The Brahma Purana (critical study)

by Surabhi H. Trivedi | 1960 | 254,628 words

This is an English study of the Brahmapurana—one of the eighteen major Puranas. This text occupies an important place in the Pauranic literature. This study researches the rich an encyclopaedic material for social, religious, philosophical, mythological, political, geographical and literary study found in the Brahma-Purana. It also includes a lingu...

Appendix 2 - Some Linguistic and Literary aspects

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* > APPENDIX-2 i SOME LINGUISTIC AND LITERARY ASPECTS 1200 The Brahma Purana has some linguistic peculiarities which are similar to those of the Epics and other Puranas. The linguistic peculiarities are classified under three heads, (i) phonological, (ii) marphological and (iii) syntactical. (A) PHONOLOGY Hiatus, irregular Sandhi, materical change of vowels, interchange of sounds in speaking are some of the important phonological characteristics of the Brahma Purana 1

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1201 (1) Hiatus: Hiatus is not allowed in Sanskrit language but the language of the vedas, the epics and the puranas provide exceptions to the above rule. As the puranas followed oral tradition, a pada was a unit by itself in recitation and therefore many examples of hiatus between the padas are met with. Hiatus may be within a pada or between two padas. Examples of hiatus within a pada are less frequent than those between two padas. Some examples of hiatus occurring in the Brahma Purana are as follows:- (a) Hiatus within a pada Avastabhya idam (60.31) Sa ca evambhasam (60.34) Aditya iva (108.69) kva ekaiva (108.41) 1. For these peculiarities in the Ramayana, ±k vide Sen Nilamadhava : A comparative study in some linguistic aspects of the different recensions of the Ramayana, 101, No.1 d, No.2, December, 1951 pp. 119.

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Krodhanasa ira (4.52) Vaisnanarasute ubhe (3.81) Utksipya a yudham diptam (36.34) Devadyastu mah (36.43) Tatra asansumanojnarupah (36.106) Sarvaya ugraya (37.18) Srnuyadva idam (40.128), (40.127) Etatsrutha rservakyam (173.26) Pasyatsu rsimukhyesu (173.27) Sa ca evambhasam (60.34) Arthisya rsimukhye (73.25) Sasaka uma (74.13) Asamanja iti (78;40) Bhaksyartham tu ubha (80.26) Suprite ahaturdvijam (85.15) ea rsibhistada (87.15) 1202

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Niscala usa (89.12) sa ii (89.24) Surasca rsayascaiva (96.22) Survena rsayastatha (198.13) Te garbhinyavabham aha (100.7) Syatam bharyam ubhe tu te (100.23) Bhartari te ubhe (100.9) ete yate itastatah (103.11) date putre apamisah (104.22) Patsyantime apampate (104.29) Nrpaputra S Ysim (104.49) Viswamitrena rsina (104.69) Vasanstatra i 10 (108.8) te ubhe (110.115) sacibharta udaradhah (122.55) sa api (123.130) Veta ipsitah (125.33). esa eva (125.92) 1203

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Irsya uddhatavrttita (137.7) Dyaurjyotsna asisah (134.34) debrasca rsayah (142.5) te agatya (147.14) Punarmanusya uta (152.34) Dhruba isana (178.130) Nibabandhu utukhale (184.35) Visbo anantacyuta (219.33) agacchata itirayan (219.58) tu rsipumganah (41.6) abhe api (137.25) Sahite api (137.28) (b) Haitus between two padas : Adottrditirdanuscaina arista surasa khasa 3.5 Parsvato viharasyami ityenam yacito vearah 3.71. 1204

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1205 3.88. " Vatapirnamuliscaina balah svasrumastak ha Marecirmaghavanscalva Ublah Svasramastabha 3.75. kakan 1 Krauna tu Jayayasnasa Jaypyas masa uluka pratyatu- 3.43 Iksvakustu bokuksim ha astakayamatha disat (7.48 Kapalamocanam Caiva avakirnam kamyakam 25.51 a gat mahat | Haimam Vimanam h savalatpatakamarudha Jvaritan Jumena | 36.11 Amrtam paramatma ca isharah kairanam 36.40 1 Martimanata upaganya alamcakruh purottamam 36.61 140. 6 rtu hemantasisiran ajagmaturatidyuti 136.89 Nananadyasamakirne aham tatra dvidatayah 36.125 Gayanti vam gayatrino arcayantyakkamarkinah |

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tesam Svaha svadha caiva apnuvanti Svadanti ca 40.91 Ketake karaviraisca atimaktais' ca kimsukaih | 41.43 Ketakivanakhandaisca atimuktaih sakubsakaih | 42.24, 43.52 Labagulmairvitanaisca udyanairnandano 1206 Pamain | 43.55 103. 11 Hayamedhagya nispatyai ete yata itastatah | Makhan tu visayam krtva ayantu surasattamah 105.7 108.43. 159.43 tatha pi yaksimi praha ile kimanu iksase | tabhapi Garudena yato Wari anitam tadrasatalat 1 Ahamkaras ca. buddhisca ubhe narayanatmake | 60.28 7 Yaadyasah sphurati Caru manusyaloke ahani tavanti dinam gatasya | 110.155.

