Chapter 10 - Ethnic Data in the Brahma Purana

CHAPTER X ETHNIC DATA - De -- 964 Though the ancient Hindus did not write historical works of their own country, the ancient literature contains valuable data reflecting the condition of the period and among them may be mentioned the list of tribes and peoples which are found in the Epics and the Puranas. Their study is bound to throw important light on the distribution of peoples in ancient India as well as their movements. The question of the origin of tribal nomenclature is very interesting and the first question that arises is regarding the distinction between a race and a tribe. According to Huxley 'the racial concept is almost devoid of biological meaning as applied to human aggregates'. This is because the word race does not possess any definite connotation in the social sciences. It may be used to denote a

965 race. class of population determined by the possession of a common trait or certain aggregation of traits. The white race contains three distinct racial divisions having various shades of white skin. Many a times people who have ancestrally lived in a country for a number of generations like the English, French or Chinese are called a race. We even speak of human Any culturally homogeneous group is also known as a Sometimes the races are spoken of as marital and nonmarital as if the quality to fight is inborn and not acquired. It is because of the various usages to which the word 'race' has been put that to-day we have a Jewish race, an AngloSaxon race, a German race and an Islamic race. The anthropologists, however, take the word 'race' in its zoological sense. "If the people of one race could be distinguished by physical markings, then they constitute a race." race. The ancient people were organised on the basis of hoards or tribes, the tribes were political groups within a geographical setting. The headquarters of the tribe develop, -ed into cities and the political power of the tribes was transformed into 'city states, which to-day are nations.' the words of Sir Arthur Keith, 'Nations are big tribes welded together by force.' But the same race was split up into various tribal groups and thus 'tribe' and 'race' are not In

1 966 synonymous. W. Crooke 2 has attempted a rough classification of the origin of tribal nomenclature as follows. The first is of the most general kind such as desi of the land and paradesi from beyond the land. then came purabi 'eastern' and uttaraha 'northern', Pacchiwaha 'western' and pracya 'eastern'. Next are the names indicating geographical areas: such as Madhyadesas, Antarvedis those resident in the lower Ganges Jamna doab (ii) Names derived from rivers: Gangapuri, Jumnapuri (iii) Names derived from famous cities; Kanaujiya, Srivastavya, corrupted into Srivastava from Sravasti in the north outh. (iv) Names derived from religious sites: Mathura, Brindavana, Land of Braj, Gokul, Haradvar. (v) Names derived from other towns: Amethi, Azamgarh, Gazipur, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Jaunapur. (vi) Names derived from places outside the provice:- Bengal-Baksar, Bhojpur, Gaur, Hazipur, Patna, Punjab - Punjabi, Lahori, Multani; North - Naipali, Janakpuri, Kasmiri; West - Bhatner, Gujarat, Indaur, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Marwar, (vii) Names derived from ancient tribes: - Pancalas, Abhiras, Kambojas, Kaivartas, Gahvaras, Khasikas, Mekalas and Sakas. (viii) Eponymous titles - vatsa to Baehgoti, Raja Vena I 1 Races and Cultures of India, Majumdar D.N., PP. 1-4. 2 lng Tribes and castes, Vol.1, PP. clxi. ff.

967 + to the Benuans. Chauhan, Garhwar. men; Dhobi (ix) Names derived from Rajput sexts OX- (x) Occupational titles - Bardhiya Washerman, Ghosi - those shouting after cattle, Pahalwan wrestler. (xi) Personal or contemptuous titles Bhangi - the rascal who intoxicates himself with hamp, kabutari she that flirts like pigeon, Kanphat he with torn ears. • The archaeological discoveries of Babylonia, Egypt, oxianoe, Trans-caucasus, Iran, Asia, minor, crete, Trans Balucistan, Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, have been vividly illuminating the hazy and mystic background of puranic mythology. What was regarded as fantastic poetic hallucinations of Tall deluded minds, crazed by scorching heat waves of fiery tropical sun; and terrific thunderstorms, is proving to be an inexhaustible mine of primitive racial migrations, tribal customs and rites. Thus we find that Yaksas are the Australoids who spread over the Indian Peninsula and still form the substratum, especially of the southern Indian Population. Raksasas were Negroes and pigmy Nisadas were Negritoes. Hiranya Kasyapas (yellow men) and Daityas were Mongoloids. Vaisya (Thracian Bessi), vaniks (Pani = Paniks = Phoenicians) were Alpines. Some of their tribes were samitaras (savara cimbri), Mahisha (Monkhmer), Kinnara (Cimmeui), Manda (Muranda), Sakas (Sucoe), Tukhara (Tochari) and Jats (Jatrikas = Gete). 1 Druhyus and Asuras were semites. Turvasus were mediterraneans,

968 Iksvakus were Achoean Aryans. Gadhi people (Gudeans) were Mitanni Aryans, mixed later with the kassites. Purus were Khatti (Hittite) Amara Aryans. Kasya (Khasa) were cassite Aryans. Likewise the Brahmanical clans The Bhargavas were originally Caspians, the priests of the danavas, Angirasas were mixed Alpines. were Mongoloids. Rathitharas were Mediterraneans. Vasisthas were Archaen Aryans.3 Atreyas were Alpines while the Kasyapas In the early civilization of India, different human groups tried to settle themselves in India at various times trying to adjust themselves to the condition of physical geography and other factors and the ancient Indian literature provides information regarding the distributions and activities of the ethnic groups that settled in India in the centuries before and after the beginning of the christian era. The Mbh., the Puranas and astronomical works represent India as being inhabited by several tribes or peoples who gave their names to the particular regions where they settled. Though it is not easy to decide whether so many distinct groups of people lived on Indian soil or whether it was the country that determined the name of the people or whether the name of the and 3 Aksaya Kumari devi - A bibliographical dictionary of Puranic personages, vide also A.H.Keane 'Man Past & } Present' Chatterji Suniti Kumar, The Origin and Development of Bengali language. 1

969 country was decided by the name of the people settling therein, still the study of ethnography is very important forming the real basis of the historical geography of ancient India, as the geographical names of large areas were mostly derived from those of the ethnic groups who occupied them. In the geographical tradition contained in the Puranas, the locality or country was known by the plural of the tribal name. The satapatha Brahmana relates how Videha obtained its name from the settlement of the Videgha tribe. Panini states that the word Pancala denotes the country or kingdom which the ksatriya tribe pancala occupied. In his Astadhyayi, the names with the suffix 'ka' as in Malavaka, Rajanyaka, Traigartaka, Vasatika shows that countries were called after people and that the ethnic structure of the population of different areas formed the basis of such names. 'Ethnic groups are treated as if they were so many viable units of the geographical order of ancient India. The puranas furnish a list of people and races going under each of the several divisions into which the country was supposed to have been divided from the geographical point of view and the various tribes appear as belonging to one or the other division. v

970 The puranas divide India into seven divisions. This plan was made with a view to the directions and the central part. Thus Madhyadesa means the central part, udicya the northern division, pracya the eastern division, Daksinapatha, the southern division, and Aparanta, the western division, called Vindhyavasins which in its turn is followed by a group of names called Parvatasrayins. The puranas Vayu, Brahmanda, Markandeya, Matsya and Brahma are important for the study of the ethnology of India and as pointed out in the chapter on Geography, the text of the Brahma follows that of the Markandeya.4 Then follows a group of tribal names Lists of tribes are very corrupt and sometimes the variations are superficial e.g.in the Brahma Purana., the ms. 'kha' reads 'satadrukas' for 'satadruhas' (27.46), which may be due to the faults in mss. themselves, or on the part of the copyiThere are many types sts, or in the structure of the lists. of defects in the structure of lists. A name may be left out by mere accidental omission. Thus the Brahma omits Colas from the southern division and Nisadas from the south- 5 eastern division, although almost every account includes them. 4 Chaudhari S.B., Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India. 10 5 Chaudhari S.B., Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India, P.16.

6 971 Sometimes the names have been displaced and the order revised. Sometimes the variations are on account of the same people in different places. Thus the Kalingas are mentioned in the Madhyadesa (27.42), North (27.46), as well as in the South (27.55). The Brahma Purana. contains a wide-variety of groups and sub-groups living in different regions of India. Some of the names refer to a far distant age and take us as far back as the period of Rv., such as the Gandharas. It seems that these lists were arranged in a definite order, are stereotyped in character, but were altered to receive late additions of Geography of a number of tribes and countries of different ages. Thus the mention of Yavanas, sakas and Pahlavas whose connection with India is assigned to the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. show, the wide range of period which the lists cover. The Brahma Purana. also divides the tribes according to the seven directions and mentions Matsyas, Mukutakulyas, Kuntalas, Kasis, Kosalas, Andhrakas, Kalingas, Samakas, Vrkas in the central division; the vahikaras, Vatadhanas, Sutiras, Kalatoyadas, Aparantas, Sudras, Bahlikas, Keralas, Gandharas, Yavanas, Sindhus, Sauviras, Madrakas, Satadruhas, Kalingas, Paradas, 6 Thus the ms. 'kha' reads Kasmiras, 'kha' reads Kasmiras, Karunas in east (27.51) though they belong to north and are actually mentioned in that division in a previous Sloka (27.50).

972 Harabhusikas, Matharas, Kanakas, Kaikeyas, Dambhamalikas, ksatriyas, upamadess, Vaisyas, Sudras, Kambojas, Barbaras, Laukikas, Viras, Tusaras, Pahlavas, Atreyas, Bharadvajas, Puskalas, Daserakas, Lampakas, Sunasokas, Kulikas, Jangalas, Ausadhyas, Calacandras, Kiratas, Tomaras, Hamsamargas, Kasmiras, Karunas, Sulikas, Kuhakas, Magadhas, in the north, the Andhas, Vamamkuras, Vallakas, Makhantakas, Angas, Vangas, Maladas, Malavartikas, Bhadratungas, Pratijayas, Bharyangas, Apamardakas, Pragjyotisas, Madras, Videhas, Tamraliptakas, Mallas, Maghadhakas, Nandas, in the east; Purnas, Kevalas, Golargulas, Rsikas, Musikas, Kumaras, Ramathas, Sakas, Maharastras, Mahisakas, Kalingas, Abhiras, Vaisikyas, Atavyas, Seravas, Pulindas, Mauleyas, Vaidarbhas, Dandakas, Paulikas, Maulikas, Asmakas, Bhojavardhanas, Kaulikas, Kuntalas, Dambhakas, Nilakalakas,in the south; Surparakas, Kalidhanas, Lohas, Talakatas in the west; Malajas, Karkasas, Melakas, Colakas, Uttamarnas, Dasarnas, Bhojas, Kiskindhakas, Rosalas, Kosalas, Traipuras, Vaidisas, Tumburas, Caras, Yavanas, Pavanas, Abhayas, Rundikeras, Carcaras, Hotrahartas, in the Vindhya; the Niharas, Tusamargas, Kuramas, Tanganas, Khasas, Karnapravaranas, Urnas, Darghas, Kuntaks, citramargas, Malavas, Kiratas, Tomaras on the mountains. Manu? states that many new tribes were continually being created by the intercourse of Brahmins with women of other castes. 7 A. 10.

973 The Brahma-Purana also states that some of the tribes were named after the eponymous kings. Thus Vrsadarbhas, Suviras, Kekayas and Madras are named after the four sons of king Sibi Ausinara (13.26,27), the Angas, Vangas, Suhmas, Pundras, and Kalingas after the name of the sons of king Bali (13.31,32). Pandya, Kerala, Kala and Cola after the names of the sons of king Ahrida (13.147); and Gandhara after the name of the son of king Angarasetu (13.150,151). Similarly, the pancala country is so-called after the five sons of king Bahyasva, as they (panca) were sufficient (Alam) to protect the country (13.94-96). Besides the above mentioned, there are stray references of tribes associated with Pariyatra mountain. Similarly, there are different classes of people living in the different dvipas into which the world is divided according to puranic geographical tradition. In the following pages, an attempt has been made to study the tribes mentioned in the Brahma-Purana in the light of information gathered from other sources. > The books 'Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India' by Shri S. B. Chaudhari and 'Tribes in Ancient India' by Shri B. C. Law have been greatly valuable for this study. The list is arranged in an alphabetical order and

974 and a chart of tribes contained in the puranas has been given (20.9) in an appendix, for a comparative study. Abhayas They are mentioned along with other tribes as belonging to the northern region (27.61) see 'Aparantas'. Abhiras They are a well-known tribe in ancient India and after coming into prominence during the epic period occupied more than one centre in the country They can be traced in the present Ahirs who in tribal groups, abound largely in the United Provinces, Bihar, Nepal and some portions of Rajputana. They are mostly cow-herds and agriculturists.8 The Mahabharata⁹ locates them in the western division of India and it is supported by 'Periplus of the Erythrea Sea' (1st century B.C.) and Ptolemy (IInd century A.D.). The Mahabhasya of Patanjali associates them with sudras" and the evidence is supported by Visnupurana which places them in the extreme west along with the surastras, sudras, Arbudas, Karusas, and Malavas.10 The Markandeya Purana. 8 Law B. C., Tribes in Ancient India, P. 78. 9 Sabhaparvan, Cr. ed. 2.29.9. 10 1,2,3; cf. Mbh. IX, 3,7,1. 11 Ed. Wilson, Bk.II, Chap.III, PP. 132-135.

