Notes for chapter 4

NOTES 1_C.S Su , XI-17 dvividhameva khalu sarvam saccasaccah tasya caturvidha pariksa - asopadesah, pratyaksam anumanam yuktisreti || ' , 2 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana XI - 18,19 3 Ibid., XI, 20. - 4 sannikarsamiti sambandhat, ca sambandhah - samyogah, samavayah, samyuktasamavayah, samyuktasamavetasamavayah, samavetasamavayah, visesanavisesyabhavalaksano bhoddhavyah | 5 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana XI, 20. 6 The definition of pratyaksa given in Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana XI, 20 is atmendriyamanorthanau sannikarsat pravartate | vyakta tadatve ya buddhih pratyaksam sa nirucyate || the definition of pratyaksa in Nyaya Sutra is as follows:- indriyarthasamnikarsotpannam jnanamavyapadesyamavyabhicari vyavasayatmakam pratyaksam | 7 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , XI, 20. 8 Ibid, XI, 25 9 trividhena khalvanena jnanasamudayena 10 pratyaksatastu khalu rogatatvam bubhutsuh Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana IV, 7. ... ... pratyaksam, anumanam ca ; trividha ca sahopadesena | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , IV, 5. iti pratyaksato'numanadupadesatasca pariksanamuktam || 11 trividham khalu rogavisesavijnanam bhavati ; tadyatha aptopadesah, pratyaksam, anumanam ceti | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , IV,3 12 tasyopalabdhirnidanapurvarupalingopasayasampraptitah | Caraka Samhita Nidanasthana , I, 6. 13C.S Ni , I, 27-32. 14 Nyaya Sutra , I. 1. 5. " 15 Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , VIII. 3. 16 Ibid, VIII. 4. 17 History of Indian Logic , p. 26-28 251

18 vadam ca nirnayaphalapraptireva ... vidhuratmabhirabheda | Nyaya Mafijari , p.594. 19 sambhasavidhimata urdhvam vyakhyasyamah bhisak bhisaja saha ... kusalah | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , VIII, 15 20 dvividha tu khalu tadvidyasambhasa bhavati sandhayasambhasa vigrhyasambhasa ca || Ibid, 16. - 21 tatrajnanavijnanavacanaprativacanasaktisampannenakopanenanu .. . ityanulomasambhasavidhih || Ibid, 17 22 tatra trividhah parah sampadyate - pravarah pratyavarah samo ca, gunaviniksepatah natveva katsnyena || Ibid, 19 23 Ibid, VIII, 23. 24 pratyavarena tu saha ........ 25 sa ca dvividhah samgrahena • paramavaramabhibhavecchighram || Ibid, 21 - 26 pratijna nama sadhyavacanam ; yatha jalpah vitanda ca | Ibid, 28. - nityah purusa iti | | Ibid, 30. 27 sthapana nama tasya eva pratijnaya hetudrstantopanayanigamaneh sthapana || Ibid, 31. 28 It is easy to see that Caraka Samhita admitted in a syllogism all the five proportions that are admitted in the Nyaya Sutra. 29 atha pratisthapana nama ya tasya eva pratijnaya viparitarthasthapana | Ibid, 32. 30 heturnamopalabdhikaranam ; tat pratyaksam anumanam, aitihyam, aupamyamiti | Ibid, 33. } 31 udaharanasadharmyat sadhyasadhanam hetuh tatha vaidharmyat | Nyaya Sutra , I.1.34,35 32 hetuscavinabhavalimgavacanam yadyapi tadapiha limgapragrahakani pratyaksadipramananyeva , yathokta hetumulatvena hetusabdena boddhavyam | C. K. 33 uttaram nama sadharmyapadiste etat saviparyayamuttaram || Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , VIII.36. 34 sadharmyavaidharmyabhyam pratyavasthanam jatih || Nyaya Sutra I.2.18. 35 siddhanto nama sa ya: ...... iti caturvidhah siddhantah || Ibid, VIII. 37. 36 All these sidhantas are occur under the name in the Nyaya Sutra. Nyaya Sutra I.1.28-31. 37 sabdo nama varnasamamnayah sa caturvidhah anrtasceti || Caraka Samhita, VIII. 38. ... 38 The first two divisions, drstartha and adrstartha occur in the Nyaya Sutra, sadvividho drstadrstarthatvat | Nyaya Sutra I.1.8. 39 Prayojana which means pleasure and pain, is referred to in the Nyaya Sutra, I.1.1, though it is now here critically examined. 252

