Appendix B (1) - Words related to Minerals and Metal in the Rigveda

AGNI 1.1.1., 3.29.1-2 Fire which is the cradle of (metallic) gems. (1.1.1), and inherent in the forest (wood) ratnadhatamam 31202 offect ATAS (3.29.2). 1.58.24, 2.4.7., 3.7.3, 4.4.4, 4.7.10, 10.89.5 Combustible material. Fuel Wood. ARANI 1.127.4, 1.129.5, 3.29.2, 5.9.3, 7.1.1, 10.184.3 Fire wood from the forest. *Fire is born from fire-wood'. (3.29.1) janistarani (5.9.3) fire by friction ( 3.29.1) aranyornihito jatave garma .. agnih : (3.29.2). ADRI 8.65.8, 9.65.8. Grinding stone ANJI 5.53.4. Ornament AYAS 1.57.3, 1.163.9, 4.2.17, 6.3.5, 6.47.10, 6.75.12, 10.53.9-10. Metals in general, probably copper or bronze and not iron in the Rgveda. AYASMAYA 5.30.15. Metallic (pitcher) AYODANSTRA 1.88.5, 10.87.2. Fire, that bites metal. AGHATI 10.146.2 Cymbal (or Veena ?). AYASI 1.116.15, 1.118.8, 7.3.7, 7.15.14, 7.95.1 Metallic. HTI ayasim Artificial metallic leg for Vispata (1.116.15,1.118.8 Also meant hard and resistant to impact, qualifying city, fort etc.

AHAVA 1.34.8 Metallic pitcher. Later Panini defines as cattle- -feeding water vessel. B-: ISU 1.13.4, 1.64.10, 2.24.8, 5.57.2, 8.7.4. Arrow. alakta ((6.75.15) Poison and Metal - tipped ayomukham isu arrow. (also in Panini 6.2.107). ULUKHALA 1.28.1-6 Mortar for grinding. RS TI 1.37.1, 1.64.4, 1.166.4, 1.169.3, 5.52.6, 5.54.11, 5.57.6, 8.20.11. rstih asrksata Javelin, Spear (Tunder) a rukmaira yudha nara rstha - asrksata |: (5.92.6) ye anmisu ye vasisu rukmesu khadisu (5.53. 4) amsesu va rstayah patsu khadayo vaksah su rupama sighrah sirnasu vitata hiranyayih : (5.54.11) vasimanta rrstimanto manisinah sudhanvan isumanto nisammina hna9.57.2) KALASA 1.117.12 Pitcher KARKARI 2.43.3 Lute KARNASOVANA 8.78.3 Ear-ornament KARMARA 10.72.2 Metalsmith who blows in a furnace and makes metal objects presumably by casting of molten metal. brahmanaspatireta se kamara ivadhamat | devanam pube yuge asatah sadjayata purvye 1 KARMARA 9.112.2 Metal smith who makes arrows etc. of metal jaratibhih osadhibhih parnebhih sakunavam kamari asmabhih yubhih hiranyavantam icchati - (10.72.2) (9.112.2)

KUMBHA 1.116.7, 1.117.6. Pitcher KULISA 1.32.5 Axe (Kuthara) KRTI 1.168.3 hastesu khadisca krtisca A guard and Sword. That which cuts. Sword (or Scissor ?). In Panini, KRTA B-3 (7.2.57) means to 'cut into pieces'. KRTNU 1.92.10 To cut wings of a bird) cut(ad.ngs . rajiva krtnuh KRSANA 1.35.4, 1.126.4, /.18.23. Pearl the small jewel within KSURA the oyster) - abhivrtam krsanai- hiranyarajyam savita 1.166.10, 8.4.16, 10.28.9 Razor - (1.35.4) yada te vato anuvati socirvateva ramajju vapasa prabhuma (10.142.4) With wind at its back, fire wipes out the trees and forests and 'shaves' the land just as the barber shaves (with razor)'. KHANITRA 1.179.6 Spade or digging tool. "khanamanah khanitraih (1.179.6) By the digging spade. KHANT TRIMA 7.49.2 That which is obtained by digging. KHADI suvanti khanitrima (7.49.2) Flowing canal obtained by digging. Stands for wide-ranging metallic objects such as arm-shield (1.166.9), 2 hastesu khadi (1.168.3), Wristlet or bangle khadi hastam (5.58.2), anklet pansa khadayo or armlet (5.54.11), shoulder decoration (7.56.13) etc. amsesu (skandhe ) khada ‌yo

