10. Identification of Geographical Places

Abhira The Abhira country situated on the Indus, north of the Sauviras, where the Abhiras gave their name to the Greek satrapy of Abiria.43 Patanjali locates them in Sindhudesa and connects them with sudras.44 But the Mbh.relates their movements from the region of Punjab and Mathura to what is now known as konkana.45 In the Nasik cave inscription an Abhira king Isvasena who flourished about the end of the second century A.D. is mentioned. 46 This is probably the earliest reference to their southward marth. 43 Tavn, Greeks in Bactria and India, 172; For the identification of various geographical names, Kalyana's tirthanka is also very useful. 44 PHAI, 418, 45 Bhandarkar, Vaisnavism, Saivism and other minor religious systems, 37. 46 PHAI, 48, 47 Patil D.R., Cultural History from the Vayu-Purana, P.242.

864 The Visnu purana,48 the Markandeya 49 Purana and Varahamihira 50 locate them in the west and but the Markandeya 51, Vayu 52 and Varahamihira also locate them in the south.53 They are again connected with the Pandu migration to the south.54 Taratantra states that the region of Abhiras constitutes the portion between the western bank of the river Tapi and the southern portion of Konkana. to-day the Ahiras are found in the Punjab, 55 Kathiawar 56 and parts of Nasik and Khandesha districts. Even The Brahma-purana mentions them both in the northwest in the Pancanada region (212.11,27) and in the south (27.56). The Abhiras mentioned in the north are there called Mlecchas and Dasyus and support the evidence given in the Mbh.57 and those mentioned in the south are called Daksinatyas. Agastyasrama The hermitage of the sage Agastya was situated at 48 Wilson, II, Ch. III, PP. 132-5. Bhandarkar, Op.Cit., 3. Chs. 57-58, WV. 45-8, & v.22. 49 Ch. 57, VV. 35-36. 50 ka'u 52 53 54 55 45.126. Indian Antiquary, 22,272. K.Pillai, Tamils 1800 years ago, 57. Crooke, Castes and Tribes of North-west Province and Audh, 56 Enthoven, Castes and Tribes of the Bombay Presidency 57 Mausala P., Vii. 220-242; viii. 270.

865 58 Akolha to the east of Nasik.' Some hold that at a distance of twenty-four miles to the south-east of Nasik at Agastipuri there existed the hermitage of the sage Agastya. Some think that this hermitage was situated on the summit of the Malaya range of Malayakata which was also known as Srikhandadri or even as Candanadri.59 The Brahma-purana states that the tirtha is situated on the bank of the river Godavari (118.31) and the tirthas B Asvattha, Pippala and many others are situated near it. Probably it is identified with the one mentioned in Ramayana. Alaka Kalidasa gives a picturesque description of Alaka as a city of Kubera in the Meghaduta. The Vayu also associated it with Kubera 60 but at onem place 61 we find a mention of king Pururavas there thus suggesting its location near pratisthana in the Himalaya. The Brahma-purana also states that king Pururavas enjoyed with Urvasi at the following places, viz. Caitraratha 58 59 Ramayana, Aranyakanda, Ch.11; Mahabharata Ch.96, 1-3; cf. aka Padma P. Ch. 6, sl. 5. Law B.C., Historical geography of Ancient India, P.274. 60 Vayu 47.1-60. 61 Vayu 91.6-8.

866 forest, Alaka, Nandana forest, Uttarakuru, Foot of Gandhamadan mountain, summit of the mountain Meru (10.6,7). Alakananda According to Vayu 62, Kurma 63, Visnu 64 and Markandeya 65 Puranas, it is one of the four streams of the Ganges and reaches the sea with seven mouths. The Brahma Purana. also supports the same view, and states that the Alakananda enters Bharata through the southern course (18.41,42). Alakananda is constituted of Visnuganga and Saraswati and Captain Rapson declares that this river falls as a waterfall on the other side of Badrinathe 66 According to others, it is a river in Garhwal, Himalaya, a headwater of the Ganges.. Her course can be traced from the Gandhamadana mountain 67 It represents the upper course of the Ganges. Its upper tributary is constituted of the pinda and another stream at the confluence of which is situated Srinagara in Garhwal. 68 According to I.G.I.69, 62 41. 18 63 I. 46.31. 64 65 II.2.36, II.8.14. 56.7,8. 66 Asiatic Research, 11. 67 Bhag.,IV.6.24, Brahmanda III.14.21,56.21; Visnu II.2.34.36, Vayu 41.18; 42.25-35; Mark. 56.7,8. 68 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.19. 69 Imperial Gazeteer of India, Vol.XV,P.60 and U.P.Gazeteer for Garhwal, Vol.36, ༄

867 there are five sacred confluences of Alakananda with other rivers, viz. Bhagirathi (Devaprayaga), Nandaprayage, Karnaprayag. (confluence with Pindar river), Rudraprayaga (confluence with Mandakini), Visnuprayaga. Amarakantaka Amarakantaka is the Amrakuta of the Meghaduta of Kalidasa 70. According to the Matsya P.71, this sacred hill was superior to Kuruksetra. In the skanda purana 72, its sanctity is described and there it is mentioned as holy, it being the source of the river Narmada. The Visnu-samhita 73 and Vayu 74 describe its sanctity for the purpose of sraddha. The Brahma Purana. states it as a holy tirtha situated on the bank of Narmada (25.20, 64.6, 65.95, 77.4). This hill is a part of the Mekhala hills in Gondawana in the territory of Nagpur in which the rivers Narmada and Son According to some, it is in the Rewah takes their rise. 75 70 (I, 17). 71 22.28; 186.12,34; 188.79, 82. 191.25. 72 Skanda P., Avantyakhanda, Revakhanda, 6.37-8. 73 Ibid. 74 77.4-16. 75 Law B.C., Hist, Geog. of Ancient India, P.303. my

868 Taluka on the easternmost extremity of the Maikala range, 25 miles by country road from Sahdol railway station, 3000 ft. above sea-level. Hindus.76 Anarta 15 It is one of the sacred places of According to Harivans 77 and the Brahma Purana (7.27-34), the region Anarta is named after Anarta, the son of Saryati, who was the son of Manu Vivasvan. Kusasthali was its capital and Raiva the son of Anarta ruled there.Once he went to Brahma with his daughter. When he returned the Yadavas had captured the city Kusasthalf and had named it Dvaravati. Raiva married his daughter Revati with Balarama and went to Meru to practice penance. It is in north Kathiawar.78 From the various references obtained from Mbh., 79 Bhagavata 80 and Matsya 81 it seems that the region consisting of north Gujarat and Saurashtra whose main city was the ancient Kusasthali or Dvaraka was. Anarta. Thus according to some this tract lies round Dvaraka, while according to others, it is situated round Vadanagar.82 76 Law B.C., Holy Places of India, P.34. 77 Harivamsaparva 10.31-3. 78 Luders' List No.965. 79 Mbh., Vana, (Cr.ed.) 15.9,18; 180.25. 80 81 13 10th Sk., 678; 9th Sk., 328; 1st Sk. 14.25. 12.22. 82 Bombay Gazeteer, I.1.6.

869. Andhraka They are probably the same as Andhras mentioned in the Brahmanas, 83 and Jatakas.84 In the inscriptions of Asoka 85 they are mentioned as residing on the borderland of his empire. According to Manusmrti 86, they were a barbarian people, According to Mbh. 87 they were a rude race, but they established a kingdom during the third and second centuries B.C. Andhra was a kingdom also in Hieun Tsang's time in the 7th century A.D., and comprised the eastern portion of the Nizam's territories, with its capital at Waranagal, according to Cunningham. Another capital was Dhenukakata, which is Dharanikota near Amaravati on the Kistna. In the Madras census report 90 Andhra is said to be probably the same as 88 89 Telingu and is taken to be the Sanskrit name for Telugu in the Madras census report. The Brahma Purana.81 mentions it as situated in the Madhyadesa along with the other Janapadas, viz. Matsya, Mukutakulya, 83 Gopalachari, Early History of the Andhra Country, 1. 84 Mehta, Ratilal, Pre-buddhist India, 370. 85 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 1. 86 Saletore, Wild tribes in Indian History, 9. 87 Sabha P.(Cr.ed.) 2.4.21; 2.28.48; 2.31.11; Vana P.(Cr. ed.) 3.48.18. 88Ancient Geography of India. 89 Archaeological Survey of West India, No.10 by J.Burgess, P.32. 90 Report, B. 188. 91 27.41,42; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Atharva' for 'Andhraka!

870 The Brahma Kuntala, Kasikosala, Kalinga, Samaka and Vrka. P. mentions Andhas as residing in the eastern part.92 Anga The Av.93 and Jatakas 94 associate Angas with The Magadhas, and their Janapada is mentioned first among the 95 sixteen great Janapadas known to these works. Mahabharata makes the races of Anga, Vanga, etc. to be the descendants of the saint Dirghatamas by Sudesna, wife of Bali.96 1 The Brahma-Purana also mentions Arga, Vanga, Suhma, Pundra and Kalinga, as the sons of Bali (13.31,36,37). According to Zimmer and Bloomfield the Angas were settled on the rivers Son and Ganges in later times but their early seat was presumably there also.97 Pargiter regards them as a non-Aryan people that came over sea to eastern India?8 Ethnographically they were connected with the Kalingas and other peoples of the plains of Bengal.99 The Brahma- Purana 92 27.51, the ms. 'kha 93 JASB, 1918, 317. 'kha' reads here Andhaka. 94 Ibid, 320, fn.7., Rhys Davids, Buddhist India, 23. 95 96 97 Law B.C., India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, P. 19. I. 104. Altindisches Leben, 35, Hymns of the AV.,446,449. 98 J.R.A.S., 1908, P. 852. 99 Cambridge History of India, I. P.534.

871 also mentions it as an eastern Janapada along with Andhas, Vamana, Kumus, Vallakas, Makhantakas, Vangas, Maladas, Malavartikas, Bhadratungas, Pratijayas, Bharyangas, Pragjyotisas, Madras, Videhas, Tamraliptakas, Mallas, Magadhakas, and Nandas (27.51-53). The capital of Angas was first called Malini which name was changed to Campa or Campavati in honour of a king named Campa, Lomapada's great grandon.100 Antarvedi The traditional Antarvedi is the country lying between the Ganges and the Jumna and between Prayaga and Haradvara.101 The Angavarta of the sutras and Madhyadesa of Manu are designated according to the Kavyamimamsa (93) as Antarvedi The Bulandasahara district lies which extends upto Benaras. actually in this Antarvedi. According to others, it forms the last of the seven The Brahma- Purana seems sacred places on the Godavari. 102 to refer to this Antarvedi (167.2). 100 Brahma Purana. 13.43; Harivamsa XXXI, 1699-1700; Mbh., Santiparva 34,35. 101 Indore Copperplate inscription of skandagupta, 466 A.D. Hunter W.W., Imperial Gazeteers of India, Vol.I, P.204. 102

Apira 872 The Mahabharata associates Anupa with kings Kartav 1193 Arjuna and Nala 104 and the Harivamsa suggests its proximity 105 * with Surastra and Anarta.³ The Nasik inscription of Gautamiputra Balasri 106 and the Junagadha rock inscription of Rudradaman 107 associate Anupa with Aparanta, Vidarbha and Avanti and locate it in the district around Mahismati on the river Narmada. The Brahma-Purana, however, refers to Anupa-desa in connection with the story of Prthu and states that King Prthu allotted the Anupadesa to sutas and the Magadha country to Magadhas thus establishing some connection between Anup desa and Magadha.108 It has been suggested that this Anupa might mean a part of Bengal, east of Magadha.109 Apaga 103 104 The Rv. mentions the river Apaya as flowing between < Vana P. (Cr.ed.) 3.116.19. Bhisma P. (Cr.ed.) 6.90.27. 105 ABORI, 17.330 4. cf.also Joshi Umasankara 'Puranoma Gujarata' (In Guj.), P.4. 106 PHAI, 411 107 Ibid. 108 4.67; cf. also Patil, Cultural History from the Vayu Purana, P. 246. 109 AIHT, 16.

873 Saraswati and Drsadvati. 110 The Mbh. mentions it as flowing through the country of Madras.111 The Markandeya and the Vayu place it in the north 112 and a reference in Brahmanda purana leads to its identification Afghanistan.113 The Brahma-purana mentions it along with many other rivers as emerging from the Himalaya (27.27). According to Zimmer, it is near the Saraswati.114 It is maar a small tributary flowing past Thanesvara.115 According to some it is a branch of the Chitang river. 116 Aparanta The edicts of Asoka suggest that Aparanta meant all the countries in western India.117 The Nasik inscription of Gautamipura Balasri and the inscriptions of Satavahana kings and Rudradaman take Aparanta to mean a narrow region of the 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 III.23.4%; cf. also Das A.C., Rgvedic Culture, P.161, 178, 353. S.Sorensen, Index to names in the Mbh. ABORI. 17.231-2. De, Nandolal, Geographical dictionary of Ancient India, 2nd ed.,10. Altindisches Lebens, 18. Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Ancient India, P.69. J.R.A.S., 1883, P. 362. 117 PHAI, 259,

874 present northern Konkang 118 Bhandarkarl 19 believe's that the Aparanta means the modern region of the north Konkana 120 whereas Bhagawanlal Indraji suggests Aparanta a to means the western sea-board of India. The Brahma-purana mentions once Aparanta as a northern country along with other countries occupying north (27.45) and elsewhere it states that the countries Surparaka, Kalidhana, Lola and Talakata occupied the Aparanta or the western portion (27.58). The Brahma-purana also locates the Saurastras, Sudras, Abhiras and Arbudas in the Aparanta country (19.17). Arbuda Sirohi State of Rajputana. It is the Mount Abu in the Aravalli range in the According to Megasthenes and Arian the sacred Arbuda or Mount Abu is identified with capitalian which attains an elevation far above any other summit of the Aravalli range. 121 The river Sabhramati 118 119 120 121 Altekar A.S., Ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawar, 2. Bhandarkar R.G., Early history of the Decean. Indian Antiquary, 8,140; cf. also Altekar, Op.Cit., 2. McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arian, P. 147.

