2. Upabhogas or Enjoyments in Someshvara’s Manasollasa

Somesvara begins the third Prakarana in the Manasollasa with Grhopabhoga i.e. pleasure (upabhoga) from house (griha). After this, Somesvara starts Snanopabhoga i.e. enjoyment from bath. A king should first be anointed with fragrant oil and then massaged by expert wrestlers well-versed in the art of massaging. An ointment prepared with fragrant ungauents like Kostha, Patola, Musta, Granthiparna, etc. in water or gruel is applied afterwards to the body for rubbing and cleaning the skin. Further Somesvara says that young women should pour over the 17 head of the king scented water from golden jars. The scented oil of Amalaki is then applied to his hair. The oil and turmeric which are applied earlier to the body are then removed with warm water and the body is rubbed vigorously with a dry towel. Then the removal 18 15. See Fourth chapter. 16. mrduhastatalaih svairam mardanam ca samacaret | kostham patolakam musta granthiparnam nisadvayam || palakam nagaram mamsi vajigandha ca puskaram | esa mulani samgrddaya chayasuskani karayet || 3.2.934-935. 17. svalavanyataraginyah pratyaksa jaladevatah | maidhakanta iva syamah kanta kanakavidyutah || 32.947 18. dhupavasitayatyartham krtalepam haridraya | isacchitena toyena raginyo ragahetavah || 3.2.951.

378 of wet clothings completes the elaborate process of a royal bath. This royal description is like a painting in the Ajanta caves. Vatsyayana also mentions 'Nitya Snana' 19 i.e. daily bath in his Kamasutra. Further Somesvara describes Padukabhoga i.e. enjoyment of sandals. Here' Somesvara describes only the royal Padukas. He divides them mainly into two types, namely sandals made of wood, and made of by leather. Wood is used only of Sriparni, Devadaru, Haricandana, Girimalli and Syandana trees. 20 Somesvara says that these Padukas may be beautified with peacock-feathers and gunja berries. In the same way the leather Padukas are decorated with different colours. Sandals may be made of ivory inlaid with golden designs. After the bath, the king should put on a pair of sandals made of wood or leather. 21 19. vatsyayana kamasutra 4.17. nityam snanam dvitiyakamutsadanam trtiyakah phainaka, caturthakamayusyam, pancamakam dasamakam va pratyayusyamityahinam || 20. idanim padukabhogah kathyate lalitakramah | sriparnidasyatite haricandananirmite || girimallisamudbhute syandanadrumakalpite | mayurapicchgu jabhih samantatparisobhite || 3.3.954-955. 21. carmana nirmita vapi nanavarnasuranjite | gajadantasamudbhute suvarnaracananvite || 3.3.956.

379 Further Somesvara describes Tambulabhoga i.e. enjoyment of betel leaves. He explains how Tambula can be In Sanskrit literature enjoyed in the best manner. 22 we find many descriptions of Tambula. Subhasitaratnakara mentions some good characters of the Tambula. 23 In the Sivapurana, it is laid down that Brahma-carins are not to use pleasure-beds, gaudy clothes and Tambula etc. 24 Coming out of the bath-room the king should enter the pleasure hall (Sukha-mandira). He should then call the Officer-in-charge of Tambula and take from him one Tambula. For this purpose excellent areca nuts are obtained from palaces like Vanavasi. The ingredients used for the Tambula include Kasturi and various other 25 sweet smelling things. 22. idanimuttamo bhogastambulasya nigadyate || 3.4.959. 23. Ed. by Krishna Shastri, p.242. tambulasya gunah santi sakhe satasahastrasah | eko'pi ca mahadoso yasya danasirjanam || 24. sivapurana . brahamacarya prakarana (Quoted by s. Mishra, p. 262 ) susasasyasanam vastram tambulam snanamangalam | dantakastham sugandham ca brahmacaryasya dusanam || Cf. manusmrti - 2.70. adhyesyamanastvacanto yathasastramudamukhah | brahumanjalikrto'dhyapyo laghuvasa jitendriyah || 25. misrayitva samam krtva tambularthamniyojayet | kasturisasikakollajati paॅlasuvarnakam || 3.4.973. karpurapurva khadecca tadanukramakanvitam | ittham vividhayogena tambulam prthiviksita || 3.4.978.