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Atha dityena ca gatya evamukto yamastada | 86.40 Kadacitkriyamane tu ilaya nrtyakarmani | 1207 108.61 Iyam vikrtarupaste asyah papam ca laksaye 131.9 _ Adya me saphalam Sanma adya me saphalam tapah 176.28 Preksasna satyanadinim 108.46 pascanmam bruti pascanmam bruti asatyam Purusasya ca Mesena ile kamanuyasyasi | 108.41 Namasyatha Minitatma Ilamailobravididam | 108.4 Tatraiva matimadhatta ilomatya nathibrabit / 108.4 Tesam annam samaniya iha niksipyate sada | 215. 38 Ksipyate tatra dustatma ekaki mistabhunnarah |215.110

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1208 Murtimanta apagamya alamcakruh purottamam | 36.61 Ramastau prsthato bhyetya ayodhyavasibhih saha 1154.27 Ramena sa parityakta ityuchurdvarapalakah 554. 24 " 154.24 Kva gata yonisa mata eko ramotradrasyate | rasugah | evam sthitam tu ma tam vai sinah sprsyu- 151.11 Abravam tam hari tatra asinam bagatam prabhum | 135.11 dam 1 bhavat 60.28 Martyaloke papabhuta asnanatpapakarini 1131.14 Rajno matim viditva tu ingitasnobravidi- 111.28 Sthapite pretimabhyeti iti antah paro- 48.11 Abamkarasca buddhisca hohe narayanatmake I

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1209 Adityasya priya bharya usa tuastri pativrata) 165.2 Amrtam puramatma ca Isvarah karanam mahat 1 36.40 39.24 Usmapa dhumapascaiva ajyapat somapastatha Ingudisaptuparnaisca as Matthagastya Jambukaih | 44.58 45.19. Yena muzyeta devesa asmatsansarasagarat | K Asanairarghya padaisca askatairabhinandya | ca 45.42 Gacchamanastu tanpreksya ekada dharmarat priya 45.59. Pascimayam sthitam ye ca uttarapathasam sthitah | 47.15 Hatavasisha yamyaste adityaya nyavedayan 1 94.22

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ngh Parasumadaya hastena urmerantastato vraka 150.13 Silpemukhyaya viprendrah kurusva pratima itil 50.43 Vismayam puramam gatva idam vzeanamat ranit 50-56 1210 dhatatil Trataram nadhigacchanvai itascetasca 152.14 Ittham cintayatastasya Utpanna duhkhaha matahl 53.26 - 1 Bramamanasca kin tatra ascaryam drstavanasi | 55.5 maih Daitya himsanuraktasca avadhyah surasatta- 56.36 evamevamaham natha iccheyam tuatprasadatah| 56.63 58.22 58.57 Dvadasyam suklapaksagya uposya munipungavah | Gotrotsado bhavettasya uddhrte caida santidah|

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1211 Pragatayam rajanyan tu uttuito nanyamanasah | 150.18 Romancitatanurbhutva idam stotram Jagau nrpah | 51,9 Ahamkarasca buddhisca ubhe narayanatmake | 60.28 Alastabhya idam sarvamaste narayanat prabhuh | 60.37 Omkaram ca nakaram ca angusthe hastayoInyaset | 60.36 Cakram khadgasca sarigam ca astau mudrah prakirtitah | 61.55 Yatphalam cannadanena arghatithyena kirtitam 165.64 Kumbham ca daksinam caiva acaryaya nivedayat 1 67.45 Sampujya tam namaskrtya imam mantramuditrayet 1 67.47 sirasa bhaktya acaryam tu Pranamya sirasa bhaktya visarsayat 1 67.49

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70.31 1212 Brahmankrtayugadau tumpayonyo na vidyate 1 isvaradyadi sayeta apatyam bahusaktimat 171.17 Tena viddhastrinetropi isayam buddhimadadhet 1 71.30. Rsayo lokpalasca adityah samarudganah 172.8 Tasminnutpadyamane tu utsavasca babhuvire 73.22 Yasminkale u suresasya uma patnyabhawatpriya | 74.8 75.29 Aho lokagatiscitra aho dhatarnamo'stu te Candrasuryoparage ca ayane visure tatha 1 75.37. Esa tebhyo visista tu alam sambho namostu te | 57 75.45 Svastyayano rasa rtvigbhih krtamangalah 78.18 Girirbrahmagireh parsve nano nama narade 1 84.2

