Appendix C - Technical terms mentioned in Panini’s Ashtadhyayi

[Full title: Technical terms related to Minerals and Metals mentioned in Panini’s Ashtadhyayi]

ADHIKARANA - AYAS (AYAS) substance, thing, object. Pan 2.2.1., 2.1.49., 2.11., 3.2.124, 3.46.. 6.1.34., 8.1.73 ADHIKARANA - VICALA separating or distributing a substance. Pan 5.3.43. Vicala means change in number. probably metal and not merely iron. Pan 5.4.94 states that anas (cart), as man (rock), ayas (metal), saras (river) denote a genus or a name. Examples are Kalayasam, Lohitayasam. The former isajati or genus and the latter a samina or name. anasa asman- ayasa sarama ityevamantat tatpurusat taca pratyayo bhavati jati samjnayam ca visaye || " Reference : The Ashtadhyayi of Panini edited and translated by Srisa Chandra Vasu, 1891, published by Motilal Banarasidass, 1962. Two volumes. I & II Commentary by Kasikavetti and Patanjali (Mahabhasya). Dictionary of Panini, 5.M. Katre, Deccan College, Pune, 1968. Three parts. I III.

C_ 2 AYAS-> AYAS KAMSA KAMA OF AYAS - KARA metal (iron or bell-meta 1?) goblet Pan 8.3.46 black smith Pan 8.3.46 AYAS KUMBHA KUMBHA = metal pot Pan 8.3.46 AYAS KUS' A metal rope Pan 8.3.46 AYAS PATRA AYASMAYA AYOGHANA og AYOGHANA AYO-VIKARA AYAH-SOLIKA metal vessel Pan 8.3.46 made of metal, metallic Pan 1.4.20 Words of this type are valid forms in the Chhandas (Veda)" 31-42-0121-31121-17-35-5929" metallic (iron) hammer or forge hammer-whereby the iron is deformed. Here the iron metal is clearly indicated. Pan 3.3.82. Pan 3.3.82. The text 3.3.79 3.3.83 explains the use of 'ghan' equivalent to 'han' destroy or deform. Odghana means carpenter's bench. Vighana means hammer or mallet. Drughana or Drughana means an axe (3.3.82). Stambaghana means sma 11 hoe for weeding clumps of grass. Parigha or Paligha (3.3.84 and 8.2.22) means 'an iron beam used for locking or shutting the gate, an iron club' iron work, iron fabric, Pan 4.1.42 iron spike or a daring courageous person Pan 5.2.76.

CASMAN stone, rock, Pan 4.2.80., 5.4.94., 6.2.9 ASMARA - pertaining to stone or gravel Pan 4.2.80 AS MARMA AKARIKA AKARSA AKARSAKA Asu stones of a ruin Pan 6.2.91 miner, mining officer, mining revenue. Pan, 4.3.75. Ayasthana means income of the treasury or Saulkasalikaa derived from custom house. Akari kam is 'revenue derived from mines'. attraction, touch stone, Pan 4,4.9 akarsa iti suvarna pariksartho ni kasopala ucyate a touch stone by which gold is tested, a streak plate. expert in using a touch stone Pan 5.2.64 to press out (soma juice), to distil Pan 3.1.126 who prepares Soma, distiller ASUTIVALA Pan 5.2.112., 6.3.118 ISTAKA brick. Pan 6.3.65 UTKARA UTPAVA anything dug out. Pan 4.2.90 purifying (ghee etc.) using fire Pan 3.3.49 worth the highest niska (gold coin) - Pan 5.1.20 grinding in water. Pan 6.3.58 UTTAMA-NAISKIKA UDA-PESAM UPACAYYAPRDA UPAJNA UPAJNATA gold, associated with UPACAYYA, a Vedic sacrificial fire. Pan 3.1.123 and 3.1.131.The usage is from the Chhanda (Vedas) invention, discovery. Pan 2.4.21., 6.2.14 invented, discovered (for the first time) Pan 4.3.115