• 875 emerges from it.122 the Jainas. 123 It is one of the important tirthas of The Brahma-purana refers to it many a times 124 as an important mountain, a holy tirtha and once locatos it in the west (19.17). Asmaka In the Suttanipata, it is mentioned as situated on the bank of the river Godavari immediately to the south of 125 Patitthana. According to the Rhys Davids it is situated immediately north-west of Avantf and the settlement on Godavari was a later colony.126 on the Godavari. 127 Kautilya also places Asmaka The Brahma-Purana mentions Ashaka as a southern country along with others, viz. Purnas, Musika, Kumara, Ramatha, Saka, Maharastra, Mahisaka, Kalinga, Abhira, Vaisika, Atavya, Sarava, Pulinda, Mauleya, Vaidarbha, Dandaka, Paulika, 122 Law, Some Jain canonical sutras, PP.184-185; Rajputana Gazeteers, Vol.III A Compiled by Erskine, PP.284 ff; Hunter W.W., the imperial Gazeteers of India, Vol.1,PF.2 ff. Sandesara B.K., Jain Agamona Gujarat, (in Guj.). 123 124 27.23 - here the ms. 'kha' reads Ambuda, 25.27; 54.10, 64.9, 245.22. 125 V.977; cf.also Bhandarkar R.G., Carmichael Lectures, 1918, PP.4,53, f.n.5. 126 Buddhist India, PP. 27-28. 127 Arthasastra, trans.Shamasastris translation, P.143, n.2.

876 Maulika, Bhojavardhana, Kaulika, Kuntala, Dambhaka and Nilakalaka (27.54-57). Asvatirtha According to Mahabharata, 128 it is the joining place of the rivers Ganga and Kali in the Kanoj Province, 129 it is a mountain while according to the Yoginitantra, Asvakranta in Kamakhya near Gauhati in Assam. • But the Brahma-Purana places it in Prabhasa, near Somanatha and states that as here Tvasta pared the lustre of Sun and as the Asvins were born here, it is called Asvatirtha (89.42,43). Atrevi The river Atreyi and the lesser Yamuna meet together in the district of Rajshahi and then the United stream receives two small tributaries, one on the right and the other on the left. Then it bifurcates east of Nator. The main stream flows into the Ganges south-east of Boalia in the district of Rajshahi and the lesser stream into the Karatoya 130 128 Anusasanaparva A.4, Vanaparva, Cr.ed.3.115.16; cf.also Vamana purana A.83 129 Uttarakhanda A.3. 130 Law, Rivers of India, P. 29

877 The Brahma-purana calls Atreyi to be one of the seven parts into which the river Ganges is divided, the other six parts being, Vasisthi, Vaisvamitri, Vamadevi, Gautami, Bharadvaji and Jamadagni (173.3,4). Avanti The Mahabharata places it in western India 131 and situated on the river Narmada. Mrs. Rhys Davids notes that Avanti was situated to the north of the Vindhya mountains, north-east of Bombay 132 T.W.Rhys Davids observes that it was called Avanti as late as the 2nd century A.D., but from the 7th or 8th century onwards it was called Malava. 133 134 According to Bhandarkar D.R. the Janapada of Avanti was divided into two parts, Northern part with its capital Ujjaini and the Southern one in Daksinapatha with its capital Mahismati, but Raychaudhari hesitates to accept this conclusion.135 Ujjayini, which was the capital of Avanti or western Malwa and which was situated on the river Sipra, of carmanbati, is the modern a tributary Ujjain in Gwalior, Central India.136 Avanti 131 Vanaparva (Cr.ed) 3.87.1, Virataparva IV.1.12. 132 Psalms of the Brethern, P.107, Note 1 . 133 s Buddhist India, P. 28. 134 Some aspects of Ancient Hindu Polity, Charmichael lectures. 135 PHAI, 122 fn. 4. 136 Rapson, Ancient India, P. 175.

878 roughly corresponds to modern Malwa, Nimar and adjoining parts of the central provinces. 137 The Brahma- Purana states that the descendants of Andhaka family gave in marriage their sister Ahuki to the king of Avanti. 138 Again it is stated that Jayadhvaja, one of the five sons of Kartavirya, was the king of Avanti and his descendants, viz. Talajanghas, Vitihotras, Sujatas and Bhojas, Taundikeras were called Avantayas (13.201-204). The Brahma-purana further provides a picturesque description of Ujjayini and states Indradyumna to be its king (A.43). Here it is said that Avanti was a great city in Malwa and Avanti and Ujjayini are thus identified here (43.24). Avanti Avanti and Sipra are understood as being the two but the Brahma-purana mentions names of the same river, 139 Sipra and Avanti separately, thus suggesting names of two rivers both of which had their source in the Pariyatra mountain (27.29). It is probably the river which rises near Mhow and flows into the Chambal. 740 The Markandeya P. reads 137 138 139 140 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc. India, P. 305. 15.54, according to mss.'ka' and 'ga'. 27.29; cf. also Patil D.R., Op.Cit., P.249. Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P. 295.

741 Avarni Avanti. Avimukta 879 and the Varaha- Purana reads Vapanti instead of 743 The Brahma-Purana It is the name of Benaras. also emphasizes Siva worship here (207.30). Ayodhya Bhagavata 144 The The It is one of the holy places of the Hindus. 745 and Skanda refer to it as a city. Brahma-Purana mentions Ayodhya in connection with Rama (154. 27,157.6). Vikuksi, the eldest son of Iksvaku was the king of Ayodhya. The river Ganga flowed through it (7.45,46; 157.6). Badari 1746 According to Varaha Purana, it is a secluded place in the Himalaya region. There are two holy places here called Indraloka and Pancasikha. mentions Sarasvatatirtha in Badari. 141 57. 20 142 LXXXV 143 Siva Furana, Sanatkumara Samhita, A. 182-184. 144 (IX. 8,19). 145 Chap. I. 64-65. The Padma-Purana 147 It is a holy place in 41; Matsya P., 746 141.1,10,14. 747 Ch. 133.

880 Gandhamadana where there was the hermitage of Nara and Narayana. The Brahma-Purana also mentions Badari as a tirtha (25.17) and notes the prevalence of Narayana worship there (65.86). Badarikasrama 1748 The Mahabharata, Padma-Purana, 149 Yoginitantra, 150 Kadambari 151 and skanda-Purana 152 mention this holy tirtha. The Brahma-Purana also considers it to be a very holy tirtha (25.27; 64.5). Bahuda Pargiter identifies it with the modern Ramaganga 153 which joins the Ganges on the left near Kanauj. But Nandolal Dey 154 identifies it with the river Dhavala, now called Dhumela or Burha-Rapti, a feeder of the Kapti in Oudh. According to epics 155 there was another river of this name in the Deccan. The Markandeya Purana. (Ch.57) connects it with the Himalayas. 148 (90.27-34). 149 Ch.21, Tirthamahatmya. 150 2.6.167. 151 P. 94. 152 1.53-59. * 153 Markandeya P., PP. 291-92. 154 Geographical dictionary, P.16. 155 Mbh., Mbh., Bhismaparvan, 9,322; Anusasanaparva, 165,7563; Ramayana, Kiskindhyakanda, 41,13.

881 The Brahma Purana. (27.26; 64.12) also states it to emerge from Himalaya along with other rivers. See 'Apaga'. According to Siva Purana, Gauri was turned into the river Bahuda by the curse of her husband Prasenjit. Brahma-Purana also relates to similar anecdote (7.91). Bhadrasva and Kern 156 The The Brhatsamhita mentions the king of Bhadrasvas remarks that they were a mythical people fabled to have lived in the remote East...The origin of the Bhadrasvas living near the Udayagiri may be traced to the Rv. (I.115.2 ff.) The Brahma-Purana states that the mountain Bhadrasva was to the east of Meru (18.28) and it is also stated that the river sita comes to India after crossing the mountain Bhadrasva (18.41). Bhimarathi It figures prominently as a Sahya river in the Puranas, which appears to flow in the north-western portion of the district of Poona, from which place it takes a southeasterly course and flows into the krsna north of the district of Raichur, Hyderabad. It is fed by many streams. .157 156 Indian Antiquary, 22.175. 157 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.49.

882 The Brahma Purana also states it as emerging from the mountain Sahya (19.12) along with Godavari and Krsnaveni. Elsewhere it is associated with Tungabhadra, Suprayoga besides the above-mentioned rivers (27.35). Bhojakata The Mahabharata 158 mentions Bhojakata and Bhojakata -pura as two places in the south conquered by Sahadeva. From the list of cities mentioned in the Mahabharata it becomes clear that Bhojakata or Elichpur was distinct from Bhojakatapura or Bhojapur, the second capital of Vidarbha 159 (modern Berar). Bhoja coincides with Berar or ancient Vidarbha and Chammaka, four miles south-east of Elichpur in the Amaraoti district. In the Harivamsa, Bhojakata is expressly identified with Vidarbha. 160 The Brahma-Purana states that Bhojakata was in the possession of Rkmi, the brother-in-law of krsna and many people gathered together to witness the marriage of Aniruddha with Rkmi's grand-daughter (201.9). Elsewhere it is said that Bhismaka was the king of Kundina at Vidarbha and Rkmi was his son (199.1). This seems to establish the connection between Bhojakata and Vidarbha. 158 Sabhaparva, (Cr.ed.) 2.28.40. 159 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Ancient India, P.144. 160 cf. also Visnu Purana, LX, 32.

883 Bhrgutirtha and the Sarayu. 161. The sage Bhrgu had his hermitage at Balia in the Uttara Pradesha, situated at the confluence of the Ganges Dey thinks that it is Bheraghara containing a temple of 64 Yogins, 12 miles to the west of Jabalpur.162 The Brahma Purana mentions it among a list of holy places without indicating its location (25.48). Bhrgutunga According to Varaha-Purana (A.216), it is a mountain on the southern bank of Gandaka in Nepal and here there was a hermitage of Bhrgu. The Brahma Purana states that it is a holy place (25.11) and that the king Yayati attained the highest status by practising severe penance on it. 763 But the Vayu -Purana (79.20) does not support the location fixed on the evidence of the Varaha-Purana. Bindusaras 164 Dey locates it at a place two miles south to the eastern bank of Gandaki. The Vayu (47.1-60) and Brahmanda show its situation at the foot of the Gauda 161 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Ancient India, P.72. 162 Nandolal, Dey, Geographical Dictionary. 163 12.48; cf. also Vayu, 93-102. 164 Nandolal Dey, Op.Cit., 38.

884 mountain. 165 The Brahma-Purana states that the Bindusaras was created by collecting the drops of holy waters from all the tirthas and locates it in the Ekamraksetra (41.54). Brahmagiri : It is a mountain near Tryambaka in the Nasaka district in Maharashtra. From this mountain, the river 166 Godavari-Gautami-Ganga emerges. There is also another Brahmagiri in Kurga from which the river Kaveri emerges. # The Brahma Purana states that the gods resided on it. As it is mentioned in the vicinity of Varahatirtha which is mentioned immediately after Tryambakatirtha, 167 it might well accord with the location fixed on the evidence of the Padma-Purana. The Brahma-Purana states that there is another Brahmagiri named after lord Brahma as he performed a sacrifice there (74.25,26,88). The sage Gautama brought the river Ganges from Siva's head to Brahmagiri (75.48). The sage Gautama resided with his wife Ahalya on the Brahmagiri (87.33). It is said to be 84 yojanas long (161.31,32). 165. Dey, Op.Cit., 38. 166 Padma Purana, Uttarakhanda, A.62. 167 79. 5,6,17; cf. also 84.2, 80.6.

885 Brahmakunda It is a deep pool in the Brahmaputra, situated on the eastern border of the Lakhimpur district of Assam. It is situated at a place where the river emerges from the mountains and is surrounded on every side by hills. It is frequently visited by Hindu pilgrims from every part of India.168 G The Brahma-purana mentions it as a holy place (25.16) and locates it near the confluence of the rivers Apsara and Ganga without establishing its identity (100.2). Brahma Brahmaputra It is the principal river of Assam. It is mentioned Raghuvansa (N.81) and Kalika Purana by the Yoginitantra 169, (Ch.82). Modern Geographical exploration goes to show that its eastern region of the Manasa-Sarowara. 170 According to Swami Pranavananda of the holy Kailasa and Manasa-Sarowara, the Brahmaputra rises from the chema-yungdung glacier. 171 168 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Ancient India, P. 214. 169 170 2.2.119 - ed. by Jivananda Vidyasagara, 1.60; 2.4, PP.128-29.. Law B.C., Rivers of India, PP. 29-30. 171 Chatterjee S.P., Presidential address to the geographical Society of India, Geographical Review of India, September 1953.