975 associates them with the vahlikas, vatadhanas, sudras, Madrakas, surastras and sindhu-sauviras, all of whom are said to have occupied the western country. The Allahabad iron pillar inscription of Samudragupta (2nd quarter of the 4th century A.D.), mentions them as tribal states of west and south-west India. Though, the places mentioned in the above list of Markandeya Purana. are grouped as occupying northern region by the Brahma-Purana, it places the Abhiras in the west along with saurastras, sudras and Arbudas (19.17). south. The tribe seems to have another settlement in the According to Markandeya Purana, they are mentioned along with the Pundrakas, Keralas, Kalingas, Pulindas, Andhras, Vidarbhas, Kuntalas and others all of them dwelling in the southern country (57.45-48); (58.22). The Vayu Purana also classes them with the Atavyas, Sabaras, Pulindas, Vaidarbhas and Dandakas, as X 'Daksinapatha-vasinah' (45.126). The Brahma-Purana also records the same tradition and mentions them along with Puranas, Kevalas, Golangulas, Rsikas, Musikas, Kumaras, Ramathas, Sakas, Maharastras, Mahisakas, Kalingas, Vaisikyas, Atavyas, Saravas, Pulindas, Mauleyas, Vaidarbhas, Dandakas, Paulikas, Maulikas, Asmakas, Bhojavardhanas, Kaulikas, Kuntalas, Dambhakas and Nilakalakas, as 'Daksinapatha -vasinah' (27.54-57). One more centre of Abhiras is mentioned by the

976 Brahma Purana. They are said to have occupied the Pancanada region and they carried away the widows of lord krsna after defeating Arjuna while he was passing with the widows of lord krsna through the Pancanada region. Here they are addressed Dasyus and Mlecchas and are said to have used sticks for fighting purposes (212.14-28). Ambasthas King Ambasthya is mentioned in the Aindra MahabhiThey were probably settled seka of Aitereya Brahmana.12 in Punjab and later on migrated to Bengal and Bihar where they 13 can be traced at the present day The Mbh. mentions athem along with the Sibis, Ksudrakas, Malavas and other northwestern tribes. 14 The Brahma Purana. mentions the Ambastha as Anava Ksatriyas and are said to have originated from Suvrata, son Usinara and thus they were intimately related to the Yaudheyas Sibis, Navarastras, Kekayas, Madrakas, Vrsadarbhas and Suviras (13.21-25). But according to the Gautama-Dharma-sutra, the children born of next, second or third lower castes become sabarnas, Ambasthas, Ugras, Nisadhas, Dausyantas or Parasaras.15 12 VIII. 21-3.. 13 14 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 96. Cr.ed. 2, 29, 5. 15 IV. 16.

977 Thus they would be descendants of Brahmins by ksatriyas, vaisyas or sudra wives. From a jataka, we learn that they were farmers 16 and Manu says that they practised the art of healing and followed trade and husbandry. 17 In later times, they seem to have migrated to some place near the Mekala hill which is the source of the river Narmada. They seem to have migrated eastward as well for even to-day a class of Kayasthas known as Ambastha kayasthas can be traced in Bihar, while the vaidyas of Bengal came to be designated as Ambasthas. 18 The Brahma P. also associates them with Madras, Axxamas and Parasikas (19.18). Andhrakas The earliest reference of Andhras as a tribe is found in the Aitereya Brahmana where they are associated with Savaras, Pulindas, and Mutibas and are referred to as Dasyus or non-Aryans.19 Vincent Smith opines that they were a dravidian speaking people and were the progenitors of the 16 IV, No. 363. 17 X. 47. 18 cf. Bharata Mallika's Commentary on the Bhattikavya. 19 VII.18; cf. also Satapatha Br. 3

978 modern Telugu-speaking people occupying the region between Godavari and Krsna.20 According to P.T.S.Iyangar they were originally a Vindhyan tribe that extended its political power from the west gradually to the east down the Godavari and the Krsna valleys. 21 The Markandeya Purana mentions them as inhabiting the eastern countries. The Brahma Purana. also mentions them as inhabiting the eastern region along with vamankuras, vallakas, Makhantakas, Angas, Vangas, Maladas, Malavartikas, Bhadratungas, Pratijayas, Bharyangas, Apamardakas, Pragjyotisas, Madras, Videhas, Tamraliptakas, Mallas, Magadhakas and Nandas. they are called Andhas. 22 Here According to Law B.C., the references to Andhras placed in the eastern region are incorrect as they were always a people of the southern region. 23 But the Brahma-Purana also mentions them in the Janapadas of central division where the Andhrakas are classed with Matsyas, Mukutakulyas, Kuntalas, Kasikosalas, Kalingas, Samakas and Vrkas. The Brahma Purana. further 20 IA, 1913, PP. 276-8, 24 21 IA, 1918, P.71; cf. also Mbh.Cr.ed. XII,200,39, Ram. Kish Kan, 41, Chap. 11.. 22 23 (27.51-53), the ms. 'kha' reads 'Andhaka Muhukarasca kasmirah Karunastatha/Salikah kuhakascaiva samagnirbahirgirah I Law B.W. Op.Cit., PP. 164-165. 24 27.42,43, the ms. 'kha' here reads 'Atharvas' instead of 'Andhakaj'.

> 979 notes that Andhakas and Avantis had marriage relationships.25 Mathura was the place of residence of Andhakas and Vrsni, the yadivas, but they left it on account of the fear of Kalayavana and established themselves in Kusasthali on lord Krsna's advice (14.53.57). Angas Anga was one of the sixteen Maha-Janapadas of ancient India and was very rich and prosperous.26 Panini groups together Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra, etc. all placed in the midland.27 The Mahabharata makes the races of Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra and Suhma to be the descendants of the Saint Dirghatamas by Sudesna, wife of Bali. 28 The Brahma Purana. also states that they were the sons of king Bali (13.35-37). According to Zimmer and Bloomfield they were settled 30 on the rivers Son and Ganges in later times but their early seat was presumably there also.29 Pargiter considers them as a non-Aryan people that came over sea to eastern India." Ethnographically they were connected with the Kalingas and other peoples of the plains of Bengal. 31 Anga comprised the 25. 15.54, The ms. 'kha' here reads 'Ancakah'for 'Andhakah'. Law B.C., India as described in the early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, P.19. 26 27 VI, 1,170; II, 4,62 28 I. 104. 29 Altindisches Leben, 35; Hymns of the Av.,446,449. 30 J.R.A.S., 1908, P. 852. 31 Cambridge history of India, I, P.534.

980 country round the modern Bhagalpur. 32 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as belonging to the eastern region along with the Vangas, Maladas, Malvartikas, Bhadratungas, Pratijayas, Bharmangas, Apamardakas, Pragjyotisas, Madras, Videhas, Tamraliptakas, Mallas, Magadhakas and Nandas (27.52). Again they are mentioned with Vangas, Kalingas, Kasmiras and Kosalas as residing in the mountain Rsika (230.70). Apamardakas The Brahma Purana. mentions them as occupying the eastern See Andhrakas. Janapadas along with others.33 Aparantas Generally the term Aparentas is applied to all the tribes living in the western region of India. The word Aparanta in its narrowest sense is identified with northern Konkan with its capital at Surparaka. It lags to the west of Maharastra. Dr.Bhagwanlal Indraji thinks that Aparantika refers to Ariake, which is the Greek name of the western coast of India.34 22 The puranic accounts used the term in its E. I. XXIV, Pt. 3, July. 33 27.52; Chaudhari reads it as Capamardakas, Op.cit. 34 IA. VII. 259.

981 most extended sense including almost all the countries from desert the great Rann of Cutch upto Sopara to the north of Bombay, stretching inland as far as Mount Abu in the northand Nasik in the south. 35 Kalidasa also used it as referring to the 36 western coast of India extending from Malabar to Sind. But Bhandarkar R.G. identified it with the western coast below Sahyadri 37. Fleet includes Konkan, Kathlawad, Cutch, and even 38 Sind in Aparanta.' But Apparanta is used in a restricted sense in Kamasutra of Vatsyayana.39 The Brahma Purana states that the Saurastras, Sudras, Abhiras and Arbudas lived in the Apparanta country(19.17). But elsewhere it groups the Aparantas along with the people residing in the north (27.44-51), viz., the Vahikaras, Vatadhanas, Sutiras, Kalatoyadas, Sudras, Vahlikas, Keralas, Gandharas, Yavanas, Sindhus, Sauviras, Madrakas, datadruhas, Kalingas, Paradas, Harabhusikas, Matharas, Kanakas, Kaikeyas, Dambhamalikas, Ksatriyas, Upamadesas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Kambojas, Barbaras, Laukikas, Viras, Tusaras, Pahlavas, Atreyas, Bharadvajas, Puskalas, Daserakas, Lampakas, Sunasokas, Kalikas, 35 Vayu, 45.129, Mat. 114. 50-51, Mark. 57.49. 36 Raghuvansa IV. 51-58. 37 Trans. Second Int. Congress of Orient (1274), P.313. 38 IA. XXII.173; JRAS. 1910, P. 427. 4 39 P. 300, 371.

982 Jangalas, Ausadhyas, Calacandras, Kiratas, Tomaras, Hamsamargas, Kasmiras, Karunas, Sulikas, Kuhakas, and Magadhas. Elsewhere, the Brahma Purana. states that the surparakas, Kalidhanas, Lohas and Talakatas as dwelling in the western region (24.59). Aramas The Brahma Purana. mentions them with Madras, Ambasthas and Parasikas (19.18). Arbudas They must have been the people dwelling on and around the Arbuda mountain which is identified with the modern Mount Abu which is the southern end of Aravalli hills.40 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with Saurastras, Sudras and Abhiras as dwelling in the western region (19.17). The main range of the Aravalli hills terminates in the south-west corner of the Sirohi State, while 7 miles to the north-west, separated by a narrow valley, stands the celebrated mountain Abu, a good account of the religious merit of which is furnished by the Arbuda-khanda of the SkandaPurana.41 40 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 400. 41 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P. 96.

983 Aryakas They dwelt in Plaksadvipa and corresponded to the Brahmin class (20.17). Asmakas They formed one of the ksatriya tribes of ancient India. They are not referred to in vedas but are mentioned in the Epics and puranas where they are classed with the most prominent ksatriya peoples of ancient India, such as the Kurus and Surasenas.42 The Anguttara Nikaya 43 and the Puranas 44 state that Assaka was one of the sixteen Maha-Janapadas of Jambudvipa (India). In the Suttanipata the Asmaka country is associated with Mulaka and mentioned as situated on the bank of the river Godavari, immediately to the south of Patitthana.45 Rhys Davids opines that as the country is mentioned together with Avanti and as its position in the list of Mahajanapadas is between Surasena and Avanti it appears probable 42 Mbh., Bhismaparvan, Cr. ed. 6.10.42. 43 I.p. 213, IV.,PP. 252,256, 260. 44 Padma, Svarga Kh., Ch.III; Visnudharmottara, IX. 45 Bhandarkar D.R., Carmichael Lectures, 1918, P.4,53.

984 that when the list was drawn up, Asmaka was situated immediately north-west of Avanti, and in that case the settlement on the Godavari was a later colony and this is confirmed by the fact that there is no mention of Potana in the list. 46 Again, in the sutralankara of Asanga, Asmaka is mentioned in the of the Indus and the Greek writers knew of a people called the 'Assakenoi' in eastern Afghanistan.47 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as belonging to the southern region along with the other tribes and associates them with Maulikas and Bhojavardhanas. Thus confirming to its location in the Godavari region (27.57). See 'Abhiras'. The Assakenians were great fighters; Greek writers admit that they offered a s stubborn resistance to Alexander, and once Alexander was even obliged to draw off his forces. 48 Atavvas Atavi is a city of the Deccan mentioned in the Mbh. They are referred in the Vayu 50 and Matsya 51 Puranas. In the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta the Atavikas 46 Buddhist India, PP. 27-8. 47 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 181. 49 48 The invasion of India by Alexander the Great J.W.Mccrindle, MDCCCXCIII. i 49 Sabhaparvan, XXX, 1176. 50 XLV, 126. 51 CXIII, CXIII, 48.

985 are mentioned who were perhaps aboriginal tribes dwelling in the jungle tracts of central India. 52 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as occupying the southern 53 region along with other tribes. See 'Abhiras'. Atrevas In the Bhisma-parvan of the Mbh. they are mentioned in a list of fierce Mleccha people along with other barbarous tribes.54 Elsewhere they are mentioned as a family of Brahmanas dwelling in the Dvaitavana not far from the Sarasvati.55 The Harivansa seems to suggest that the people originated from the Rsi Prabhakara of Atri's race whence came the name of the tribe Atreya.56 The Markandeya Purana. mentions them as peoples of north along with the Bharadvajas, Puskalas, Kaserukas, Lampakas, etc.57 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as belonging to north (27.48). See 'Aparantas'. Ausadhyas 52 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as Law B. C., Op.Cit., P. 383. 53 27.56; the ms. 'kha' reads 'Apah' for Atavyas. 54 Cr. ed. VI. 10.67. 55 Vanaparvan, XXVI, 971; CLXXVII, 12.354-62. 56 XXXI, 1660-8. 57 LVII, 39-40.

986 occupying northern region (27.49). See 'Aparantas'. Banlukas They are the same as the Vahlikas, Valhikas and Valhikas. Balhika Pratipya, a king of this tribe, is mentioned in the Satapatha Brahmana. 58 According to Vayu Purana, Siva Purana 59 and Kavya Mimamsa of Rajasekhara they are placed in the northern division. Thus it should be identified with some region beyond Punjab. proves that they were settled beyond the Indus. The Meharauli Iron pillar inscription Accordingly, the country of the valhikas may be identified with the region now known as Balkh, in other words they should be identified with the 'Baktriol' occupying the country near Arachosia in the time of the geographer Ptolemy 60 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with the other tribes occupying north (27.45). See 'Aparantas'. Elsewhere they are mentioned along with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Tanganas, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, 58 59 60 XII,9,3,103 and 13; Mbh. Adi. 95,44; Udyoga (Cr.ed) 47.6; Sabha Cr.ed. II 24.15. VII, 60,20; cf. also Ramayana, Kiskindhya Kanda, 44.13. Raychaudhari H.C., PHAI, 4th ed. P.449, f.N., IA, 884,P.408; cf. also Raychaudhari's Paper on 'The Karddamaka Kings' in I.H.Q., Vol.IX, No.1, pp. 37-9; Indian Culture, 1.518-19; Sikcar D.C., Select inscriptions bearing on Indian history and civilization, Publ. by Uni.of Decca, 1942. cf. also Pargiter Dynasties of Kali age, B. 50, C.Cakravarty ABORI, 1926-7, P.174; Jayaswal K.P., JBORS, XVIII, P.31; Smith JRAS, 1897, PP. 15-17; Majumdar R.C., Early History of Bengal, Decca Uni. Bulletin, No.3, 1925, P. 7.