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Kesari nama tadbharta adriketi tatha paral 84.3 84.6 1213 Anjana cadrika caiva Agasyamrsisattamam | mani 84.16 87.40 samsmaran| Totonanayam samadaya adri paisacamurtiMama deya suresana ityucuste Prthakprthak | tasyah pradaksinam cakre iyamurviti 87.20 Ityuktvaham Gautamaya ahadyamudadam mune | 87.29 Papiyasim matim krtva ahalyam sumudaiksatal 87.36 Agacchantam nityameva ahalyam priyanadini 87.55. Ityurservac nam srutha Ahalya Jaramabravit | 87.50 Taro gatva procha nrpate upadeksyati te hitam | 88.8

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Nakhyatavyam tvaya kvapi apatyanam tatha priya 89.8. } 1214 88.11 89.22 Akarmanaiva pyata iti muktimarga mrsocyatel Iyam chaya nasya mata usa mata tu sa nyatahl 89.28 Paryadhahadyato yati usa bhanustatah tada | tathal Tatrasan panyanesena adhyaste ca mahi- 92.7 Asritya gautamim devim aste ca munibhirvrtah | 92.19 Mata mahi mama iyam mama daivadupagatal 92.35 Hatavasista Yamyaste adityaya nyaMedayan | 94.22 94.35 Kim dadamiti tanah idamuduh sura apil 94.31 Yamam yadi vaco mudya anumanyanti denatah |

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94.45 Tato yamadayah sarve abhisiktastu nandinal Uttare narmadatire abhisekaya tasthire | 96.12 196.16 Yasmindese surendrasya abhiseko bhabisyatil Vasistho Gautamascapi agastyotrisca kasyapahl 96.21 Snanam tatpunyatoyena akurvannabhisecanam | 96.22 1215 Devatirtham ca tatraina agneya Jatavedasam | 98.21. Putramutpadayanena Indradarpaharam subham | 100.5 Tatsrutva vismito raja anayemam mamankikam | 201.4 Hayamedhasya nispatyai ete yata itastatah/ 103.11 104.27 Pasordantesu jatesu ehi gacchadhuna ppate /

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~ Suta me santi bharya ca aham vai Pancamastatha | 104.52 A Gautamim gaccha rajendra rtighih Sapurohitah | 104.67 1 Makham tu visayam krtha ayantu surasattamahl 105.7 Syattcsam sarnameveha cnam datua sura Yoyah | 106.86 Asramesh ca Punyes ahannaste sa Gautamah| 107.11 Alpa sidyastvalpavaya aham tava guruh katham 107.18 Svarge yata mama bhrata ahamatraiva samsthita 107.29 Tatastyaksyame jinam me idanim tana pasyatan | 107:33 107.37 108.6 Anasoham kim karomi atapovidya eva cal Vasisthopi tada yatmadayana nah | 1 1216

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1217 108.28 108.31 108.43 Dehi me tridasesana umavanamiti Artam 1 Mrge bhutva visalaksi ilasya puratobhavati Puruqasya ca Wesena ile kamanuyasyasil 108.41 Tathapi Yaksinl praha ile kimanuviksase 1 . Preksasva Pascanmam bruhi asatyam Satyavadinim\ 108.45 0 kulam\ Sa purura Jasan praha iksvakunam tatha 108.83 a Vananiryanamevatha amtyanam purodhasah 108.84 Pusno dantanathotpatya Indram vyadravayatksanat 1 109.25 t Sapemaranam tu natham samartha agnim pransye kim nu karyam bhavenme 110.61 Dudurbalaya te capi amrtam suravallabhana | 110.79

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pippalam Upaca Pippaladasca umam natva ca 110.172 Krtakrtyastato vatsa akramarva ciram divam | 110.189 Analastvamaranaha apastatra katham thraham | 110.202 Asthnam ca pavanam bruhi asmakam ca gavam tatha | 110.212 1218 Tatputraniscayam jn Matva aputro nrpasattamah, 111.17 111.27 Tadra jalacanan sruta amatyanan mahamatih 1 Rajno matim viditva te ingitalno bravididam | 111.28 Bhogavatyapi tam praha uktapurvam punah sakhim.\ 111.62 Sarvavidyamathavapya Wbhau tau Ramalaksmanau | 123.99

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Ramam ca laksmanam capi ayacatam mahamate 123.87 Agnesca pujaka ye ca apam vai pusane sthitah | 126.32 128.37 Paratantra wam tata Isvarasya vasanugah | Jamata gneh sa dharmasca agniscaiba 1219 havyavat | 138.66 Tathaiva jatam sacaracaram ca apapakam devi tatasca jatam | 129.79 Sakhabhavatsa cendrasya abjakah sa vrsakapih | 129.99 sada \ 1 130.4 132.6 Vari Vapi haviryasya agneh priyakaram 129.101 Tamagastyam pujayita apastambo munisvarahl Tato visvavasuh pujya rsindevam trilocanam / 133.16 Amratan gautamivari amrtam svarnamucyate /