886 The Brahma-Purana mentions Brahmaputra as a holy river and states that it has seven tributaries (64.10). Brahmasara ' According to some the Ramahrda is the Brahmasaras. According to Agni Purana (A.115), it is a stream in Gaya. The Skanda-Purana locates it at three different places, viz. in Avantiksetra (28,36), Dvaraka (14.21) and Mahi-sagara Samgama-ksetra (56,5-7), The Srimala-Purana locates it in the Srimala ksetra. 172 The Brahma Purana mentions it thrice among the list of holy places (25.65,68, 73). Brahmavarta Drsadvati.173 It is a region between the rivers Saraswati and Afterwards it was called Kuruksetra.174 The capital of this region was in Karavirapura on the bank of the river Drsadvati.1 175 The Bhagavata-Purana mentions a ghata of this name on the river Ganga near Bisura in Kanpur district. As it is a famour place of pilgrimage, it is also called 172 A.17, cf. also 'Puranoma Gujarat' - Umashankara Joshi. 173 Manusamhita Adh. 2, cf. also Pargiter,Trans. of Markandeya Purana., PP. 290,292,349, 377. 174 Rapson, Ancient India, P. 51. 175 Kalika-Purana, A. 48-49. t

887 Brahmavarta tirtha (Skanda 3, A.22). The Brahma- Purana mentions it as a holy place (25.39,56,57). Cakratirtha As the Brahma-Purana frequently mentions it in connection with the Gautami-mahatmya, it seems to be a place near Tryambaka from where Godavari emerges. 176 Caksu It is the river oxus. 177 Bhaskaracarya describes it The Mbh.179 describes it as flowing through sakadvipa. It emerges from Pamira and as a river emerging from Ketumala.178 is situated at a distance of 300 miles to the south of Jakaartisa.180 The Brahma-Purana states that it is one of the four parts into which Ganga is divided. It crosses the mountain Ketumala situated in the west and joins ocean (18.42,43). Elsewhere it is stated that its source is Himavan (27.28). 176 86.1,29,109. 1,2,55,57; 110.1, 128.71, 134.1,15,25,12,21. 177 Matsya P. A.120, Asiatic Research, V.8, P.330. 178 Siddhanta Siromani Bhuvanakosa, 37,38. 179 Mbh., Bhismaparva, A.2, 180 Mccrindle, Ptolemy, P. 278.

Campa 888 This city was situated at a distance of about four miles to the west of Bhagalpur The Brahma-Purana states that it was the capital of It was named Campa Anga and was formerly known as Malini. after the name of Campa, the son of Prthulaksa. 181 Campakaranua It is a place of pilgrimage of Buddhas and Jains and is situated 5 miles north to Rajima in middle India and it is referred to in Jaimini Bharata. According to Saktasangamatantra, it is situated in Patna (A.7), The Brahma-Purana mentions it as a holy place (13.43). Candrabhaga According to Milindapanka (P.114) this river issues forth from the Himavan mountain. The Candrabhaga or Chenab appears to flow just above Kishtawar as a confluence of two hill streams. Jhelum. 182. It flows through Jammu and forms a doab with According to Pargiter, there were two rivers of this name but the second stream is difficult to be identified 183 181 13.43, cf.also Matsya P., Ch.48. For details vide Law B.C. Some Jain canonical sutras, P.733 Beal, Buddhist Records of the western world, II, 191-192. 182 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Ancient India, P.73. 183 Markandeya Purana., P.291.

889 The Brahma-Purana mentions it as emerging from the mountain Himalaya along with other rivers (19.10; 27.25). Cedi The ancient Cedi country lay near Jumna. It corresponds roughly to the modern Bundelkhand and the adjoining region.184 According to Rapson, Cedis occupied the northern Pargiter opines that Cedi portion of Central Provinces.185 lies to the south of Jumna. 186 The Brahma Purana mentions the king of Cedi (216.89). Citrakuta It is also It has been identified with Citrakuta near Kalanjara in the Banda district. It is the modern Citrakot or Caturkot hill or district near Kampla in Bundelkhanda. identified with Chittoor, the famour fort of which was captured 187 from the Gurjara Pratiharas by krsna III 184 Bhandarkar D.R., Carmichael Lectures, 1928, P.52; Cambridge History of India, P.84, 185 Ancient India, P.162. 186 AIHT, 272; cf. also Pargiter Ancient Cedi, Matsya and Karusa J.A.S.B., LXIV, Pt.I (1895), PP. 249 ff. 187 J.B.o.R.S., 1928, P.481; also cf. Ray H.C., Dynastic History of Northern India, Vol.1, P.589, for epigraphic references.

890 The Brahma Purana mentions it as a holy place (64.5) and states that during his exile, Rama lived here for three years.188 The Brahma P. states there was a hermitage called Citrakuta, visiting which one obtained the merit of Astamedha 189 Citra Citrakuta The Brahma Purana states it as arising from the mountain Rksa (27,30). It is one of the Rksa rivers which is probably the stream which flows round the south and east of the modern Chitrakut, past Carwi into the Jumna.190 Colaka The Cola kingdom stretched along the eastern coast from the river Penner to the vellar and on the west reaching to about the borders of Coorg.191 The Ramayana, 192 the Markanddya (57.45), the Vayu (45.124) and Matsya (112.46) refer to Colas. The Brahma Purana refers to Colaka as a southern country.193 188 123.116; cf. also Ram. Ayodhya kanda, Ch. 55. 189 35.26, missing in ms. 'kha'. 190 J.R.A.S., April, 1894, P. 239; Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.48; Geographical essays, P.110. 191 K.A.Nilakantha Sastri, The Colas, Ch.II, P.22. 192 IV., Ch,41, Bom. ed. 193 27.59; the mss. 'kha' and 'ga' read 'Utkala' in place of 'Colaka'

Dandakaranya 891 According to Pargiter, it covered almost the whole of the Central India from the Bundelkhanda region to the river krsna.194 The Mahabharata seems to limit the Dandaka forest. to the source of the Godavari, 195 The Brahma Purana mentions it often but it also seems 196 to limit it to the region of the river Godavari, and once refers to it as a southern country (27.56).. Dasarna It is generally identified with the Vedisa or Bhilsa region in the Central Provinces. The Puranas associate it with the Malavas, Karusas, Mekalas, Utkalas and Nisadhas. The Brahma Purana. states it as a Janapada of Vindhya and mentions it along with Malajas, Melakas, Colakas, Karkasas, Uttamarnas, Bhojas, Kiskindhakas, Tosalas, Traipuras, Vaidisas, Tumburas, Pavanas, Abhayas, Rundikeras, Cacaras, and Hotradhartas (27.60). Elsewhere Dasarna is considered to be an unholy place unfit for sraddha purposes (220.9).. 194 J.R.A.S., 1894, 241; of. 195 Sabhaparva (cr.ed.) 2.28.43; Vanaparva (cr.ed.) 3.83.38. 88.98, 110.96; 129.66,119; 161,68,73; 123.117,119; 130.18; 131.19,34. 196

Dasarna 892 Ptolemy calls it Dosaron, 197 which actually occurs in the list of rivers issuing from the Rksa mountain as given in many other puranas. 198 It is the modern river named Dhasan near Saugar in the C.P. 199 Gabett says that this is the same river as Dhasaun of Bundelkhanda. 200 The Brahma Purana mentions it as arising from the mountain Rksa (27.30). Devika This river is mentioned in Panini's Astadhyay a (VII 7.3.1), Yoginitantra (2.5.139) and Kalika Purana (24.137- 138). Pargiter identifies it with the river Deeg, a tributary of the river Ravi.201 It has also been identified with the river Deva or Devika in U.P., which is another name for the southern course of the Sarayu.202 The Brahma Purana mentions it amongst a list of rivers emerging from Himalaya. Dhutapapa It is a river rising in Himalaya.203 There is VII. i. 39-41. 197 VII 198 199 200 Raychaudhari, Studies in Indian Antiquities, 124. Ibid, also cf. Markandeya Purana., A.57. The Pracina Kosa of Garett. 201 Markandeya Purana.292%; note; also cf.Vamana P.Chs,81,84,89; Matsya, ch.113. 202 Agra Guide and Gazetteer, 1841, II,PF.120,252. 203 Matsya P.,114.22, Vamana P. 57-80, Brahmanda II.16.26. i

893 another river of the same name in Varanasi. 204 The Brahma Purana mentions it as arising from Himalaya (27.26) Drsadvati 43 It is mentioned in the Rgveda as the southern and eastern boundary of what was then known as Brahmavarta. 205 According to Mbh. 206 it seems to have formed one of the boundaries of Kuruksetra. This river has been identified with the modern Citrang which runs parallel to the Saraswati 207 Elphinstone and Todd identify it with the Ghagar flowing through Ambada and Sind but now lost in the desert sands of Rajputana.208 While Cunningham identifies it with the river Rakshi that flows by the south-east of Thanesvara. 209 Some have identified this river with the modern Chitang or Chitrung.210 The Brahma Purana mentions it as emerging from Himalaya(27.26). 204 Skanda P., Kasikhanda, Uttara, Adh. 59. Vanaparva, 5074. 205 Rv.III, 23-4; II-17. 206 207 208 209 Rapson, Ancient India, P.51; Imperial Gazetteer of India, P.26. J.A.S.B., VI, 181. · Archaeological Survey Report, XIV. 210 J.R.A.S., 25,58. 7

894 Durga It arises from the mountain Vindhya. The Brahma Purana mentions it among a host of rivers rising from Vindhya 211 Dvaraka or Dvaravati The name of this holy city does not occur in the vedic literature but there are many references to it in the Mbh. and Puranas. It appears that there were two Dwarakas, one more ancient than the other. The ancient Dwaraka was situated near Kodinara. A little mound which rises on the sea-shore between the mouths of the river Somat and Singara three miles from Kodinara is surrounded by the kIKiEK Q ruins of a temple which popular Hindu belief declares to be the original Dwaraka, where krsna resided and thence transferred himself to Dwaraka in Okhamandala.212 It was founded by krsna owing to constant invasions The Brahma P. states that and harassment of Jarasandha.213 the Vrsnis and Andhakas left Mathura through the fear of Kalayavana, took counsel with krsna, ran to Kusasthalf and built up Dwaraka (14.54-56). The Visnu P. (V.23.13-15) and 211 Br.27-34, Vamana 45.103.Brahmanda II.16.33, Barhaspatya Samhita III.128. 212 Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. VIII on Kathiawar,PP.518-520, for Kodinara and P.522 for Mula Dwaraka. 213 Mbh. Sabhaparva (Cr.ed.) 2.13.49, Varaha P.149.7-8.

895 the Brahma Purana. (196.13-15) says that krsna begged of the ocean a strip of twelve yojanas, built Dwaraka with large parks, mansions and strong walls and established the people of Mathura When krsna passed away, the city was flooded by the there. 214 It was the capital of Anarta 215 sea and swept away. and was first called Kusasthali.216 near Okha in Kathiawar, Ekamraka The present Dwaraka is It is situated in Utkala or Orissa about twenty Ekamraka is the ancient name, the miles from Cuttack. modern name being Bhuvanesvara. The Brahma Purana describes and glorifies this tirtha (41.10-93) and all those verses are quoted in Tirth cintamani. 217 It is said to be the destroyer of sin, equal to Benaras, and as having eight sub.tirthas and it was so called because in former ages there was one mango thert, 218 tree. In the Bhuvanesvara Inscription, 219 it is stated that Candrika, daughter of the Ganga, king Ananga Bhima and 214 215 216 Mbh.Mausala Parva 6.23-24, 7.41-42; Brahma Purana.210-55 & 212-9, Visny P. V.38-9; Brahmavaivarta P. IV. 129.44. Udyogaparva 7.6. 1 3 Brahma 7.29-32, Mbh.Sabhaparva 14.50, Matsya 69.9, Agni 273.12. 217 PP. 176-180. 218 34.6, 41.11-12. 219 Edited by Dr.L.D.Barnett in Epigraphiq India XIII,P.150. 1

896 widow of Haihaya Prince Paramardin, built a temple of Visnu at Ekamraka.. 34 In that inscription among other matters there is a laudation of Utkala, of the sanctuary of Ekamra and of the I - " lake Bindusaras.220 The probable date of the inscription is 1101-1200.221. There is a vast number of temples and shrines here.222 Gandaki It rises in Himalaya and falls in Ganges at Sonepur in Bihar. It is the Kondochates of Arrian. 223 It is a great upper tributary of the Ganges, which has its origin in the hills in South Tibet. Its main stream flows into the Ganges between Sonepur in the Sara district and Hazipur in the district of Muzaffarpur, while its lesser stream bifurcating at Basarh flows into another river 224 220 221 222 . Mentioned in Brahma Purana. 41.53-54. For details vide Hunter's Orissa, Vol.1,P.231-241, Mitra's Antiquities of Orissa, Vol.II,PP.56-98,Mitra's Notices Vol.IV,PP.136-137, No. 1560; Law B.C., Geographical Essays, P.218; Bengal dist. Gazetteers, 1908, Puri, by L.S.S. O'Malley, PP.234 ff., K.C.Panigrahi, New Light on the early history of BhuvaneSvara (Journal of the Asiatic Society, Letters, Vol. XVII, No.2,1951,PP.95 ff.); Ekamra Purana. Kane P.V., Hist. of Dharmasastra, Vol.IV,P.750. Ask Archaeological Survey of India, Report for 1902-3, PP.43-44, Purusottamatattva (Jivananda Vidyasagara's edition, 1,P.573). Where Raghunandana quotes several verses of Brahma Purana, Ch.41. 223 Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian,P.188. 224 Law B.C., Rivers of India, PP. 23-24.. } "

897 The Brahma Purana states it to emerge from the Himalaya.225 Gandhamadana and This mountain forms a part of the Rudra, Himalaya according to the epic writers, a part of the Kailasa The Brahma Purana states that it is situated to range. 226 the south of the mountain Meru (18.22). Again it is stated that a kesara mountain of that name is situated to the west of Meru (18.34). Lord krsna sent king Mucakunda to the place ** Naranarayana situated on the Gandhamadana mountain (197.5). King Pururava lived with Urvasi at the foot of this mountain?27 and the Badaryasrama is also situated on this mountain(210.33). There is another forest by the name Gandhamadana which is situated to the south of Meru, according to the Brahma Purana (18.30). Gandhara The Gandharas were known to the Revedic times (Rv.I.126.7) 'In Asoka's edict V they are mentioned as the inhabitants of Gandhara, which is equivalent to the north, 225 27.27; cf.also Varaha 144-106, Brahmanda II.16-26; Bhagavata X.79,11; V.7.10, Padma Ch.21; Yoginitantra PP. 112-113. 226 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc. India, P. 71. 227 10.7, cf. also Harivamsa XXVI, 5-7.

west Punjab and adjoining regions. sides of the Indus.228 898 Thus it lay on both the The Brahma Purana states that it was so-named after Gandhara, the son of king Angarasetu and that the horses of this country were very strong (13.151). Elsewhere it is mentioned among a list of countries lying in the north (27.45). According to the archaeological survey, it was the whole of the lower version of the Kabul river. 229 Ganga The Bhagirathi-ganga comes to light in the Gangotri 3 in the district of Garhwal. From Haradwara down to Bulandshahar the Ganges has a southernly course after which she flows in a south-easterly direction upto Allahabad where she is joined by Yamuna. From Haradwara to Allahabad she flows al- 230 most parallel to the Yamuna. For the description given in Brahma-purana, vide the appendix No.8. 228 229 230 Raychaudhari, P.H.A.I., ed. 4th, P. 50. Reports, II. 15. Law B.C., Rivers of India, 17 ff. Geographical essays, 84. ff.