987 Karnapravaranas and Marus (54.12). Balevas The Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Pundras and Suhmas were named after the five sons of Bali and were called Baleya ksatriyas and Baleya Brahmins.61 The Brahma Purana. also states that they were the descendants of king Bali and on Brahma's words, they became Brahmins as well as ksatriyas well-versed in sastras and sastras respectively (13.31.34). Barbaras The Mahabharata associates the Barbaras with the Ambasthas, Paisacas, Kulindas, etc.62 and also with the Yaunas, Kambojas, Gandharas and Kiratas and place them on the uttarapatha or northern country. The Matsya purana also places 63 them in countries watered by the caksu stream of the Ganges before it entered the sea. 64 The Markandeya 65 places them in the Sindhu country and the Brhatsamhita refers to them as a north or north-west tribe. 61 Pargiter, AIHT, P. 158. 62 Sabhaparvan, Cr.ed. 29.115, Drona 119.14. 63 Cr.ed..12, 200. 40. 64 CXXI, 45-51. 65 LVII, 39.

988 The Brahma-purana also mentions them with other tribes as occupying the northern region (27.47). See 'Aparantas'. According to Chaudhari S.B. they represent the various rude tribes who lived in the unexplored regions in the lower course of the Oxus near about the trans-caspian province and that there is no sufficient ground to hold that the people of this name known to classical writers are the same as the Barbaras of the Brhatsamhita list.66 Bhadratungas They are mentioned with other tribes as occupying the eastern region. 67 See 'Andhas'. Bharadvajas 68 The Markandeya P. places them in the north. The Mbh. places them in the upper Gangetic region near the hills.69 Bharadvaja, the Rsi, was evidently the originator of this tribe. In the Bhismaparve of the Mahabharata, are mentioned in a list of fierce Mleccha people along with other barbarous tribes, mainly 66 Chaudhari S.B., Op.cit., P.113. 67 27.52, the ms. 'ka' reads 'Brahmatungas' 68 LVII, 39-40. 69 Adiparva CXXX, 5102-6; CLXVI, 6828-32; Vanaparva (Cr.ed.) 3, 135. 9; Salya XLIX, 2762-2824.

989 on the north and north-west 70 and in the Harsa-carita in a list of countries famous for kk horses, Bharadvajas are 71 mentioned between Kamboja and Sindhu. The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as occupying the northern country (27.48). See 'Aparantas' Bharyangas They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to eastern region (27.52). See 'Andhas'. Rhavinas They belonged to the Plaksadvipa and corresponded to Sudra class (20.17). Bhojas The Bhojas were one of the five sub-tribes constituting the Haihayas, who claimed descent from Yadu.72 Banerjee D. R. points out on the authority of a copper plate discovered at Khalimpura that the king of the Bhojas, Matsyas, Kurus, Yadus and Yavanas were king of Kanyakubja. 70 Cr.ed. 6.10.67. 71 P. 50. 72 73 forced to acknowledge cakrayudha as the They were a Yadava tribe who dwelt in Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, P. 316. 73 Vangalar Itihasa, Pt.1, PP. 167-8.

990 north-eastern Gujarat.74 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as occupying the Vindhya region along with other tribes, viz. Malajas, Karkasas, Melakas, Colakas, Uttamarnas, Dasarnas, Kiskindhakas, Tosalas, Kosalas, Traipuras, Vaidisas, Tumburas, Caras, Yavanas, Pavanas, Abhayas, Rundikeras, Carcaras and Hotr, chartas (27.59-62). Bhojavardhanas The Markandeya Purana places the Bhojavardhanas along with the Maulikas, Asmakas, Andhas, Naisikas and Kuntalas in the southern region.75 The tribe cannot be satisfactorily identi- 77 Bhojavadham occurs in the Barhut inscriptions.' fied.76 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as occupying the southern country (27.57). See 'Abhiras'. Calacandras They are mentioned with other tribes as occupying the northern region (27.49), See 'Aparantas'. 74 Vayu, XLV, 132; CXIII, 52. 75 LVII, 48-9. 76 Law B. C., Op.Cit., P. 393. 77 Barua and Sinha, Barhut Inscriptions, P. 15.

991 Caras They are mentioned with the other tribes as occupying Vindhya region (27.61). See 'Bhojas'. Carcaras They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.61), See 'Bhojas. Citramargas They are mentioned as resorting to mountains along with other tribes, viz. Niharas, Tusamargas, Kuravas, Tanganas, Khasas, Karnapravaranas, Urnas, Darghas, Kuntakas, Malavas, Kiratas and Tomaras (27.63,64). Colakas According to Dr.Barnett, the Tamilagam or Tamil realm extended over the greater part of the modern Madras Presidency, its boundaries being on the north a line running approximately from pulicat on the coast to Venkatagiri, on the east the Bay of Bengal, on the south Cape Camorin, and on the west the Arabian sea as far north as the 'White rock' near Badagara, to the south of Mahi Malabar was included in it. 78 The area of Cola 78 Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, P. 595.

992 kingdom included the modern districts of Tricinopoly and Tanjore and part of the Pudukkottah. 79 The Brahma-Purana mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region.80 See 'Bhojas'. Dambhakas They are mentioned along with other tribes as occupying the southern region.81 See 'Abhiras'. Dambhamalikas They are mentioned along with other tribes as occupying the northern region (27.56). See 'Aparantas'. Damins They belonged to Kusadvipa and corresponded to the Brahmin class. 82 Dandakas 79 80 81 82 83 The Matsya 83 and Vayu Puranas 84 describe Dandakas K.A.Nilakantha Sastri The Colas, Ch.II, P.22. ru 27.59, the mss. 'kha' and 'ga' read the 'Utkalas' in place of 'Colakas'. 27.57; the ms. 'kha' reads Dambhaves. 20.39%; the mss.'ka' and 'kha' read 'Dakinah' and 'Deminah' respectively. 114.46-8. 84 45.126.

993 along with Pulindas, Vaidarbhas and Vindhyas as belonging to the Daksinapatha region. Dandaka forest. They are the people dwelling in the According to the Ramayana, the forest seems to have covered almost the whole of central India from Bundelkhand region to the Godavari 85, but the Mahabharata seems to limit the Dandaka forest to the source of the Godavarr.86 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the southern country (27.56). See 'Abhiras'. Darghas They are mentioned along with other hill-tribes (27.63). See 'Citramargas'. Darvas The Mahabharata associates them with the Trigarttas, the Daradas and other northern tribes to the north of the Punjab. 87 A river or town called Darvi is mentioned and a tirtha Devi-Samkramana is placed between the sources of the Jumna and Indus, 88 and this tract perhaps was their territory.89 B 5 J.R.A.S., 1894, P.241; cf. Jataka, Fausboll, Vol.V, P. 29, 86 Sabhaparvan, Cr.ed. 2.28.43; Vanaparvan, Cr.ed. 3.83.38. 87 Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P.324 notes. 88 Vanaparva, Cr.ed. 3.82.40. 89 Pargiter, Op.Cit.

994 But Lassen places the Darvas between the Indus and Jhelum in the north-west of Kashmir. 90 The Brahma Purana. associates them with Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Paradas, Konisarpas, Mahisakas, Colas, Keralas, and others, and their dharma was uprooted by king Sagara (8.49,50). Dasarnas It appears that during the epic period they had more than one settlement. The Mbh. seems to refer to two Dasarnas, one in the west 91 and another in the east. 92 The Ramayana and the Puranas refer to a Dasarna country as dwelling in the Vindhyan tract 93 See The Brahma Purana. also mentions them as dwelling in the Vindhya region, along with the other tribes (27.60). 'Bhojas/'; and associates them. Elsewhere with the countries Kiratas, Kalinga, Konkana, Krmi, Kumari, Tangana, Kratha, the northern bank of Sindhu and the southern bank of Narmada as unfit for sraddha (220.8,9). 90 Indian Alt., Map 91 Mbh., Sabhaparvan, Ch. 32. 92 Mbh. , Ibid., Ch. 30. 93 Ramayana, Kiskindhya K 41,8-10; Brd.P. Ch.49; Va.45; Matsya Ch.114; Mark. Ch.57; Vamana P. 13.

Daserakas 995 Pargiter states that they appear to have comprised the several bands as the word 'gana' is nearly always used with Hemacandra identifies it with Marava which was their name. 94 the name of Marwar. 95 } The Markandeya Purana. places them with Vatadhanas, Sividas, Savadhanas, Puskalas and Kairatas as peoples of north.9 96 They are mentioned in the Mahabharata as taking part in the Kuruksetra war. 97 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as occupying the northern region (27.48). See 'Aparantas'. Dhanyas They belonged to Krauncadvipa and corresponded to the Vaisya class (20.53). Gandharas Gandhara, Kapisa, Balhika and Kamboja were the famous 94 Markandeya Purana., P. 321. 95 Abhidhana P.382; cf. also Trikandasesa of Purusottamadeva, published by K.Sri Krsnadas, Venkatesvara Press, Bombay, 1616, P.31. cf. Chaudhari S.B., Article in the Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, Vol. VI, Pt.3, PP.283-288. 96 LVII, 44.xxxx@x 4@x 47xx 6x 12 97 Bhisma, (Cr.ed.) 6.46.47, 6.112.108; Drona (Cr.ed.) 7.10.16, 7.19.7.

996 countries of the trans-Indus region of India. The Gandhara Janapada was bounded by the river Kabul in the south and extended from Taksasila in the east to the river Kunar.98 It formed an integral part of India from the earliest times and its history can be traced in unbroken continuity from Rigvedic times down to the present day. 99 Gandhara was on the N.W.frontiers of India in the neighbourhood of the Kambojas, Madras and similar other tribes, ཝ but there are differences of opinion as regards its exact boundaries. According to the generally accepted view Gandhara denotes the region comprising the modern districts of Peshawar in the N.W.Frontier Province and Rawalpindi in the Punjab; but in the old Persian inscriptions it seems to include also the district of Kabul in Afghanistan.100 Rhys Davids states that Gandhara was the district of E.Afghanistan, probably including the N.W. Punjab.101 Dr. S. K. Aiyangar holds that Gandhara was equivalent to E.Afghanistan, extending from the Afghan mountains to the district somewhat to the east of Indus. 102 According to 98 Chaudhari S.B., Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India, P.132. 99 Rapson, Ancient India, P. 81. 100 Rapson, Ancient India, P. 81. 101 Buddhist India, P.28; cf. also Vincent Smith, Asoka, 270. 102 Ancient India, P. 7.

997 Dr. D. R. Bhandarkar, Gandhara included the western Punjab and eastern Afghanistan.103 In the Ain-i-Akbari, Gandhara forms 104 the district of Pukely lying between Kashmir and Attock. N.L.Dey opines that Gandhara comprised the modern districts of Peshawar and Hoti Murdan or what is called Esofzai country. Cunningham fixes the following boundaries to Gandhara. Laghman and Jalalabad on the west, the hills of Swat and Bunir on the north, the Indus on the east, and the hills of Kalabagh on the south.105 Wilson took them to be the people south of the Hindukush, from about the modern Kandahar to the Indus, and extending into the Punjab and the Kashmir.106 From this it appears that the boundaries of the country varied at different periods in its history and at one time it appears to have included the Afghan district round Kandahar, but afterwards it receded to the mountains on the Indian frontier.107 According to the Matsya, Vayu and Visnu Puranas a certain Gandhara was born in the family of Druhyu, one of the sons of Yayati and the kingdom of Gandhara was named after 103 Carmichael lectures, 1918, P.54. 104 Geographical dictionary, P. 23. 105 Ancient Geography, P. 48. 106 Ancient India as described by Ptolemy, Mecrindle,PP.115-6. 107 Law B.C., Tribes in Ancient India, P. 10.

998 him.108 According to the Brahma and Bhagavata Puranas, Gandhara was fourth in the line of descent from Druhyu.109 The Brahma Purana. further states that the horses of the Gandhara country are well-known (13.150-151). The Brahma Purana. locates them as occupying the northern country along with the other tribes.110 See 'Aparantas'. Golangulas No people of the name Go-langulas are known. The Matsya Purana reads Colas and Kulyaslll and the Vayu, Caulyas and Kulyas instead. They cannot be satisfactorily identified. 112 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as occupying the southern country (27.54). See 'Abhiras'. Pargiter states that the name 'Golangulas' is a pure fancy, stories 113 of tailed races being common all over the world. 108 Matsya 48; Vayu 99; Visnu, Anka 4th, Ch.17. 109 Br.f.13.150,151; Bhag.9th Skandha, Ch.23.. 110 27.45; for details vide Law B.C., Op.Cit., PP.9-17; Vincent Smith, History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, James Fergusson 'History of Indian and Eastern Architecture'; John Marshall 'A Guide to Taxila'; and Contributions to A.S.I. (Annual reports) by J.Ph.Vogel, D.B. Spooner, Sir John Marshall and A.Cunningham. 111 CXIII, 46. 112 XLV, 124. 113 Mark, P., P. 331,n.

999 Haihayas The Matstal 14 and Vayu 115 puranas style the first dynasty of Mahismati as Haihaya. The Matsya P. mentions five branches of the Haihayas, viz. VItihotras, Bhojas, Avantis, Kundikeras or Tundikeras and the Talajanghas.116 The Maha- 117 padma Nanda, the first Nanda king, is described in the Vayu, Matsya and Brahmanda Puranas as the destroyer of all the ksatriya families who ruled over the different parts of India along with Saisunagas, viz. the Iksvakus, Kurus, Pancalas, Kasis, Maithilas, Vitihotres, Haihayas, Kalingas, Asmakas, Surasenas and others. Therefore, it appears that they were one of the ruling ksatriya dynasties of ancient India . According to E.J.Rapson, the Haihayas, Asmakas, Vitihotras and surasenas belonged to the great family of the descendants of Yadu who occupied the countries of the river Chambal in the north and the river Narbada in the south, though, it is difficult to identify the kingdoms indicated by these different names. 118 The Haihayas ruled from Ratanpur 16 miles north of Bilaspur town and the territories of the Haihaya kings comprised 114 43, 8-29. 115 94, 5-26. 116 43. 48-9. 117 Ray Chaudhari PHAI, 4th ed., P. 1441. 118 ' Cambridge History of India, Vol.1, P.316.