atha prayojanam - yena prayuktah pravartate tat prayojanam | | Nyaya Bhasya p.6. sukhaprapti duhkhahani || N.V. 40 anaikantikah savyabhicarah | | Nyaya Sutra 1.2.5. nityah sabdo'sparsat ....| | Nyaya Bhasya p.73. | 41 Cakrapani says that Caraka does not think that arthaprapti is a separate pramana; it is a case of inference, and hence is not included in the list of pramanas. 42 athanuyojyam - anuyojyam nama yadvakyam vakyadosayuktam tat | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana VIII. 50. ananuyojyam namato viparyayena ; yatha - ayamasadhya || Ibid, 51. anuyoge nama sa yat tadvidyanam tadvidyaireva sardham tantre tantraikarese va prasnakadeso va jnanavijnanavacanaprativacanaparaksarthamadisyate | yatha - ' nityah purusah iti pratijnate yat parah 'ko hetuh ' ityaha, so'nuyogah || Ibid, 52. pratyanuyogo namanuyogo namanuyogasyanuyogah ; yatha - asyanuyogasya punah ko heturiti || Ibid, 53. 43 vakyadoso nama yatha khalvasminnarthe nyunam adhikam, aparthakam, viruddham cetih iti vakyadosah || Ibid, 54. 44 Ibid, VIII. 54. 45 Ibid, VIII.55. , 46 chalam nama parisathamarthabhasamanarthakam vagvastumannameva ... etat samanyacchalam || Ibid, 56. 47 Ibid. 48 Chala is treated in the Nyaya Sutra exactly on the same lines as here. " vacana vidhato'rthavikalpopatyachalam "This is divided into three classes, vak chala, samanya chala and upacara chala. 49 Nyaya Sutra I.2.4 aheturnama prakaranasamah samsayasamah, varnyasamasceti | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana VIII. 57. ' 50 atitakalam nama yat purvam vacyam tat pascat ucyate | Caraka Samhita Vi.VIII.58. 51 upalambho nama hetodosavacanam tatha purvamahetadosam hetvabhasa vyakhyatah | Ibid. 59. , 253

52 This corresponds to Matanunja of the Nyaya Sutra 66 " pratisedham sadosamabhyupetya pratisedhavipratisedhe samano dosa prasango matanujna | " Nyaya Sutra 53 avisesokta hetau pratisiddhe visesa micchate hetvantaram iti nyaya sutram, We hear of a het-antara that seems to be different from this. 54 This is also mentioned in the Nyaya Sutra (prakrtarthadapratisambandharthantaram ) Nyaya Sutra , V. 2.7 55 pratijnahani pratijnantaram ... siddhanto hotvabhasasca nigrahasthanani | Nyaya Sutra , V.2.1. taccatrirabhihitasya ...... ca nigrahasthanam | Caraka Samhita Vimanasthana , VIII.65. 56_H.I.L , p.25,26. 57 samanyam ca visesam ca gunan dravyani karma ca | samavayam ca tajjnatva tantroktam vidhimastitam | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.28,29. 58 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.44. 59 Ibid., I.45 60 Ibid., I.28 61 sarvadha sarvasmin kale nityage cavasthike ca | Cakrapani 62 bhavanti sattamanubhavantiti bhavah dravyagunakarmanityarthah na tu bhavantyutpadyanta iti | Cakrapani ' 63 tasmad vrddhikaranalaksanatvena samanyam vrddhikaranamityuktam | Cakrapani 64 etacca vrddhikaranam samanyasya na laksanam, kim tarddhayurvedopayogina dharmena nirdesah laksanam tu " samanyamekatvaram " iti karisyati | Cakrapani 65 ye tu samanameva samanyamiti krtva dravyadyeva samanyasabdenabhidadati tesam mate syadityasambandharthatvam prakaranasya syat | Cakrapani , 66 iha ca samanyasya vrddhikaranatvamityucyate, na tu samanyameva vrddhikaranamityucyate, tenasamanadapi ghrtan medhaya vahnesca vrddhih prabhavadevopapanna | Cakrapani 67 visisyate vyavartata iti visesah Cakrapani 68 pravrttih pravartanam sarirenabhisambandhah iti yavat | evambhuta pravrttih dhatusamanyavisesayorvrddhihase karanamityarthah | Cakrapani 69 tena kevalasamanopayogaddhatuvrddhaya dhatuvaisamyam, kevalavisesopayogacca dhatuksayaddhatuvaisamya ; 254

