Bhesajjakkhandhaka (Chapter on Medicine)

by Hin-tak Sik | 2016 | 121,742 words

This study deals with the ancient Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) in Early Buddhist Literature and studies the Bhesajjakkhandhaka and the Parallels in other Vinaya Canons. The word Bhesajja means “medicine” and is the sixth chapter of the Khandhaka, which represents the second book of the Pali Vinaya Pitaka. Other works consulted include the Bhaisajya-s...

References

Primary Sources in Ancient Languages

Pāli Sources

Andersen, Dines, and Helmer Smith, eds. 1997. Suttanipāta. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1913.)

Buddhadatta, A. Pāli., ed. 1980-1989. Saddhammapajjotikā: The Commentary on the Niddesa. 3 vols. London: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1931-1940.) de La Vallée Poussin, L., and E. J. Thomas, eds. 2001. Mahāniddesa: Parts I and II. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1916-1917.)

Feer, M. Léon, and G. A. Somaratne, eds. 1994-2001. The Saṃyutta-Nikāya. 5 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1881-1898.)

Morris, Richard, and E. Hardy, eds. 1994-1999. The Aṅguttara-Nikāya. 5 parts. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1885-1900.)

Norman, H. C., ed. 1993. The Commentary on the Dhammapada. 3 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1906.)

Oldenberg, Hermann, ed. 1995-2006. The Vinaya Piṭaka. 5 vols. Oxford; Lancaster: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1879-1883.)

Rhys Davids, Taishō Tripiṭaka. W., and J. Estlin Carpenter, eds. 1995-2001. The Dīgha Nikāya. 3 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1889-1903.)

Rhys Davids, Taishō Tripiṭaka. W., J. Estlin Carpenter, and W. Stede, eds. 1968-1971. Sumaṅgalavilāsinī: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Dīgha Nikāya. 3 parts. London: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1886-1932.)

Smith, Helmer, ed. 1989-1997. Sutta-Nipāta Commentary: Being Paramatthajotikā II. 3 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1916-1918.)

—————, ed. 2005. The Khuddakapāṭha: Together with its Commentary Paramatthajotikā I. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1915.)

Takakusu, J., and Makoto Nagai, eds. 1967-1999. Samantapāsādikā: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Vinaya Piṭaka. 7 vols. London; Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1924-1947.)

Trenckner, V., ed. 1997. The Milindapañho: Being Dialogues between King Milinda and the Buddhist Sage Nāgasena. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1880.)

Trenckner, V., and Robert Chalmers, eds. 2002-2004. The Majjhama-Nikāya. 3 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1888-1899.)

Vipassana Research Institute, ed. 1995. “Bhesajjakkhandhako.” In Chaṭṭha

Saṅgāyana Tipitaka Version 4. 0 Desktop Software. Igatpuri, India: Vipassana Research Institute.

—————, ed. 1995. “Khuddasikkhā-purāṇaṭīkā.” In Khuddasikkhā-Mūlasikkhā, in Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipitaka Version 4. 0 Desktop Software. Igatpuri, India: Vipassana Research Institute.

—————, ed. 1995. “Samantapāsādikā.” In Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipitaka Version 4. 0 Desktop Software. Igatpuri, India: Vipassana Research Institute.

von Hinüber, O., and K. R. Norman, eds. 2003. Dhammapada. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1994.)

Walleser, Max, and Hermann Kopp, eds. 1967-1998. Manorathapūraṇī: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Aṅguttara-Nikāya. 5 vols. London; Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1924-1956.)

Windisch, Ernst, ed. 1975. Itivuttaka. London: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1889.)

Woods, J. H., D. Kosambi, and I. B. Horner, eds. 1976-1979. Papañcasūdanī Majjhimanikāyaṭṭhakathā of Buddhaghosācariya. 5 parts. London: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1922-1938.)

Woodward, F. L., ed. 1977. Sāratthappakāsinī: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Saṃyutta-Nikāya. 3 vols. London: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 19291937.)

Sanskrit Sources

Dutt, Nalinaksha, ed. 1984. Gilgit Manuscripts. Vol. III, part 1. 2nd ed. Delhi: Sri Satguru.