UPAJNATOPAKRAMA URAS CHADA application (upakrama) of the invention (upajna). Pan 2.4.21 breast-plate, armour Pan 6.4.96. USITA burnt. Pan 8.3.60 USA salt ground, saline soil Pan. 5.2.107 1 4 USARA impregnated with salt, salty, saline Pan, 5.2.107 USMAN heat, glow, hot vapour, Pan 3.1.16 USMAYA Kautiliya Arthashastra SA KAMSIKA to emit heat or vapour, to steam, Pan 3.1.16. The ideal is to emit vapour or heat vessel, goblet or vessel made of metal, ayaskamsa, also payaskansa, drinking vessel made of metal, or for drinking milk. Pan 6.2.122., 8.3.46 relating to or made of bell-metal Pan 5.1.25 KAMSIYA or KAMSYA relating to bell metal, bell-metal Pan 4.3.168. Does it indicate brass also? Brass is yellow. white copper or KAJJALA = lamp-black used as collyrium Pan. 6.2.91 KARMAKARA KAMSYA KARSAPANA Labourer. Pan 3.2.22. KARMARA (Rgveda) white copper, bell -metal, brass (?) Pan 4.3.168. coin or weight. Pan 5.1.29 KARA means tax, toll, royal revenue. Pan, 6.3.10. KALAYASA iron, made of iron, Kalayasam iti jatih. Pan 5.4.94. Many kinds of black metal and one kind of red metal (copper)?

CKUTTA KUPYA to cut, crush, bruise. Pan 3.2.155. base metal other than gold and silver, Pan 3.1.114 KSARA distillation. Pan 6.3.16 KSARAJA produced by distillation Pan 6.3.16 KSARITI KSAMA to flow, glide, distil Pan 7.2,34 Distillation of mercury and Zinc known? scorched Pan 8.2.53 KSAMAVAT charred, but to coal/ash Pan 8,2.53. KHAN to dig, delve Pan. 3.1.111., 3.2.67., 3.2.184., 3.3.125., 4.4.2., 6.4.42., 6.4.43., 6.4.54., 6.4.98., 7.4.62 KHAN to dig, delve, Pan 3.1.111., 3.2.67., 3.2.184., 3.3.125., 4.4.2., 6.4.42 and 43., 6.4.54., 6.4.98., 7.4.62 Pan 3.2.67 refers to usage in the Vedas of the words. compounding KHAN e.g., KUPAKHAH digger of well (KUPA + KHAN + VIT ) "jana-sana-khana-krama- gamah, vitndasi, upasarge )" Pan 3.2.184 refers to words with affix ITRA after verbs like KHAN SRARITRAM-a rudder; LAVITRAM a sickle from LU (to cut); DHAVITRAM - a fan SABITRAM cause of production; KHANITRAM a spade; CARITRA - an instituted observance or character after CHAR or to go. These words imply Karana or instrumental Karaka, "jita-lu-dhu-yu-khana-saha-cah uprah AKHANIKA or AKHANIKAVAKA means spade. KHANATI means digging. Various declinations of the verb in different

tenses e.g., KHANAYATE, KHAYATE, CANKHANAYATE, CIKHANISATI etc. KHANITRA or AKHANA OF AKHANIKA or AKHANIKAVAKA KHANYA - spade Pan. 3,2,184., and 3.3.125 coming from excavations or ditches or KHANYA KHEYA GHANA Pan. 3.1.123. This and similar words 'were mentioned in the Chhandas or the Vedas'. The word KHANIJA or mineral not mentioned by Panini, but must have been known. to be dug out, that can be dug out. Pan 3.1.111 compact, solid, hard, firm, dense Pan 3.3.77-78 GHAANA or GHNA substitute of HAN - kill GHOSA CURNAYA JAMBHAKA JATAROPA See AYOGHANA or AYOGHNA etc. noise, tumult, cry. Not yet standing for a metal. Pan. 6.3.56. pulverize, grind, pound, to reduce to powder. Pan 3.1.25. CORNA etc. crushing, devouring using jaws and teeth. Pan 7.1.61, JAMBHAN etc. gold (beautiful when it appears) Pan 4.3.153. All words for gold indicating weight or measure end with AN e.g. Suvarna, Swarna Hiranya etc. "jatarupebhyah- parimana (anu )"

