; 6.11; 7.11 and 15.7, it is interpreted gavadi pasun sampadayitrim, Here, in these above mentioned Rks the goddess ila is praised. The goddess is prayed to bestow cows and other animals. 21. sayanabhasya yatha gopalo gobhih vrjam gostham gacchati dag var zgrafy: greatanzago |

} 37 In- I, 180.5 and III.30.10 goh is interpreted stutirupayah vacah or gorgantryah usaso vahanena and madhyamikayah vacah respectively. In IV. 1. 16 "Sayana Interpretes it as adityasya and in 1.121.2 qoh kiranasya. While explaining 1.84.15, Sayana interpretes the word goh gantuh and cites Nirukta 2.6 and 22 4.5* Susumna is the ray of the sun, the moon is the holder. That ray is called gauh also. Here they thought But Skandasvamin, in his commentary on the same f of the ray. 3 Rk explains it quite differently. He interpretes the word goh as belonging to vannama. Goh is interpreted as earth only in two places. 22° 24 23 Sayana interpretes in four places atra niruktam - " athapyasyaiko rasmiscamdramasam prati dipyate tadetenopeksitavyam | adityato'sya diptirbhavati | susumnah suryarasmiscamdrama gandharva ityapi nigamo bhavati | so'pi gaurucyate | atraha goramanveti 82.608 atra ha goh samamamsa tadityarasmayah svam nama | apicyamapacitam | apagatam | apihitam | antarhitam va | 84.25.8 23. gauh vainamatra gosabdah stuti vacano va | 24* " gobhiryadimanye asmat | 88.2.6.8 iti yatha | stutilaksana vacah stutairva | amanvata | manu avabodhate | Further he says- gaurityapi susumno nama | | He adds - etadayogyam | na tavadatrasabdena candramaso grham pratinirdestum sakyam itthasabdena tasya pratinirdesat catra sabda paryayatvat 1 napi gausabdena susumna vaktum sakyam | anendra tvaprasangat | go sabdena hi susumnasya pratinirdesa susumnadevato' yammantrah syat | tasmat purva evarthah | 1.158.2. gauriti bhunama bhumyah | 1.163.7. goh bhumyah pade sthane devasthane devayajana pradesa ajidhavana sthane va |

I y 38 goh gantuh (RV.1.121.9; IV. 22.4.8; IV.23.6 gantuh indrasya). In RV.I.180.5 he interpretes goh gantrayah usasah. In seven places Sayana interpretes: goh udakasya (I.121.2; 7; I.181.8; III.55.1; 8; IX. 96.11; X.12.3 and udakat in X.96.11) In three places sayana explains the word with more than 25 one meaning. In RV.I.121.2, goh comes twice and gives Skandasvamin explaining the Rk. I.121.2 different meaning. differs from sayana in interpretation and he gives the meaning as speech and for the other goh he interpretes 'Indra. ,26 1 19. Gavam occurs fifty times in the RV, used in genitive plural. Sayana interpretes it either gavam samuhah or pasunam (cattle). In RV.I.126.2 sayana interpretes gavam pungavanam. ballvardanam ityarthah. In three places, 25. 26. 1.54.15. See Foor-note No.22 | 1.121.2. goh pranibhirapahrtasya gosamuhasya vajrasya udakasya kiranasamuhasya va | gauh mataram jananim | 10.96.11. goh jatyaikavacanam | gava pastyagrham godakasyokta- gui zuti at 1 skandasvamin - goh madhyamikayah vacah | for the second goh, gantrtvadindro'tra gaurucyate | ..... samyagaharaparinamadikena matrbhuta gorusasasca |