Chinese Sources

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1 Chang ahan jing 長阿含經 (Dīrgha Āgama). Translated by Buddhayaśas 佛陀耶舍 and Zhu Fonian 竺佛念, in 413 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 21 Foshuo fanwang liushi’er jian jing 佛說梵網六十二見經 (Discourse on the Buddha’s Exposition of the Sixty-Two Views of the Brahma’s Net) (Brahma-jāla Sūtra). Translated by Zhiqian 支謙, in 223-253 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 26 Zhong ahan jing 中阿含經 (Madhyama Āgama). Translated by Gautama Saṅghadeva 瞿曇僧伽提婆, in 397-398 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 99 Za ahan jing 雜阿含經 (Saṃyukta Āgama). Translated by Guṇabhadra 求那跋陀羅, in 435-443 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka100 Bieyi za ahan jing 別譯雜阿含經 (An Alternative Translation of the Saṃyukta Āgama). Translator unknown, in 385-431 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 125 Zengyi ahan jing 增壹阿含經 (Ekottara Āgama). Translated by Gautama Saṅghadeva 瞿曇僧伽提婆, in 397 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 186 Puyao jing 普曜經 (Discourse on Universal Shining) (Lalitavistara). Translated by Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, in 308 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 187 Fangguang da zhuangyan jing 方廣大莊嚴經 (Extensive Discourse on Great Adornment) (Lalitavistara). Translated by Divākara 地婆訶羅, in 683 or 685 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 190 Fo benxing ji jing 佛本行集經 (Discourse on the Compilation of the Buddha’s Original Practices) (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra). Translated by Jñānagupta 闍那崛多, in 587-591/595 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 219 Foshuo yiyu jing 佛說醫喻經 (Discourse on the Buddha’s Exposition of the Simile of Medicine). Translated by Dānapāla 施護, in later tenth or early eleventh century.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 310(13) Fo wei Anan shuo chutai hui 佛爲阿難説處胎會 (Occasion on the Buddha’s Exposition to Ānanda on Abiding in the Womb). Translated by Bodhiruci 菩提流志, in 706-713 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 310(14) Foshuo ru taizang hui 佛説入胎藏會 (Occasion on the Buddha’s Exposition on Entering the Womb). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 710 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 317 Foshuo baotai jing 佛說胞胎經 (Discourse on the Buddha’s Exposition of Embryo). Translated by Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, in 281 or 303 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 606 Xiuxing daodi jing 修行道地經 (Discourse on the Path and Stage of Practice). Translated by Dharmarakṣa 竺法護, in 284 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 663 Jinguangming jing 金光明經 (Discourse on Golden Light) (Suvarṇa- prabhāsa Sūtra). Translated by Dharmakṣema 曇無讖, in 414-421CE.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 664 Hebu jinguangming jing 合部金光明經 (Combined Discourse on Golden Light) (Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra). Translated by Baogui 寶貴, in 597 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 665 Jinguangming zuizshengwang jing 金光明最勝王經 (Discourse on Golden Light as the Supreme King) (Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 703 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 793 Foshuo foyi jing 佛說佛醫經 (Discourse on the Buddha’s Exposition of Buddhist Medicine). Translated by Zhu Lüyan 竺律炎 and Zhiyue 支越, in 230 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421 Mishasebu hexi wufen lü 彌沙塞部和醯五分律 (Vinaya in Five Divisions of the Mahīśāsaka School) (Mahīśāsaka Vinaya). Translated by Buddhajīva 佛陀什 and the Khotanese monk Zhisheng 智勝, in 423-424 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1425 Mohe sengqi lü 摩訶僧祇律 (Vinaya of the Great Community) (Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya). Translated by Buddhabhadra 佛陀跋陀羅 and Faxian 法顯, in 416-418 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1428 Sifen lü 四分律 (Vinaya in Four Divisions) (Dharmaguptaka Vinaya).

Translated by Buddhayaśas 佛陀耶舍 and Zhu Fonian 竺佛念, in 410413 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1435 Shisong lü 十誦律 (Vinaya in Ten Tecitations) (Sarvāstivāda Vinaya). Translated by Kumārajīva 鳩摩羅什, Puṇyatrāta (or Puṇyatara) 弗若多 羅 and Dharmaruci; revised and supplemented by Vimalākṣa, in 404-405 and 409 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1448 Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye yaoshi 根本說一切有部毘奈耶藥事 (Chapter on Medicine in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya) (Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Bhaiṣajyavastu). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 703-711 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1450 Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye posengshi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶破僧 事 (Chapter on Division of Community in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya) (Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Saṃghabhedavastu). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 703-711 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1451 Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye zashi 根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事 (Chapter on Miscellaneous Matters in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya) (Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Kṣudrakavastu). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 703-711 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1452 Genben shuoyiqieyoubu nituona mudeqie 根本說一切有部尼陀那目得迦 (Themes and Summaries in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya) (Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Nidānamātṛkā). Translated by Yijing 義淨, in 703711 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1462 Shanjian lüpiposha 善見律毘婆沙 (Virtuous-Seeing: A Commentary of the Discipline). Translated by Saṅghabhadra 僧伽跋陀羅, in 488 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1785 Jinguangming jing wenju 金光明經文句 (Commentary on the Discourse on Golden Light). Lectured by Zhiyi 智顗 (538-597), composed by Guanding 灌頂 (561-632).