C= 7 JVALA TRNAH TRAPU DATRA - to burn brightly, blaze, glow, flame Pan 3.1.140., 3.2.150. JVALANA etc. to crush, bruise. Pan 7.3.92 tin. Pan 4.3.138. Modification (vikara) of Traou (tin) or made of tin is TRAPUSAM Modification of Jatu (lac) is JATUSAM " trapujanusabdabhyamana pratyayo bhujati vikare, tat sanniyogena tayoh sugagamo bhavati | sickle, crooked knife, Pan 3.2.182., 8.4.52. DRSADVAT -rocky, stony, Pan. 8.2.10. DRSAD is rock, big which can be seen (DRSTA) SAMIDH DRSADA is fire-wood, coa 1? Pan. 5.4.106. DRAVA flowing, fluid. Pan, 3.3.27 PRADRAVA something flowing away or fugitive. means The word DRAVYA derived from DRU. In the Rgveda we have DRAVA, DRAVIN to mean something which can be melted e.g. gold. substance, object. Pan. 4.3.151., 5.3.104 DHAMA or to blow, blowing. Pan 3.1.137 and 7.3.78. DHMA UDDHAMA - the act of blowing into (agnisamyoga yoh) by fan. DHAVITRA a fan. Pan, 3.2.184. DHATU NISKA verbal base or root. Not yet metal in Panini, Probably the usage had started. gold coin denoting metallic currency or unit of money. DVINISKA, TRINISKA, BAHUNAISKIKAM etc. Pan 5.1.30. UTTAMANAISKIKA- worth the highest niska Pan. 5.1.20. Some form (rupa) of king embossed (ahatam) RUPYAH. DINARAH or KEDARAH gold coins of Kedara Kushans

C-8 Pan 5.2.120 214 rupat, ahata, prasamsayo, ". Origin of RAUPYA? MASA. also denotes a particular weight of gold. ARDHA or TRIMASYA etc. Pan. 5.1.34. NIS-KUSITA NIS-KOSANA NISKA originated probably from NI SAYA binding, meaning financial bond. extracted, stripped off, Pan. 8.3.41. extraction, husking, shelling, disemboweling, to bring the inner organs out, to eviscerate. Similar to NISKULA - to make the enemy family-less, to remove the seeds of pomegranate. Pan. 5.4.62 "niskulat niskosana (haca )" weight of cooper used as coin Pan 5.1.34 PANA panah parimane See also KARSAPANA PANI vanika or trader in the Vedas PANYA - an article of trade, worth so many panas, etc. PADARTHA thing, material, object. Pan 1.4.96. PARI PAVANA cleaning or winnowing corn Pan 8.4.34. PU means to purify PAVAKA the purifier. PAVANA air. as Pan.3.1.10 Thus, PARI-PAVANA means purification by pneumatic jigging, through descent against (pari) drag in wind (pavana). PARI-MRJA - wash, cleanse. Pan 3.2.5 PARIMARJANA PARI-VAPANA to shave. Pan. 5.4.57. KSURA in Rigveda PARENKHANA or

CPARENGANA separating, shaking away Pan. 8.4.32 PARSU - curved knife, sickle or axe. Pan 5.3.117. RAKA PATRA baking, cooking, roasting, Pan. 4.1.64, 5.2.24. drinking vessel, goblet, bowl, cup, dish. Pan 8.3.46, 5.2.7., 5.4.46 and 53. PARAYANA -going over, studying. Pan 5.1.72 PARA PAVA PISTA PISTAKA PUTA PUTI - -mercury. The word does not appear in Panini. Para means going over or distillation? purifying, clarifying, cleansing. Pan. 3.3.49., 3.3.28. UTPAVA distillation, evanoration? NISPAVA is winnowing or purification through downward movement. crushed, bruised, ground. Pan. 4.3.146 cake, made of flour or agglomerate of fine particles. Pan. 4.3.147. cleansed, purified, pure, clear Pan. 6.2.187. This is from PU or to purify. putrid, foul-smelling, stinking, fetid. Pan. 5.4.135. PUTI + GANDHA PUTIGANDHI Thg rule of s given in 5.4.135. "ut puti, su surabhi iti etebhyah parasya gandhasabdasya ikara deso bhavati samasanta bahuvrihau samate Copper and other sulphide minerals were purified PUTA) in the furnace which produced foul (PUTI) smell (GANDHA) of sulphur dioxide. Thus furnace is PUTIGANDHI.