↑ 899 Gangadvara It is the same as Haridvara called also Gangadvara or the gate of the Ganges. 231 The Brahma purana also mentions it as a holy place 232 through it (77.3). and states that Bhagirathi flows Gaurisikhara It is the mount Everest in Nepal. The Himalayan peak which is really situated on the Nepal-Tibet border is 233 regarded as the highest mountain-peak on earth. In 1953 Hillary and Tensing reached its summit and found it to be a perfect one covered with snow on which they were free to move about. The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (25.74). Gautami It is another name of the Godavari river and may be identified with the Akhanda-Gautami, i.e. the Gautami before it divides itself into the seven branches collectively known by the name Saptagodavari. 234 The The Brahma purana glorifies at length the river Godavari and the subsidiary tirthas on it (Chs. 70.175). 231 Mbh.Vanaparva (Cr.ed.) 3.80.20;3.88.18;3.141.7; Anusasana 25.13, Kurma 15.41 & 47, II.20.33, Visnu Dharmasutra 85.28; Agni P.47 232 233 25.15 the ms.'ka' mentions it as Gangadhara,64,3;65.87. Mount Everest - its name and height, B.T.Gulatee, Survey of India Technical Paper No.4,Law B.C.,Mountains of India, PP.2,6. - 234 Epigraphia Indica XXVI, Pt.1, 1941, P.40.

900 Tirthasara ca part of Nrsimhaprasada) quotes about 60 verses from Chs. 89, 91, 106, 107, 106-118, 121, 122, 128, 131, 144, 144, 159 and 172 of the Brahma Purana, which fact shows that the chapters on Gautami in the present Brahma purana were part of the Brahma purana at least some centuries before 1500 A.D. The Brahma purana states that the Ganges to the south of the Vindhya mountain is called Gautami and that to its north is Bhagirathi (78.77). The Godavari is said to be 200 yojanas long and there are three crores and a half of tirthas on it (77.8-9). Dandakaranya is said to be the seed of Dharma and Mukti and the country embraced by Gautami is specially the holiest (161.73). It narrates how Gautama brought Ganges to Brahmagiri from the matted hair of Siva (chs.74-76). For details vide Godavari. Gaya Gaya comprises the modern town of Sahebganj on the northern side and the ancient town of Gaya on the southern side. The Vayu purana contains Gayamahatmya (ch.105). The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (65.95, 64.3, 25.10), sacred for sraddha purposes (220.30). It is named after Gaya, the son of Sudyumna or Ila (7.19). It is also called an Asura tirtha after the name of the demon Gayasura. 235... I 235 70.35; cf. also Vayu 105.4,5. }

Gayasirsa 901 It is the modern Brahmagiri and is the rugged hill to the south of Gaya town which rises some 400 feet above 236 this town. The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place 237 and refers to the Aksayavata or the undying banyan tree. Godavari 239 Ramayana, Brahmanda (1.12-15), The Mbh. 238 240 Matsya (22.46), Padma, Raghuvansa (XIII.35) refer to it. It is the largest and longest river in south India, the source of which can be traced to the western ghats. It flows in a south-easterly direction below the Vindhya rangecutting a valley through the Eastern Ghat. It falls in three distributaries into the Bay of Bengal in the district of Godavari forming a large delta at its mouth. In its course through Hyderabad and Madras it is joined by many tributaries. issued from the Sahya mountains along with the Tungabhadra, kaveri, Bhimarathi, Krsnavena etc. This river which is considered to be one of the holiest in South India had really its source in Brahmagiri situated on the side of a village 241 called Tryambaka which is 20 miles from Nasik. 236 237 238 239 240 241 Barua B.M., Gaya and Buddha Gaya, I, 11. 25.68, cf. also Vayu 105.45; 109.16. 85, 33; 88.2. Aranyakanda, Sarga 15,11-18, 24. Uttarakhanda, Vs. 35-38. Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of the India, PP.152-153. It

902 source 242 The Brahma purana mentions Tryambaka tirtha as its and eulogises it at great length (As.70-175). The Brahma purana also refers to its various tributaries as Purna, Pranita and others. vide 'Gautami'. Gokarna It is a village at Deoli in the Jajpur sub-division of the Cuttack district situated two miles west of the police station of Dharmasala. 243 to it as a holy place along 244 to refer to this place. it in the as a mountain. 245 vicinity of Agastyasrama.246 As the Brahma purana also refers with Ekamra and Viraja, it seems Elsewhere the Brahma Purana. mentions The Mbh. mentions it in the Gokula It is situated on the left bank of the Yamuna and Vasudeva being afraid contains the temple of Gokulanathaji. of Kamsa crossed the river Yamuna and left Shri krsna in charge of Nanda who lived there. Vallabhacarya, a contemporary of Caltanya and founder of the Vallabhacari seet of the Vaisnavas, built new Gokula in imitation of Mahavana. 247 1-444 Brahma Purana. also mentions it in connection with krsna. 242 Ch.77. 9-10%; cf. Saura Ch. 69-26. 243 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.153. 244 64.8 245 25.80 246 Mbh. (Cr.ed.) 3.86.12. 247 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.79. 248 248 181.40, 184.7; A.188.25% 191.1, 192.14, 197.8. The

Gomanta 903 There are various hills of this name. One is in Another the Sahya range near Karavirapura and the river Vena. hill is near Dwaraka where krsna and the Vrsnis migrated from Mathura through fear of Jarasandha's attacks.249 The mountain Girnar in Kathiawar is also called Gomanta. Fargiter identifies it with the hills of south or south-east of Nasik?50 According to Raychaudhari the hill might be placed in Mysore 251 region. The Brahma purana mentions it as a mountain. 252 Gomati There are many rivers of this name: (i) In Av. 253 it is invoked between Kubha and Kramu, hence it is probably modern Gomal, a western tributary of the Indus. Lucknow is situated on the bank of this river.(ii) It is a river near 254 Saraswati. (iii) It is a river near Dwaraka.255 (iv) It is in Oudh, rising in Himalaya and falling into the Ganges 256 below Benaras. (v) It is a branch of the river Chambal in 249 cf. Sabhaparva 14.54, Vanaparva (Ur.ed.) 3.86.19, Naradiya II. 60.27. Markandeya P. P. 289, note. • Studies in Indian Antiquities, F.133. 250 251 252 253 VIII. 24.30, X 75.6. 254 Vamana P.63.61,83.2. 27.23 the ms. 'ga' reads 'Gomantha'. 255 Skanda, Avanti khanda, A.60. 256 Matsya 114.22, Brahmanda II.16,25; Ramayana II.49.11. kamayana

904 Malwa on which the city Ranathambhora is situated.257 (vi) It is a river in Kangara district in Punjab.258 The Brahma Purana mentions it as rising from Himalaya (27.26) and situated near Benaras (11.43). It is mentioned as a holy place (64.10) and elsewhere it is described as a river near the Utkala Pradesh (178.7). Govardhana This hill is situated 18 miles from Brindaban in the district of Mathura. In the village called paitho krsna is said to have taken this hill on his little finger and held it as an umbrella over the heads of his cattle and townsmen to 259 protect them from rains poured upon them by Indra. Govardhanapura ܬܐ It is a sacred spot and one becomes free from sins by visiting it. It is near modern Nasik in Maharastra.260 It may be identified with a large modern village of GovardhanaGangapur on the right bank of the Godavari, six miles west of Nasik. 261 257 Meghaduta, Purvardha, $1.47. 258 Indian Antiquary, Vol 22, P.178. 259 Brahma Purana. 187.51; 188.14,21,23,24; 189.1,4,190.1; Mbh., I Udyogaparva, Ch.129; Bhagavata V.19, 16; X.11,36; 13,29; Harivamsa Ch.55. < 260 Mathura Buddhist image inscription of Huviska, Markandeya Purana. Ch.57, Bhandarkar, Early History of the Dekkan, P.3. 261 Gazeteer of Bombay Presidency, Vol.XVI, 1883, Nasik, PP. 636-637.

905 The Brahma purana mentions it on the bank of Godavari on the north of the Sahya mountain. It states that it is the most beautiful place in the whole world and the sage Bhrgu lived there (27.43,44). Grdhravata It might be the Grdhrakuta hill of Gaya 262 or it might be under Sukraksetra where a Grdhra became a man.263 The Brahma Purana does not throw light on its location but " mentions it as a holy place (25.69). Hamsamarga Tibet.264 Pargiter states that they were a people in eastern According to Nilamatapurana (14.64) it was a place near Kasmir. The Brahma P. mentions it as a northern country along with Kasmir (27.49). Harikesavana It is under Varanasi 265 The Brahma Purana mentions it as a holy place (25.62). 262 Mbh. (Cr.ed.) 3.82.87; Agni 116.12,Padma 1.38.11; Narada II.44.72; Vayu 108.83. 263 Varaha 137-56. 264 Markandeya Purana., P.323, Note. 265 Linga P. quoted by Tirthakalpataru, P.113.

Hastinapura 906 It was the ancient capital of the Kurus, situated I on the Ganges in the Meerut district of the United Provinces. It has been traditionally identified with an old town in Mawana tahsil, Merat.266 The Brahma purana also states that it was situated on the bank of the river Bhagirathi and refers to its being dragged by the plough of Balarama (208.31-39). Hemakuta Pargiter states that it was a group of mountains in the Himalayas in the western part of Nepal. 267 Hemakuta was near the rivers Nanda and Apara-nanda and between the sources of Ganges and Kausiki.268 Himalaya It is mentioned in Rv.(X.121.4), Av.(V.4.2,8), VI.24.1) kenopanisad (3.25), Mbh.(Vana 158.19) and there are plenty of references in puranas. Its length is given as 1080 yojanas. The ancient geographers applied the name Himavat to the entire 266 Cunningham, Ancient Geography of India, P.702. 267 Mbh. (Cr.ed.) 3.109.2, (X.9968-87) 268 Ibid, Markandeya Purana. 369.

907 mountain range stretching from sulaiman along the west of Punjab and the whole of the northern boundary of India upto Assam and Arakan hill ranges in the east. As for its description in the Brahma purana, vide the appendix No.8. Iksu Nandalal Dey identifies it with the river oxus 269 but Pargiter says that it is difficult to identify it.270 The Brahma purana locates it in Sakadvipa (20.67). Indradyumnasara It is near Purusottamaksetra or Jagannathapuri in The Brahma Purana considers it to be a holy place (25.79) and locates it at the same place (51.29, 60.11, 63.1). Orissa, Indragopa Probably it is Indrapura, a lofty mountain mentioned in the Indore Copperplate inscription of Skandagupta which stands about five miles to the north-west of Dibhai, the chief town of the Dibhai Pargana x in the sub-division of the Bulandshahar district. 269 Geographical Dictionary, P.77; Visnu Sk.2, A.42; Vayu 45.96 and J.A.S.B. (1902), P.154. 270 Markandeya Purana., PP. 292, 304.

908 It is mentioned as a large mountain situated near Himalaya and the Brahma Purana. further states that the linga of lord Siva was placed there (174.25,26). Iravati Some consider it to be the river Ravi, The Rapti and Iravati are the contractions of this name. It rises in the rock-basin of Bangahal and drains the southern slopes of the pir Panjal and the northern slopes of Dhaula Dhar. appears first at the south-west corner of Chamba in Kasmir. From Chamba it flows past Lahore, following a south-westerly and meets Chenab or the united flow of the Vitasta and course, Chandrabhaga between Ahmadpur and Saraisindhu.271 The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a river arising from Himalaya (27:26). Janasthana It According to Ramayana, 272 it was situated between Vindhya and the Saivala mountains, and a part of it was called According to Pargiter Janasthana was the Janasthana. country on both the banks of Godavari between its tributaries the Manjira and Pranhita. 273 271 Law, Rivers of India, P. 13. 272 Uttarakanda, Ch.81. 273 J.R.A.S., 1894, P.247.. 7 A

909 The Brahma Purana also places it on the bank of the river Godavari and mentions it as a holy place. 274 Kailasa It is mentioned by Yoginitantra (1.1, 1.12), Purusottamapuri plates of Ramacandra, 275 Bhagavata, 276 Kalikapurana, 277 Mbh., 278 and Kumarasambhava 279. The Kailasa range runs parallel to the Ladakh range, 50 miles behind the latter. It contains a number of groups of giant peaks. It may be identified with the Vaidyataparvata. It is the kangrinpoche of the Tibetans, situated about 25 miles to the north of the Manasasarovara. 280 274 The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy mountain 281 88.1, 88.23,24; 89.31; 92.7;8; 213.130. 275 Epigraphia Indica, XXV, Pt. V. 276 277 IV. 5.22, V. 16.27. Vangabasi ed. 13.23, 14.31. 278 Vanaparva chs.144,156; Bhismaparva ch.6. 279 Nirnayasagara ed., viii. 24. 280 Dey N.L. Geographical Dictionary, PP. 82,83; Law B.C., Geography of Early Buddhism, P.39, Mountains of India, P. 7. 281 £ 72.3,6; 75.1,2; 78.54; 143.11,12.

j 910 and once separates it from the Hemakuta (54.9) and elsewhere identifies it with Brahmagiri (74.88). According to the modern geographers, this mountain was uplifted earlier, and hence is older than the Himalaya proper. It is of Hercynian age and got considerably folded and faulted subsequent to its uplift. Kalinga The ancient Kalinga seems to have comprised modern Crissa to the south of the Vaitarani and the sea-coast southwards as far as Vizagapattam.282 It also included the Amarakantaka range which is said to be in its western part.283 The Brahma purana also locates the Kalinga country at various places. It is said to be a Janapada of Madhyadesa (27.42), a southern country (27.55; 19.16), a northern country (27.46). Baudhayana brands it as impure including it in his list of Samkirna-yonayah. The Brahma purana also considers it to be unholy for sraddha purposes. Kamakhya 284 It is a place of pilgrimage near Gauhati in Assam. 282 Mb. III. 114.4. 283 Mbh. Vanaparva (Cr.ed.) 3.114.4; Kurma II, 39.19; Cunningham, Geographical dictionary PP.734-35; Law, Geography of early Buddhism, PP.63-64. 284 220.8, cf. also Patil D.R., Op.Cit., P.258.