380 Then Somesvara describes the Vilepana-bhoga i.e. enjoyment of unguents to render the skin soft, clean and fair. Somesvara states that different Vilepanas are for different seasons. The Vilepana called Sandhya is 26 designed to remove the smell of perspiration. The Manasollasa deals with sweet smelling things of Candana and Kasturi which are used in the summer and the rainy seasons respectively. The Lepana known as Pullinga is prescribed for the cold season (Hemanta and Sisira) exclusively. The colour of the Vilepana is required to be harmonized with the dress which also changes 27 according to seasons. In Vasanta or the spring season the king is asked 'to put on silk or cotton clothes which are thin and charming. In Grisma or the summer he should wear clothes of white colour. But if he wants to wear woollen clothes of white colour, they must be very thin, soft and beautiful. In Varsa or the rainy season he should wear red, pink, 26. svedagandhavinasartham sandhyakhyam lepamacaret || 3.5.984. 27. sugandhitailasamyuktam sitakale'nulepanam | vastrabhusanusarena srngaragavilepanam | 3.5.1006. ||

381 reddish and dark-red clothes made in attractive style. In Sarad or the autumn season he should wear very thin clothes dyed with sufflower or lac. In sisira or the cold season, he should wear woollen clothes of various kinds (3.7.1034-1042). On the whole the king should according to different seasons wear thing, costly and beautiful clothes of various colours to suit his own complexion. After putting on fine clothes he should wear garlands made of various kinds of flowers. This is called Malyabhoga i.e. enjoyment of garlands. After this Somesvara tells Bhusopabhoga i.e. enjoyment of ornaments. He mentions the ornaments made of pearls and precious stones and deals with separate ornaments for men and women. Further he suggests the common ornaments also. Ekavali, is the best among all the common ornaments. Somesvara gives the names of the common ornaments like Hara, Varnasara, Brahmasutra, Padaka, Keyuraka, Kataka, Dvihiraka, Vajra, Ravimandala, Nadyavarta, Navagraha and so on. Hamsatilaka is an ornament for women. It is 29 made of gold and studded with diamonds and pearls. 28 28. sthulamuktaphlaih karya kanthe tvekavali vara || 3.8.1066. 29. kevalam sarakairyattacchirovestanamucyate | evam viracitam ratnai rajnam mastakabhusanam || 3.8.1228.

382 Dandaka, Cudamandana, Padma, Mukula and Sarika etc. are also the ornaments for women. Somesvara does not mention nose-ornament, because in the time of Somesvara's society there was probably no provision for wearing this ornament. Sekhara is the ornament for the king's head. Mukula, 30 Sirovestana and Datlaka are the ornaments for men. Some of these ornaments described in the Manasollasa may be said to be current in modern times also. The ornament called Sarika, for instance, is current now and it is called Sari in Marathi. Though fashions in ornaments are always in a flux, we can nevertheless find them used even in modern days. In this way Somesvara describes the Bhusopabhoga i.e. enjoyment of ornaments. Further Somesvara describes the Asanopabhoga i.e. enjoyment of seats. He divides Asanas or seats into nine types. These are as mentioned below: 30. tadidam hamsatilakam yositsimantabhusanam | | kvanatkancanapattena pinaddham valayakrti || 3.8.1102.

383 (1) Mangalasana: It is made of the Campaka, Amra, Madhuka, Panasa and Udumbara wood. It should have four legs. It should be square and decorated with golden 31 designs. It should be attractive and delicate. should be used for sitting at ease. It (2) Pavitrasana: It is prepared from Sriparni wood. It has the length of one Hasta and width of Arahni. It should be used at the time of worship. (3) Majjanasana: It is prepared from the saka tree which is very fine, smooth and strong. It has four legs and enough width. Its back-side is constructed with bricks. It is paved and whitewashed. It is used for bathing. (4) Gaddikasana: It is made of the skin of goat and is round. It is filled with cotton. In the same way the feathers of a swan may be used instead of cotton. (5) Pattagaddikasana: It is prepared from the skin of a reddish goat. It is filled with wool. It should 31. ayatam caturastram ca kancanenopasobhitam | slaksnam manoharam pitham mangalasanamuttamam || 3.9.1134.

have various colours. 1 384 32 ( 6 ) Bhusayyasana : It is also the same as the PattaBut it should be covered with white cloth. garadikasana. Another Another bag of whitecloth should be filled with the feathers of a swan. It should be kept on the former. white cloth should be spread on this Asana. It is used at the time of sang Ita gosthi, Gaja vinoda, vaji- vinoda and for pleasant rest. 33 (7) Lohasana: A metallic net should be fixed with bolts on the Asana of fine, seven or nine legs. There should be cushion on this Asana. 34 35 (8) Prsthadharasana : It is prepared from Saka tree decorated by ivory and coloured with various colours. 32. chagacarmamayam raktapurnagarbha suvistrtam | 33° nanavarnavicitram tadasanam pattagadika || 3.9.1139. sangitakaprasange ca gajavajivinodane | sarvada sukhasamvase bhuvakhyasanamuttamam || 3.9. || 4. 34. chadikapattagarbhastham kapasina vimisritam | lohasanamidam proktamuparistatsukilitam || 3.9. || 43. 35. catuspadakrtadharam sardhahastam suvistrtam | isatsamunnatam rajnam prsthadharasanam smrtam || 3.9. || 45.