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1220 mithah \ 138.33 Ahamasmi mahanstatra ahamasmiti vai 735.4 Chandomayaya devaya omkararthaya te namah 1 138.30 140.5 Ahamapyagnimaveksya uta yasya priyantikam | · Sa khadaciddivam gatva Indralokamagatpunah 1 Stutin ca danam ca sabham sabham ca astram ca vasamsi purim vanani 140.11 Bhavadbhistapaso smacca aham vairannivartayel 142.8 Kva hosyam syaddviteyam tu ahutyantarameba ca | 148.10 148.10 Agnyantaram naiva tatra upadeyam bhavisyati | sadal 154.25 Smaranatpathanadvapi istain samyusyate 152.41 Pasyatsu lokapalesu arye tatra pravadim L.)

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Ramastau prsthatobhyetya ayodhyavasibhih saha | 154.27 155.4 Tatrasuste sanah sarve angirobhyo nyavedyat | Hatani sasvadduritani caiba asyah prabhavadarayah sakhayat 1 157.11 Brahma visnu maheso va adityo vapi candramah 1158.22 Karmabhumimavastabhya asura sarvatobhvan 1 1221 760.3 aman 162.28 Tusnim sthite mayi tada asrausam vacamutt- 161.1 Jayo manyusca sauryam ca isatejahsamudbhavam | Bhojane tupaviste tu atmarthan kalpitam tu yat 1 163.16 tayoh srutba avastham saha visnuna Garudopi tayoh 166.8 171.3 Ripunjitva jagama su indralokam surairvrtam |

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1222 Pramatirjitabanstatra urbasi daivatastriyam | 171.10 Tam samgatam viksya sibo harisca atmanama, darsayatam munibhyah | 174.5 Gunanamanubhavena uduhavabhibhavau tatha | - 175.26 176.20 Devarajam vinipsitya tada indrajiteti vai | Adya me saphalam sanma adya me saphalam tapah | 176,28 179.29 Garhapatyena vidhina anvaharyena karmana | Proksaniyam srunam caiva avabhrthyam tathaiva ca " 179-30 Jaghana tau duradharsau utthaya sayamodadheh \ 180.38 Arbhaka yutayo kola ayusonite na hanyate i 183.10 Kundinam na pravaksyami ahtva yudhikesavam | 199.9 I

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Tesamannam samaniya iha niksipyate sadal 215.36 Sodhanam caiva bhavati upaghatavate sada 1 221.118 Mavirjuhnomi vahnau te upadhyayapade Sthitah 136.127 1223 41.87 135.12 Tasya ksetravarasyatha rte devanmahesuarat ] Mameti nadatah parsve ubhau tau harisamkarau 1 tatah | a Mattah purvatara prthvi aapah purnast a 137.26 124.61 Sa praha bistarenatha Indrasya tu vicestitam ) (2) IRREGULAR SAMADHI Ahosya (2.13), (178.64) for aho asya, ahotidahkham (216.1) for aho atidhkham, devapi (235.29) for devah api talah stamatah (36.100) for

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talastamalah : Visaraga is retained and a dental sibilant is inserted. (3) Metrical change of vowels There are also instances where a vowel is lengthened or shortened metri causa. (a) Lengthening of short vowels : Dehe for dehi (228.5), durgatisu for durgatisu (157.25) (b) Shortening of long vowels : (i) ucuh for ucuh (110.39) (c) Vowel-harmony : (i) ucutuh for ucatuh (194.25) 1 11. 1. For various linguistic peculiarities vide the articles on linguistic aspects of Ramayana by Nilamadhav sen and Mahabharata by Kulkarni F.P. 1224

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(d) Vowel-haplology: (1) Sprayun for sprseyun (151.11) (ii) Varidasatmaja for varadasatmaja note the reading in the ms 'kha' (13.170) 1225 (4) Interchange of sounds in spelling (a) aspirated and unaspirated 1- (1) sakhotaka (43.51) and sakhothaka (44.61) (b) Nasalised and non-nasalised.. (i) Simsumara (44.47) and Sisumara (44.47) (c) Sa and sa (a) I (1) Sambara for sambara (213.86,90), the mas ka and kha read sampara (ii) krsara (29.54) and kriara (221.46) (iii) i Mudala for musala (220.10) - (iv) Sarvasah for sarvasah (7.41) (v) kausalya for kausalya (123.4) (d) Ya and ja (i) Romaharsana (50.35) and Lomaharsana (50.35) (ii) Hrstaroma (47.49) for hrstaloma