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1804 Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao 四分律刪繁補闕行事鈔 (Commentary on Practices and Matters in the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, by Deleting the Complex and Supplementing the Missing). Composed by Daoxuan 道宣, in 626 Common Era (and revised in 630 Common Era).

Taishō Tripiṭaka 1915 Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao 修習止觀坐禪法要 (Essences of Teachings on Practising Sitting Meditation by Tranquillity and Insight). Composed by Zhiyi 智顗, around 575-585 Common Era.

Taishō Tripiṭaka 2128 Yiqie jing yinyi 一切經音義 (Pronunciations and Meanings in All Discourses). Compiled by Huilin 慧琳, in 649 Common Era.

Primary Sources in Modern Languages

Buddhist Texts

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans. 2000. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications.

—————, trans. 2012. The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications.

Horner, I. B., trans. 1999. Milinda's Questions. Vol. II. Oxford: Pali Text Society.

Horner, I. B., trans. 2000. The Book of the Discipline. Vol. IV. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.

Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu, trans. 1991. The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga) by Bhadantācariya Buddhaghosa. 5th ed. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.

—————, trans. 2001. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. 2nd ed. Edited and revised by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Boston: Wisdom Publications.

Rhys Davids, Thomas William, trans. 1977. Buddhist Birth Stories or Jātaka Tales: The Oldest Collection of Folk-lore Extant: Being the Jātakatthavaṇṇanā. New York: Arno Press.

Woodward, F. L., trans. 2003. The Book of Gradual Saying. Vol. V. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1936.)

Āyurvedic Texts

Dash, Bhagwan, trans. 2008. Materia Medica of Ayurveda: Based on Madanapāla’s Nighaṇṭu. New Delhi: Health Harmony. (Orig. pub. 1991.)

Sharma, Priya Vrat, ed. and trans. 2010. Suśruta-Saṃhitā: With English Translation of Text and Ḍalhaṇa's Commentary along with Critical Notes. 3 vols. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharati. (Orig. pub. 1998-2000.)

Sharma, Ram Karan, and Bhagwan Dash, trans. 2005-2013. Agniveśa's Caraka Saṃhitā: Text with English Translation & Critical Exposition based on Cakrapāṇi Datta's Āyurveda Dīpikā. 7 vols. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. (Orig. pub. 1972-?.)

Srikantha Murthy, K. R., trans. 2010-2012. Vāgbhaṭa’s Aṣṭāṅga-hṛdayam (Text, English Translation, Notes, Appendix and Indices). 3 vols. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy. (Orig. pub. 1991-?.)

—————, trans. 2011. Bhāvaprakaśa of Bhāvamiśra (Text, English Translation, Notes, Appendices and Index). Vol. 1. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy. (Orig. pub. 1998.)

Secondary Sources

Anālayo. 2009. “Vinaya (3).” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. III, fascicle 3, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 647-650. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

—————. 2011. “Right View and the Scheme of the Four Truths in Early Buddhism–The Saṃyukta-āgama Parallel to the Sammādiṭṭhi-sutta and the Simile of the Four Skills of a Physician.” Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies, no. 7: 11-44.

Anuruddha, Kākkāpalliye. 2004. Dictionary of Pāli Idioms: An Aid to the Student of Pāli. Hong Kong: Chi Lin Nunnery.

Arrizabalaga, Jon. 2002. “Problematizing Retrospective Diagnosis in the History of Disease.” Asclepio 54, no. 1: 51-70.

Banerjee, Anukul Chandra. 1957. Sarvāstivāda Literature. Calcutta: D. Banerjee.

Basham, A. L. 1976. “The Practice of Medicine in Ancient and Medieval India.” In Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, edited by Charles Leslie, 18- 43. Berkeley: University of California Press.

—————. 2004. The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims. 3rd rev. ed. London: Picador. (Orig. pub. 1967.)

Bassnett, S. 2005. “Cultural, Colonialism and Gender Oriented Approaches to Translation.” In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 3, edited by Keith Brown, Anne H. Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Graeme Hirst, and Jim Miller, 311-314. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bassnett, Susan, and André Lefevere, eds. 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London: Pinter Publishers.

Bechert, Heinz. 2004. “Buddha, Life of the.” In Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1, edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr., 82-88. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.