yugapat samana visistadravyopayogat pravrttirdhatusamyarupa bhavati | Cakrapani 70 ekatvavrddhikaram samanyam yanadekasu bhinnadesakalasu gavadivyaktisu 'ayam gaurayam gauh ' ityadiprakara ekakara buddhistat samanyam | Cakrapani 71 prthaktvakrt vyavrtabuddhikrt | Cakrapani 72 tulyarthata ekasamanyaruparthanuyogita viparyaya iti atulyarthata | Cakrapani , 73 samanyam visesa iti buddhayapeksam | Vaisesika Sutra 1.2.3 74 samanyavisesapeksam dravyagunakarmasu | Ibid.1.8.6 75 svavisayasarvagatamabhinnatmakamanekavrtti ekadvivahrsvatmasvarupanugamapratyayakari svarupabhedenadharesu prabandhena vartamanamanuvrttipratyayakaranam | Prasthanapada Bhasya 76 etani tu dravyatadini prabhutavipayatvat pradhanyena samanyani svasrayavisesakatvad bhaktya visesakhyani | Ibid 77 samanyam dvividham proktam parancaparameva ca | dravyadivikavrnistu satta paratayocyate || parabhinna tu ya jani saivaparatayocyate | dravyatvadikajanistu paraparatayocyate | Ibid. 78 paratvam adhikadesavrttitvam, aparatvam alpadesavrttitvam | S.M. 79 nityatve satyanekasamavetasvam | SM 80 samananam bhavah ( jatih ), svatovyavartakatvam visesatvam | Pratibimba Commentary 81 ya samanam buddhi prasute bhinnesvadhikaranesu yaya bahunitaretarato na vyavarttante yo'rtho'nekatra pratyayanuvrttinimittam tat samanyam | yacca kesancidabhedam karotiti tat samanyaviseso jatiriti | Nyaya Bhasya 82 yatrasritah karmagunah karanam samavayi yat | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , 1.51 83 Vaisesika Sutra 84 prthivyaptejovayvakasakaladigatmamanamsi nava dravyani | Tarka Samgraha 85 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.48. 86 samavayi tu niscestah karanam gunah | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.51. 255

87 anena trividha api vaisesikah samanya atmagunascoddistah | Cakrapani 88 tatrarthah sabdasparsaruparasagandhah, eteca vaisesikah, yatah akasasyaiva sabdah pradhanyena 89 vayoreva sparsah pradhanyena, evamagnyadisu rupadayah Cakrapani ete ca samanya gunah prthivyadinam sadharanatvat | Cakrapani 90 ete ca samanya gunah api napyupayuktatvattatha buddhi pradhanyaccatrante proktah | Cakrapani 91 Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.82 92 samyoge ca vibhage ca yugapat karanam | Cakrapani 93 ekadravyamagunam samyogavibhagesvanapesakaranamiti karmalaksanam | Vaisesika Sutra I.1.17 ekadravyatvam ksanikatvam pratiniyata jatiryogitvam | Prasthanapada Bhasya ... 94 samavayo'prthagbhavo bhumyadinam gunairmatah | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , I.51 95 aprthakabhavah ayutasiddhih sahaivavasthanamiti .... 96 tenadharanamadheyaiyo'prthagbhavah sa samavayah | CK. 97 ayutasiddhanamadharyadharabhutanam yah sambandhah | Prasthanapada Bhasya 98 sarvam dravyam panjabhautakimasminnarthe | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana , 26. 99 pako nasti vina viryat Cakrapani srestatamam smrtam | Susruta Samhita Sutrasthana 100 ..... taccetanavadecanam ca | Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana 26.10 101 Dravya Guna Vijiiana , p.19 102 Ibid, p.22-28. 103 Ibid., p.28-32 104 Ibid. 105 Susruta Samhita Sarirasthana , 1 ' 106 Caraka Sarnhita Sarirasthana , I.16 107 cetanasasta ityatra cetanasabdena ... | Cakrapani 108 puri sarire sete iti purusah | Cakrapani 109 110 na cetana dhaturupah purusacikitsayamabhipreta ayanca purusasabdo gavadavapi saddhatu samudaye 256 cikitsavisayastu saddhatuka eva purusah | Cakrapani ... gavadau purusasabdah | Cakrapani

111 laksanam manaso jnanasyabhavo bhava eva ca | iti hyatmendriyarthanam sannikarse na vartate | Caraka Sarnhita Sarirasthana , I. 18 112 yugapajjnananutpattirmanaso lingam | Nyaya Sutra , 1.1.16 atmendriyartha sannikarsajnanasya bhavo'bhavasca manaso limgam | Vaisesika Sutra , III. 2.1 113 C.C.Sa., I.20-21. 114 Vaisesika Sutra , V.2.16 115 Caraka Sarnhita Sarirasthana , I.8. 116 Vaisesika Sutra , V.2.18 117 Caraka Sarnhita Sarirasthana , I.142. 118 Caraka Sarnhita Sarirasthana , I.116-117. 257