911 It was a great centre of the sensual form of worship inculcatI ed in the tantras. The temple of Kamakhya in Kamarupa is a special object of veneration to the devotees of this creed, as it is said to cover the place where the genitals of sakti fell when her body was cut into pieces by Visnu. 285 Kamarupa The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (25.30). It is bounded on the north by Bhutan, on the east F by the districts of Darrang and Nowgong, on the south by Khasi hills and on the west by Goalpara.286 The Brahma purana mentions it as a country situated in the east (19.16). Kamboja ' The Kambojas are supposed to have occupied the western Himalayas. Geographically they are located in the north.287 They were one of the earliest vedic tribes. They 285 Banikanta Kakati The Mother Goddess Kamakhya, 1948. 286 Allen B.C.,Kamarup, Assam District Gazeteers; Vol.IV, Ch.l. 287 Mbh., (Cr.ed.) 6.10.64.

912 were settled to the north-west of Indus and were the same as Kambujiya.288 V.A.Smith has placed this country among the mountains either of Tibet or of the Hindukush. Some have assigned it to the country round modern Sindh and Gujarat. j who The Brahma P. refers to them as a northern people (27.47) and mentions them in the story of Sagara who is said to have vanquished them with Sakas, Haihayas, etc. (8.50), according to Pargiter were the foreign tribes of the north. The Brahmaftribes of the however refers to the best breed of horses not in connection with the Kambojas but with Gandharas 289 Vide 'Gandhara'. Kanakhal It is situated two miles to the cast of Haradwara at the junction of the Ganges and the Niladhara. It was the SEE scene of Daksa Yajna according to puranas.290 Some consider it as a place in Mount Abu, Rajputana 291 The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place of pilgrimage (25.10; 64.5). 288 Persian inscription. 289 cf. also Patil D.R., Op.Cit., P.258. 290 Kurma, Ch.36, Vamana Chs.4 & 34, Linga Pt.1, Ch.100 291 No.454, V.1265, Inscriptions of Northern India, revised by D.R.Bhandarkar.

Karatoya 913 It is a branch of the Brahmaputra and formed the Its origin is above Domar in the district of Rungpur and is joined on the left by a tributary in the same district and by another on the left in the district of Bogra. It has been identified by some with the Sadanira.293 Western boundary of Kamarupa. 292 The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy river (64.13) but considers it to be unholy for staddha (220.10) purposes. The Brahma purana also mentions a place of pilgrimage Karatoya (25.76). Kasi Kasi Among the holy places of India, Kasi or Varanasi stands prominent. The kingdom of Kasi was bordered by Kosala on the north, Magadha on the east and Vatsa on the west. 292 293 It is mentioned by Panini 294, Patanjali, 295 cf. Mbh., Vanaparva (Cr.ed.) 3.83.3, Padma Ch.21, Mark. 57.21-25, Yoginitantra 1.11.60; 1.12.69; 2.1.114; Kalika Ch.51, 68; 58.37. $ Amarakosa 1,2,3,32; Haimakosa IV,151; Law, Rivers of India, P.24. 294 Astadhyay (4.2.116). 295 2.1.1; P.32.

914 Bhagavata, 296 Skanda, 297 Saura, 298 Kalika 299 and Mbh. The Brahma purana also mentions it as a holy place of pilgrimage (64.8; 207.15,21,26-28,39). Kasmira north.300 Kausambi The Brahma purana also mentions it as a country in It lies to the north of Punjab. 6 It is a city of high antiquity being mentioned, as early as the Brahmana literature. 301 There is some difference of opinion amongst the scholars regarding its location. According to Cunningham the present village Kosam on Jumna stands on the actual site of Kausambl. 302 But Vincent Smith says that the site of Kausambl is still to be investigated and it will be found in Baghelkhanda Taluka probably on the Tons river, not very far from the East Indian 303 Railway which connects Allahabad with Jabalpur. identification is now generally accepted.304 296 297 298 299 f IX.22,28; X.57,32;X.66,10; X.84,55; XII.13,17. Ch.I, 19-23. Ch.IV, V.5. 51.53; 58-35, 300 27.49, 54.12, 230.70 Cunningham's 301 Satapatha and Gopatha Brahmanas, Law 'Kausambi in Ancient literature' Memoir of the Archaeological Survey of India. Law, Ibid. 302 303 JRAC. 1898, 503. 304 Ghosh, Early History of Kausambi, 93-4.

(25.33). The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place Kausiki 915 It is the modern river Kusi, which flows into the Ganges through the district of Purnea, In Bihar It is mentioned as a great river issuing from the Himalaya.3 305 It is remarkable for the rapidity of its stream, the danger and uncertain nature of its bed and chiefly for its constant westerly movement. 306 The Brahma purana states that Satyavati, the wife of the sage Reika and the mother of Jamadagni was turned into the river Kausiki (10.50) and it is mentioned as a holy place (25.43,64.13), its source being given as Himalaya (27.27). Kaveri It is the name of a river which starting from Coorg passes through the districts of Coimbatore, Trichinopoly and falls into the Bay of Bengal. It is mentioned in Ramayana, 305 Ramayana, Adikanda, V.8, Varaha, 140; Bhagavata 1.18.36; V. 19,18; IX. 15,12. 307 306 Hunter W.W.- Statistical account of Bengal, 1877%; also vide Shillingford F.A., on changes in the course of the Kusi river and the probable dangers arising from them; in J.A.S., Vol.LXIV, Pt.1, 1895, PP. 1 ff. 307 Kiskindhya kanda, XLI, 21.25 f.

916 Mbh., 308 Harivansa (27,1416-22), Kalikapurana (24.130-135), Kavyadarsa (III.166), Bhagavata, 309 Padma, 210 Brhatsamhita (14.13) and Raghuvansa (IV.45). The Tirthayatra sections of the puranas and epics mention it as very holy. It is a famous river in South India, which rises in the western ghats and flows south-east through Mysore and falls into the Bay of 311 Bengal in the district of Tanjore in the Madras State. The Brahma purana states that Kaveri was the daughter of Yuvanasva and wife of Jahnu and due to her father's curse 1 kong She was considered to be the The source of this river is she was turned into a river. best among the rivers (10.21). given as the mountain Rksa (19.12) and it is considered to be very holy (64.11). Kekaya It is mentioned by Panini, 312 Patanjali, 313 Mbh. 315 and Bhagavata 316 and Ramayana. Rajasekhara, 314 317 It has been identified with the present district of Shahpur in Cunningham identifies the capital of the Kekayathe Punjab. 308 Bhisma (Cr.ed.) 6.10.19; Vana (Cr.ed.) 3.83.20. 309 V.19,18; VII.13.12; 1.79,14; XI.5.40. 310 Uttarakhanda Vs.35.38. 311 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.51. 312 Astadhyaya (7.3.2). 313 Mehabhasya (7.3.2). 314 315 316 317 In Kavyamimamsa, they are placed in the northern division along with the Sakas,Hunas, Kambojas, Vahlikas etc. II.48.13, Mbh. (Cr.ed.) vi.57.12; VII.19.8; VII.19.7. X.2.3; X.75; 12; X.84,55; X.86,20. 1.69.7; 11.71.18.

917 Jhelum.318 desa with Girjak or Jalalpur on the Jhelum. The Brahma purana also mentions it as a northern country (27.46) and states that it was so called after Kekoya, k the son of Sibi (13.26), Kirata It is in the Himalayas and is possibly Tibet. The Brahma purana mentions it as a northern country (27.48). Elsewhere it is said to be a hilly country (54.13) and is considered to be unholy for sraddha purposes (220.8). Kiskindha It lay far to the south of Godavarl.319 The Brahma purana mentions it as a Janapada of Vindhya (27.60) and refers to it as a holy place (157.1,3,31). Konaditya This sandy tract also known as Konarka is situated on the beautiful and holy sea-shore. It is situated near the northernmost end of the sandy strip stretching from the Chilka lake to the Praci river. It contains a deity named Konaditya and is famous for the Hindu temple which is one of the best 318 J.A.S.B., 1895, 250 fr. 319 Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P.343, Note.

918 specimens of Indian architecture. This temple which has been dedicated to the Sun-god is commonly known as the Black Pagoda which is situated at a distance of 21 miles north-east of Puri town. The sea is a mile and a half to the south-east of the temple. The erection of the temple has been ascribed to the king Narasimhadeva of Khurda of the 13th century A.D.320 The Brahma purana mentions the deity named Konaditya in the Suryamandir situated in Utkala on the shore of the ocean (28.9,18,69). Konkana It is the country between the western chats and the sea, from about Bombay southward to Goa, in the wider sense it includes the Keralas, Tulangas, Saurastras, Karnatakas, Karnatas, Varaharas and the Konkans proper. The Brahma purana mentions it as a country unfit for sraddha (220.8). Kosala It lay to the east of the Kurus and Pancalas and to 320 J.A.S.B., LXXII, 1903, Pt.1, P.120; Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, PP.165-166; Burnier-Konarak; Hunter, Orissa, I., R.C.Mitra Antiquities of Orissa, II,145; Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Book VI, Ch.2. W

919 the west of Videhas from whom it was separated by the river Sadanira probably the great Gandaka 321 The Brahma purana states it to be a Janapada of Vindhya as well as Madhyadesa (27.41,60). Krsna It is a river which is the same as krsnavena. According to the Brahma Purana., it issues from the mountain Sahya.322 The Brahma purana mentions it as krsna (77.5), Krsnavena (27.35) and Krsnaveni (19.12). It has its source in the western ghats; flowing east through the Deccan plateau and breaking through the eastern ghats in a gorge, it falls into the Bay of Bengal. Its course lies through the Maharastra, Hyderabad, and the Madras State. In its course through Hyderabad and Madras it is joined by many tributaries including the Dhon, the Bhima, the Dindi, the Peddavagu, the Musi-Aler, the Paler, the Muner and the Tunga, bhadra. 323 The Brahma purana also states that the tirtha where the rivers Krsna, Tungabhadra and Bhimarathi join is very holy(77.5). 321 Cambridge History of India, 1,308, Rapson, Ancient India, P.164. 322 27.35, 19.12, cf. also Markandeya Purana. 57,26,27. 323 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.48.

Krtamala 920 This river is identified with the Vaigai which flows past the town of Madhura, the capital of the kingdom of Pandya, 324 The Brahma purana states it to arise from the mountain Malaya (19.12, 27.36). ། Kuntala This is a district of the Karnata country According to some Mysore inscriptions the Kuntala region included the part of the Maharastra State and the northern portion of Mysore.325 According to some, Kuntala is situated between Bhima and Vedavati, comprising the Canarese districts of Maharastra and Madras states and of Mysore state and also perhaps a part of Maharastra with Vidarbha having its capital at Pratisthana on the Godavari.326 The Brahma purana mentions it as a Janapada of Vindhya (27.41) as well as a southern country (27.57). 324 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.48. 325 Rice, Mysore and Coorg inscriptions, P.3; Fleet, Dynasties of the Kenarese districts, P.284. 326 Mirashi V.V., Hyderabad Archaeological Memoir No.14,P.9,f.n. 5 I

Kuruksetra 327 It is mentioned by Panini , Mbh., 328 921 Taittiriya Aranyaka (v.1.1), Saura purana (67.12), Ramayana 329 and Kurma purana.330 The ancient Kuru country may be said to have The region included comprised the Kuruksetra or Thanesvara. Sonapat, Amin, Karnal and Panipat and was situated between the Saraswati on the north and Drsadvati on the south. The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place where 331 the hermitage of sage Vyasa was situated. Lokaloka It is the name of a mountain which is supposed to be beyond the ocean of fresh water and beyond which again is the cell of the mundane egg. 332 (20.96). Madhyadesa It is a mountain having an area of ayuta yojanas " The country is described as lying in the east of the 327 Astadhyayi 4.1.172/176; 4.2.130. 328 83.1-8, 203-208. 329 Ayodhyakanda, LXX, 12. 330 Purvabhaga 30.45-48. 331 13.106, 25.6, 26.6, 51.63, 64.3, 65.87,92; 245.22. 332 Visnu P. (Wilson), P.202, Note 6.