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1 (e) La and da Ila for Ida (87.30) (f) Va and ba Vibhitaka (44.60) for Vibhitaka (g) da and da Sadvale for sadvale (6.26) (h) Sa and kha (i) Panisata for Panikhata (25.52) (i) dh for hl midhuse for mine use (59.37) This case shows the vedic feature (j) Miscellaneous : (i) Jtgarti (150.15) for astgarti (150.2) LI loss of a possibly on the imitation of lokes tgartib (150.2). (ii) Aguru (iii) (iv) (v) (44.62) and Agaru (29.41) Mahavaci possibly for Mahavici (215.84) Joti for Jyoti (122.74) Vaggminah for Vagminah (47.50), (225.54) Thus irregular samdhi, hiatus, metrical change of vowels, interchange of sounds in spelling 1226

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and a few other isolated phenomena are some of the phonostogical characteristics of the Brahma Purana 1227 (B) MORPHOLOGY (1) Declension : Irregular numerals, change of number, irregular compounds, change of gender, transference of nominal stems, infinitives and confusion of vibhakti are some of the important features in the declensional system of the Brahma Purana (a) Irregular numerals : _ Astavimsatime for astavimsatitame (196.26) (b) Change of number : Plural for dual : Adhiyatam for adhiyatam (194.21) (c) Irregular compounds : (i) Compound with ma ma ciram (184.45), (185.19), (210.30) (86.27), (121.11)

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1. (ii) Compound with na - 1228 Naciradaham (56.59) Nanyamanusa (46.30) (iii) Wrong compounding : : Yojananam sastirayamavistaraih|(215.89) Here the word sasti seems to have been wrongly connected with ayama, though it should be compounded with 'Yojananam'; yabacchaktya for yavacchakti (73.44) Yathassaktya for yathasakti (213.10) (d) Change of gender : (i) masculine for feminine : Mattamatangagamibhin for mattamatangagaminibhih (168.24) (ii) Neuter for Feminine : Sptaminsati for saptavimsatih (3.59) 1 Saptavimsati for saptavimsatim not declined under the altraction of dasa and trayodasa (3.27) risti for ristam (168.13) For the compound with ma and na vide unpaninian forms and usages in the cr.ed. of the mbh Kulkarni E.D. BoRi, Vol. 24, 1943 P.94. 1

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(e) Transference of nominal stems : (i) Consonantal stem for vowel steni ar M (i) Rajendrarijanah for Rajendrarajasya (12.10) (iii) Vowel stem for consonantal stem : Apsaraih for apsarobhih (68.29) Narakesarim for narakesarinam (210.30) (f) Infinitives : (i) anit for set cartum for caritum (7.60) (g) Confusion of vibhakti : (i) genetive for nominative Mahimnǝh for mahima (153.11) (2) CONJUGATION (a) Termination masi for mah : Parayamasi for parayamah (120.12) 1229

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(b) Absence of guna: Aruhat for arohat (176.47). In other words here is Zero grade for the normal grade. (c) Infinitive : Simplex for causative : Asvasitum (with vowel lengthening for asvasayitum (159.28) (d) Change conjugation : (i) Krnvana for kurvana (152.34) (ii) Present participle Pranamati for 1230 pranamanti feminine parasmaipada without num This is a vedic form (73.10) (e) Change of voice : Parasmaipada for Atmanepada (i) Participle: udeksanti for udiksamena metricause (35.63) (ii) Atmanepada for Parasmaipada : Diyantyam for diyamanayam (227.82) Vadasva for vada (92.24) Babhuvire for Babhuvuh (111.50) Divyamane for divyamah (171.9) Divye for divyami (171.12) Anugacehasva for Anugaccha (7.10), (7.7) Abhyagacchata for Abhigacchati (13.53)

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(ii) Cacchadhanam for gacchato (47.8) Namesyamahe for Namasyamah (65.22) Kridate for kridati (39.34) Smerate for smarati (115.19) I Begye for sesyami (129.85) Perasmaipads for Atmunepada Bhaja for Bhajosve (127.22) Yocate for Vacadhvam (96.7) Alabhanti for clabhamena (4.74) Adadani for adadai (35.57) (f) Irregular gerunds : (i) Simplex for causative set for anit Namitha for Banayitha (225.60 (ii) unit for set sthapya for sthspeyitva (43.11) (iii) ya for tvs cantys for cintayitva (227.103), Graya for Crhithe (4.50) (4.70), (13.134), (228.52) Pujya for pujayibya (74.3), (145.7) Smrtys for smrtve (130.25) 1231

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(g) Aorist system : (i) Augmentless aorist (ka) ma with augmentless aorist ma krthah (35.2,61) ma vadhih (124.69) 1 ma sucah (151.12) 1232 (ii) Augmented aorist : Ma with augmented aorist ma abhut (35.19) (h) Imperfect system : (i) Ima with imperfect Ma kuruta 1 (123.164) Ma nupasyata (152.19) Ma samaviset (144.13) (ii) Augmentless imperfect : - (Ka) parasmaipada for Atmanepada Anubruvan for Anvabruvan (74.53) ksamat for aksamat Bhavat for Abhavat (i) Potential system : (6.21) Ma spresyun (151.11) (178.188) (124.109) Ma bhetavyam (53.20) Ma Rodih (3.120), (16.35,36)