he also gives the meaning as vac (RV.I.124.5; I.164.3; VII.77.2), In six places he interpretes it as rays (RV. I, 124.8; III.31.4; IV.51.8; IV.52.2;3 and V.45.2). 39 27 In five places Sayana explains the word with more than one meaning. It should be noted that the word gavam is mainly used in those Rks which praise the goddess usas (there these alternative meanings are given). 20. Gavam iva is used in three places V.59.3; and VI.24.4). · 28 (RY.130.3; 27. 1.124.5. gavam disam rasminam va | antariksasya purvasmin bhage usah kale gavam vacam janitri utpadayitri | usah kale sarvesam praninam vacah sphurantiti prasiddham | 1.124. 11. arunanam arunavarnanam gava prasiddhanam etannamaka - namasvanam va ! samuham rathe yojayati | 1 usah | | " arunyo gava- usatam | syavah savituh " nigha . 1. 25.7-88 iti | yatha loke vahanasamnaham drstva prayanamanumiyate tatha atrapi arunarasminamasvanam darsanat usa agacchatityadhyavasiyate | yadva arunanam rasmina samuham yunkate | 1.164.3. gavam vacam stutirupanam yadva | gavamudakanam | 7.77.2. gavam vacam gavamevava mata nirmatri | usah kalehi paksimanusyanam vaco nirgacchanti | gavamapi tasminkale samcarat tannirmatrtvam | athava rasminam nirmatri | 5.56.5. gavam udakanam prasidvanam gavam va sarga samgham | 1 28. gavam marga yatha | gavam vrjam iva | ☐ gava ingam iva he mahata, utkrstamusanika pattadikam dharaya |

40 t 21. Gavi: occurs in seven places in locative singular; but in RV, IV.58.4; it gives plural sense; Sayana interpretes it as cow. cowhide. In RV.X.94.9 and X.116.4 it is used to mean t Yaska refers in his Nirukta 2.5 to this Rk while inter- $29 preting the word 'go. He explains: 'gouh' is used in the sense of cow-skin used for'sitting on. s 22. Gonam is used in twenty places generally in genitive. Except in one place in all the places the word is interpreted in the sense of cow or cattle in general. In RV.V.3.3, Sayana interpretes it as Udakanam p 23. Gosu occurs in forty three places in the locative Case. In thirty-eight places it is explained in the meaning of cow or cattle. But in twelve places Sayana interpretes it either as gosu nimittabhutasu or gosu nimittesu, In two places (RV.V.45.9; IX.86.12), Sayana interpretes the word as 'rays' in locative plural. In RV.IV.38.1, sayana gives alternative meaning.. Only in RV.X.99.4, Sayana interpretes gosu bhumisu." 30 29% • nie 2.5. "amsum duhanto adhyasate gati ": r. 10.94. 1. 'ityadhisvanacarmanah | carma carate 30. sarvasudiksu gosu va nimittabhutesu | | uccrtam bhavatiti va | at

41 The word 'gau' used as the first member in a compound. The word 'gau' is used in a compound as first word in one hundred and fifty places. Out of these, in twelve places Sayana interpretes the word as water, in six places as 'stuti' or 'vac' and in two places as rasmi.' In two places (RV.X,53.5; 95.11) the word is explained as 'earth. ,31 32 In five places Sayana gives alternative meanings. The word 'gomatim' in RV.VIII, 24.30 and RV.X.75.6 is interpreted as the name of a river. The word gosarve in RV. VIII. 49.10 and 50.10 is explained as the name of a ksatriya and rsi respectively. The word 'gau' is also used as pa taddhita in one hundred and three places 33 and interpreted as goyukta or sahita. 7 31.18 gojatah bhumyamutpannah | yadva | gosabdena tajjam paya | adikamucyate | hivarartham pradurbhuta ityarthah | 810.53.5.8 2 gopithaya | gauh prthivi | pitham palanam | bhumeraksanaya | 32. 1.137.1: gavasirah | gobhih udakaih misritah samjatah | yadva | gobhih stuttilaksanaih mantraih misritah | 4.4.5. gojah gosu ravimasu jatah | yadva | udakesu vaidyutarupena va jatah agnih, adityah ' 862.7. gaupattih prasidvanam gavamudakanam stuti vacaso va patih 9 indrah ) 10. 103.5. govita udakasya stutairva labdha vedita va | 10.53.5. 33. gomata, gomatah, gomata, gomati, gomati, gomatim, gomantam, gomaya, gomayuh |