1000 36 garhs or forts and from it the name Chhatisgarh came into being.119 According to the Epic and Puranic tradition the Haihayas were ruling in the Avanti-Mandhata region, and tradition runs that krtavirya's son Arjuna raised the Haihaya power to eminence and captured Mahismati from the Karkotaka Nagas.120 The Haihayas including their five constituent elements or branches, viz. the Vitihotras, Saryates, Bhojas, Avantis and Tundikeras all belonging to the family of Yadu, were spread over the whole 121 extent of country from the river Jumna to the river Tapti.l w The Brahma Purana. states that originally they descended from king Yadu (13.204) and their descendants were vitihotras, Sujatas, Bhojas, Avantayas, Taundikeras, Talajanghas and Bharatas (13.204). There was a great fight between the Haihayas and king Bahu and they dethroned him but his son Sagara revenged and killed the Haihayas. In their fight with Bahu, the Haihayas were helped by Talajanghas, Sakas, Yavanas, Paradas, Kambojas ana Pahnavas.122 119 Epigraphia Indica 1.35, 11-12. 120 Pargiter, AIHT, P.266. 121 Pargiter Markandeya Purana., P.371; AIHT, P.267. 122 (8.29,43); cf. Vayu, vang. ed., Ch.88; Harivansa Chs.13-14.

Hamsamargas 1001 and in the 123 They are mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. Bhismaparvan list of the Mbh. 124 According to the Matsya Purana, the river Paosni flowed through the countries inhabited by Tamaras and Hamsamargas. The description of the Matsya P. seems to locate the two tribes in the region east of Tibet. The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the north (27.50). See 'Aparantas'. Harabhusikas 3 125 The Mk. P. locates them with the Kalingas, Paradas They cannot be satisfactorily identified. and Matharas.126 128 The Vayu 127 reads Harapurikas and the Matsya reads Haramurtikas. The Brahma Purana mentions them in the north along with See 'Aparantas'. the other tribes 129. Hotradhartas The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.61). 123 LVII, 41. 124 IX. 377 125 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 398. 126 LVII, 37. 127 XLV, 116. 128 CXIII, 41. 129 27.46; the ms. 'ga' reads 'Haramusikas'

1002 Jangalas They are mentioned with other tribes as dwelling in See 'Aparantes'. the north (27.49). Kaikeyas They are intimately related to the Usinaras and the Sivis as they were traditionally descended from one of the four sons of Sivi Usinera and the Janapada Kekaya was named after them 130 The Visnu P. mentions a Kaikeya king Dhrstaketu.131 It appears that one of the branches of the Kekayas seems to have migrated as far south as the Mysore country, where they established a settlement. They were probably an ancient ruling family of Mysore, and were connected by marriage with the Iksvakus, a famous royal dynasty, known from inscriptions discovered from the ruins of the Jagayyapeta stupe in the krsna 132 district, as well as from Nagarjunikonda.133 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as belonging The Kekaya is mentioned to the north (27.46). See 'Aparantas'. 130 Brahma Purana. 13.26; Vayu P.99; Matsya 48; Visnu IV.18; Agni 276; Pargiter A.I.H.T., P.264. ' 131 Bk. IV., Chap. XIV. 132 Archaeological survey of South India, Vol.2,PP.110-111. 133 Ed.Vogel, Epigraphia Indica, Vols.XX, XXI; Annual report of South Indian Epigraphy, 1926, P.92, 1927, PP.71-74.

1003 as one of the eighteen visayas in the Barhaspatya Arthasastra. 134 Cunningham identifies Rajagrha or Girivraja, the capital of Kekayas, mentioned in the Ramayana, 135 with Girjak or Jalalpur on the river Jhelum in the Jhelum district. Thus the Kekaya country on the line of Jhelum lay to the east of the Gandharas and west of the Madras, and comprised the modern districts of Jhelum, Gujarat and Shahpur.136 Kalatoyadas They are mentioned with other tribes as occupying the north (27.44). See 'Aparantas'. Kalidhanas They are mentioned as occupying the west with other tribes, viz. Surparakas, Lohas and Talakatas.137 Kalingas The Kolingas, Arigas, Vangas, Pundras, and Suhmas have been named after the five sons of Bali, viz. Kalinga, Anga, 134 ed. by F.W.Thomas, Punjab Sanskrit Series, No.1, 1921, PP. 20-21, Sutras 87-98. 135 ii. 67.7. 136 Archaeological survey of India, Annual report, II.14. 137 27.58; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Kalivanas'

1004 Vanga, Pundra and Suhma; and all of them were called Baleya ksatras and Baleya Brahmins. 138 The Markandeya Purana. states that they dwelt in the south along with the Maharastras, Mahisakas, Abhiras, Vaisikyas, Savaras, Pulindas and others. 139 According to the Brahma Purana. also the Kalingas are associated with Faundras and Magadhas (19.16) and are mentioned as living in south along with other tribes (27.55). Sec'Abhiras'. According to epic evidence as contained in the Mbh.; the Kalinga country comprised the entire tract of country lying along the coast of the Vaitarani in Orissa to the borders of the Andhra country.140 Kalidasa in his Meghaduta mentions both Utkala and Kalinga, from which it is evident that they were two distinct countries. The Brahma P. also mentions them separately and states that there were good relations among the kings of Kalinga, Utkala, Avanti and Kosala (47.7). Elsewhere it states that the king of Kalinga induced Rukmin to call Balarama for dice and that he was afterwards killed by Balarama (201.10). 138 • 13.31,32; Fargiter, A.I.H. [ .T. P.158; of. Mbh. XII, Ch.5, 6607. 139 LVII, 46-7. 140 (Gr.ed.) III, 114,4; cf. also Ray Choudhari, PHAI, 4th ed., P. 75.

1005 They are not mentioned in the north Indian history until the time of Juan Chwan's visit to the country in about the second quarter of the 7th century A.D. The Brahma Purana. places them along with the other tribes in north also (27.46). See 'Aparantas'. Again, they are located in the Madhyadesa along with See 'Andhrakas'. They along with other tribes (27.41,42). Angas, Vargas, Kasmiras and Kosalas are said to reside in the Rsika mountain (230.70). According to Baudhayana, the country was branded as an impure one and was included in his list of Samkirna yonayah.141 The Brahma-Purana also associates with other countries like Kirata, Konkana, Krmi, Dasarna, Kumarya, Tangana, Kratha, the northern bank of Sindhu, the southern bank of the river Narmada and the eastern bank of Karatoya as unfit for staddha (220.8). Kambojas They appear to be one of the early vedic tribes. Their earliest mention occurs in a list of ancient vedic teachers given in the vansa Brahmana of the samaveda.142 mentioned by Maska 143, Mbh. 144, Panini. 145 141 I, 1.30-1. 142 Edited by Pandit Satyavrata Samasrami. 143 Nirukta II, 8. 144 Sabhaparvan Chs.51, 3; 18,19. 145 Sutra IV. 1.175. They are

1006 Rhys Davids states that it was a country in the extreme north-west of India with Dvaraka as its capital. 146 Dr. S. K. Aiyangar places it in the territory answering to the modern Sindh and Gujarat. 147 V.A.Smith places them among the mountains either of Tibet or of the Hindukush and further states 148 them to have spoken Iranian. According to Mccrindle, Kamboja In the vedic 149 was Afghanistan, the Kaofu of Hsuan Tsang. Index, the Kambojas are said to have settled to the north-west of the Indus and were settled to the north-west of the Indus and were the Kambujaya of the old Persian inscriptions.150 According to Sir Charles Elliot, they were probably Tibetans or 151 inhabitants of its border lands. Dr. H.C.Ray Chaudhari points out Rajapura as the home of Kambojas on the evidence of the Mahabharata. 152 The Brahma-Purana mentions them as dwelling in the north along with other tribes (27.48), See 'Aparantas'. In the Brahma-Purana, it is stated that they were formerly ksatriya and that at first they helped the Haihayas and 146 Buddhist India, P. 28. 147 Ancient India, P.7; cf. also P.N.Banerjee 'Public Administration in Ancient India' P.56. 148 Early History of India, 4th ed. P.193, f.n.l. Mccrindle, Alexander's invasion, P.38 149 150 cf. also Bhandarkar D.R.,Carmichael Lectures, 1918,PP.54-5. 151 Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol.1, P.268; Vol.III, P.6; cf.also M.Foucher - Iconographic Bauddhique, P.134. 152 (Cr.ed.) VII, 4-4, Political history of India from the accession of Parikshit to the coronation of Bimbisara, P.77.

1007 Talajanghas along with Sakas, Yavanas and Paradas in dethroning the Iksvaku king Bahu but afterwards Sagara, the son of king Bahu, determined to take revenge and after killing the Haihayas he was engaged in annihilating the others but all these tribes secured the aid of Vasistha, Sagara's spiritual preceptor. Listening to the words of Vasistham, Sagara set the Kambojas free after having completely shaven their heads.153 Thus though they were formerly ksatriyas, Sagara caused them to give up their own religion. 154 Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas and other ksatriya tribes were gradually degraded to the condition of Sudras on account of their omission According to Manusmrti, the of the sacred rites, and of their not consulting the Brahmins. The Mayuravyamsakadigana of Panini speaks of the Kambojas as 155 Munda or shaven-headed. According to Chaudhari S.B., the identification of Kamboja-Janapada with Kasmira and eastern Afghanistan does not satisfy the conditions generally. 156 Kanakas The Mbh.157 groups them along with Sakas, Tusaras and other mountainous people as bringing presents to the Pandavas of 153 8.35-51; cf. Vayu, Vang ed., Ch.88; Harivamsa chs. 13,14. 154 X. 43,44; vide also Kautilya's Arthasastra, trans.Shama Shastri, P.455. 155 cf. also MaxMiller, History of Sanskrit literature, P.28. 156 IHQ. XXVI, 118; vide also Dr.Agrawala, IHQ, XXIX, 13-14. 157 Mbh. (B. ) ii, 49. 25.

1008 Paipilika gold. Chaudhari S.B. concludes that the people came from across the Tibetan border land to the valley of the 158 Ganges The Brahma P. mentions them as Kanakas with other tribes as belonging to the northern country.159 See 'Aparantas'. The word Kanaka makes its association with gold highly probable. Karkasas They are mentioned along with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.59). See 'Bhojas'. Karnapravaranas The Mahabharata puts them in bad company along with the Nisadas.160 The Matsya Purana states that the river Pavani flowed through Asvamukhas, Karnapravarnas, Tomaras and Hamsamargas.161 Pavani was presumably a river of the central Himalayan mountain system. Dr. B.A.Saletore depicts them as tribes of historical India along with Lambakarnas, Ekapadas, Yaksas, and Kinnaras, 162 and according to Chaudhari S.B., the 158 IHQ, 11, 759. 159 27.46; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Karakas'. 160 (Cr.ed.), II. 28.39. 161 121. 55 ff. 162 The wild tribes in Indian History, Lahore, 1935.

1009 Karnapravarana country may be located in the eastern Himalayas.163 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as a hill-tribe along with other tribes (27.63). Elsewhere they are associated with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Tanganas, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Marus, Antyajas and Antyajatis (54.12,13). Karunas They are mentioned along with other tribes as belong, ing to the northern country (27.50). See 'Aparantas'. Kasis : Kasi was the ancient name of the kingdom of which the chief city was Baranasi, the modern Banares, which is situated 80 miles below Allahabad on the north bank of the Ganges, at the junction between that river and the river Barana. 164 4 Kasi figures prominently in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The Brahma-Purana relates the story of Divodasa as follows.: Sunihotra, a certain king of Kasi, had a son named Dhanvantari who studied the Ayurveda with Bharadvaja, and later became king of Kasi. Divodasa was the great-grandson of 163 IHQ, XXI, 313, fn. 112. 164 Rhys Davis, Buddhist India, P.34.

1010 Dhanvantari and in his time Benaras was deserted owing to curse and was infested by a Raksasa named Ksemaka. Divodasa left Benaras and founded his kingdom on the banks of the river Gomati. Once Bhadrasrenya, son of Mahisman and king of Yadu dynasty, acquired Benaras. His sons were defeated by king Divodasa who recovered the city, sparing the life of Bhadrasrenya's youngest son, Durdama. Later, however, this Durdama again took Benaras which was then recovered by Pratardana, son of Divodasa. It is also stated that Alarka Saunati, grandson of Pratardana, reestablished the city of Benaras after killing the Raksasa Ksemaka.165 The Cambridge history of India informs us that at different periods Kasi came under the sway of the three successive Suzerain powers of north India; the Purus of Vatsa, the Iksvakus of Kosala and the kings of Magadha; but it seems to have enjoyed independent power between the decline of Vatsa and the rise of Kosala when king Brahmadatta conquered Kosala, possibly about a century and a half before the Buddha's time. The Brahma-Purana mentions them as dwelling in the Janapada of the Madhyadesa (27.41). See' Andhrakas'. 166 165 11.40-54; 13.57-74; Harivamsa chs. 31-2; Vayu ch. 92. 166 P. 316.

1011 Kasmiras It occurs in the ganas to Panini's work and they belonged to the same group as the salvas 167. The Mahabharata states that the ksatriya herces of Kasmin were conquered by Arjuna.168 Dr. Stern remarks that Kasmin must have been in the time of Hieun Tsang, just as now, restricted to the great basin of vitasta, and the side valleys drained by its tributaries above the Bmx Baramula defile.169 According to the author of katha saritsagara Hiranyapura was the capital of Kasmin and that the Himalayas encircled Kasmira and that it was loved by the waters of the vitasta.170 The Brahma Purana places them in the north along with other tribes (27.50). See 'Aparantas'. They are also associated with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Targanas and Khasas (54.12-13) and elsewhere they are mentioned along with Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, and Kosalas as dwelling in the Rsika mountain (230.70). Kaulikas They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to 167 Devapathadi gana V. 3.100; ef. x IHQ, XXVII, 237 fn. a 168 (Cr.ed.) II.24.16. 169 Kalahana's Rajatarangini, ed. by M. A. Stein. 170 Trans. by C.H.Tawney, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1880 - II, P.82, 113, 115, 196.

the southern country.171 See 'Abhiras'. 1012 Kauravas They are one of the most ancient and prominent of the Indo-Aryan ksatriya tribes. They are mentioned in the Rgveda.172 Prof.Keith incorporates the Kurus with the Bharatas.173 In the Brahmana literature they acquire the greatest prominence among the ksatriya tribes of ancient India. Elliot points out that at the time when the 174 Brahmanas and earlier upahiseds were composed, the principal political units were the kingdoms of the Pancalas and Kurus in 175 the region of Delhi. The Kuru country was the centre from which the Indo-Aryan culture spread throughout the whole country. The Brahma Purana. states the Kuuravas were so-called after Kuru, the son of Samvarana (13.107), The ancient Kuru country comprised of Thanesvara and included Sonapat, Amin, Karnal and Panipat and was situated between Saraswati on the north and Drsadvati on the south. 171 (27.57), the ms. 'ka' reads 'Kalikas' 172 I.33,4; IV, 38.1%; VII. 19.3, VIII.23. 173 Cambridge history of India, Vol.1, P.118; Vedic Index, I. 167-8; Prof.Rapson, Camb. Hist. of India; Vol.1,P.47. Aitereya Br. VIII, 14; Satapatha Br. XII, 9,3,3; vide also Chandogya 1.10.1-7; Manu II.17-19; Gita-1.1. Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. 1, P.20. 174 175

Keralas 1013 The Markandeya, 176 Vayu 177 and Matsya 178 puranas locate them in the south. According to L.0.Barnett, the chora or Kerala territory comprised Travancore-Cochin and the Malabar district 179 The Brahma Purana. differs and mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the north India (27.45). See 'Aparantas'. Elsewhere they are mentioned along with Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Paradas, Konisarpas, Mahisakas, Darvas, Colas and others and king Sagara is said to have uprooted their Dharma (8.50). See 'Kambojas'. Kevalas The Brahma-Purana mentions Kevalas as residing in the south along with the other tribes (27.54). See 'Abhiras'. The Markandeya P. also reads Kevalas instead of Keralas. 180 It seems that the Brahma Purana. also here reads Kevalas for Keralas since the Keralas are not separately mentioned in the list of the tribes residing in South India and thus corroborating the thesis that the Brahma Purana version of tribes follows that of the Markandeya Purana. 176 Mark. 57.45. 177 XLV, 124, 178 CXIII, 46. 179 CHI, Vol. 1, P. 595. 180 57.45, Pargiter, Markandeya Purana., P.331.