C_10 PESAM - pounding, grinding. Pan, 3.4.35 and 38., 6.3.58 PIS means to grind, Grinding dry (SUSKA or RUKSA). Grinding to powder (CURNA). These are accusative cases. The instrumental case corresponds to grinding by means of liquid (SNEHANA) e.g. UDPESAM means grinding with water. TAILAPESAM grinding with oi 1. 3.4.35 "suska- curna-ruksesu, pisah, (karmani namula 3.4.38. "senavacini karana upapane pibeddhatoh namul pratyayo bhavati PRATIs'INA PRATIs INAVAT melted, fluid, dronning. Pan 6.1.25 PRATI-SNATA bathed, washed. Pan, 8.3.90. PRAPAVANA purifying or straining (Soma juice) or filtering. Pan. 8.4.34. Derived from the verb PU PRAMANA measure, scale, quantity, standard, authority. Pan. 3.4.51, 4.1.24., 5.2.37., 6.2.4 and 12. The idea of proof' originated from the sense of referring t a standard or previously accepted Yardstick. PRAMATHIN or PRAMATHA PRALAYA to churn or stir up violently Pan. 3.2.145. melting, dissolution, annihilation, death Pan. 7.3.2. PRALEYA produced by melting. Pan, 7.3.2. PRALEYAM UDAKAM i.e. melting to a liquid. PHULLA split or cleft open, expanded, blown (as flower). Pan. 8.2.55.

C-11 PHENA foam, froth, scum. PHENALA, PHENILA, PHENAVAT. BISTA Pan. 5.2.97 and 99. a particular weight of gold (= 80 ratikas). Pan, 4.1.22., 5.1.31 BHANGURA -fragile, perishable, breakable. BHASTRA BHANDA BHAS BHASA Pan, 3.2.161. a leather bag or vessel, skin, pouch. BHASTRIKAH or BHASTRIKA means something or somebody transporting by means of a leather bag. BHASTRAYA HARATI. Leather bellows by which iron is heated or grain is carried. BHARA = carry, bear. Pan. 4.4.16 " bhastra iti evam adibhyah trtiya- samarthebhyah haratityetasminrarthe punpratyayo bhavati | S VAN BHASTRA S⭑VABHASTRI Pan. 7.3.8 jva . ado, ini S VABHASTRI means something made of dog leather. BAHUBHASTRIKA means a furnace with many leather bellows (?) Pan 7.3.47. vessel, pot, dish, vat etc. Pan. 3.1.20. lustre, brightness. Pan. 3.2.21., 3.2.177. to shine. Pan. 3.2.161., 7.4.3. BHASANA, BHASURA BHASKARA, BHASVAT, BHASVARA - shining, brillant, luminous, radiant, bright, glittering. Pan. 1.3.47, 3.2.161., 3.2.21., 3.2.175., 8.2.9 BHIDA to split, cleave, break. Pan, 3.2.61.

C-12 BHID or BHIDURA - breaking, splitting, piercing, destroying (wood etc.) Pan. 3.2.61 and 162. BHINNA - split, broken. Pan, 8.2.42 and 59. BHUVAR or BHUVAS air, atmosphere, one of the three mahavyahrtis, BHU, BHUVAS (in the Vedas) or BHUVAR, and SWAR or SWAH (heaven) Pan. 8.2.71. " bhuvas ityetasya mahavya hrteh chandasi visaye ubhayatha bhavati | 47 BHUbecoming, being, the world, universe, earth. Pan. 3.2.179., 6.2.19. BHUMI - the earth, soil, ground, territory. BHETTR or Pan. 8.3.97. BHEDANA - breaking, cleaving, splitting. Pan 7.3.86." BHRAJJ, BHRJJATI BHRASJ, BHRASTAVYA - to fry, parch, roast, fried, roasted etc. Pan. 6.1.16., 6.4.47., 8.2.36. BHRASTAVYA to be parched or roasted. Pan. 6.4.47. BHRA STR BHRAJ BHRAJA and 8.2.36. one who roasts or parches. Pan 6.4.47. and 8.2.36. Does it also mean the furnace-man? The word is so close to BHASTRIKA without R. BHRASTRA is grid iron or frying pan. Pan. 8.4.50 light, lustre, splendour, Pan. 3.2.177., 8.2.36. to shine, glitter, sparkle. Pan. 3.2.177., BHRASA - 7.4.3., 8.2.36.