n 42 The word gopitha is interpreted as somapana 34 in four places except in RV.X.35-34 where Sayana interpretes as 'raksane'. Yaska also interpretes it as somapana (Niru.10.36). But while explaining the word in X.95.11, he interpretes gopithaya as bhumeraksanava. (See footnote No.31). t The word 'qau' used as the second member in a compound: The word is used as second member of a compound in six places. In all the places Sayana gives the meaning as cow (RV.VIII.51.1, VIII.2.14; 17.12; 62.10; VII.18.10). While explaining VIII.17.12, Sacigo he gives a different meanings. 35 (Viz; cow,vac and rasmi). (The words gah,gam and gama occur in ten places (8,1,1, and are used as verbs). Thus the word gauh has the following meanings: 1. Cow, cattle or cow-products 2. Speech 3. Water 660 33 32 340 1.19.1. gopithaya somapanaya | 5.65.6. 77494 at: atura: 1 azu ord afzug # 779747 45: 1 10.77.7. 77474 #74977 1 ATHOTA 35. he sacimgo | sayayah sakta gavo yasyasau saciguh | yadva | cavyaktayam vaci * | sacayo vyaktah prakhyata gavi rasmayo gava evava yasya tadrsa |

4. Rays 5. Earth 32 : 9 6. Horse 6 7. Soma juice 4 8. Vaira 2 9. Others 16 794 The word 'gauh' is interpreted by Sayana in different meanings: Meanings Ray or cow Ray or water or Water or cow No.of places 2 2 7 9. Speech or Water 2 Cow or earth or speech 1 Cow or speech or rays 1 Speech or cow 43 Thus, it can be seen that though the word gauh occurs under the head of the synonyms of the earth, it mainly refers to cow, speech, water and rays. Yaska in his Nirukta explains the word in detall (2.5) as already shown before. ↑ He says it is the synonym of earth as it 'dooram gata bhavati' and the creatures walk on it (asyam bhutani gacchanti)..

G 44 2. Gma: The word occurs in the Roveda in five places only, in the form of gmah used as albative and genetive singular. 36 In V.38.3, Sayana interpretes it as bhulokat. In X,49,2, he explains it as prthivyah. Similarly in other three places, it is used in the sense of prthivi (Niru, 12.43 )37 Its 3. Jma: It occurs in the RV. in eleven places, other forms: jmah, jmayah, iman and jmayantam are used in the sense assigned (Ry,VI.52.15; 1,157.1; IV.50.1; VI.62.1; VIII.1.18; X.89.1; 11; VII.39.3; VII.21:6; VII.60.2; and VIII.68,3), But in RV.VII.60.2, Sayana interpretes jman as antarikse gacchan. Jma is used in its other forms as second word in 38 twenty-seven places. In other places it is generally used 'parito-gantuh' (wind). 36; I.25.20; 37.6; V.38.3; X.22.6 and X.49.2. 37. gaman and gman also occur in the RV, in two and ten places respectively not in the sense of prthivl but used as verbs. So also gmanta in one place (1.22:11) and gmanta in two places (X.22.6; 32.1) the words anugman and orthugman occur once each but used as participles, 38. parijman parijman parijmanah parijmanoh parijma, parijmanah, parijmanam, parijmana ivam, parijmada iva | In two places the word parijman | is used in the sense of earth. 1063686 parijman parito vyaptavyam bhumau | ་ 2:28:40 pari jman parijmani bhumyam |