922 region where the river Saraswati vanishes. To the west of Kalakavana which is identified with the tract of somewhere near Prayaga, to the north of Paripatra and to the south of The Aryavarta of sutras and the Madhyades of Himalayas. Manu are, according to Kavyamimamsa (P.93) known as Antarvedi which extends upto Benaras in the east. The eastern boundary of Madhyedesa gradually expanded itself with the progress of time so as to include places which acquire sanctity within the brahmanical fold. The following Janapadas, according to Brahma purana, are included in the Madhyadesa, viz.: Matsya, Mukutakulya, Kuntala, Kasi, Kosala, Andhraka, Kalinga, Samaka and Vrka (7.20; 27.41-42). Madra D The country of the Madras mentioned in the Allahabad pillar inscription, roughly corresponds to the modern Sialkot and the surrounding regions between Ravi and the Chenab rivers. The people of this country were an ancient ksatriya tribe of 333 vedic times. According to the Brahma purana, Madra is a western 333 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc. India, P.105.

923 country. The Brahma purana refers to Madraka as a northern country and states that it was so-called after Madraka, the son of Sibi (13-26; 27.45). Magadha It comprises the districts of Gaya and Patna. Some place it to the west of Arga being separated from the later kingdom by the river Campa. 334 The Brahma purana mentions Magadha as a southern country (19.16), as a northern desa (27.49) and as a western Janapada (27.53). Mahanadi It is the largest river in Orissa, which rises from the hells at the south-east corner of Berar. It flows past Sihoa and passes through Bastar in the Central Provinces. reaches the southern border of the district of Bilaspur follows a south-easterly course and flows past the town of Cuttack.335 It It According to Brahma purana, it is a holy river (25.67; 64.134,14,25.67) and its origin is the mountain Rksa 334 Law B.C., The Maghadhas in ancient India, J.A.S.B., Vol. LXX, Pt.l, 1892. 335 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.44.

924 (27.30). Maharastra It is the country watered by the upper Godavari and the region lying between Godavari and krsna. 336 According to Brahma purana, it is a southern country (25.17). Mahendra According to the Ramayana 337 the eastern ghats are known as the Mahendra parvata. The Mahendra range seems to indicate the whole range of mountains extending from Ganjam as far south as the Pandya country to the whole of the eastern ghat range. 338 The Mahendradri or the Mahendra mountain is situated between the Gangasagarasangama and the Saptagodavari.339 Pargiter thinks that the name should be limited to the hills between the Mahanadi, Godavari and Wainganga and may may perhaps comprise the portions of the eastern ghats north to the Godavari, 340 According to Pargiter the Mahendra hills of Ramayana and those of the Puranas are two different ranges. But Rai Chaudhari 341 thinks that the 336 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.171. 337 Kiskindhyakanda, 41.18-20, Lankakanda, 4,92-94. 338 Law B.C., Hist. Geog.of Anc.India, P.22.. 339 Bhagavata, X.79.. 340 Markandeya, P.305, note. 341 Studies in Indian Antiquities, PP.108-109.

925 same range of hills is meant by the authors of the Ramayana and the puranas. The Brahma purana mentions it as a Kulaparvata of India (19.3) and states that the rivers Trisandhya, Rsikulya, Vanjula, Tridiva, Langulini and Varisakara 342 and says that the sage Parasurama practised penance on this mountain (213.122). Mahi It issues from the Paripatra mountains and empties itself into the Gulf of Cambay. It has a south-westerly course upto Banswara, from which it turns south to pass through Gujarat. 343 The Brahma purana also states it to originate from the Pariyatra mountain (27.28). Mahismati It seems that the city Mahismati was situated on the bank of the river Narmada as both of them are mentioned in proxiity (13.76-79). It was situated on the bank of Rewa. It was the main city of Anupadesa.345 ✓ According to Dey, Mahismati is considered to be either 342 343 19.15; 27.19, 47,37,38; 54.10.. Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.288.. 344 Bhagavata, 10th Skandha, 72.21. 345 Bhandarkar, Indian Antiquary, 7, P. 254. 344

926 Mahesvara or Mandhata on the bank of the river Narmada.346 According to Munshi K.M., the ancient Mahismati was situated in place of the present Bharuca.347 It was the capital of the south Avanti. Here Kartavirydarjuna imprisoned Ravana and it was the capital of Kartavirya.348 Mainaka It is referred to in Yoginitantra 349 and Kadambari of Bana (P.86). It is the Siwalik hills proper extending for about 200 miles from the Beas to the Ganges, and are known to the ancient geographers as Mainakaparvata. In the Uttara Pradeda the Siwaliks are known as the Churia and the Dundwa ranges and lie between the Ganges and Yamuna. 360 The Ramayana locates it in South India. The Brahma purana refers to it many a times 351 but 348 Geographical Dictionary. 347 Durgasankara Sastri, Aitihasika Samsodhana, P.561. 348 13.175, cf. also Bhagavata, IX, 15.22; Matsya 43.29,38; Visnu IV, 11.9.19; also vide Munshi Kanahaiyalal The Mahismati of Kartavirya, 1922; and Fleet J.F. Mahismandala and Mahismati. 349 2.4, PP. 128-129. 350 Law B.C., Mountains of India, PP. 3,4,7. 351 27.22; 54.10, 72.3,7,14. nai

927 its exact location is not given. But as it is mentioned with the mountains situated chiefly in the north, it seems to the be the mountain situated in the north and not the one mentioned by Ramayana, once it is called Vakraparvata (54.10). Malada According to Cunningham, the Maladas are the people of the modern district of Maldah in which the old cities of Gaur and Pandua are situated, while the town Maldah itself is old.352 The Brahma purana mentions it as an eastern country (27.51). Malava " In It is difficult to locate exactly the Malava. Alexander's time the Malavas were settled in the Punjab. Smith thinks that they occupied the country below the confluence of the Jhelum and the Chenab, i.e. the country comprising the 363 Jhang district; and a portion of the Montgomery district. According to Mccrindle they occupied a greater extent of territory comprising the modern Doab of the Chenab and the Ravi and extending to the confluence of the Indus and the Chenab, identical with the modern Multan district and portions 352 Arch. Surv. Reports, XV. 77. 353 J.R.A.S., 1903, P.631.. *

928 of Montgomery. 354 Some have located them in the valley of lower Ravi on both banks of the river.³ The Brahma P. mentions it as a hill country (27.64) and as occupying the area of Pariyatra mountain (19.17) thus locating it in the area indicated in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta. The Brahma P. further mentions Avanti as a main city of Malawa (43.24). Malaya Pargiter correctly identifies Malaya with the portion of the western ghats from the Nilgiris to the Cape Camorin. The southern extension of the western ghats below the Kaveri, now known as the Travancore hills, really forms the western side of the Malayagiri.356 According to the Brahma P. it is one of the kulaparvatas of India (19.3, 27.19). It is considered to be a holy place (64.9, 160.12) and the rivers Tamraparni, Krtamala, Pusyaja and Pratyalavati are said to emerge from it (19.14; 27.36, 54.10). 354 Invasion of India, APR. note, P. 357. Raychaudhari, P.H.A.I., 4th ed., P.205. 355 356 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc. India, PP.22,23.

Mandakini 929 Mandakini identifies this Rksa river with the modern Mandakin which forms a small tributary to the Paisandi (Paisuni) in Bundelkhanda and flows by the side of the Mount Citrakut.357 The Brahma purana also states it to be the river Elsewhere it is arising from the mountain Rksa (27.30). stated that king Pururava and Urvasi stayed on the bank of this river (10.6). Here it does not seem to be the Rksa river. * 5 Mandara It is situated in the Banka sub-division of the district of Bhagalpur, 30 miles to the south of Bhagalpur, and three miles to the north of Bansi. 358 The Brahma purana locates it in different places. It is referred to in connection with the charming of the ocean (13.182). It is associated with Dardalacala(27.21). It is said to be situated to the east of Meru (18.25) and also as situated in the Kusadvipa (20.41). Narakasura is said to have carried away the bejewelled peak of this mountain 359 and 357 A.S.I.R., XXI, 11. 358 Byrne, Bhagalpur, B.D.Gazeteers, PP. 162, 163, 169. 359 202.10, 209.13,117. 4

930 it is said to be a holy place.360 Maniparvata It is in the Himalaya region.3 361 The Brahma Purana mentions that the king Narakasura carried away this bejewelled mountain with him (202.54, 203.1). Mathura It was the capital of the Surasena. It was the home of the Vrsnis and the Andhakas and was attacked by the demons (A.14). The Vrsnis and the Andhakas left Mathura on that account and established their city at Dvaravati. 362 The Brahma purana mentions it in the north and refers to it frequently in connection with krsna. 363 Matsya " According to Manu, the Matsya country formed a part of the Brahmarsidesa, which included the eastern half of the state of Patiala and of the Delhi division of the Punjab, the Alwar Taluka and the adjacent territory in Rajputana, the 360 54.9, 56.19, 64.9, 72.36. 361 Jataka II, P. 92. 362 14.56, cf. Harivamsa, ch. 37. 363 27.46; 69.4%; A.185-212, 245.24.

931 region which lies between the Ganges and the Jumna and the Muttra district in the United Provinces. 364 In the ancient times, the Matsyadesa included the whole of the present Alwar territory with portions of Jaipur and Bharatpur. Vairata was also in the Matsyadesa. 365 3 The present town of Vairat is situated in the midst of a circular valeey surrounded by low bare bed hills which have all along been famous for their copper mines. It is 105 miles to the south west of Delhi, and 41 miles to the northof Jaipur.366 na The Brahma purana mentions it as a Janapada of Madhyadesa (27.41; 54.12). Meru I It is identical with the Rudra Himalaya in Garhwal where the Ganges takes its rise. 367 It is near the BadarikaSrama and is probably the Mount Meros of Arrian. On the western side of this mountain stand Nisadha and Paripatra; on I 364 Manu II. 19-20, VII, 193; Rapson, Ancient India, PP.50-51. 365 Cunningham's Report, Archaeological Survey of India, 366 367 Vol. XX, P. 2. r + Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.321. Also vide Raychaudhari, PHAI, 5th ed., PP.66 ff., Smith V.A., Early History of Ancient India, 4th ed.,P.413; Banerjee R.D., Bangalar Itihasa, P.158, Imperial Gazeteers of India, Vol.XIII, 382 ff. Law, Geography of Early Buddhism, P.42.

1 932 the southern side stand Kailasa and Himavanta, and on the northern side stand Srigavan and Jarudhi. 368 It is a mountain which contains gold deposits and is supposed to be situated to the north of the Jambudvipa. According to the Brahma purana, the mountain Meru is situated in the middle of the Jambudvipa and its area is 32,000 yojanas (18.27,29). Mithila Mithila was the capital of Videha.369 It has been identified with the modern Janakapura, a small town within the Nepal border. The districts of Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga meet to the north of it. The Brahma purana mentions Janaka as the king of Mithila. (242-54; 17.19). Mrttikavati It seems to have been situated somewhere on the. north-eastern limits of modern Gujarat.370 According to the Brahma Purana. it is situated on the bank of the river Narmada and king Jyamagha conquered it (15.15). 368 Markandeya Purana., Vangavasi ed., P. 240. 369 Mbh., Vanaparva, 254, cf. Mahavastu, III, P.172, Divyavadana, P. 424. 370 Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P.342, Note.

Musika 933 Pargiter suggests that the Mrsilas were probably settled on the bank of the river Musi on which stands modern Hyderabad.371 Both in the Mbh. 372 and the Markandeya Puranaurana, the Musikas are mentioned as a people living in the south. (27.55). The Brahma Purana. also mentions it as a southern country Nainise It was a holy forest where sixty thousand sages lived. Many puranas were written here. It is the modern Nimsar, 20 miles from Sitapur and 45 miles to the north-west of Lucknow. It is a holy place of Hindus frequented by pilgrims from all parts of India.373 it (A.1). The Brahma purana gives a picturesque description of Narmada It is the most important river of Central and Western India, It rises from the Maikal range and flows more or less 371 Markandeya Purana., P.366. Bhismaparva, II, 366. . 372 373 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.41.

934 in a south-westerly direction forming the natural boundary between Bhupal and Central Provinces.374 The Brahma purana mentions the mountain Vindhya as its source (19.12). It is considered to be a devatirtha. It flows through the mountain Amarakantaka (77.4). Some hold that it rises in the Amarakantaka mountain and falls into the gulf of Cambay. The southern bank of the river Narmada is considered to be unholy for sraddha purposes (220.9). Nirvindhya Kalidasa mentions it as lying between Ujjain and the river Vetravati.375 It lies between Vidida and Ujjayini, i.e.between the Dasarna and the Sipra. It is identified with the modern Kalisindha which forms a tributary of the Carmanvati. 376 The Kalisindh flows north from the Vindhya range to join the Chambel on the right. As the Kalisindh is probably the Sindhu of Kalidasa's Meghaduta, the identification of the Nirvindhya with the Newas, another tributary of the Chambal, seems to be more reasonable.377 The Brahma pubana mentions it as emerging from the mountain Rksa (19.12). 374 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.324. 375 1.28,29, Meghaduta. 376 Journal of the Buddhist text Society, V, P.46. 377 Thornton's Gazeteer, Gwalior, Bhupal

935 Nivasapura It is Newasa on the Pravara which falls into Godavari at the sacred place called Toka. The Brahma purana states that as Siva and Sakti resided (Nivasa) at the confluence of Pravara and Gautamiganga, it was called Nivasapur (106.53,54). Pahlava Punjab.378 Pancala Pargiter seems to establish the Pahlava colony in The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a northern desa (27.47). It comprised Bareilly, Budaun, Farukkabad and the adjoining districts of Rohilakhanda and the Central Doab in the U.P. It seems to have been bounded on the east by the Gak Gumati and on the south by Chambal. It extended from The great 379 the Himalaya mountains to the Chambal river. kingdom of Pancala was divided into northern and southern Pancala having Ahicchatra and Kampilya as their respective capitals. Northern Pancala included districts of the Uttara Pradesa lying east of the Ganges and north-west of the Oudh While the southern Pancala included the country between the 378 Markandeya Purana., P.374, Note. 379 Cunningham, Ancient Geography, P.36.