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(j) Present system (i) Sma with the present for showing past: Roditi sma (228.80) Kurvate sma (86.6) Calati sma (162.6) Raksati sma (131.4) Kridanti sma (43.33) Apnuvanti sma (83.9) Stuvanti sma (162.6) Bhavanti sma (38.27) (ii) Ma with present Ma asti (244.38) Ma arhathah (135.5) (k) Future system : Nirasyanti sma (8.29) Nasayanti sma (53.29) (1) Imperative system : Ma with imperative M Ma muncasva (8.46) Ma kuru (4.36), (8.43), (128.5) Ma nimajja (228.29) Ma ruta (124.72) : 1233

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Ma vilambyatam (184.87) Ma vilamba (170.64) Ma vyathasva (151.11) Ma vilambatha Ma bhaja (47.9) (127.22) Ma sprsa (123.74) Ma Bhava (144.16) Ma vidharyatim (187.52) Ma vyathasva Ma dehi (151.11) (83.24) Ma vada (128.21) Ma bhava (144.16) Ma stuhi (164.46) (m) Past passive participle : Sma as a padapurana pustah sma (74.75) Abhiratah sma (219.85) (n) Denominative verbs : Manayita (225.54) (0) Irregular form Pitrpinda prayacchakah for pitrpindapradayakah (215.129) 1234

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Thus absence of guna, change of consugation change of voice, irregular gerunds, interchange between set and anit, denominative verbs are some of the important features of the conjugational system. (3) SYNTAX The instances of sgntactical aberrations comprise cases of deviations from the rules of case governance as laid down by panini : (a) accusative for dative Brahmanasya pratisruta 67 (12.20) Pratisrutakes dative but here it is used with genetive against the paninian sutra Pratyanbhyam sruvah purvasya karta (1.4.40) (b) instrumental for ablative metprasadena for matprasadat (211.9) (b) Alam : OL (i) Alm with instrumental Alam nama sahasrena (31.29) Alam khedena (80.43) Alam majjena (80.43) 1235

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Alam klesena (160.18) Alam kalan lokanena (86.31) Alam anyena (74.49) Alam dainyena (127.55) (ii) Alam with infinitive Alam kartum (87.44) (4) USAGE There are various usages to show the superlative degree some of the examples are as follows :Tattvan vina ke grasitum samarthah| (112.4) kova dhartum tvamrte vai samarthahl (112.6) Tadrte nasti kimcanal (145.9) Nopayonyosti samsare vinam gangam 1 sivapriyam (158:20) samsare dehinamanya na gatih kapi kutracit | (164.50) Kanyasti sadrsastvaya (175.81) Chetta nanyosti lokesmontvadrte munisattamal (226.4) 1236

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Natena sadrsah kasat | (45.23) Na mesti tvamrte Bandhuh| (59.55,56) Yatrahamasmi tatraite na tisthanti kadacana (137.6,7) Tvam vina kah samarthotra (94.30) (5) LONG COMPOUNDS 1237 i The power of combining two or more stems into a compound was inherited by OIA from the IndoEuropean period. But the language of the vedas and Brahmanas differs considerably from that of the later period "as regards the length and intricacy of the combinations allowed". In the Rv and Av, there is no single instance of compound with more than three independent members; Avestan also does not contain any compound with more than three independent members. But compounds gradually became more and more long and cumberous in later sanskrit untill the climax was reached in the writings of subandhu Bana and

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1238 and Bhavabhuti where we meet with numerous cases of long compounds running upto several lines a stretch.1 * No such unwiedly and barbarously long compound, however, is found in Brahma Purana (a) Compounds with ten stems (i) Prati-agra-samjata-silindhra-kandal'i lata druma adi-udgata - pallava (36.73) (ii) Bhava-anga samsarga-su- samprahasa suveda-samlapa rahah prakaraih (129.79) (b) Compunds with seven stems M (i) Nasa-vivara-niryata-roma punja calat vapuh 1 (233.28) (ii) Rakta-asoka-prasakhotha-pallava-anguli (iii) dharint. (38.85) Samad- alikula-udgita-sila-kusum samcayaih (36.107) 1. Nilamadhav sen. The vocabulary of the Ramagrfa VAK, No.5, 1957

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1239 (iv) Akhila-mahi vyoma pala agni-pavana (v) atmakam (185.41) Deva rsi-siddha-gandharina yogi-Isvara nisevitam (124.133). (vi) Hari-bhakta-atma ja dvesa - kalusikrba manasa (149.3) (vii) Nana-janma- arjita-asesa-papa-ksayavidhayinam (135.27) (viii) Vimala salila dhara-utpata namra-utpalaagra (36.79) (ix) Surabhi-kusuma-renu klrpta-plata-sarva anga -sobha (36.79) (c) Compounds with six stems : + t (i) Nana puspa raja-sugandhi-pavana-prahradani (136.80) n (ii) Nasa-agra datta aksi-prakasa Prasannah (110.49) 1 (iii) Deva-danaba gandhara yaksa vidyadhara uragaih (51.45)