45 4. Ksma: The word does not occur but its other forms > ksmah and ksmya occur in the Roveda in six places (ksmaya -RV.I.55.6; V.84.,3; VII.64.3; X.61.7%, 89.3)., In all the places the word is used in the sense, assigned. The word ksmah occurs in one place (RVI.100.15). Sayana interpretes it as prthivyah. Its instrumental form kemaya occurs in five places (RV.1.55.6; V.84.3; VII.46.3; X.61.7 and X.89.3). All of them are used in the sense of earth. 39 - 5. Ksa: As per the interpretation of Sayana ksam is used in accusative singular form and ksasu, ksaman and ksamani are used in locative singular forms. The word with it's forms occurs in thirty seven places in the sense assigned. There are eight forms of the word ksa. 40 In_III.32.1, sayana commenting on ksam states : ksI nivasagatyoh. 41 39. 1.55.6. sa . | "praya bhumya samanam | yadva | 40. 41. | ksmaya iti ojo visesanam | satrunamabhibhavitra balenetyarthah | 6 maya | " ksamusu sahane " | ksamate pranijata . krtamupadravamiti ksama | ksarma, dharmana, ksamani ksasu, vamaviva | ksah, ksam, ksamah, ksamam ksam, ksi nivasamgatyoh anyebhyo'pi drsyata iti nirupapadadapi impratyayah | tatastap | ksiyanti nivasayantyasyam pranina iti ksa bhumih | t '

46 6. Ksama: The word wand its form ksamI (locative singular) are used in fourteen places. Sayana interpretes the word in the sense of prthivi. 7. Kson: The other forms of the word are: ksonibhyam, ksoni iti and in one place ksonI iva (1.57.4). The word is used not only in the sense of earth but also in some other senses. othe 42 In RV.I.18015; VIII.7.22; VIII.52.10; and VIII.99.6 where ksoni iti occurs, Sayana interpretes it as dyavaprthivyau, dyava prthivi namadheyani in the III chapter of the Nighantu. In RV.X.22.9 the word ksonnayah occurs, Sayana comments as manusyanamaitat. form is not included in Manusyanamani. But the word or its 43 8. Ksitih: The other forms used in the RV. are: ksitibhyah, ksitisu; ksitinam. The form ksitayah also occurs in the RV. and is included in Manusyanamani. Excluding the form ksitayah. 42. 5.95.8. Atfor: OtfJA: 1 2.16.3. ksaunibhyam dyavaprthivibhyam 2.34.13. sabdakaribhih | 10.96.9. ksonibhih vagbhih | 2.16.3. ksonibhyam dhavamrthivibhyam | ' 43. ksonayah | manusyanayaitat | manusyah svakiyam svaminam sevartha 1 1 yathaprapnuvanti tadvat | i

y 47 which has been included by Sayana as the synonym of Manusyanamani in all the thirteen places; ksitih and its forms are used in thirty two places. Out of these only in four places it is used in the sense of prthivi according to Sayana. 44 In other twenty-eight places it is explained as a synonym of manusya by Sayana, In two places Sayana gives two meanings. 45 9: Avanih: The other forms of the word are: avanayah, avana, avanim and avanih. The word with its forms occurs in sixteen places, of these only in seven places it is used in the sense of prthivi according to Sayana. (1) Avanih: occur in three places. In RV. I.4.10 and VIII.32.13 sayana interpretes it as raksakah and palakah. respectively and in 1.181.3 he explains it as bhumih. 44* 1.65.3. Tota: : 13.13.14. fafafa; Amista | ksitih bhumih ksitibhyah bhulokata 1.73.4. dhruvasu ksitisu | nirupadravesu gramesu ityarthah | 7988.7. ksitisu bhumisu | 45. 20203. ksitisu yagabhumisu manusyesu va | 5.37.4. ksitih prajah | athava ksiti nivasannivasate | (that which makes its beings live happily).

(ii) Avanayah: It is also enlisted in the I chapter of the Nighantu under the sub-grouping of Nadinamani and in the II chapter under Angulinamani. Sayana interpretes the forms as follows: 46 (iii) Avana comes only in RV. V. 54.2 in locative form. Sayana interpretes it as bhumau.. 48 (iy) Avanim comes in two places (RV.I.140.5 and IV.19.6). Sayana interpretes it as bhumim. In (iv) Avanih comes in seven places only. In RV.VI.61.3 Sayana explains it as earth (asurairapahrta bhumih). 1.61.10, he comments raksanahetubhuta apah and in RV.X. 99.4 apah. In RV.V. 11.5 Sayana says: avanayo nadyah. the same whether avanih means earth or river. Accent is While explaining the word in 1.62.10, Sayana says: avanayah iti angulinama evambhutah avanih anqulayah. In 11.13.7 Sayana comments on avanih as avatrih osadhih. 46. 1.186.8. avanayo na yathaiva namanasvabhavah rathah rahanasvabhava rathavanto va | yadva | avanayom raksaka ratha iva sthitah | • 190.7. avanayo na | sarva avanayo bhumayo manusya yatha svaminam karmaprati va samgacchanti tadvat | 5.85.6. 3474: 74: 1