936 Jumna and the Ganges on the east and south-east of the Kurus and Surasenas 380 The problem of the origin of the name Pancala and its probable connection with the number Five struck the authors of the puranas and the Brahma purana states that as the five (Panca) sons of Bahyasva, viz. Mudgala, Srnjaya, Brhadisu, Yavinara and Krmilasva were enough (Alam) for the protection of the region allotted to them, it was called Pancala.381 Parada On the strength of the evidence given in puranas and epics associating the Paradas with the barbarous foreign tribes of the north, Pargiter locates them in the north-west. 382 The Brahma purana also mentions Parada as a northern country (27.46). Pariyatra According to Baudhayana's Dharmasutra (1.1.25), Pariyatra is the southern limit of Aryavarta. According to the Skanda purana, it is the farthest limit of Kumarikhanda, the centre of Bharatavarsa. Pargiter identifies the Pariyatra 380 Rapson, Ancient India, P.167. 381 13.95,96; 54.12; Bhagavata 9-21; Visnu 19th Ch., 4th Anka; Vayu, P.99%; Agni 278. 382 JRAS, 1917, 40-47; 1910. 9-10; 1919. 354-361.

937 mountain with that portion of the modern Vindhya range, which is situated west of Bhupal together with the Aravalli mountain 383 According to Brahma purana, it is one of the seven kulaparvatas of Bharata (19.3) and the rivers Devasmrti, Devavati, Vataghni, Sindhu, Venya, Candana, Sadanira, Mahi, Carmanvati, Vrsi, Vidisa, Vedavati, Sipra and Avanti emerge from it. 384 Paundra The Paundras dwelt in and to the west and south-west of Bengal proper, 1.e. the modern districts of Santal Paraganas and Birbhum and the northern portion of Hazaribaag. The Brahma purana mentions it as a southern country (19.16). Payosni According to Mbh. and the Markandeya purana, this river was separated from the Narmada by the Vaidurya mountain 385 The Matsya purana states that the river Payosni flowed through the countries inhabited by the two tribes called Tamaras and Hamsamargas, Cunningham identifies it with the Pahoj, 383 Law, Mountains of India, PP.17,18; Geographical Essays, 115 ff. 384 27.28-29, 54.10; 64.9; 19.3; 10,17; 27.20. 385 Mbh. Vanaparva (Cr.ed.) 3.86.4; Mark. Cant. LVII, 24.

938 1 tributary between Sindh and Betwa,386 but according to Law, this identification is not tenable. 387 The Brahma Purana. mentions it to emerge from the mountain Rksa (19.12) and it is to the south of Vindhya. Prabhasa It is mentioned in the Nasik cave inscription of the time of Nahapana. 388 It is in Kathiawar and it is the wellknown Paabhasa Patana or Somnatha Patana on the south coast of Kathiawar. 389 The Brahma purana mentions that Yamuna and Saraswati join at Prabhasa (77.4) and is situated on the Lavanarnava (194.24). Krsna directed Uddhava to go to Prabhasa when Dwaraka was going to be drowned in the ocean (210.30). mentioned as a holy place (25.10, 69; 64.5). The Brahma purana also mentions Somanatha at Prabhasa. Pragjyotisa 386 387 388 389 It is It seems to be included not only in the Kamarupa Archaeological Suvey Report, VII, Plate XXII. Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc. India, P.326. C.119-24, A.D. Gazeteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1883, Nasik, P.637. ar

939 country but also a considerable portion of North Bengal and probably of north Bihar. According to Sir Edward Gait, Pragjyotisa is represented by the modern town of Gauhati. The Brahma purana states it was an eastern Janapada (27.53) and that Narakasura was its king. 390 Pratisthana It is the modern Paithan situated on the north bank of the Godavari in the Aurangabad district and is spoken of as the greatest city in Daksinapatha.391 there. 392 The Brahma purana states that a king surasena ruled The Brahma purana mentions another city Pratisthana situated on the northern bank of Ganga-Prayaga and states that here the king Pururava Aila ruled.³ 393 It seems to be the modern Prayage . radu Prayaga It is modern Allahabad. There is the confluence of the three rivers: Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati at Prayaga 390 391 219.115; 202.8,14,16,19. Law B.C., Some Jaina Canonical sutras, P.185. 392 111.2, 48; 227.151. 393 10.9-10; missing in ms. 'kha'.

940 The Brahma purana mentions that it is a holy place through which the river Bhagirathi flows. 394 It also states that Prayaga was ruled by three kings, viz. Kuru, Dusmanta and Bharata (Chs.10-12). Pururava is said to have been the ruler of this place (10.9,10). Prthudaka The old town of Dehoa is situated on the southern bank of the river Saraswati, 14 miles to the west of Thanesvara. The place derives its name from the famous Prthu Cakravarti who on the death of his father Vena, sat on the bank of Saraswati for twelve days after the cremation offering water to all comers. The place was, therefore, named Prthudaka and the city which he afterwards built there was called by the same name. • The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (25.35; 227.90; 64.7). Pulinda It was the westernmost part of Paduvar-kottam lying adjacent to the Mysore country. It comprised the whole of the modern Punganur taluka and that part of the adjoining Palamner taluka in the south which lay north to the Devarakunda 394 13.106; 25.6,9,25; 64.3; 65-88; 69.6%; 77.3, 245.22. 1

941 and the Karaveri hill ranges. 395 (27.56). The Brahma Purana. refers to it as a southern country Purusottamaksetra It is in the Puri district of Orissa. It is sandy and ten yojanas in extent containing the famous deity, Purusottama. It includes two distinct portions, the Balukhanda lies between two sacred tirthas, viz.Svargadvara and Cakratirtha. It is famous for the Hindu temple of Jagannatha and it lies exactly on the shore of the Bay of Bengal. from the Lokanatha temple on the west to the Balesvara temple, on the east and from Svargadvara on the south to the Matia stream on the north-east. temple lies the Gundicabarl. It extends About two miles from the great 396 The Brahma Purana. states that this holy city stands on the sea and also mentions that it is ten yojanas long.397 The Brahma purana gives its minor details. Puskala It was an earlier capital of Gandhara, situated to 395 Indian Geographical Journal, Vol. XXV, No.2, PP.14-18. B.and O. Dist. Gazeteers, Puri by O'Malley, 1929, PP. 326 ff; Stirling, Orissa, 1824. 396 } 1 397 Brahma Purana. 43.9, 44.71, 177.1, 178.1, 105,192; 179.2,3; 46.22.

942 the west of the river Indus. It is identified with the modern Charsadda, a little above the junction of the Swat with the Kabul river. 398 According to some, this city may be identified with the modern Prang and Charsadda; 17 miles north-east of Peshawar on the Swat river. 399 The Brahma Purana. states that Puskala was a northern country (27.47). Puskara 400 The Puskara forest is situated at a distance of six miles from Ajmer. The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy tirtha. The Brahma Purana. mentions another tirtha of the same name which is considered to be holy for sr³adha (220.5). Puspagiri It lay eight miles to the north of Cuddapah, The Brahma purana mentions it as a mountain (27.23). Raivata 401 It was near Dwaraka. Pargiter is inclined to 398 Agrawal V.S., Geographical data in Panini's Astadhyay, J.U.P.H. Society, Vol.XVI, Pt.1, P.18. 399 400 Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythraean sea, PP.183-184; J.A.S.B., 1889; iii; Cunningham, A.G.I.,1924, 57 ff.· 25.6,8;54.3; 64.3; 65.95,90%; 69.6%; 245.22, 220.5. 401 Epigraphia Indica, III.24.

943 identify it with the Barada hills in Halar. 402 In early times Raivata and Urjakanta might have been names of two different hills at Girnar, but in later times they came to be identified 403 close to Junagadh in Gujarat stands the Raivataka hill or Girnar. The Brahma purana mentions it twice (27.23; 72.6) but in the second reference of the kaivata does not mean any particular mountain but it means mountain in general. Ramatirtha There are two tirthas of this name, one is a village in the Vizagapattam district where an inscription has been found on the wall of a cave in a hill, belonging to Visnuvardhana Maharaja 405 and (ii) it is a holy reservoir in Sopara near Bassein, about 40 miles north of Bombay. 406 The Br. F. mentions it as a holy place on the bank of the river Godavari.4 407 402 Markandeya Purana., P. 289. 403 Bombay Gazeteer, Vol. VIII, P.441. 404 78.6, missing in the ms. 'gha'. 405 406 Annual report of South Indian epigraphy,1918,P.133. Gazateer of the Bombay Presidency, Nasik Vol.XVI. 407 25.78, 123.1,217,213.

944 Ramesvara It is a sacred island in the Bay of Bengal. According to tradition, the famous temple of Ramnathswami was built here by Ramacandra when he crossed over to Ceylon to save his captivated Sita from the clutches of Ravana, the tyrant king of Lanka. 408 The Brahma Purana. states that it is situated on the shore of the ocean (28.57). Rksa It is the ancient name of the modern Vindhya. 409 Joshi Umasankar has disputed this view 410 but the Brahma Purana. also states that it is situated on the bank of Narmada as it is mentioned along with the rivers Narmada, Mekala, Mrttikavati and Suktimati (14.15). The Brahma Purana. further states that it is one of the kulaparvatas of Bharata and the rivers Tapi, Payosni, Koveri, Nirvindhya, Seona, Suratha, Mandakini, Dasarna, Citrakuta, Citrotpala, Vetravati, Karamoda, Pisacika, Saivala, Sadheruja, Suktimati and Sakuni etc. emerge from it.411 408 1 Law B.C., Holy places in South India, Calcutta Geographical review, September, 1942. 4:09 Law B.C., Mountains of India, P.17. 410 Puranoma Gujarat (in Guj.), P.53. 411 19.3, 92; 27.19; 31-32.

945 Rsyamuka It is situated eight miles from Anaganadi on the The river Pampa rises in this bank of the river Tungabhadra. mountain and falls into the Tungabhadra after flowing westward. Pargiter identifies it with the range of hills stretching from Ahmednagar to beyond Naldrug and Kalyani dividing the Manjira and Bhima rivers.412 The Brahma Purana. does not throw light on its location but mentions it as a mountain (27.23). Sadanira It has been identified with the Gandak by some and with Tapti by others. Some have identified with Karatoya. According to the Mahabharata it has been placed between the Gandaki and the Sarayu. Pargiter identifies it with the 413 river Rapti. The Brahma purana states that it emerges from the Pariyatra mountain (27.29). Sahya This is a mountain lying on the western ghats. The 412 J.R.A.S., April, 1894, P.253. 413 Markandeya Purana., P.294.

946 western ghats were knwon to the ancients as the Sahyadri, which from the boundary of the Deccan and ran continuously for a distance of about thousand miles from the Kundarivari pass in the Khandesh district of the Bombay State down to Cape Camorin, the southern most part of India. ghats are known by different local names. 416 The western 415 The Brahma Purana. states that it is one of the seven kulaparvatas of Bharata and the rivers Godavari, Bhimarathi, Krsnaveni, Tungabhadra and Suprayoga emerge from it. It is situated to the south of Vindhya and its southern part is very holy (161.2,23). Sakala It was the capital of Madras. It is still known as Madradesa. Cunningham identifies it with Sanglawala Tiba to the west of the Ravi River. Some identify it with Sialkot or the fort of the Madra king Salya.416 The Brahma purana mentions it as a Caty inhabited by people (19.18). 414 Law B.C., Mountains of India, Calcutta Geographical Society Publication, No.5, PP.22-23. 415 19.3, 12; 27.19, 35,36; 54.10; 64.9. 416 cf.Fleet's note in the proceedings of the IVth Oriental Congress, vide also Cunningham, C.A.G.I. 686.

947 Sakambhari It was a site in the Jaipur State.417 The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (25,47). Salagrama It is a village in the Paramagudi kank Taluka of the Ramnad district.418 It contains an old temple of Siva.419 The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place (25.21, 64.4, 65.69). Salva The salvas probably occupied the territory now known i as Alwar.420 The Brahma purana places them in the west. 421 Saraswati The Saraswati and the Drsadwati are the two historical rivers of north India that flow down independently without Sahni D.R., Archaeological Remains and excavations at Sambhar. 417 418 Ancient India, Bulletin of the A.S.I., No.5, January, 1949. 419 Epigraphia Indiea, XXVIII, Pt.ll, April, 1949, PP. 85 ff. 420 Cunningham, A.R.A.S.I., XX, P.120; Matsya P., Ch.l 13. 421 19.16-18, cf.Visnu II, Ch.III, Sl.16-18.

948 belonging to the Indus group. The river which still survives flows between the Satadra and Yamuna", It issued forth from the Himalayas, rises in the hills of Sirmur in the Himalayan range, called the Sewalik and emerges into the plains of AdBadri in Ambala. It is considered sacred by the Hindus. The Brahma purana also considers it as a sacred Himalayan river, joining with Ganga. 423 422 Sarayu It was the Ghagra or Gogra, a tributary of the Ganges, on which stood the city of Ayodhya. It joins the Ganges on the district of Chapra, Bihar. At the north-west corner of the district of Bahnaich it receives a tributary from the north-east which goes by the name of Sarayu.424 Satadru The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy river (64.13). It is modern sutlej, a tributary of the Ganges. It is a trans-Himalayan river as its basin lies mainly north 422 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc. India, P.121. 423 16.22; 135.23; 141.27; 126.32,40; 127.5; 110.206,210; 102.1,2; 77.4 424 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.22. *

949 of the Himalayas. The source of this river is traceable to the western region of the western lake of the Manasa sarovar 425 The Brahma purana mentions that it emerges from Himalaya and stated it to be a holy river (19.10; 64.12). Sipra This river has its origin in the lake called Sipra, situated to the west of the Himalaya mountain and falls into the southern sea,426 It has been immortalized by Kalidasa as a historical river on which the city of Ujjayini was situated.427 It is a local river of the Gwalior territory which flows into the Chambal, a little below Sitaman, and it is fed by two tributaries.428 According to the Pauranic list, it is said to have The Brahma Purana. also states issued from the Pariyatra mountain. that this river emerges from the mountain Pariyatra (27.29). Again it is stated to emerge from the Vindhya mountain (27.33). It is a very holy river (64.11) and the Brahma Purana. also states that 425 Law, Rivers of India, P.114; cf. also Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P.291, notes. 426 Kalika Purana, Ch.19, PP. 14,17. 427 Raghuvamsa, VI, 35. 428 Law, Rivers of India, P.40.