C 13 MAJJANA cleansing. Pan. 7.1.60. MANI MANI MANDA a jewel, gem, pearl, precious stone (that which decorates, adorns, embellishes or MANDA?) Pan.5.4.30. See LOHITAKA PRASTARA Scattering or vein of gems. Pan. 3.3.32. MANDANA to decorate, adom. Pan. 3.2.151 MANDALA circular, round, disc. MANDUKA- a rsi MATHA or MANTHA MASA OF MASYA H to stir, churn. Pan. 3.2.145., 5.1.110., 6.3.60. MUR a particular weight of gold. See NISKA Pan. 5.1.34. becoming solid, thickening, cogealing Pan. 6.4.21. MURTA, MURTI congealed to solidity and shape. 'bhakti hime murti sakara rupa'Ramakrishna. See MURTI later. MUSA to steal, rob, plunder, Pan. 1.2.8. ASMOSI MUSIKAKA, a little rat or mouse, a thief. Pan. 7.3.46. MUSKA, testicle, scrotum. MUSA MORCHI MURTA MORTI crucible does not appear in Panini. Probably the word came from MUSIKA or rat. to become solid, thicken, congeal. Pan. 8.2, 78, 78 as above. Pan, 8.2.57. any solid body or material form. Pan. 3.3.77. It means hardness, solidity, loss (GHAN) of loss (GHAN) of revious quality or fluidity, as in the case of curd, solidifie

MRJA metal etc. C-14 Pan. 3.3.77. "muladhana (hanah, ap ) " ABHRA - CHANA means cloud, DADHI GHANA Pan 6.1, 24 explains DRAVA - MURTI 1.. hardening or coagulation of a fluid as in butter, grease molten metal etc, as understood by coldness. T through touch or c cagulation. (SINA) "dravamurti dravakathinye sparse vartamanasya jyen ‌gatau ityasya dhatoh nisthayam paravah samprasaranam bhavati | (sina ) " SINAM GHRTAM, SINA VASA (means coagulation ) SITA refers to coldness. to wine, rub, clean, polish, cleanse, purify Pan. 8.2.36. KASA PARIMRT means cleaning of metallic - .. vessel or bell metal surface. Pan. 8.2.36. MRTA dead, deceased. Pan, 6.2.116 MRD MRTTIKA MRTSA and earth, soil, clay, loam, mud, Pan. 5.4.39. earth, clay, loam. Pan. 5.4.39. Pan. 5.4.39 explains how the word has come from MRD with optional affix TIKAN "mrt sabdat svarthe nikan pratyayo bhavati MRTSNA good earth or clay or excellent soil. -Pan. 5.4.40 explains that the word is based upon. prasamsopadhikerthe MRD and the idea of excellence. "4 fa 7 aff vartamanan mrt sabdat sasna ityetau pratyayau bhavatah "