J 10. Urvi: The word is also included in the III chapter. The word with under the list of dyavarthivi-naamadheyani. 47 its other forms occurs in sixty seven places, of these only in five places Sayana gives the meaning as earth or 48 loka. e Urvi iti occurs in twenty two places in dual form. Sayana interpretes it as dyavaprthivyau in two places (RY, X.12.3 and X.33.14), In other places he gives the meaning vistirna and in one place (VIII.80.8) he translates urvi as bahvantarala. Urvi utih comes only in RV.VI.24.2. is interpreted as vistrtaraksah. It 11. PrthvI: The word prthvl is also included in dyavaprthivi-namadheyani in III chapter of the Nighantu. 49 Prthiv is included in Antariksanamani of I chapter and in second fifth and sixth sub-groupings of the V chapter. The word and its forms 49 are used in three hundred and and fifteen places; out of these in two hundred and forty- 47. urvi, urvi, urvim urvyah, urviya, urvi iti | 48.1.189.2, 10.14.16, 10.128.5, 2.4.7, 1.146.2. 49. prthivi, prthivi, prthivi iti prthivi iti prthvih, prthividyavi, prthivimah prthivimda iva, prthivyah prthivyam, prthivyai, prthvi iti, prthvi, prthvi iti prthvim |

} [ ' 50 seven places it is used in the sense of prthivi or prthivyabhimani devata. The word is used in seventeen places as the 50 synonym of antariksanama, according to Sayana. The word is also explained by Sayana giving some other meaning. 51 12. Mahl: The word mahl is included also in the following sections of the Nighantu: (i) vannamani: 1.11.47. (11) gonamani : 2.11.5. (iii) dyava prthivinamadheyani: 3.30.18. 52 53 The word with its forms occurs in the Rgveda in onehundred and forty-one places. Sayana interpretes it only in four places as the synonym of earth. But, he does not say that this word belongs to prthivinamani as he comments on some other words, while explaining the Rks. The word mahl iti is interpreted as referring to dyavaprthivi in 50. IP 47 1.39.6, 102.2, 7.34.23, 10.147.1. 51. + prthivim gay 1.67.3, 5.85.1, 4,5, 10.65.4, 10.88.9. prthivyam 1. 168.8, 3.14.1, prthavya 6.49.6. 7.24.3, 8.39,5, 10.28.2, 29.7. 18 5.56.3. atra prthivi sabdah tadadhisthita prajam laksayati | 28 9209: 7.34.3. gea: gUATAT (3 TT:{ 38 203010 prthivyam vaidilaksanayam | 48 2.40.4. ATA: prthivyam ausadhirupena antarikse ca candrarupena sadanam cakre | 584.41 prthvi vistirnam | 683.7.10. prthivyah, vistirnaya jvalayah | irti, HET, mahinam mahibhah mahim mahiye, 52. suphi lahi, vi, katha, vi:, suvi savimi:, savi savi, 53. HEUT:, HEUT, · HE I . 7.36.8. mahim mahatim bhumim | 9.92.4 mahi prthivi | 10.77.4. mahati h bhuh | : | 9.92.5. prthivim |