385 It should have four legs, width of one and half-hasta and little height from the ground. 1 (9) Simhasana: It is made of gold and decorated with jewels. Eight lions made of marble should support it. Below this Asana there should be three podiums oE goli decorated with jewels. It is used in the court and is meant only for a king. This Asana is the best and liked by a king (3.9.1146-1147). Further Somesvara describes Camarabhoga i.e. enjoyment of chowries (bushy tail of the Camara used as a flywhisk or a fan). He mentions fanning by Tadapatra, morchela or Kurchaka made up of the feathers of a peacock and the Valaka Vyajana i.e. the fan made up of Vala. 37 Pancatantra also mentions this Camarabhoga. 36 Somesvara further describes Asthanabhoga i.e. enjoyment of holding the Court or Darbar. Here Somesvara states that the king should sit on the throne placed in 36. kurcakairvijayantiha syamalah kuntala ganah | valakavyajanai ramyaih saurabhyena manoharaih || 3.10.1156. 37. pancatantra . 3.266. gunesu rago vyasanesvanadaro ratih subhrtyesu ca yasya bhupateh | ciram sa bhunkte calacamaramsukam sitatapatrabharanam nrpasriyam ||

386 the Darbar hall or Court: He should ask his pratihara to " send a general invitation or Sarvavahana to attend the the Asthana or Darbar. 38 In response to the general invitation, first the women of the harem are allowed to enter the assembly hall. They come in their own vahanas. mentions Vesabhusana and Vastra of women. Here Somesvara 39 (3.11.1166-1199). The ladies of the harem, according to their positions, occupy their respective seats on all sides of the throne except the front. Their eyes are generally turned towards the king or they cast occasional glances at him in order that he may be in a pleasant mood. Thus Somesvara says 40 38. asthanamandapa nyastavara simhasana sthitah | samahuya pratiharam sarvaddavanam samadiset || 3.11.1162. 39. praviseyurnrpasthanam sarvabharanabhusitah | nanaratnamayairdivyaisa cudamandanadandakaih || 3.11.1166. mudrika bhirvicitrabhirbhusita nrpayositah | divyavastraparidhana padaka cuka sobhitah || 3.11.1174. manoharama ramanyastasgyah sukhabhumayah | s yathayokyam yathasthanam yathaprema yathasanam || 3.11.1177. 40. upantabhramarakrantaketakipatra sannibhaih | kataksairviksya rajanam harsayanti muhurmuhuh || 3.11.1200.

387 that women of different ages enter the hall or Asthana finely dressed and richly adorned with ornaments of gold and jewels. Somesvara says that ladies from Kuntala, Dravida, Maharastra, Andhra, and Gujarata are to attend the court. After the entry of the ladies of the harem and other invited women, comes all the Princes modestly bowing to 41 the king and take their respective seats in front of him. Then, in the same way the Yuvaraja comes modestly bowing to the king and takes his seat near the king. The Purohita (priest) dressed in white takes his seat near the princes. Then comes the Amatya, Mantri, Saciva, etc. who form part of the second of the seven Angas i.e. limbs of administration. They sit in their proper places when ordered by the king. Then come the Mandaladh Isvaras i.e. Governors of districts or provinces. Further Samantamatyakas i.e. the feudatory princes or their ministers, are required to sit in front of the king to the right and left in their places as ordered by the king. Then enters all the division 41. pratirupagunakarairalankarairalankrtah | kumara vinayopetah pranamya janakam nrpam || asamne ca yathoddiste yatharham prthivibhuja | upavistah | 34 fabet: getand arfage #afzaa: 113.11.1202-1203. purobhage natidure manasvinah

388 heads and officers of the State and are seated in their respective seats. There is a list of professional people who are to utter the words 'Victory to the king'. Next Bhatta, Charana, Bandi, Vaitalika and Catukara are included. Poets, astrologers, Vagisas i.e. orators, Pathakas i.e. readers of the Puranas, and Kathakas i.e. story-tellers, all these are also to attend the Darbar hall. The whole assembly in the Darbar hall should eagerly look at the king as they would look at the moon when it rises on the first day of the month. 42 Then, the king should order the door-keeper to summon the smaller kings who have come there to seek his protection to appear before him. Immediately on entering the hall the new-comer should prostrate himself before the throne. The king should sympathetically ask the new-comer to get up and take his reserved seat. When a ruling king seeks protection, a set befitting his position may be given to him with due respect. He should please him with kind words and present him fine clothes, gold ornaments, jewels, 42. asthanamandapantasthaih sarvaih sevagatairnrmam | viksyamanairnaraibhavyam navam candramivoditam || | 3.11.1233.

389 horses, and elephants, villages, cities or even small 43 countries. In the same way, he should please the princes, ministers, warriors, officers, scholars, favourites and those who can amuse and excite mirth. Then the king should leave the Darbara hall and go to the pleasure house. Somesvara has given us a fairly accurate description of the Court-life, the dress and ornaments worn by men and women of his time.