1014 Khasas In the copper plates of the pala-kings the Khasas are mentioned along with Kulikas, Hunas and Malavas. The Mbh. states that the Khasas, Sakas, Yavanas, Trigartas, Malavas, and others joined the Kaurava forces and were defeated by Vasudeva. 181 The Markandeya Purana. places them in the eastern region with Pragjyotisas, Candresvaras, Magadhas and Lauhityas.182 A hill-tribe in Assam is at the present so-called Khasi. They traded in gold dust with the ancient miner of Thsk-Jalung in 183 Tibet. The Mbh. mentions them as half-civilized tribe living outside India, the Harivansa describes them as Mlecchas and Manu refers to them as a fallen warrior class. The people may have left their names in Kashgar, Kashkara, the Hindukush, Kasmir and extended in the hills from Kasmir to Nepal.184 In the early period they formed the principal inhabitants of Kashmir and lived in the region "comprising the valleys lying immediately to the south and west of Pir Pantsal range, between the middle course of Vitasta on the west and Kastavata on the east." But many other parts of Kashmir such 181 Dronaparvan, Ch.10,18. 182 Pargiter's ed., PP. 327-30, 357. 183 Chaudhari S.B., Ethnic settlements in ancient India,P.128. Atkinson E.T., Notes on the history of the Himalaya of the N.W.P.,India, Ch.II, PP. 28-29. 184

1015 as the valley of Chandrabhaga and Vitasta, Khasalaya and Rajapuri, bear traces of the settlements of these people.185 It is also believed that the Khasas are of the same race with the Khasiyas of Kumaon and possess some sort of national existence there.186 In an inscription the Khasa country of Sapadalaksa hills is referred to 187 others. The Brahma Purana. mentions them as a hill-tribe along with See 'Citramargas'. Elsewhere they are associated with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlfkas, Surasenas, Kashmiras, Tanganas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus, Antyajas, and Antyajatis (54.12,13). Khyatas They belonged to Krauncadvipa and corresponded to sudra class (20.53). Kiratas The Markandeya P. associates them with Vatadhanas, Sividas, Daserakas, Savadhanas, Puskalas, etc. as peoples of north.188 The Mbh, also places them in the northern India along with Kambojas, Gandharas, Barbaras and Yavanas.189 185 Kalhana's Rajatarangini, by M.A.Stein, I, P.47,48, in. 186 Atkinson, Op.Cit. 187 Epigraphia Indica XII.30. 188 LVII, 44. 189 Cr.ed. XII. 200.40; cf.also Visnu P. Wilson's ed.II, PP. 156-90.

1016 The Ramayana mentions them with Mlecchas. The Bhagavata 190 states that the Kiratas, Hunas, Andhras, Pulindas, Pulkasas, Abhiras, Suhmas, Yavanas, and other impure tribes purified themselves by offering their allegiance to lord krsna. qin Ptolemy suggests that the Kiratas dwelt in the eastern region also.191 Long opines that there is still a tradition in Tripura that the first name of the country was Kirata 192 Sylvain Levi has pointed out that the Nepalese usage still gives the name Kirata to the country between the Dudh-kosi and the Arun; and that there is evidence that the Kiratas once occupied a much more extensive area in Nepal. 193 The Brahma Purana. also states that they belong to the north and associates them with other tribes (27.49). See 'Aparantas' While describing India, the Brahma Purana. states that the Kiratas dwell in the eastern part of India (19.8). They were the most anciently known of the aboriginal 190 II, 4,18. Q 191 Mccrindle, Ancient India, P.277; cf.also Lassen Indisches Alterthum, Vol.III, PP. 235-7 192 J.A.S.B. XIX, Chronicles of Tripura, P.536. 193 Li Nepal, II, PP. 72-8.

1017 races and were distributed over different localities. Chaudhari opines that as a hill-tribe originally they stood for a particular people but later on the meaning of 'Kirata' expanded so as to signify any hill-tribe. 194 They were clad in skins and lived on fruits and roots and were very cruel 195 Their women were used as slaves, and in the Ramayana they are described as wearing thick topknots. It seems that some people might have settled down as organised community in the mediaeval period as an inscription refers to a 196 Kirata king. Kiskinahakas They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.60), See 'Bhojas'. Konisarpas They are mentioned along with Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas. Paradas, Mahisakas, Darvas, Colas and Keralas and they were formerly ksatriyas but later on their dharma was uprooted by king Sagara (8.50). See 'Kambojas' 194 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., Op.Cit., P. 131, 195 MBH. ii. 52.8. 196 EI, XVIII. 112, Vs. 8.11.

Kosalas 1018 They are not mentioned in the early vedic literature but Kosala is a country is mentioned in a the later vedic works like Satapatha Brahmana and the Kalpasutras. In the Pali Buddhist literature they are mentioned as one of the sixteen 197 great countries of Jambudvipa or India. Kosala lay to the east of the Kurus and Pancalas, and to the west of Videhas, from whom it was separated by the river Sadanira, probably the great Gandak.198 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as dwelling in Madhyadesa along with other tribes (27.41) See Andhrakas' Again they are stated to reside in the Vindhya region along with other tribes (27.60). See 'Bhojas'. Elsewhere they are associated with Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Kasmiras, Kosalas, and others as dwelling in the Rsika mountain (230.70). Ksatriyas They are mentioned as a tribe along with others as occupying the north (27.47). See 'Aparantas'. 197 Anguttara Nikaya, Vol.1, P. 213%; IV, PP.252, 256, 260. 198 Cambridge History of India, Vol.1, P. 308; Rapson, Ancient India, P.164; Satapatha Brahmana, I, 4,11.; for details vide Law B.C., Tribes in ancient India, PP.102- 134.

1019 Kuhakas They were the people of Kohistan situated between the river Indus on the west and the Hazara district on the east. The river Indus flowed through the Janapadas of 199 Gandhara, Urasa, and Kuhu. The Brahma Purana. also places them with other tribes as occupying the north (27.50). Kulikas In the copper plates of the Pala kings, they are mentioned along with Khasas, Hunes and Malavas.200 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as belonging to the north India (27.49), Kulyas They are mentioned with others as belonging to the Madhyadesa (27.41). See Andhrakas'. Kumaras They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to the southern country (27.55). See 'Abhiras'. 193 Matsya P. (21.40-47). 200 Lay B. C., Tribes in ancient India, P. 65.

Kuntakas 1020 They are mentioned as a hill-tribe along with See 'Citramargas'. others (27.63). Kuntalas 201 In the The Markandeya Purana. associates them with the Abhiras, Pundrakas, Keralas, Pulindas, Andhras, Vidarbhas, Kalingas and others as dwelling in the southern country. introduction of Balabharata or Pracandapandawa of Rajasekhara a king Mahipala is said to have defeated Kuntalas along with Muralas, Mekalas, Kalingas, Keralas, Kulatas and the Ramathas 202 Elsewhere the Brahma Purana. mentions them along with Kasis and Kosalas meaning that they were a Madhyadesa tribe. The Mahabharata locates them in three different regions. viz. Madhyadesa, 203 Deccan 204 and western region.205 The Brahma Purana. also mentions them once with the other tribes as dwelling in the Madhyadesa 206 Cunningham identifies the country of the Kuntalas of the Madhyadesa with the region near Chunar. The Kuntalas of Madhyades and of the west have not 201 Chap. 57, vg. 45-8; Ch. 58,22. 202 Nimmayasagara Press ed. of Balabharata, I, 7-8. 203 (IX. 347). 204 IX. 367, XX. 779. 205 IX. 359. 206 27.41; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Kratugah'. dda

1021 attained any historical eminence but these of Deccan have attained importance in historical times. The literary and epigraphic evidences prove that the Satakarni families of the Deccan ruled over Kuntala of the Kenarese districts before 207 the Kadambas. According to certain Mysore inscriptions, 208 the Kuntala region included the southern part of the Maharastra State and the northern portion of Mysore, and it was ruled at one time by the kings of the Nanda dynasty. The Brahma Purana. also mentions them along with other tribes as belonging to South India (27.57). See 'Abhiras'. Kuravas They dwelt in the Plaksadvipa and corresponded to the ksatriya class. 209 Elsewhere they are mentioned along with the other hill-tribes (27.63). See 'Citramargas'. Lampakas The Markandeya Purana. mentions them with Kuserukas, Sulakaras, Culikas, Jagudas and others as a people of the north. 210 207 Ray Chaudhari, PHAI, 4th ed., 339-40. 208 Rice, Mysore and Coorg from inscriptions, F.33 Fleet, Dynasties of the Kenarese districts, P.284, Fn. 2. 209 20.17, the ms. 'ka' reads 'Kuraras'. 210 LVII, 40.

1022 Cunningham identified the region of Lampakes with modern Langhan, hundred miles to the east of Kapisene, north east of Kabul agreeing with Lassen's identification of the place with Lambgae, south of the Hindukush in modern Kafiristan. According to Hemcandra's Abhidhanacintamani Lampaka seems to have once been the centre of the sai-wang or the Saka-luranda people. According to the Brahma Purana., they belong to northern India and are mentioned along with other tribes (27.49). See 'Aparantas'. Laukikas They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to the northern region. 211 See 'Aparantas'. Lohas They are associated with surparakas, Kalidhanas and Talakatas as belonging to the western region (27.58). Madras The same as 'Madrakas'. The Madras were an ancient ksatriya tribe of vedic times. From the evidence in the Samaveda, the scholars have 211 27.47%; Chaudhari reads it as Salaukikas Op.cit.

1023 concluded that the Madras belonged to the vedic Aryandom before the age of the Brahmanas. 212 The Madras held the central portions of the Punjab in the epic they appear to have occupied the district of Sialkot, between the rivers Chenab and Ravi 213. or according to some between the Jhelum and Ravi. 214 According to Brhatsamhita 215 Sagala, identified by Cunningham with Sangalawala-Tiba, to the west of the 216 Ravi, was the capital of the Madras. The Brahma Purana. once associates them with Aramas, Ambasthas and Parasikas (19.18). Again they are associated with other tribes as occupying the eastern India (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Madraskas They were the descendants of Madraka, son of Sibi Auginara and were septs of the family of Sibi like the Kaikeyas (13.26). See 'Madras'. 212 Smith V.A., Barly History of India, 4th ed., P.302. Cambridge History of India, Ancient India, PP.549-550. Cunningham, Ancient Geography, P.185. 213 214 215 216 Kern, P. 92. Ancient Geography of India, F.180.

1024 The Brahma Purana. mentions Madras as occupying the eastern India and elsewhere it associates the Madrakas along with other tribes and places them in the north (27.45). See 'Aparantas'. The Brahma Purana. further states that lord krsna married Susila, the daughter of the king of Madras (201.4). Magas They belonged to the Sakadvipa and correspond to the Brahmin class (20.71). They are said to be the Sunworshippers brought from Persia to India. Varahamihira 217 tells us that the installation and consecration of the images and temples of the Sun should be caused to be made by the Magas. This shows that the Magas were, according to Varahamihira, the special priests of the Sun-god There is a legend concerning this in the BhavisyaPurana (ch.139). The inscription at Govindapura in the Gaya district dated Saka 1059 corresponding to 1137-38 A.D. represents Magas as having been brought in the country by Samba. There are traces of the Magas elsewhere, and there are brahmanas 217 Brhatsamhita, 60.19.

1025 of that name in Rajputana and some other provinces of Northern India? 218 These Nagas are the Magis of the ancient Persia and the idea of locating them on a continent called Sakadvipa must have arisen from the fact that they were foreigners like the Sakas, with whom the Indians had been familiar since the second or third century before the christian era. 219 Magadhas In ancient times, the Magadhas occupied a prominent place. They are mentioned in the Av. and the Brahmana?? 220 According to Parasara and Varahamihira, Magadha was situated on the eastern portion of the divisions of 222 India. by 1 Magadha was bounded the Ganges on the north, by the district of Benaras on the west, by Hiranyaparvata or Monghyr on the east and by Kirana Supavana or Singhbhum on 223 the south. Rhys Davids gives the probable boundaries as follows: The Ganges to the north, the son to the west, the country of Anga to the east and a dense forest reaching 224 the plateau of Chota Nagpur to the south. Bhandarkar R.G., Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems, PP. 218-219. 218 219 Ibid. 220 221 222 223 224 Av.Harvard oriental series, P.774. of.also Latyayana Srauta sutra VIII.6,28%; Katyayana srauta sutra XXII,4,22. Taittiriya Brahmana III, 4,1,1. Cunningham, Ancient Geography, F.6. Law B.C., Op.Cit., P.198. Cambridge History of India, Ancient India, P.182.