twenty three places out of twenty-eight places of its occurrence. At other places it is used as adjective to: the earth, vak, buddhi, kanya, gay, nadi, anna, apah, etc. Accent is the same whether it is used as a noun or an adjective. 51 13. Ripah: The word occurs in the RV only in two places 54 in genitive singular. It gives the meaning earth. Another word ripa) with accent on the first syllable occurs in four places. Sayana interpretes it as himsa. ? ab 55 14. Aditih: The word with its forms occurs in one hundred and sixty-five places in the RV. In more than onehundred and twenty nine places it gives the meaning devanata or occurs as an adjective to prthivi etc. According to sayana only in twenty two places it is used in the sense of The word is also used in some other senses 1_ke earth. 56 54. 3.5.5. fer: ARIT: 10.79.3. gfucut: | 57 55. adita'tpe, aditim ardite, adite, aditeh, advite, adite' iva aditaye, aditayah 56. 57. aditih 1.43.2, 2.1.11, 5.59.8. aditima 5.5208, 7.39.5. aditaye 102401, 2, 10.110.4. aditah iva 1.166-12. adite 10.6405, 17, aditeh 1.113.19, 185.3, 412.4. 7.88.7, 9.26.1, 69.3, 71.5, 74.3, 5, 10.5.7. 70.7. 1.153.3. aditih adina bahuksira | 1.162.22. adinah 8 asvah 8 2.1.11. akhandayita paripalayita | yadva | adina bhumirati | 8.48. 2. adinah tvam somah 10.11.2. akhandaniyah agnih | at: 10.63.3. adina dyauh 10152.6. aditim akhamditam annametat 1 yajna karma 9.9.96.15. aditeh | gonamaitat | adinayah goh |

52 gau, agni, dvavaprthivi etc., and used as adjective: akhandaniya adina va. It should be noted that the word occurs in the following sections in the Nighantu, other than prthivInamadheyani: (1) Vannamani: 1.11.48 (ii) Conamani: 2.11.6 + (111) Dvisastipadani: 4.1.49 (iv) Satrimsatpadani: 5.5.16 The word aditi is included in dyavaprthivinamadheyani (Nigh. III.30.21). But the word is not used in four Vedas. Yaska in his Nirukta (4.22) interpretes aditi as adina devamata, 15. Ila: Other than in prthivinamani the word occurs in the following sections of the Nighantu: (1) Vannamani: 1.11.3 (ii) Annanamani: 2.7.13. (111) Conamani: 2.11.7 (iv) Sat-trimsatpadani: 5.5.35 The word ilah is included in the first list of the V chapter. This word occurs in the RV. in, twelve places. Out of these in eight places it gives the meaning of either

58 uttaravadi or earth. 59 In other four places it gives the meaning of anna. 60 The word with its forms occurs in sixty five places in the RV. In thirty nine places it gives the meaning of iladevi gorupadevi uttaravedI and bhumi. In twenty one places sayana gives the meaning of havir-laksana rupadevi or anna. In two places it gives the (RV. III.7.5; X.36.5) meanings vak. The other meanings given by Sayana are also listed with a few examples. 61 58. I.128.1 p II, 10.1; VI. 1.2; VII.47.1; X.70.1; 91.1; 191.1. 59. III.4.3; V.42.14; VI,58.4; X.17.9. 60. ila, ilanam, ikobhih, ilama, ilayah, ilam'vatim, ila'vantah, idavan, ilasu, ile, ilaya, ilah . 61. 5.41.19. ila bhumih va gorupadhara manoh putrityahuh va yuthasya marudaganasya nirmatri ila madhyamiki vak | 28 3.27.10. ila idyante stuyante asyam yajamanaih deva iti ila bhumih | vaidilaksana bhumih | 38. 3.1.23. ilam etannamikam gorupam devatam | 48 1.48.16. ilabhih ileti gonam | "ila jagatiti tannamasu pathat | ilabhirgobhih | nm • 53