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(d) Compounds with 'a' akacagrahanat, 1asapat (32.55), aslmantam (67.50), asaptamam (42.1), abadhasu (221.37) araktaksamd (50.49), abhutasam plakam (150.8), anagna drasanat (151.4) (6) REFRAINS " 1240 The Brahma Purana contains some pada which are of the nature of refrains, i.e. the same line is repeated many a times either in order to culogise some one or in order to pray some God, or to serve some other purpose. Some of them are : Prthureba namaskaryah (4.116-121) Adirajo namaskaryah (4.116.121) n Trahi man purusottama (A.55) Tatphalam krsnamalokya Manchastham Labhate Narah,(65.60-73) Drstva naro labhetkrsnam tatphalam Daksinamukham (165.84-99)

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1241 Tatha samastatlrthanam Vasistham purusottamam (60.12-43) Somesvaram tam saranam vrajamil(130.13-21) Narastatphalamapnoti drstva krsnam pranamya cal (157.42-50) Tatphalam satatam tatra prapnuvanti (177.12.14) mantsinah 1. Te marah svargagaminah (224.10) Tam rajanparayamasi) (120.9-14) (7) REPETITIONS As the puranas were recited orally, some padas and phrases were repeated. Sometimes, one and the same word was repeated many a time, and thus generally happened in long prayers. Some of the instances of repetitions from the Brahma Purana are La - (i) Tatpham satatam tatra prapnuvanti manisinah (177.13-14) (ii) Tatphalam labhate tatra pratyaham prayatab sucih (177.14-15),

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$ (iii) Adyapi na nivartante samudrebhyah $ iva pagah (3.19,23) $ (iv) Tairiyam prthimisarva saptadvipa sapattana 1 Yathapratesamadyapi dharmena pratipatyate |l (4.15, 12.20,21) (v) Tau me saranyan saranam bhavetam | (104.6,8) (vi) Anugacchasva mam 1 (7.6,10) u (vii) Ilbalah svasrmastatha | (3.75,88) (viii) Tena tvam nimantritah (40.97-99) (ix) Rajanam sobbyasecarat (4.11-14) (x) Kimidam mama samjatam) (108.46,47) (xi) Tapasa dharaye pradan (141.1) (xii) Dharmameda param manyel(170.39-45) (xiii) Vina putrena rajendral (104,10,12) 1242

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1243 (xiv) Putra eva paro loke (104.11,12) (xv) Dharme vaddhim kuru sthiram (80.43,47) (xvi) Kim mam bhauvana dasyasi) (83.26,27) (xvii) Tamah prayadatharnavat (122.9,10,12) (xviii) Prasida (155.18-23) (xix) Tvadgitah (125.23-24) (xx) Pahi (124.94-98) (xxi) Cakara (140.14-17) (xxii) Yatrahamasmi tatraite na tisthanti kadacana (137.6,7) (xxiii) Ankamaroqhumarbasi (154.5,7) (8) IDIOMS (1) Nakra karya vicarana (92.41),(96.26) (iv.41) • (ii) Varta yesam na kartaliya (94.40) (iii) esa dharmah sanatuna (10.35)

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1244 (iv) Putake putake madhu (iv.59) (v) Na sakyo vistaro vaktum varsasatairapi (v.3) (vi) Na sakyate natastesam vai vaktun yi bei varsasatairapil(5.57) (vii) Kalena himsayamasa (12.11) (viii) Manaryakam krthah (17.36) (ix) Samayam karayamcakre (17.4) (x) Ma tebhudbhddhiranyatha (35.19) (xi) Janubhyam avanem gatua (39.97) (xii) antastasya nu vidyate (44.7) (xiii) Marane matim kurvate sma (86.6) (xiv) Tridivam yayau (4.51) (xv) Khamutpeturatkah pranah (17.1) Pranapanikheru ude gayun - (in Gujj (xvi) Murdhajesu nigagraha (6.33) (xvii) Murdhna nipatya (56.61)

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(xviii) Mahim nipatya (59.15) (xx) Yadbhavyam tadbhavisyati (165.26) (xxi) Tvayi drste visesatah (110.18) Gus Tama dekhe visesa (xxii) Murdhni silam patayeyam (169.32) (xxiii) Pasyati caksusa (89.21) Guj. dola kadhava mmanyah (xxiv) Pandiyan (70,28) (9) CASES PROBLAMATIC TO THE EDITOR In the Brahma Purana there are many instances which are problematic to the editor of the An.ed and these instances are followed by a mark of interrogation. They are as follows :Vyajayata (3.33) Antardhanameva ca (5.105) Partksitasya ha (12.10) tamudvahat (13.37) 1245