1026 The Taittiriya Brahmana states that they were famous for their loud voice. The ministrel character of the Magadhas also appears from the Manava Dharmasastra which mentions them as bards and traders 225. The Brahma Purana. states that the first great Samrat or emperor Prrthu gave Magadha to Nagadha, created with Suta for eulogising Prthu, being 226 highly pleased with his song in praise of himself. In 227 228 the Magadha the Gautama Dharmasastra and Manusamhita is not a man of Magadha, but a member of a mixed caste produced by the union of a Vaisya man and a ksatriya woman. Once the Brahma Purana. associates them with Paundras and Kalingas and places them in the south (19.16) and elsewhere groups them with the other tribes and places them in the north (27.50). See 'Aparantas'. Elsewhere they are called the ksatriyas dwelling in Sakadvipa (20.71). But the Brahma Purana. mentions Magadhakas with other tribes as belonging to the eastern division thus corroborating the location fixed above.229 See 'Andhrakas'. Ch.IV. 67 (II.25); Vayu 62-1447 225 Z. 47. 226 227 IV. 17. 228 X. 47. 229 27.53; for details, vide Law B.C., Op.Cit.,PP.195-234.

1027 Maharastras The Markandeya Purana. mentions them with the Kalingas, Mahisakas, Abhiras, Vaisikyas, Savaras, Pulindas and others as occupying south India.230 Mahara The Brahma-Purana also locates them in south along with other tribes (27.55). See 'Abhiras'. stras no doubt refer to the modern Maharastra region. Mahisakas The Markandeya Purana. places them in the south along with Kalingas, Maharastras, Abhiras, Vaisikyas, Savaras, Pulindas They are the inhabitants of the ancient region Mahismati.230 and others.231 / Mahismati seems to have been situated on the river Narmada between the Vindhya and the Risa and can safely be identified with the modern Mandhata region The Brahma Purana. also places them in the south along with the other tribes.233 See 'Abhiras'. Elsewhere they are associated with Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Paradas, Konisarpas, Darvas, Colas and Keralas, Here they are represented as ksatriyas, their dharma later on being uprooted 230 LVII, 46-7. 231 LVII, 46-7, cf. also Matsya P. CXIII, 47; Mbh. Sabhaparvan, IK, 366. 232 Asvamedhaparvan LXXXIII, 2475; Sabhaparvan, XXX, 1125- 63. 233 27.55, the ms. 'ka' reads 'Mahishkas'.

1028 by king Sagara (8.50). See 'Kambojas'. Makhantakas They are classed with other tribes as residing in the eastern region (27.51). See 'Andhrakas/'. Maladas The Ramayana refers to Maladas and Karusas.234 Pargiter assumes that they might be the people of the modern maldah in which are situated the old cities of Gauds and Panduya. The indication here is to the region lying south of the Ganges, from its junction with Jumna as far as the Shahabad district, for the Gangetic basin in Bihar was a country of plains, besides being the name of well-known people like the Magadhas and Angas. This location of the Karusa and Malada Janapadas in a forest country. Obviously refers to the Baghelkhanda tract, particularly its eastern portion which is a rough hilly tract cut up by a succession of long parallel ridges belonging to the Vindhyan system, heavily closed in jungle. 235 Thus it follows that the Malada-Karusa embraced a great portion of the modern Baghelkhanda-Mirzapur-Shahbad region. Thus they seem to be a people 234 235 XXIV, 18; cf. also Vaya XLV, 122; Mbh.Sabha XXIX, 1081-2, the cr.ed. (2.27.8)reads Malayas instead of Maladas; Dronaparvan (Cr.ed.) 7.6.5. Imperial Gazeteer of India, new ed., Oxford, clarendon Press, 1908; VI.185.

1029 of the central division though they are mentioned as a people > of the east. 236 The Brahma Purana. also groups them with the other tribes as belonging to the eastern region (27.52). Malajas They are mentioned in the Mahabharata 237 and Ramayana 238. They were the neighbours of the Karusas and occupied the district of Shahabad, west of the Sone. 239 The Brahma Purana. classes them with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region.240 See 'Bhojas' Malavartikas It is a corruption of Malla-parvatikas or dwellers of Malla-parvata which is identified with the Parasnatha hills of Chotanagpur. It was connected with the Mallas, the famous non-monarchical people of the Buddhist literature, who occupied a small tract of country roughly corresponding to 236 Chaudhari S.B., P. 178, f.n.3. 237 Bhismaparvan (cr.ed.) 6.10.48. 238 Adi kanda, XXVII, 16-23. 239 Ibid., &-16. 240 27.59%; the ms. 'kha' reads 'Malaskanas'.

1 1030 the modern Gorakhpur district, having the Kosalas to their West.241 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as belonging to the eastern India (27.52), See 'Andhrakas'. Malavas They played an important role in the history of ancient India. First they settled in Punjab and gradually spread themselves over considerable portions of north India and established their settlements in Rajputana, in different, localities of the modern United Provinces, in the country known in ancient days as Lata-desa and finally in modern Malwa, They mentioned their tribal organization successfully from the time of Panini till as late as the time of Samudragupta. 242 According to Brahma-purana and others the Malavas are associated with the Saurastras, Avantis, Abhiras, Suras and Arbudas and are described as dwelling along the Pariyatra mountains.243 Thus it seems that they occupied other territories besides the Punjab or Rajputana. 242 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 60. 243 19.17, Bhag., XII,1,36; Visnu Bk. II, Ch. III. 241 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.193.

1031 After Samudragupta's time (4th century A.D.) they seem to have migrated to the Mandasour region in the northwest part of central India, which is to be identified with the ancient Mahajanapada of Avanti as well as Avanti of the Junagadh Rock inscription of Rudradaman. This tract of country along with the region of round Bhilsa comprises what is now known as Malwa. The Brahma Purana. refers to Ujjayini Again a mythological origin and Avanti in Malwa (43.24). of the name Malwa is provided by the Brahma Purana. As Indra was purified of the sin of Brahmin-murder and as his Malaniryatana ceremony was done here, the place is called Malava (96,19). Again, the Brahma Purana. associates them with other hill-tribes (27.64). See 'Citramargas'. Mallas They were a powerful people of eastern India at the time of Gautama Buddha and are often mentioned in Buddhist and Jaina works. According to Manu they are born of a ksatriya mother and of a ksatreya father who was a Vratya, i.e. who had not gone through the ceremony of vedic initiation at the proper age. 244 244 X.22.

1032 The Brahma Purana. also places them in the eastern region along with the other tribes (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Manasas They belonged to Sakadvipa and corresponded to the ksatriya class (20.72). Mandagas They belonged to sakadvipa and corresponded to Sudra class (20.72). Mandahas They belonged to Kusadvipa and corresponded to Sudra class (20.39). Marukas The Brahma Purana. mentions them with Malavas as dwelling in the Pariyatra mountain (19.17). Marus The country Maru is referred to in the Talttiriya Aranyaka 245 and it usually refers to the desert country of Rajputana. 245 VI, II.135. In the Junagadh inscription of

1033 Rudraman the country Maru is placed between Svabhara and Kaccha. The Brahma Purana. conjoins them with the tribes Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, surasenas, Kasmiras, Tanganas, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Antyajas and Antyajatis (54.12). Matharas Law B.c.246 states that this reading is wrong; The and Mbh. and instead of this the Matsya P. reads Ramathas.247 Mbh. locates them in the west.248 The Vayu P.249 also mention them as Matharas. There is no clue to their identification. The Brahma Purana. mentions them as a northern tribe along with others (27.46). See 'Aparantas'. Matsyas They appear to be one of the prominent ksatriya tribes that made up the vedic Aryan people in the earliest period of their residence in India. 246 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 390. 247 CXIII, 43. They are referred to 248 Sabha (Cr.Ed.) 2.19.11; Vana (Cr.ed.) 3.48.27; Santi (Cr.ed.) 12.65.14. 249 XLV, 117.

in the Rv. 250 1034 The puranas constantly associate the Matsyas with Surasenas and therefore the Cambridge history of India observes that the two peoples are constantly associated, and may possibly have been united under one king to Manu the Matsya country formed a part of the Brahmarsidesa 251 According which according to Rapson 252 included the eastern half of } the state of Patiala and of the Delhi division of the Punjab, the Alwar state and Adaccent territory in Rajputana, the region which lies between the Ganges and the Jumna, and the Muttra district in the United Provinces. In the later times, the Matsya country appears to have been known also as virata or vairata. The Brahma Purana. places them in the central India along with other tribes (27.41). See 'Andhrakas'. They are also associated with Pancalas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Tanganas, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus and Antyajas (54.12). Maulevas The Mahabharata refers to them in its Sabhaparvan 250 VII. 18.6 251 Vol. 2, P. 316. 252 Ancient India, PP. 50-1.

1035 list. The Brahma Purana. mentions them as occupying the southern country along with the other tribes (27.56). See 'Abhiras'. Maulikas 253 The Vayu P. reads Maunikas. They were evidently the people of Mulaka mentioned in the Parayanavaga of the Suttanipata. The Brahma Purana. mentions them as a people belonging to the south and mentions them with the other tribes (27.57). See 'Abhiras'. Melakas * They are mentioned along with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.59). See 'Bhojas. Mukutas J They are mentioned with others as belonging to the Madhyadesa (27.41). See 'Andhrakas'. Musikas The Mbh. 254 and the Markandeya Purana. mention them as 253 XLV, 127. 254 Bhisma, Cr.ed. 6.10.57,62.

1036 255 a people of south. were probably settled on the banks of the river Musi on which stands modern Hyderabad,256 According to Dr.Ray Chaudhari the Mucipa or Muvipa of the Sankhyayana srauta sutra are the same people as the Musikas.257 It is also probable that they Pargiter suggests that the Musikas were a southern offshoot of the Punjab tribe known a to Alexander's historians as Mousikenos.258 In the HathIgumpha inscription of king Kharavela of Kalinga a Musikanagara is referred to.259 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as belonging to south along with the other tribes (27.55). See 'Abhiras'. Nandas Mahapadma Nanda, son of Mahanandin by his Sudra wife, destroyed the ksatriya race and established sudra, rule in Magadha. Thereafter eight sons of Nanda ruled over Magadha for a hundred years, and then the Nandas were destroyed in their turn by Kautilya who installed Candragupta Maurya on the throne.260 255 Mark. LVII. 46; LVIII.46; LVIII.27. 256 MR P., P. 366. 257 258 PHAI, 4th ed., P. 80. Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, P.377, 259 Epigraphia Indica, XX, 79,87; but Thomas finds no reference in the passage to any Musika city, J.R.A.S.,1922, 83. K 260 Law B.C., Op.Cit., PP. 196-197. <

1037 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as belonging to the eastern country (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Nisadas They are referred to in the later Samhitas and The word Nisada seems to denote not so the Brahmanas.261 much a particular tribe but to be the general term for the non-Aryan tribes who were not under Aryan control, as the sudras were.262 aborigines. 263 According to Weber, the Nisadas were settled Manu states that a Nisada is an offspring of a Brahmana father and a sudra mother.264 V According to Epic and Puranic traditions the Nisadas had their settlements among the mountains that form the boundary of Jharwar and Khandesh in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, 265 The Brhatsamhita places them in the southeast of the Madhyadesa. 266 According to the Junagadh Rock inscription of 261 Tait.Sam. IV. 5.4.2; Kathaka XVII, 13; Maitrayani II.9.5; Vajasneyi XVI.27; Aitereya B.VIII.11, Pancavimsa XVI.6.8. Vedic Index, Vol.l, P.453. 262 263 Indische studien, 9,340; cf. 10.13.16. 264 Manu X,8; Muir's Sanskrit texts, 1, P. 481. 265 Matcolm, Memoirs of Central India, Vol.1, P.452. 266 XIV. 10.

$ 1038 the year 72 of Mahaksatrapa Rudradaman (i.e.150 A.D.), Rudradamana is said to have conquered the Nisada country with E. and W.Malwa, the ancient Mahismati region, the district round Dwaraka in Gujarat, Surastra, Aparanta, Sindhusauvira and others. Nisadas. The Brahma Purana. gives the mythological origin of the A black man arose as a result of rabbing the left thigh of king Vena. The sage asked him to sit down (Nisida) whereupon he was called Nisada and he became the progenitor of Nisadas and they are said to dwell in the Vindhya mountains.267 Niharas Pargiter suggests that they were probably the Newars who inhabit the great valley of Nepal and its vicinity and who were the owners of the country prior to the Gurkha invasion.268 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with others as a hill-tribe (27.63). See 'Citramargas'. 267 IV. 46,47; 14.9; Vayu 62,137-38; 45; Brahmanda 36,158-73; 49; Kurma I.1.6; 14.12; Siva VII. 56.30-1; Mbh. XII,59 2233-4; Vamana 13. 268 Journal of Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. LXIII, Part 1, 213,214 & 217 - Markandeya Purana. LVII.56; Vayu reads Nigarharas (XIV.135), Matsya reads Niraharas (Xiii.55).

1039 Nilakalakas They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to the southern region (27.57). See 'Abhiras'. Pahlavas The Vayu P. states that after killing the Haihayas, king Sagara was engaged in annihilating the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and others. All of them went to the sage Vasistha and listening to his words Sagara freed them after fixing punishments on them. The Brahma P. also s relates the same story but reads Pahnavas instead (8.50). They were 270 an important tribe of southern India. According to Buhler, Pahlava and its Iranian prototype Pahlav, are corruptions of Parthave, the indigenous names of the 271 Parthians. The word Parthava is regarded as an early Sanskritised form of the name from which Pahlava has been derived.272 The Ramayana states that they were created along with Yavanas, Sakas and Kambojas from the tail of the cow Kamadhenu. The Harivansa refers to them as a degraded 273 people having beards and also as dwelling in forests. The Brahma Purana. mentions them with others as belonging 270 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P.382. 271 SBE, XXV, Intro.; P. CXV. 272 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, III. 250, 273 1.14.17; 1.27.13; 13.32-50.