MRD earth soil, clay, loam, mud MRDA MRDU Pan. 5.4.39. That which can be squeezed, pounded etc. to press, squeeze, crush, pound, smash Pan. 1.2.7. very soft, tender. Pan. 8.1.12. RAJATA silver C-15 RAJATA - made of silver, silvery. Pan. 4.3.154 made of silver, silvery. Pan, 4.3.154 explains how the affix Agastimata comes in the sense of its product or its part. RAJATA RAJATA; SI SA-SAISAM (lead); LOHA-LAUHAM (iron) etc. "prani-rajabadimyah-ana RUKSA - rough, dry, arid RUKSA-PESAM - dry grinding. Pan. 3.4.35. ROCANA a particular yellow pigment RAUCANIKA yellowish, coloured with yellow pigment. Pan, 4.2.2 deals with other colouring agents LAKSA (lac) LAKSIKAM;; SAKALA, KARDAMA, HARIDRA These are mostly organic natural dyes. HARIDRAM LAVA and cutting, cutting off. Pan. 3.3.28. LAVANA LAVAKA - cutter LAVANA - salt, saline, bring. Pan. 3.1.21., 4.4.24 LAVANIKA - a salt vendor. Pan. 4.4.52 LAVANIYA to function like salt. Pan. 7.1.51. desire LAVANASYA to A salt. Pan 7.1.51 LAVITRA - a sickle, reaning hook. Pan. 3.2.184

LAKSA lac, red dye. Pan, 4.2.2. C-16 LU to cut, sever, divide LOHITAKA of red colour, of red colour, reddish, LOHITA (red) plus LOHITAYASA LAUHA VARNA VARMAN affix KAN becomes LOHITAKA in the sense it is a MANI (gem). LOHITAKA is ruby. Pan. 5.4.30. says "lokhiिाt, mani kan " LOHITIKA means reddened with dye ( LAKSA) red metal, copper, made of it Pan. 5.4.94. See note on AYAS. iron. Does not appear in Panini. Probably known as KALAYASA, and later LAUHA from LU or LAVA to cut, not from LOHITA. colour, tint. Pan. 4.1.42., 6.2.3 defensive armour, Pan. 3.1.25, 6.4.170 VARKA-RUPYA - stamped with Vrka die. Pan. 4.2.106. VIKASA VIKIRA VIGHANA VINIYA 1 to shine, be radiant. Pen. 3.2.143 scatter hurt, ma llet, hammer. Pan. 3.3.82 See AYOGHANA sediment, sin. Pan. 3.1.117. VIPARS' U separated from the side. Pan. 6.2.177 VIPATANA See PARSU pan 5.3.117. melting, liquefying. Pan. 7.3.39 refers to melting of fat, SNEHA VIPATANA. Mahabhasya adds LOHAM VILAPAYATI copper melts? VIBHAKTA - isolation, separation, seclusion VIBHAGA Pan 2.3.42 partition, division, allotment, share Pan, 3.3.137. KALA VIBHAGA

VISIRNA - broken, shattered, scattered, dis, ersed fran the word SR. Pan. 8.2.42 and 77 VISTA a particular weight of gold. Pan. 4.1.22. Also BISTA a weight of gold equal to 80 RAKTIKAS. Thus DVI-VISTA, TRI-BISTA etc. VAIDURYA - a cat's eye gem. Pan 4.3.84 says that this is obtained from VIDURA plus affix YA in the sense what manifests itself there'. In the Bhasya it is added that the gem was actually found in the mountain of VALAVAYA. The rough stone used to be worked upon in the city of VIDURA. Panini had made the two names syn on ymous.. Anyway the city was evidently the source of polished gem of VAIDUR YA. cc vidurat- nyah || 11 27 vrttih || vidurasabdat nyah pratyayo bhavati tatah prabhavati iti etasmin visaye || Karika valavayo vikaramca prakrtyantarameva va nave tamtreti ced bruyat jitvari va dupacare Varanasi used to be known by the merchants as Jitvari VY-UT-KRAMANA - going apart, separation. Pan. 8.1.15. SANKU. a peg, nail, spike. Pan. 8.3.97 SANKUSTTHA - (Fixed) on the nai 1. SARKARA - gravel, grit, shingle, sugar. f ARKARA, SARKARIKA, SARKARILA, SARKARIYA, SARKARAVAN etc. means. sugary or gravelly, gritty, stony