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Krtadarah (15.6) Kuvayam (20.27) Matritlrham (25:39) Satakim (25.52) Sahasrikam (25.52) www Kanyasamvetyam (25.72) Niscivaprabhavam (25.72) -1Aurvisitartham (25.75) Subham (31.19) Sopyuktva (33.26) Gogarga (40.75) Vrsangarambhah (40.81) Devendrasyeva (47.51) Dhanadhanyasamanvitam (47.98) Tasamatyaih (55.14) 1246

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Punarjapet (59.12) Devatastriyah (81.4) Sobhistha (82.4). Vrsakapim (84.19) Purita (86.11) Sarvasu (86.15) Rahustatra suranaha bhitva deham puramama (106.40) Atraste rasamukrskam tadakrsya sareratah rasan (106.45) Tathaiva laksmanasyapi Bharatasyanujasya ca (123.104) Mahimna (153.11) Abhyetya (754.27) Bhavasya (157.23) Mahitale (159.28) Akalpayam (161.33) 1247

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Garhapatyosya (1612) Jatavedasi (173.30) Muktidasca (173.36) Bhaktitah (175.61) Hasamucchaih (191.27) Sadhuvahiskrto yah (191.31) Itareyan (219.57) Prapitamahastatheti (219.75) Pavitrakan (219.81) Fnavatarpayan (219.83) Paurbnamasegu (220.11) Vasahatam 03 (220.191) Bahiskantarite (223.47) Saptamahabuddhih (232.29) Naradhipa (242.49) Puranesya litah (245.25) 1248

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1249 The above analysis clearly shows that a the language of the purans which bear similarities with the epic style comes between the language of the Vedas and the language of the classical sanskrit. Some Brahmanical expletives like tu (7.19, 74.53), ha (7.28, 4.44, 7.17, 28), va ' (4.39, 64.91), vai (4.41, 64, 91), Bata (35.38) uta (39.33, 152.34) and kila (208.42) 203.102, 228.25, 135.3) are also used here. As the puranas followed oral tradition, the paninian rules were sometimes not observed then a purana reciter wanted to impress the masses, he did not wait to scrutinize whether the words that flowed naturally from his mouth observed the paninian rules or not. Sometimes memory failed and therefore the same padas were repeated. Again, the numerous instances of hiatus between the padas provided by the puranas indicate that the oral tradition was in vogue. Common phrases like 'visterena kirtaya' etc. were used to direct the attention of the masses. The repetitions like gataste gatah gatah, (agatya' gatya' (169.14), gaccha gaccha (129.41), were employed to show emphasis. vil There are some phrases which are alliterative, Nos. Rabanam lokadravanam, Akrurah krurahradayah (the

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pun on words is noteworthy) upatadbhih patadbhih (39.74) 1250 Further, though the whole Brahmapurana is in verse, a portion of it is in prose. It is said that 'Gadyapriya hi devah and therefore other puranaslike Bhagavata, Devi bhagvata and siva too contain portions in prose. Thus, in the Brahma Purana, An ed, Adh. 165, the portion from 'Jaya Jaya + I'D Lokapoala' upto 'kalusahara' in the prose. Again, the Brahma Purana has directly taken some verses from the Rg. veda. Thus, Brahma Purana 174.14=Rv. Av. 9.114.3, 174.15= Rv. 9.114.4, 174.169.114.2, RV. 174.17= 9.112.3 long Another remarkable characteristic of the puranic style is the secondary importance attached to main roots. Thus, we see that the roots showing the main action, though capable enough by themselves to show the sense are not used alone but other secondary roots are attached to them. Thus, the main roots are dying out and the secondary roots gain prominence. The Brahma Purana also furnishes many instances of the above style. Some of them are as follows :-

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1251 • Jeth Hrata babhuvah (41.4), MOham gacchanti (41.35), Snanom karayitva (41.61), Vatetamarhasi (41-8), Srotumicchamahe (41.8), Vismayam Gatah (44.53), nivasamakarot (44.54), Vinasamabhyeti (45.54), Pradaksini krta (45.56), Pranamamakarot (45.68), Kartum saknomi (47.20), (45.73), yatnam karisyami (46.28), Prarambhamakarot (47.1), Mudan lebhe (47.74) Cinta babhuva (48.4), Dasatan Gatah (49.38), daridratvam gatah (49.38) Irvaratvam gatah (49.38), Svamitvam gatah (49.38), mrtim yatu (94.37), Stritin karotu (110.142), Sukham cakre (166.9), Nrtyam Cakruh (157.76), Gitam cakruh (157.16), nirvighnatam, cakera (114.118), Chedanam cakre (89.42), krtakrtyatam praptah (122.46), bhasmi karoti (140.13), purim cakara (140.14,15) etc.

Last Updated: 15 August, 2024