1040 to north (27.48). See 'Aparantas'. Pancalas Like Kurus, they are very intimately connected with vedic civilization of the Brahmana period. The Satapatha Brahmana states that they were called Krivis in ancient times. The vedic index agrees with Zimmer in stating that they resided in the region near Sindhu and Aeikni in Punjab. In the epic, the Pancala country is divided into a northern and a southern part, so that the Pancalas had spread and added to their country by conquest since the vedic period. Manu states that the plain of the Kurus, Matsyas, Pancalas, and surasenas formed the land of the Brahmarsis, ranking Pancala continued to be one immediately after Brahmavarta. In the sixth and fifth of the great and powerful countries of northern India, down to the time when Buddha lived. centuries B.C. the pancalas were a monarchical clan, but became a Sangha in the fourth century, when Kautilya lived. The Br. F. states that the name Fancala was given to the country after the five sons of king Bahyasva of the Ajamidha dynasty, viz. Mudgala, Srnjaya, Brhadisu, Yavinara and Krmilasva as the five of them (Panca) were sufficient 274 XIII. 5.4.7 275 Law B.C., Op.Cit., PP. 31-38. 275

1041 (Alam) to protect the region (13.96). Elsewhere they are associated with the Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Targanas, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus and Antyajas (54.12,13). Paradas Like Barbaras and Daradas, they seem to be a barbarous hill-tribe and are associated in puranas and epics 276 with similar rude tribes of the north. According to the Br. F. the Paradas were one of the allies along with Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas and Pahlavas of the Maihaya-Talajanghas that drove Bahu, the eighth king in descent from Hariscandra, from his throne. The king Sagara, the son of Banu, degraded them and ordered them to 277 have their hair-locks long and dishevelled. The Manusmrti states that they were originally ksatriyas, but were degraded owing to the extinction of sacred rites. The Br. F. further places them in the north with other tribes (27.46). See 'Aparantas'. 276 Mbh. Sabhaparvan L, 1832; LI, 1869; Drona (Cr.ed.) 7.97. 13; Vayu 88; Harivansa I.14; Mark. LVII, 37; LVIII,31. 8.35-50; Harivansa XIII, 763-4; XIV, 775-83;Fargiter AIHT PP. 206, 208 277 f.n.

1041 Parasikas They are mentioned along with Madras, Aramas and Ambasthas.279 Parvatiyas They are mentioned along with the Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Targanas, Khasas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus and Antyajas (54.13). Paulikas The Vayu P. reads Paunikas 280 According to the Harivansa, Parika was a city in the Mahismati kingdom. 281 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes 282 See 'Abhiras'. as belonging to south. Paundras They along with Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Summas are said to have been named after the five sons of king Bali and were called Baleya ksatras and Baleya Brahmanas. 283 ww 279 19.18; cf. also Visnu 2.3.17. 280 XIV, 127. 281 XOV, 5220-28. 282 27.57; the ms. 'ga' reads 'Palikas' 283 Brahma Purana. 13,30-1, Agni 278; Matsya 48,19; Visnu IV.18.1-2; Mbh. Adi. 104%; Garuda 143.V.71.

1042 They seem to be a very ancient people. They are 284 mentioned in the Aitereya Brahmana, 286 Manusmrti Mahabharata 287 Baudhayana sutraf 288 285 and Ramayana. Rajasekhara in his Kavyamimamsa places them in the east along with the 289 Pragjyotisas and Tamraliptakas. Though the Pundras are often mentioned as Paundras, Paundrakas, etc. Sometimes a distinction between Pundras and Paundras is made. 290 The Brahma Purana. places them in south along with Kalingas and Magadhas (19.16). Pavanas They are mentioned along with other tribes as dwelling in the Vindhya region (27.61). See 'Bhojas'. Pragjyotisas According to the Mahabharata, the Pragjyotisa was 291 situated in the northern region of India, but the Markandeya Purana. 284 VII, 18. 285 I.2.14. XI Kiskindhyakanda; XLI. 12. 286 10.43-4. 287 Dronaparvan 288 289 Chap. 17. 290 291 Pargiter J.A.S.B., 1879, P.85. Sabhaparvan (Cr.ed.) 2.23.117; Vana CCLII, 15240-2.

1043 places them in the eastern region, together with the Brahmottaras, Pravijayas, Bhargavas, Jneyamallakas, Madras, Videhas, Tamraliptakas, Mallas and Magadhas; or together with the Candresvaras, Khasa, Magadhas; or together with the Candresvaras, Khasas, Magadhas and Lauhityas. 292 According to the Abhidhanacintamani Pragjyotisa was the same as Kama- 293 rupa though the Raghuvansa regards them as two different peoples. Generally speaking, in later times the two countries came to be regarded as one and the same. The Brahma Purana. states that they belonged to the eastern country and associates them with others (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Again it states that those belonging to the eastern country resided in Kamarupa (19.16) and it deals at great length with the fight of lord krsna with Naraka, the king of Pragjyotisapura (A.202). Pratijayas The Brahma Purana. associates them with other tribes as belonging to the eastern country (27.52). See 'Andhrakas'. 292 Pargiter, MarkP. PP. 327-30, 357. 293 IV.22.

Pulindas 1044 They were a people belonging to the aboriginal stock and have often been classed with such non-Aryan tribes as the Savaras, Abhiras, Pulkasas etc. 294 mentioned in the Aitereya Bra. They are 297 Vayu 298 and Mark.299 Vayu 298 The Mbh. 296 Matsya, 297 place them in the south. The Brahma Purana.mentions them along with others as occupying the south (27.56). See 'Abhiras', ancient tradition regards the Pulindas as dog-eaters.300 'An Purnas They are mentioned along with other tribes as 301 belonging to the south. See 'Abhiras'. Puskalas The Markandeya Purana. places them in the north along with 294 Law B.C.,Op.Cit., PP.174-175; 295 VII, 18. Cr.ed. 12.200.39. 114.46.8 296 297 298 45.126. 299 57,45-8; cf.also Vamana 13-35; Garuda 55.10. 300 AIHT, P. 235. 301 27.54, the ms. 'ka' reads 'Puranah'.

1045 Vatadhanas, Sividas, Daserakas, Savadhanas, and Kairatas as peoples of north. 302 They were the people from whom probably the Puskalavati or Puskaravati derived its name. 303 Puskalavat is represented by the modern Prang and Charsadda, 17 miles north-east of Peshawar on the Swat river. 304 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as 305 See 'Aparantas'. people belonging to northern India. Elsewhere it is said that the Puskalas belonged to Kraunwadvipa and corresponded to Brahmana class (20.53). Puskaras They belonged to Krauncadvipa and corresponded the ksatriya class (20.53). Ramathas 306 The Brhatsamhita places them in the west and the Vayu P. locates them in the north. The Brahma Purana. places them along with others in south (27.55). See 'Abhiras'. Rsikas The Markandeya Purana. refers to them as people dwelling in 302 LVII.44, 39-40. 303 Ramayana, Kiskindhyakanda, XL, 111, 23. 304 Schoff, the Periplus of the Erythraean sea, PP. 183-8. 305 27.48; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Puskaras*. 306 XIV. 21.7.

1046 the south. 307 They were apparantly the same people as the Musikas or the Musakas. The Risikas are a well-known people referred to as dwelling in the north in the Mbh., 308 Ramayana, 309 and Matsya purana, 310 It is difficult to say whether the Risikas were the same as the Mrisikas or the Musikas Musakas.311 The Raikas settled in the central section of the Narmada valley, between Vidarbha and Mahismati. 312 Dr. D.C. Sircar points out to an inscription of Kharavela, which would indicate that the Asika-Rsika country has to be looked for in the country between the krsna and the Godavari rivers.313 Rundikeras They are mentioned along with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region.314 See 'Bhojas'. pakas They were one of the allies of Haihaya-Talajanghas 307 LVIII, 27, 308 309 Sabhaparvan,Cr.ed. 2.24.25. Kiskindhya K. XLIV, 13. 310 CXX, 53. 311 312 313 Law B.C., Tribes in ancient India, P.384. Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.71. $ Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol.l, ed.by Dineshchandra Sircar, P.198,fn.3. 314 27.61; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Tungaras'.

1047 in defeating Bahu. Later on they were defeated by Sagar who uprooted their religion (832-48). They are mentioned with other tribes as belonging to south (27.55). See 'Abhiras' They were at first a northern or north-western people but later on they extended their dominions to the south, east and west. to have established royal families as far east as Mathura and as far south and west at Ujjain and Surastra. They are known Salvas They were an important people of ancient India and are referred to in Panini's Astadhyaya, Epics and Puranas but they are scarcely referred to in inscriptions or in 315 later Sanskrit or Pali literature. They are mentioned in the Gopatha Brahmana. 316 Salvas probably occupied the territory of Alwar. 317 The Vayu and Matsya Puranas 318 NAE locate them The amongst the central peoples; but the Visnupurana places them Law B.C., Op.Cit., P.66. 315 316 317 1.29 Cunningham, Asiatic research, XX, P. 120. 318 II, Chap.III, Sl. 16-8.

1048 in the extreme west along with the Sauviras, Saindhavas, Hunas, Sakalas, Madras, etc. and the Brahma Purana. also locates them in the Aparanta or western country (19.18). According to Pargiter the Salva country was on the western side of the Aravalli hills, their city Martikavata having been situated on the north-eastern limits of the 319 modern Gujarat. Samakas They are mentioned along with others as dwelling in the Madhyadesa (27.42). See 'Andhrakas'. Saravas The Brahma Purana. mentions them with other tribes as See 'Abhiras'. belonging to the southern country.320 Satadruhas Sutlej. They are the people who dwelt along the river The Vayu reads Sakas and Hradas and the Matsya reads Saka and Druhyus instead. 319 Markandeya Purana., P. 349, 342, fn. 320 27.56; the ms. 'Kha' reads 'Sravaras'.

1049 The Brahma Purana. mentions them as belonging to the north See 'Aparantas!. with other tribes.321 Saurastras The Surastras as a tribe must have existed as 322 early as the time of the epics. Mahabharata, 323 Visnupurana, 324 The Ramayana, Markandeya Purana 325 326 locate them in the west, while the Brahmapurana associates them with the Aparantas, Sidras, Abhiras and Malavas and describes them as dwelling in the Pariyatra mountains (19.17). Rajasekhara also includes Saurastra in the western countries. According to Kautilya, they formed a corporation of warriors 327 and lived by agriculture and trade. In the Dharma literature the people are described as of mixed origin, 328 but an ancient tradition ascribes the origin of the Sauryas 329 of Saurastra to a prince of the solar race. 321 322 323 324 325 27.46, the ms. 'ka' reads Satadurgas and the ms. 'kha' reads 'Satadrukas' Kiskindhya kanda XLI. Virataparvan, Chap. 1,12. Book II. Chap.III, 132-5. 57.52. 326 Kavyamimamsa, C.O.S., PP. 93-4. 327 Arthasastra of Kautilya, Tr.by Samasastri,1929,P.407. 328 Baudhayana Dharma Sutra, I.1.32-33,ed by Hultzokh, Dresden, 1884, P.3. 329 Archeaological Survey of India, Annual report, XII,93,

Sauviras 1050 The Sauviras seem to be an ancient people. In the Baudhayana Dharmasutra it is considered to be an impure country, situated outside the limits of Aryandom proper and Aryans who happened to go there were required to perform a sacrifice of purification on their return. 330 In later literature they are often connected with Sindhus and the name Sindhu-Sauviras suggested that the two tribes settled on the Sindhu or Indus. The Markandeya Purana.331 places them in the north, but the Visnu P 332 places them in the extreme west. The Brahma Purana. points out the intimate relation of the Bauviras with the The Sauviras are descended from Suvira, one of the four sons of Sivi Ausinara. Sivi and his sons are said to have founded the kingdoms of the Sivis, Vrsadarbhas, Sivis. Madras, Kekayas and Sauviras, thus occupying the whole of the Punjab except the north-western corner. 333 330 I.1.2 331 LVII, 36; LVIII, 30. 332 II. III. 133. 333 13. 24-27; Pargiter, AIHT, PP. 109,264.

1051 Towards the middle of the 2nd century A.D. the land of the Sindhus and Sauviras seems to have been administered by the ksatrapa rulers of western India.334 After the era of the ksatrapas, the region probably passed over to the Guptas, and later to the Maitrakas of Valabhi.335 The joint application of the two names comprehended the whole of the modern Sind, including a portion of the coastal regions of south Rajputana, the latter country at the head of the gulf of Klambay being equivalent to Sauvira in particular, 336 but Sindhu-Sauvira when distinguished 337 carried a different geographical meaning. Alberuni clearly states that Sauvira corresponded to Multan and Jahravar to the east of Indus. 338 The Brahma Purana. once mentions them with Saindhavas and Sakalas (19.18) and elsewhere places them in the north along with other tribes (27.45). See 'Aparantas'. 334 PHAI, 4th ed., P. 390. 335 Law B.C., Op.Cit., PP. 345-346. 336 Rapson, Ancient India, P. 1687; Cunningham's ancient Geography of India, PP. 330 ff. 337 Panini IV. 3.93, IV 2.76; Arthasastra, P. PP. 101 and 104; Kathasaritsagar 1, PP. 151, 401. Harsacarita I, P.151. II 338 I. 300.

Sindhus 1052 Sindhu as a Janapada possibly stood for the sindsagar doab, the region between the Jhelum and the Indus, but the wider application of the name related to the lower valley of the Indus, i.e.modern sind which had a homogenous geographical unity. Cunningham states that Schwan, a place of great antiquity to the west of the Indus in central Sind, was called Saindhavasthana or Sindsthana which points to the Sanskrit name of the country.339 The Brahma Purana. once separates them from Sauviras (19.18) and elsewhere mentions from together with other tribes as occupying the north (27.45). See 'Aparantas'. Snehis They belonged to Kusadvipa and corresponded to the Vaisya class. Sudras The Sudras as a tribe, distinct from the fourth caste, seem to have played some part in ancient Indian history and are several times mentioned in the Mahabharata, Puranas and in the accounts of the Greek geographers and historians. 339 340 341 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.124. 20.39; the ms. 'kha' reads Sandyas. Law B.C., Op.Cit., P.350. 8841

1053 At the time of Alexander's invasion, they were an important tribe of the north-west.342 them with the Abhiras. 343 Patanjali associates According to the Markandeya Purana. they were located in the western region with the Vahlikas, Vatadhanas, Abhiras, Pallavas, etc. 344 The Brahma Purana. also places them in the west and associates them with the Saurastras, Abhiras, Arbudas, Malavas, etc. (19.17). Elsewhere the Brahma Purana. places them in the north along with other tribes (27.45). See 'Aparantes'. Suhmas The land of the Suhmas is mentioned for the first time probably in the Ayaranga-sutta, one of the oldest sacred books of the Jainas. In the Dasakumaracaritam, Damalipti Suhma or Tambalipti is described as having been a city of the Suhmas, 345 while according to the Matsya Purana 346 and Tamralipti were different countries. The Brahma Purana. states that they were so called after Suhma, one of the sons of Bali (13.31,32). 342 326 B.C. 343 I. 2.3.; cf. also Mbh. IX.37.1. 344 57.35. 345 Chap. VI. 346 Chap. 114.