Avanti was situated on the bank of the river sipra.429 Skandasrama G 950 Does it refer to Skandapur, i.e. Vadanagara, from where the idol and vehicle of Kartikeya are found? The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy place (25.14). Sona Ganges. It is the greatest known lower tributary of the It takes its rise in the Maikala range in the district of Jabalpur and flowing north-east through Baghelkhanda, Mirzapur and Sahabad districts, joins the Ganges near Patna. 430 The puranas count it as one of the important rivers that rise from the Rksa range. The Brahma Purana. also states it to rise from the Rksa mountain (27.30). Sravasti The entire site of Sravasti lies on the borders of Gonda and Bahraich districts of Oudh in the Uttara Pradesha and can be reached from the railway station Balarampur. 429 43.75, according to ms. 'kha' 'ksipra'. 430 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P. 26. 431 431 Law B.C., Sravasti in Indian Literature (M.A.S.I.,No.50).

951 The Brahma Purana. states that it was built by king Sravasta, the son of Yuvanasva.432 Sriparvata This lofty rock overhangs the river krsna in the Kurnool district. It is usually identified with Siritan of the Nasik Prasasti.433 The Brahma purana mentions it as situated on the southern bank of the river Gautami.434 Sthanatirtha g It is one of the oldest places in ancient India. The name is said to have been derived either from the Sthank, i.e. the abode of Isvara or Mahadeva or from the junction of the names of Sthand and Isvara. The famous battlefield of Kuruksetra is situated on the southern side of Thanesvara, about 50 miles to the south of Ambala and 40 miles north of Panipat.435 (25.53). The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy place of pilgrimage 3 432 7.53; cf. also Matsya XII, 29-30; Visnu Ch.II, Amsa 4. 433 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc.India, P.189. 434 167.6; 169.2,7; 27.24. da 435 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.129.

Sudra 952 Opinions differ as to the exact location of their territory. According to the Markandeya Purana, the country of the Sudras may be located in the Aparanta region or western country (53.35). According to the Mbh. the sudras lived in the region where the river Saraswati vanished into the desert, i.e. Vinasana in western Rajputana (IK.37.1). Suktiman The Brahma Purana. locates them in the north (27.45). Opinions differ regarding the location of this range.. Cunningham identifies it with the hills south of Sehoa and 436 Kanker separating Chattisgarh from Baster. Beglar places it in the north of the Hazaribagh district.437 Pargiter identifies it with Garo, Khasi and Tippera hills.438 Vaidya it with Kathiawar, range.439 Others have identified C.V. identifies/the Suktimat with the Sulaiman range. 440 Some have applied the name to the chain of hills extending from Sakti in Raigarh, C.P., to the Dalma hills in Manbhum drained by the Kumari river and perhaps even to the hills in the 436 Archaeological Survey report, XVII, PP.24, 26. 437 Ibid, VIII, PP. 124-5. 438 Markandeya Purana. 285, 306, notes. 439 Epic India, P. 276. 440 Z.D.M.G., 1922, P.281, note.

} 953 • Santal Parganas washed by the affluents of the Babla. 441 The Br, P. states that it is one of the kulaparvatas of Bharata and the rivers Rsikulya, Kumara emerge from it.442 Suraparaka It is modern Sopara or Supara in the Thana district, 37 miles north of Bombay and about four miles north-west of Bassim. It was the capital of Aparanta.443 (27.58). The Brahma Purana. mentions it as an Aparanta country Suvarnatirtha mela It is probably the modern town of Sonepur situated at the confluence of the rivers Tel and Mahanadi.444 (25.47). The Brahma purana mentions it as a holy place. Tamraliptaka 441 It is the same as Tamluk in the Midanpur district of Raychaudhari H.C., Studies in Indian Antiquities, PP.113.120. 442 19.3,15, 27.19; 54.10; 64.9. 443 444 } Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc.India, P.299. J.B.o.R.S., II,52; Bhandarkar's list, No, 1556.

954 Bengal, about twelve miles from the junction of the Rupnarayana formed by the united stream of the Silai and Dalkisor in the district of Midnapur.445 The Brahma purana also mentions it as an eastern Janapada(27.53). Tamraparni Pargiter identifies it with the modern river Chittar in the extreme south and also of the district near it.446 The Brahma Purana. mentions it as arising out of the mountain Malaya (19.14; 27.36). Tapi Its It is not at all mentioned in the epics. source is in the Multai Plateau to the west of the Mahadeo hills and flows westward forming the natural boundary between the Central Provinces and the north-western tip of Berar. It passes through Burhanpur and crossing the boundary of the Central Provinces, it enters the Gujarat to meet the sea at Surat.447 The Tapi does not rise in the Vindhya.448 445 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.263. 446 Markandeya Purana Markandeya Purana., P. 367, note. 447 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.330. 448 J.Ph.Vogel, Notes on Ptolemy, B.S.O.A.S.,XIV. Pt.1,P.84.

955 The Brahma purana mentions it as arising from the mountains it as arising from the mountains Rksa (19.11) and Vindhya (27.33). Elsewhere it is said that it flows to the south of the mountain Vindhya (70.33). It is mentioned as a holy river. 449 Trigarta It was located between the Ravi and the Sutlej with its centre round Jullundur. It represented Kangra in ancient 450 days. The Brahma Purana. mentions that Vrkadevi, the wife of Vasudeva, was the daughter of the king of Trigarta(14.46). Tungabhadra It is the most important among the lower tributaries of the krana. The Tunga and the Bhadra rise from the western ghats on the western border of Mysore and combine to flow together under the name of Tungabhadra. 451 According to the Brahma Purana., it emerges from the mountain Sahya (27.35) and is to the south of Vindhya (70.33). It is a holy river (61.11). 7 449 64.11; 89.39,44; 161.22 450 Moti Chandra, Geographical and Economic studies in the Mahabharata, Upayanaparva. 451 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.196.

956 Ujjayini Ujjayini, which was the capital of Avanti or western Malava, was situated on the river Sipra, a tributary of the Carmannvati. It is the modern Ujjain key in Gwalior, ¨ Central India. At Ujjayini the temple of Mahakala, one of 452 the twelve most famous Saiva temples in India, was built. The Brahma Purana. mentions the Mahakala temple of Ujjayini (43.66) and provides a picturesque description of Ujjayini "(A.43). It states that Indradyumna ruled in Ujjayini (43.89; 44.16). Utkala The Bhuvanesvara stone inscription of Narasimha I. refers to the building of a Visnu temple by Candrika, sister of Narasimha, at Ekamra, modern Bhuvanesvara in the Utkalavisaya. It is clear from this inscription that Utkalavisaya comprised the Puri and Bhuvanesvara regions. 453 The Brahma Purana. deals at length with Utkala Pradesa. 454 Uttarakuru It is mentioned in the vedic and later Brahmanical 452 Law B.C., Ujjayini in Ancient India, Gwalior Archaeological Department. 453 Law B.C., Tribes in Ancient India, PP.333 ff.; Explorations in Orissa (M.A.S.I., No.44). 454 7.18; 47.7; 28.7; 42.46.

957 literature as a country situated somewhere north of Kasmira. Some call it a mythical region. 455 The Brahma purana states that Pururava and Urvasi resided there (10:7). When Samjna, the wife of Surya, was unable to bear his lustre, she went to Uttarakuru and practised penance (89.11,23). Uttarapatha } The four boundaries of the Uttarapatha are no where mentioned in the Brahmanical or Buddhist texts. According to the Brahmanical tradition recorded in the Kavyamimamsa the Uttarapatha or northern India lay to the western side of Prthudaka. The Brahmanical definion of Aryavarta excludes the greater portion of the land of the Rgvedic Aryans, which however is included in the Uttarapatha.456 The Brahma Purana. mentions that the sons of Vikuksi were the protectors of Uttarapatha (7.48). Vanga It is the ancient name of Bengal. In the 13th century, Vangaladesam came to be called Bangala, and in Mohemmedan times, Bengal. The Brahma purana states that it is an eastern 455 Law B.C 456 Law B.C., Geographical Essays,F.29. Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.13.

958 country (27.51) and is so-called after Vanga, one of the sons of Bali (13.36). Vasisthasrama = It was situated on the Mount Abu in the Aravalli range.. The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy place (25.72,73). Vaidisa Vidisa or Vedisa is the old name of Besnagar, ruined city situated in the fork of the Bes or the Vedisa river and the Betwa, in the kingdom of Bhopal, within two 457 miles of Bhilsa. According to the puranas Vaidisa was situated on the banks of the river Vidisa which took its rise from the Paripatra mountain. 458 The ancient city of Vidisa, identified with Bhilsa in the Gwalior State, was situated at a distance of 26 miles north-east of Bhopal. (27-60). Vaitarani The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a Janapada of Vindhya (i) This river rising among the hills in the northwest of the Keonjhar State, flows first in a south-westerly 457 Meghaduta, Purvamegha, 2551 458 Law, Geography of Early Buddhism, P.3. 1

1 959 and then in an easterly direction, forming successively the boundaries between the Keonjhar and Mayurbhan States and between Keonjhar and Cuttack. 459 (ii) It is one of the sacred rivers of India which rises in the hills in the southern part of the district of Singhbhum and a little below the point where it enters Orissa. The Brahma purana also seems to refer to two Vaitaranis. One rises from the mountain Vindhya (27.33) and the other is a holy river in Utkala Pradesa (42.4). Vetravati 460 It is modern Betwa which rises near Bhopal and flows forth into Jumna. According to the puranas, it issues/from the Paripatra mountain. 1 According to Brahma Purana., it arises from the mountain Rksa (27-31). Vidarbha It is Berar recalled Vidarbha.. According to the puranas, the people of this place were the dwellers of the Deccan along with the Fulindas, Dundakas, Vindhyas and others. 459 Law B.C., Holy Places of India, P.15. 460 Law B.C., Rivers of India, P.43.

960 The Brahma Purana. states that Kundina was the main city of Vidarbha and king Bhismaka ruled there (199.1). Vrndavana It is a place of Hindu pilgrimage and is situated The Brahma Purana. mentions it 461 six miles to the north of Mathura. in connection with krsna's childhood. Vyasatirtha It is probably the same as Vyasasrama, the hermitage of the sage Vyasa, situated at a village called Manal near Badrinath in Garhwal in the Himalayas. The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy place (158.1,40). Vijaya In its Probably it is the same as Vijayanagara or Bijanagara situated in the midst of the Karnatadesa. glorious days this kingdom included the whole of the present Madras State, Mysore and the districts of Dharwar and north Kanara in Maharastra excepting the districts north of krsna river, the district of Malabar in the west coast, Travancore and Cochin. The ancient Pampa, now known as Hampe, was the 462 name of the site of Vijayanagara. 461 185.1; 189.22-24; 190.22; 198.4 462 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.201. }

961 * (25.34). Vindhya The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a holy place of pilgrimage It forms the boundary between northern and southern India. The Rksa, The Vindhya and the Paripatra are parts of the whole range of mountains now known as the Vindhya. It may be identified with the Satpura, range. According to modern geographers, this mountain extends eastwards for a distance of about 700 miles from Gujarat on the west to Bihar 463 on the east taking different local names. According to Brahma Purana. it is one of the kulaparvatas of India and the rivers Narmada, Surama, Tapi, Vena, Vaitarani, Sinivali, Toya, and Antahsila emerge from it. 464 The rivers Bhimarathi, Tungabhadra, Venika and Payosni are to the south of it(70.33; 89.29). The mountain Sahya is on the southern side of it (161.2,66). Vipasa It is the Beas, identified with the Vipasis or Hypasis or the Hyphasis of the Greeks, which is a tributary of the Satadru or the Sutlej. It rises in the Pir Panjal 465 range at the Rhotang pass near the source of the Ravi. 463 Law B.C., Hist. Geog. of Anc.India, P.20. 464 19.11; 27.33,34; 27.20 465 Law B.C., Hist.Geog.of Anc.India, P.134.

962 The Brahma Purana. mentions it as a river emerging from Himalaya (27.27). Vitasta This is the most westerly of the five rivers of the Punjab. Among the four main eastern tributaries of the Indus, the most western is the Vitasta or the Jhelum. It takes its rise in the Pir Panjal range in the State of Kashmir and flows towards the west in a zigzag course below Punch, and then turns 466 south to flow in a south-westerly direction. The Brahma Purana. states that it is a holy river and emerges from Himavan (27.26; 64.11; 70.34). Yamuna It rises on the slopes of Bandar-punch, a peak situated on the watershed between the Yamuna and the Ganges. The first and great western tributary of the Ganges is the Yamuna proper, which takes its rise in the Himalayan range 467 below Mount Kamet. The Br.. P. also refers to it as a Himalayan river (27.26). 466 Law B.C., Hist.Geog. of Anc.India, P.135. 467 Law B.C., Hist. Geog.of Anc, India, PP.135-136.

Yayatipatana It is probably the same as Yayatinagar, an 468 ancient name of Kataka in Orissa. 963 The Brahma Purana. mentions it as an holy place (25.26). 468 Epigraphia Indica III, 323 ff.