B-4 GHAN Hard (Weapon) (1.8.3, 1.33.4) TAMBA Pitcher. Metallic pitcher apastamba (5.30.15) TIGNA Sharp . DATRA Sharp lance pavima ticam Sickle (for cutting crops such as barley) (8.78.10) In Panini serrated sickle or cropked knife (3.2.182, 8.4.52 (10.180.2) DRAVI DRAVINA Smelter or metalsmith who melts metal. parasuh na jihvam dravirna dravayati daru dha tinam parasuh Fire devours wood with its axe-like sharp tongue, just as the smelter melts the metal. (6.3.4). The wealth or gem that is obtained by melting e.g. gold and silver. (4.5.11, 4.23.4, 4.33.10, 9.109.9, 10.70.7). DRAVAYATI Melts or to melt. See dravi (6.3.4) See KARMARA and KARMARA. DHAMA DHARA 10.72.2 To blow (in a furnace). Also to purify by blowing (4.2.17). Sharpened edge of a metallic weapon. ayasa na dharam (6.3.5, 6.47.10). sisite ma mateva dharmata sisite DHMATARI_The blower or the metal smith. ghmateva dharmata yatha As the blower blows to produce sharp flame. (5.9.5) NI DHI 2.24.6, 8.29.6, 10.68.6 Treasure NISKA May Gold ornamental pieces to decorate neck (2.33.10). also mean gold coins (1.126.2, 4.37.4, 5.27.2), alludes to goldsmith (8.47.15).

NISKAGRIBA Golden necklace (5.19.3) NYOCHANI 10.85.6 0 mament 7 PACHANA 1.162.6 Cooking Vessel also PACHANI, 1.162.13 BPAVI PAVITRA PARASU 10.180.2 pavim tinam Spear sharpened 1.28.9, 3.36.7, 8.33.1, 8.101.9 Purifier or Strainer (of Soma) 1.127.3, 6.3.4, 7.104.21, 10.28.8 Axe sisite parasum svayasam Sharpened metallic axe (10.53.9) praca gavyantah prthuparsavo yayuh dasaca vrtra hatamaryani ca With big axes came to the east the cow-plunderers - the Dasas as well as some Aryas ..... (7.83.1). PATRA 1.162.13 Vessel. PASYA 1.56.6 Stone PURA AYASI 1.58.8, 2.20.8, 4.27.1 City, Building, Fort, Bodymetallic. hiranyayan pratyanko (Golden) armlet PRATYAIKAN 5.55.6 (Kavaca) PHALA 4.57.8, 10.117.7 Plough BANA 6.75.17 Arrow. BUNDA in 8.45.4, 8.77.6 and 11 BHURIJA 4.2.14, 8.4.16, 9.71.5 Carpenter's tool to make chario ( like vasi 7). May be Scissor also.

MANI MANTHA Gem. That which decorates ( mandana ) hikhyena manina srambhamanah hiranyakarte manigrinam 1.28.4 Grinding or Churning in a mortar. (1.33.8) (1.122.14) YUGA 1.115.2, 1.184.3, 2.39.4, 3.53.17 Yoke in a chariot, bullock-cart or sacrificial altar etc. B- RAJATA 8.25.22 Si 1 ver RATNA 1.1.1, 1.20.7, 1.35.8, 1.41.6, 1.125.1, 1.140.11, 1.141. 2.38.1 Gem. Jewel. RAYIM Treasure. RAJATA might have been derived. 1.73.1, 1.159.5, 2.21.6, 3.1.19, 4.2.7, 4.34.10, 4.36.9, 5.33.6, 6.6.7, 6.31.1 From RAYIM the wood RASA RAYA 1.23.23, 1.187.4-5, 5.43.4, 6.44.21. Liquid essence, extracl, juice. 8.4.15-16 Treasure or wealth as RAYIM RASKA 8.4.16. Sharp RADHAS RUKMA 1.9.5, 1.17.7, 2.13.13, 2.22.3, 4.32.21, 5.13.6, 5.38.1 Wealth. In 5.52.17 RADHA is connected with Yamuna: the wealth of cattle and horses in the valley of the Yamuna yamunayamadhi srutamudradho gavvam mrje ni radho akham mrje 1.166.10, 2.34.2 and 8, 5.53.4, 5.54.1, 5.55.1, 5.57.5, 8.46.33, 9.15.5 vaksahsu rukma (made of gold). Chest ornament