54 16. Nirrtih: The word occurs in twenty one places with 62. its forms. in RV; of these only in six places it is used 63 in the sense of prthivi. In sixteen places it is interpreted as either papadevata or mrtyudevata; in one place as raksojatidevata (1.38.6) and as dukkham in RV. X. 10.11. The word nirratam is also used in one place (RV.I.119.7) and Sayana interpretes it (R-gatau) nihsesena praptam. 64 17. Bhuh: The word with its other forms" occur in eight places only and gives the meaning earth according to Sayana. Bhuh occurs also in antariksanamani of this chapter (Nigh. 1.3.10). It may be added that bhuh, bhuvam, bhuvani, bhuvah and bhuvah are used as verbs. 65 18. Bhumih: The word with its other forms occurs in forty-nine places and Sayana interpretes in the sense of 62. nih tim, niti, nitinam nih rteh, nityah, f 7: #41 63. 7-37,7,1-164.32, 10.114.2, 1.117.5, 7,58.1, 10.95.14. 64. bhuh bhuve, bhrama, bhuva • 65. bhurmim, bhumi, bhumayah, bhumyah, bhumya, bhumyam •

earth. In IX.61.10, bhumih is bhogyajanah (people on the earth); In RV. II. 27.8 sayana comments quite differently. 66 The word bhumyasa occurs in RV. V. 41. 10, Sayana Interpretes bhumim antariksam. The word bhumi comes as uttarapada in seven places. The meaning in all places is earth. Yaska in his Nirukta (8.7) derives the word from '11' and says Itteh stuti karmanah. 19. Pusa: The word occurs also in the V chapter under the section ekatrimsatpadani * The word is not used in feminine form; but in mesculine gender, 67 The word pusa itself occurs in fifty places. In almost all the places the word is explained as posako devah or as adjective to some other deity. Only in one place the .68 word means earth; the form is mesculine 1.e. pusanasya. 66. bhumih atra bhumisabdo lokatraye vartate | "yo dvitiyasyam trtiyasyam { prthivyam " ityatra pratha prthivisabdah | bhumyantariksa svargastrin lokan adityah dharayan vrstipradanadina dharayanti | 67. pusanah, pusarnam, pussanasya, pusana, pusan'vatai pusana vantah, pusnavana, pusena, purvana, pusa, iva, pusnah, pusna, pusne | 68. 8.49.5. pusa | prthivi nama | parthivasya lokasya | 55

" In three places (viz. RV.1,40.6; X.139.1 and IX.88.3), pusa is aditya. Yaska in his Nirukta etymolizes the word. In uttarapada where it appears in five places it is interpreted as pusan devah. 69 - 20. Gatuh: This word also occurs in the IV chapter Other forms of the word are: of the Nighantu (4.1.55). gatum, gatubhih. (Gatave is dative infinitive). The word with its above mentioned forms occurs in the RV. in forty eight places. Of these, the meaning earth is 70 given in four places. In eight places Sayana explains it 71 as stotra. In two places (RV.V.30.7 and VI.22.5) the meaning is sukham. In twenty eight places the word is explained either as gamanaseela or marga. In two places sayana explains with 72 two meanings." In ten places it is used as infinitive 69. niruktam 12.16. yadrasmiposam pusyati tat pusa bhavati | 70,FV.32.10, I.151.6; III.31.15; VIII.45.30. 71. V.32.10; III.1.2; 31.15; IV.4.6; V.4.6; V.87.8; VI.6.1; I. 100.4. 72. 1. 151.6. gatum gamatam devayajanadesam va | gaturiti prthviी nama gatuh pusaityuktatvat | 3.31.15. gatum gayanti stuvanti asyam indradidevan iti gatuh prthivi | nama | 56

3 (tumanta). Yaska in Nirukta interpretes gatum as gamanam *** (4.21) (in order to go). 21. Gotra: It occurs in six places in the Raveda. The word is not interpreted in the Roveda as the synonym of earth. Sayana interpretes it in five places as megha or udaka in one place herd (of cattle) VI.65.5 7. But in X.103.6 explaining the word 'gotrabhidam', he gives the 73 meaning of 'gau' as earth as an alternative meaning. Dayananda Sarasvati interpretes the word in the sense of earth in RV.III.43.7. Devaraja, commentator of the Nighantu says that the word in this sense of earth should be traced in the Roveda. (Ed.G.V. Bhattacharya: Niruktam (Nighantu) with commentary of Devarajayajvan,) From the above analytical study, one can come to the following conclusions: 57 73. gah udakani trayanta iti gotrah meghah | yaddham | gorbhumih tam trayanta iti gotra parvatah | tesam bhattaram 1 810.103.6.8 1. 51.3. gotram avyakta sabdavantam vrstayudakasyavarakam maima | yada | gosamuham panibhirapahrtam guhasu nihitam | 7.17.2. gotrabhit | gotranam parvatanam meghanam va bhetta | indrah 8