Sulikas ៩ 1054 The Markandeya Purana. places them in the north 347 and The Vayu and Matsya 348 read separates them from Culikas. Pidikas and Saivikas instead. Elsewhere the MP. places £1 them in the westernmost part of India. 349 The Matsya P. states that they were a people through whose country the river Cakku flowed.350 Dr. Ray Chaudhari suggests that the Sulikas should be identified with the Calukyas who are mentioned in the Mahakuta pillar inscription as Calikya, names so near to Culika of the Puranas. 351 be identified with the Solankis of Gujarat. They may further In the Brhatsamhita they seem to be placed once in the north or north-west 352 and another in the west 353 which leads to the inference that a section of the people must have been dwelling in the north or north-west, and another in the western or Aparanta region. The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with other tribes as 7 belonging to the north India (27.50). 347 LVII, 40.41. 348 va XLV, 119; Mat. CXIII, 43, 349 LVIII, 37. 350 CXX, 45,46. * 351 PHAI, 4th ed., P. 509. 352 IX.15; XIV, 8. 353 IX.21; XVI, 35.

Sunasokas 1055 They are mentioned along with other tribes as See 'Aparantas'. belonging to the northern region (27.49). Surasenas f 1 They are not mentioned in the Vedic Literature but they are spoken of in high terms in the Manavadharma sastra as belonging to Brahmarsidesa 354. They are mentioned in the Mahabharata 355 and Ramayana. 356 According to the Cambridge History of India, they must have occupied the Muttra district and possibly some of the territory still farther south.357 Rhys Davids states that the surasenas, whose capital was Madhura, were immediately southwest of the Macchas, and west of Jumna, 358 The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Kasmiras, Ranganas, Khasasm, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus and Antyajas (54.12), 354 II. 19. 355 Bhismaparvan (Cr.ed.) 6.10.38.; Virata (Chs.I & II). 356 Kiskindhya kanda, 11-12, 43rd Sarga. 357 Vol. 1, P. 316. 358 Buddhist India, P. 27,

1056 Surparakas All the puranas place them in the west. They are the natives of Sopara which is identified as a place near the coast; in the Bassein taluka of the Thana district, 30 miles north of Bombay. 359 The Brahma Purana. mentions them with Kalidhanas, Lohas and Talakatas as occupying the west (27.58). Susmins They belonged to Kusadvipa and corresponded to Sudra class (20.39). Sutas They were created from the famous king Prthu and were experts in singing the eulogies of king (2.25). They are associated with the Magadhas and the Anupadesa was assigned to them (4.67). Sutiras They are mentioned along with other tribes as belonging to the north (27.44). See 'Aparantas'. 359 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.148.

} I 1057 Talajanghas They form one of the five branches, viz.Vitihotras, Bhojas, Avantis, Tundikaras and Talajanghas, of the Haihaya 360 The hundred sons of Talajangha, the son of Sagadhvaja, were called Talajanghas (13.202). The king Sagara defeated Talajanghas along with others (8.29). See 'Kambojas'. Talakatas Dandakas.361 They are mentioned in the Mahismati along with the Taldkata is equated with Talkada or Talakada which was the capital of the Ganges on the Kaveri thirty miles 362 to the east of Mysore. The Brahma Purana. locates them in the west along with Surparakas, Kalidhanas and Lohas (27.59). Tamraliptakas Tamralipti was the greatest port of call and the different missions between Indian and Ceylon embarked and disembarked there. In authentic history also, it appears as G 360 13.202; cf. also Matsya 43. 48-9. 361 11. 31.65. 362 Dey Nandol, Geographical dictionary of Ancient and Mediqeval India, Preface, P.iii, & P.202.

1058 a port, whence the Chinese pilgrim Fa hien took ship to Ceylon.363 According to Hieun Tsang's report the country stood near the ocean in the 7th century A.D. 364 The katha S.-Sagara states that Tamralipta stood on the shore of the eastern sea, and was inhabited by rich merchants and honour- 365 able men. The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with others as Occupying the eastern country (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Tanganas The Mahabharata states that the Tanganas dwelt with Paradas, and Khasas on the Salloda river.366 It appears that they were a rude tribe, for their main fighting weapon was stone.367 The Brahma Purana. once mentions them as a hill-tribe along with others (27.63). See 'Citramargas', and elsewhere associates them with Pancalas, Matsyas, Madras, Kekayas, Bahlikas, Surasenas, Kasmiras, Khasas, Parvatiyas, Kiratas, Karnapravaranas, Marus and Antyajas (54.12). 363 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.160. 364 On Hieun Tsang, by T.Watters, Royal Asiatic Society, 1904. 365 II, P. 265 - 11th century A.D. 366 Sabhaparvan LI, 1858-9, Bhisma (Cr.ed.6.10.63.; Vayu P. XLV., 120. 367 Dronaparvan, (Cr.ed.) 7.97.14.

1059 Traipuras The Traipuras are the people of Tripuri or Tripura which was both a city and a country. It was the capital of the Cedi kingdom. It was a well-known city that derived its name from three cities of Tripura once in possession of Asuras.368 It roughly corresponded to the modern Jabbulpore 369 region which was the ancient Cedi country. The Brahma Purana. places them in the Vindhya region along with other tribes (27.60). Tomaras The Matsya P.370 See 'Bhojas/'. records that Tomara was the country through which the river Pavani flowed. See 'Hamsamargas'. Thus Tomaras lived between India and Tibet.371 The Brahma Purana. once mentions them with other tribes as belonging to north (27.50). Sec 'Aparentas', and elsewhere includes them in the hill-tribes along with others (27.64). See 'Citramargas'. 368 Mbh. Sabhaparvan (Cr.ed.) 2.28.38; Vana CCLIII, 15246; Karnaparvan, XXXIII, XXXIV. 369 370 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 399. 121.55. 371 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P. 135.

Tosalas 1060 The Markandeya Purana. groups them with Karusas, Karalas, Utkalas, Dasarnas, Kosalas, Avantis, etc., all of them dwelling on the slopes of the Vindhya mountains. Tosali or Tosala was the name of a country as well as of a city. The city of Tosali was the seat of the Provincial government of Kalinga in the days of Asoka.372 The Brahma Purana. associates them with other tribes as See 'Bhojas'. belonging to the Vindhya region. 373 Tumburas They are associated with other tribes as belonging to the Vindhya region (27.61). See 'Bhojas' Tusamargas (27.63). Tusaras They are associated with others as a hill-tribe See 'Citramargas'. They are grouped in the Markandeya Purana. along with the Kambojas, Daradas, Barbaras, and Cfnas all of whom are describ- 374 es as races of men outside. 372 The Harivansa classes them S.Devi, Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian India,Trans.by P.Bagehi, P.68. 373 27.60%; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Ullapas' and the ms. 'kha' reads 'Apalas'. 374 LVII, 39; cf.Mbh.Sabha L, 1850; Vana II, 1991;Santi LXV, 2429; Ramayana Kiskindhya XI IV, 15; Vayu XIV, 118. 1

1061 with the tribes branded as Mlechhas and Dasyus. They continued as a tribe till the ninth and tenth centuries of the christian era when they seem to have played an important part in the history of Kasmir.375 They are mentioned along with the other tribes as occupying the northern region (27.48). See 'Aparantas'. Urnas ... 376 Urna is a celebrated country to the west of Indus? The Brahma Purana. mentions them along with others as a hill-tribe See 'Citramargas'. (27.63). Uttamarnas They are mentioned along with other tribes as occupying the Vindhya region (27.60). See Bhojas' Vahikaras 377 people belonging to north. They are mentioned along with other tribes as See 'Aparantas'. 375 376 Law B.C., Op.Cit., PP. 396-97. Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.91 n.5. 377 27.44; the ms. 'ka' reads Vadhikas'.

Vaidarbhas 1062 The Markandeya Purana. places them with the other tribes as 378 situated in south. The Brahma Purana. also places them with other tribes in south (27.56). Vaidisas They are the people of Vidisa, a famous city of early times, the capital of the Dasarna country. Vidisa is probably the modern Besnagar, close to Bhilsa. It was situated on the river Vetravati, modern Betwa. 379 The Brahma-Purana mentions them as people belonging to the Vindhya region (27.60). See 'Bhojas' Vaisikyas The Markandeya Purana. places them in the south along with the Maharastras, Mahisakas, Abhiras, Kalingas, Savaras, Fulindas The Brahma Purana. also mentions them in south along and others. 380 with other tribes.381 See 'Abhiras'. Vaisyas 378 Chaudhari S.B. opines that it is difficult to assign 57.45,8; cf.also Matsya 114.46-8; Vayu 45.126. 379 Law B.C., Op.Cit., P. 386. 380 LVII, 46-7. 381 27.56; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Vaisikas'.

1063 382 The Brahma Purana. them any particular locality of importance. locates them in the north (27.47). See 'Aparantas'. Vallakas The Br. F. mentions them along with other tribes 383 as belonging to the eastern region. See 'Andhrakas' Vamankuras The Brahma Purana. associates them with others as belonging 384 See 'Andhrakas' to the eastern country. Vangas Vanga together with Pundra, Summa, denoted the present day Bengal, and in ancient days the Vanga alone denoted just the eastern Bengal comprising the modern Decca and 385 Chittagong divisions. They were so-called after Vanga, one of the sons 386 They are mentioned with other tribes as of king Bali. occupying the east (27.52). See 'Andhrakas'. They are also mentioned along with Angas, Kalingas, Kasmiras and Kosalas as dwelling in the Rsika mountain (230.70). 382 Op.cit., P. 148, fn.5. 383 27.51; the ms. 'kha' reads 'Kasmiras' instead. 384 385 386 27.51; the ms. 'kha' reads 'Muhukaras'. Law B.C., Op.Cit., P.263. 13.31,32; Vayu 99.26-34,47-97; Brahmanda III, 74,25-34, 47-100; Matsya 48, 23-9, 43-89; Bhag., IX,23,5.

1064 Vatadhanas ° The Markandeya Purana. associates them along with the Vanilkas, Abhiras, Aparantas, and Sudras all grouped in the north-west and at another place with the sividas, .387 Daserakas, Savadhanas, Puskalas, Kiratas, etc, as peoples of north.388 They were a Punjab tribe 389. According to Manu, Vatadhana was the offspring of an outcaste Brahmana woman, in but Pargiter points out that all the later times all the 391 Punjab tribes were stigmatised as outcastes. 390 The Brahma Purana. groups them along with other tribes as belonging to the north.392 Videhas The In the Mahagovinda Sattanta of the Digna Nikaya, Videha, with its capital Mithila is treated as one of the seven political divisions of India then existing.393 ancient Videha country included the modern districts of Champaran, Mujaffarpur and Darabhanga, i.e. Tirhut and 387 LVII. 36. 388 LVII, 44. 389 Mbh. Adi. LXVII,2695-9; also vide Sabha I, 1826; Udyoga III,86; Bhisma IX, 354; Drona XI, 398. 390 X. 21. 391 Markandeya Purana., P.312. 392 27.44, the ms. 'ka' reads Anadhanyas. 393 P.49, fn. 10.

1065 presumably also a portion purnea, if the eastern limit was the river Kausiki. 394 The Brahma Purana. associates them with others as belonging to the east (27.53). See 'Andhrakas'. Viras The Brahma Purana. associates them with other tribes as belonging to the north (27.48). Vivisvas They belonged to Plaksadvipa and corresponded to the Vaisya class. 395 Vrkas In the Bijayagarh (near Byana in Bharatpur State) stone-pillar inscription of Visnuvardhana (year 428 - 372 A.D. the varika tribe to which the king belonged is mention- 396 ed. Varika is the correct form of the name Vrka. This indicates that the Vrkas settled in the Bharatpur State. 397 In the Vaijayanti or Madavaprakasa, Vrka is mentioned as a country of Madhyades. 398 394 Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P.164. 395 20.17, the ms. 'ka' reads 'Vivisas'. Catalogues Inscriptionum Indicarum, IIl, 253. Chaudhari S.B., Op.Cit., P. 80. 396 397 398 Ed. by Gustave Oppert, P. 38, V. 40.

1066 The Brahma Purana. also places them in the Madhyadesa along with other tribes. 399 See 'Andhrakas' Vrsadarbhas They were so-called after Vrsadarbha, one of the 400 five sons of king Sibi Ausinara. Vrsnis Mathura was the home of Vrsnis and Andhakas and being afraid of demons, they left Mathura and established their capital at Dvaravati.401 ladavas They dwelt in the north-eastern Gujarat and descended originally from Yadu (13.213). Yavanas The Yonas or Yavanas, literally 'lonians', a peoples of Greek descent, may be traced in Indian literature B.C. to the 2nd cen. A.D. and inscriptions, 402 from the third century A.D. and they 1 played a great part in the political history of northern and 399 27.42; the ms. 'ka' reads 'Vrsas' 400 13.26; cf. also AIHT, P. 264 401 14.54; cf. Harivansa, Ch.57. 402 Indian Culture, Vol. 1, PP. 343

1067 western India.403 In the Mbh. they are mentioned along with other north-western tribes like the Kambojas, Sakas, Madras, Kaikeyas, Sindas and Sauviras. 404 outcastes. The Mbh. also classes them in the north. The Markandeya Purana. puts them in the north or north-west. Indian tradition regards them as The sutras mention the Yavanas as the most esteemed of foreigners, but all Yavanas are regarded as 405 sprung from Sudra females and ksatriya males. The Brahma Purana. mentions them once as occupying the north along with other tribes (27.45). See 'Aparantas' and at another place they are mentioned with others as belonging to Vindhya region (27-61). See 'Bhojas'. 403 Cambridge History of India, Vol.1, P. 225. 404 Ibid, P. 274. 405 Gautama Dharmasastra, IV. 21; Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, P. 240.