LANGALA 4.57.4 Plough. sunam krsnu lamgalam Let the VAJRA B-7 plough cultivate well. 1.32.2, 1.51.7, 6.23.4 Thunder. Spear. Harpoon to be thrown, or barbed harpoon for fighting. VADHARA 1.32.9, 4.22.9, 8.24.27. Weapon VARMAN VASI VI SPALA VRKA 1.31.15, 1.140.10, 6.75.1, 8.47.8, 10.107.7 Protective Shield. Breast armour. = 1.37.2, 1.88.3, 8.29.3 vasi ayasi (8.29.3). Metallic tool-chisel, axe or adze. In the neolithic age this was made of stone. asmanmayi vasi (10.101.10) 1.112.10, 1.116.15, 1.117.11, 1.118.8, 10.39.8 The lady with metallic 1 eg. jamgha ayasiya visvalayai (1.116. 1.117.21, 8.22.6 Plough. yavam vrkena kampani (8.22.1 VRSAKHADI 1.64.10 Ring VESI 7.18.17 Needle SARA 1.148.4, 10.87.6, 10.125.6, 10.178.3 Arrow. Sharpened arrow sarva sisanah (10.87.6). SARU 1.100.18, 1.172.2, 1.186.9, 4.28.3, 10.87.6, 10.125.6 Arrow. Elsewhere as in 2.12.10 it means a spear (Vajra or Sula). SARYA SARYA 1.119.10, 1.148.4, 10.178.3. Arrow

B-8 SIPRA SUNASIRA 1.101.10, 5.54.11, 8.7.25 Tiara or Crown (of gold). sipra ' sirsasu vitata hiranyayih (5.54.11 and 8.7.25). 4.57.5 and 8 Plough (SIRA) and its tip (PHALA). Also used later in Sukla Yajurveda 12.68 SITA means the line or furrow tilled by the plough. SULA 1.162.11 Metal spike SAYAKA 2.33.10, 10.48.4 Arrow SIRA Plough 4.57.5 and 8, 10.101.3-4. Same meaning in Panini (6.2.187). SUCI 2.32.4 Needle for sewing rakamaham suhavam- sivyatvapah sucyacchidyamanaya dadatu Goddess Raka sew with needle our desting. Let the SRKA SRNI 1.32.12, 10.180.2 Spear or harpoon to be thrown. Sria srkam samsaya means to let go or fly. Sharpened spear (10.180.2). Sickle. 10.101.3 skck 10. it srsyah pakkameyat it sickles fall on the ripe harvest". 'Let SUNA 1.162.13 Knife SWADHA 4.10.6 0 mament SWADHI TI 2.39.7, 3.2.10, 3.8.6 and 11, 5.7.8, 7.3.9, 8.102.19, 10.89.7 Axe to cut wood and forests (3.8.11). May alsc mean sword. 2.39.7 contains a statement 'Sharpen the so.rda/axes on the whetstone' •danotreneva svadhitim sam sisitam

B-9 HI RANYA 1.22.5, 1.33.8, 1.43.5, 1.122.2, 1.162.16, 2.33.9, 3.34.9, 4.17.11, 9.112.2 6010. hiranyasyaiva kalasa Gold. Golden pitcher (1.117.12) hiranyakarna one with golden ear ornament or ring (1.122.14) ghrtam na putam tanu, suci hiranyam | tatte rukmo na rocata svadhavah : Ptre, Your appearance is like purified ghee and pure golden. ornaments (4.10.6). HIRANYAVARTANI 6.61.7, 8.26.18, 10.75.8 Golden way or river, whose bank-sands contain alluvial gold particles. HETI 1.103.3, 1.121.10, 3.30.17, 6.62.9. Weapon.