3 10 59 ་ (1) The word 'gauh' appears in the RV in seven hundred and ninety four places. It has been used in the sense of earth only in nine places. In six hundred and sixty places J it is used as a synonym of cow or cow products, and cattle in general. Surprisingly, the word gauh has not been included in gonamani in the II chapter of the Nighantu, where nine synonyms of 'cow' are given. Why the author of the Nighantu has not included this important synonym of the cow, in the list gonamani is a puzzle. Quite surprisingly the word gauh has been included under some unimportant groups, (compared to gonamani (viz. rasminamani, vannamani, sadharanani stotranamani and also in the IV and V chapters of the Nighantu. There is a similar case with the word 'grha.' Sadhurama | in his article "words of Nighantu traced in the Vedas "74 refers to the view of his friend Prof.Suchi Vrata who traces the synonyms of grha in the Vedas that "certain well-known Vedic words like Okah (RV.1.66.2), Sadanam (RV.I.104.5); vasatih (RV.V.2.6); dhama (RV.1.86.11) etc., all of which mean 'a house' have not been included in the grhanamani list of the Nighantu. On the other hand the word sadanam is included in the udakanamani list. 74. Adityanath Jha Commemoration Volume, Allahabad, 1975, Parts 1-4, pp. 427-433.

59 Further, it may be added that the word 'grha' also has not been included in the grhanamani list. And out of sixtynine groups in the first three chapters, in fortyfour groups the main word (viz., 'gauh' in gonamani, 'satya' in satyanamani and etc.,) of that group is not listed. It seems this is somewhat unsystematic classification. 75 H (2) Sayana commenting on the word ksonayah says that it belongs to manusyanamani. But in the second chapter of the Nighantu the word ksonayah has not been included in the manusyanamani where twenty five synonyms of man are enlisted. Possibly some other Rovedic Nighantu was available to Sayana, in which the word ksonayah was included under the list of manusyanamani. (3) The listed words in the prthivinamani, gau, ksitih, avanih, urvi, mahl, aditih, nirrtih, pusa, gatuh and gotra are used in the Roveda, only in a very few places in the 76 sense assigned to them, 75. 10.22.9. ksinayah manusyanamaitat | 76. Word No. of times used in the Raveda No. of times interpreted as earth Gauh Avanih 794 ˚ 16 9 7 Mahl 141 Urvi 67 17 1 5 5 :

• (4) Out of twenty one words enlisted in this section, prthivinamani, twelve words occur in other chapters of the 77 Nighantu giving some other meaning. 0 77. 60 Word Aditih Nirrtih Pusa Gatu No.of times used in the Roveda No.of times interpreted as earth 165 22 22 6 50 1 48. 4 6 Gotra 1. gauh gavah b 2. ksoni nigha . 3. 30.5.8 3. ksiti 8 ksitayah 2.3.6.8 4. 3977: 83994: 2.5.11 AUT 1.13.1.8 5. 347 3.30.19. 13: 1.13.14. § 6. geat 3.30.20. §¶ 1.3.9., 5.3.26., 5.5.26§ 7. HET 1.11.47, 2.11.5, 3.30:18. 8. : 1.11.48, 2.11.6, 4.1.49, 3 fafa: aditi 3.30.21.8 5.5.16, 9. 2 T 1.11.3,2.7.13, 2.11.7, 5.5.35, 850: 5.2.5.8 ila 10. : 1.3.10. 11. pusa 5.6.10. 12. JT: 4.1.55. }