C 18 SALATURA Pan. 4.2.80 and 93, 5.2.104 and 105. SIKATA means sand; SAIKATA sandy birth place of Panini, the abode of his ancestors.. Modern Lahur, which is 4 miles from Chind on the right bank of the Indus. Pan. 4.3.94. S AKALA dyed with S'AKALA (organic?). See RAUCANIKA S ARADA autumnal, fresh, new. Pan. 6.2.9. SARADE g~ILA S INA S UCI ANARTAVE may not mean RTU or autumn. Then it means fresh, new stone, rock. Pan, 5.3.102. TAKSA (wood-cutter, carpenter) S'ILA - famous city. Pan. 4.3.93. ILEYA means stony, rocky. Pan. 5.3.102. congealed, frozen, coagulated. See MURTI for distinction between S'INA (coagulated) and S'ITA (frozen cold). Pan. 6.1.24-26. clear, clean, pure. Pan. 7.3.30. S UDDHA - clear, clean, bright. Pan. 5.4.145 S UBHRA radiant, shining. Pan, 4.1.123., 5.4.145 S ULKAs'ALA custom house. Pan. 4.3.75. S USKA-PESAM dry grinding. See PESAM SURPA 1/2 ULA S ULYA- a winnowing basket. Pan. 5.1.26 S' AURPA related to, measured, by S'URPA spike, spit. See AYAH SULIKA Pan. 5.2.76. referring to spike or spit roasting Pan. 4.2.17.

CSRGALAGARTA - Sealkot (modern). city S' RAKHA LA -inSA S ONA S AUNDIKA chain, fetter. Pan. 5.2.79. SRN in Rigveda is sickle to crush, injure, break Pan. 3.2.173., 7.4.12 red, crimson. Pan, 4.1.43. distiller, Pan, 4.3.106. S RI light, lustre, radiance, beauty.. Pan. 7.1.56. SAMYOGA intimate connection. Pan. 5.1.38. SAMSARGIN - mixed mixed together, comingled. Pan. 3.2.1.42. SAMSRJA to join, unite, mingle, mix. Pan. 3.2.142. SAMSKRTA perfected, made ready. Pan. 4.2.16. SAKTA - clinging, adhering. Pan. 7.2.18. SAMKAS'A (similar) look, appearance. look, appearance. Pan. 4.2.80 SATTVA SAMTAPA SANDAVA reality, substance, esence. Pan 1.4.57., 2.3.33. Later this word was used to mean the metal (essence) in the ore mineral. The word comes from SAT and is equivalent to SATYA great buming heat, glow, fire. Pan. 5.1.101. incendiary. Pan. 3.3.23, buming bright. SAMID DRSADA fuel stone or firewood. SAMUTTA SAMUDRA - - 1 Pan. 5.4.10 6 Coal? lignite? well moistened, thoroughly wet ocean. SAMPARKIN mixed, blended. Pan. 3.2.142. SAMPAD wealth, fortune SAMPRCA to mix together, commingle Pan. 3.2.142. From this SAMPARKA

C-20 SAMBANDHA SARA SALVA binding or joining together core, pith, solid interior of anything, firmness, strength. Pan. 3.3.17 says *SR STHIRE GHAN ghan affix comes after the verb SR (to move) when the agent is permanently fixed (STHIRA) i.e. SR + GHAN SR means to move, run, flow, glide SARASVATI that which flows, a river. the land between Alwar and Bikaner Pan. 4.2.76. SIKATA sand, gravel SIKATAVAT or SAIKATA SIRA SU SR sandy place. Pan. 5.2.104 - 105. a plough. Pan. 4.3.124. to press out, extract, distil Pan. 3.2.103., 7.2.72. to move. SARA SAINDHAVA - marine, aquatic, oceanic, relating to the sea SNUSNEHA (SINDHU) to drin, distil, trickle, emit fat, oil lubrication, smearing with oil or fat. Pan. 3.4.38 SNEHA NA SNEHA-VIPATANA SRU SRUVA H melting of a fatty substance. Pan. 7.3.39. to flow, stream, gush out. Pan. 7.2.13 SRAVA, PRASRAVANA (geyser) etc. from which a liquid qushes out, a ladle. Pan, 6.3.115. Liquid metal pouring-la dle for casting? HIRANYA gold. Pan. 5.2.65., 6.2.55 HIRANMAYA golden.