Benner, Dagmar. 2005. “Healing and Medicine: Healing and Medicine in Āyurveda and South Asia.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 3852-3858. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Berger, Timothy G. 2012. “Chapter 6: Dermatologic Disorders.” In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 51st ed., edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 93-163. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

Birnbaum, Raoul. 1989. The Healing Buddha. Rev. ed. Boston: Shambhala.

Bourke, Julius, and Peter D. White. 2012. “Chapter 23: Psychological Medicine.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 1155-1191. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Buddhadatta, A. Pāli. 1968. Concise Pāli-English Dictionary. Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries.

Burroughs, Andrew Kennth, and David Westaby. 2012. “Chapter 7: Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreatic Disease.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 303-370. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Cao Shibang 曹仕邦. 1977. “Qianlun Tangdai Qiefandamo yichu mizong jingdian zhong de yaowu zhishi 淺論唐代伽梵達摩譯出密宗經典中的藥物知識 (A brief discussion on the knowledge of drugs in the tantric literature translated by Bhagavaddharma of Tang dynasty).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 104 (December): 26-33.

—————. 1980. “Sifenlü zhong youguan yiliao de ziliao 四分律中有關醫療的 資料 (The information relating to medicine in the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 139 (November): 11-14.

—————. 1981. “Shisonglü zhong youguan yiliao de ziliao 十誦律中有關醫療 的資料 (The information relating to medicine in the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 151 (November): 10-17.

—————. 1982. “Mohesengqilü zhong youguan yiliao de ziliao 摩訶僧祇律中有 關 醫 療 的 資 料 (The information relating to medicine in the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 163 (November): 13-16.

—————. 1987. “Dazhengzang benyuanbu xia zhujing zhong de yiliao yu shengli ziliao 大正藏本緣部下諸經中的醫療與生理資料 (Medical and physiological information in various sūtras of the section of Jātakas in the Taishō Tripiṭaka).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 224 (December): 13- 15, 23.

Cao Xiuwei 曹秀偉. 2006. “Fojiao yixue shuolüe 佛教醫學說略 A Summary of Medicine Study on Religion [sic].” Journal of Henan University of Chinese Medicine 河南中醫學院學報 21, no. 1 (January): 18-20.

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad. 1977. Science and Society in Ancient India. Calcutta: Research India Publications.

Chaudhuri, Rachita. 2008. Buddhist Education in Ancient India. Kolkata: Punthi Pustak.

Chen Ming 陳明. 1999. “Yindu fojiao yixue gaishuo 印度佛教醫學概說 (An overview of Indian Buddhist medicine).” Religious Studies 宗教學研究, no. 1 (January): 36-43, 69.

—————. 2000. “Gu Yindu fojiao yixue jiaoyu lüelun 古印度佛教醫學教育略 論 (A brief discussion of Buddhist medical education in ancient India).” Dharmaghosa (The Voice of Dharma) 法音, no. 4: 22-27.

—————. 2002. Yindu fanwen yidian “Yili jinghua” yanjiu 印度梵文醫典《醫理精華》硏究 (A study of an Indian Sanskrit medical text, the Siddhasāra). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.

—————. 2005. 敦煌出土胡語醫典《耆婆書》研究 A Study on the Sanskrit Text of Jīvaka-pustaka from Dunhuang. Taibei Shi: Xinwenfeng chuban gongsi.

—————. 2006. “Hanyi mijiao wenxian zhong de shengming feituo chengfen bianxi: Yi tongzifang he yanyaofang weili 漢譯密教文獻中的生命吠陀成分辨析—以童子方和眼藥方為例 (An analysis of the elements of Āyurveda in tantric literature of Han dynasty: Using the examples of the boys’ formulae and the eye formulae).” Guji lunheng (Disquisition on the Past & Present) 古今論衡, no. 14 (May): 27-46.

Chen, Thomas S. N., and Peter S. Y. Chen. 2002. “Jivaka, Physician to the Buddha.” Journal of Medical Biography 10: 88-91.

Chopra, Ananda S. 2003. “Āyurveda.” In Medicine across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Culture, edited by Helaine Selin, 75-83. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Chryssikopoulos, Athanassios. 1997. “The Relationship between the Immune and Endocrine Systems.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 816: 83- 93.

Clifford, Terry. 1984. Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry: The Diamond Healing. York Beach, Me: S. Weiser.

Cohen, Richard S. 2004. “India.” In Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1, edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr., 352-360. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.

Cone, Margaret. 2001. A Dictionary of Pāli: Part I: A-Kh. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.

Cosmatos, Dennis, and Shein-Chung Chow. 2009. “Preface.” In Translational Medicine: Strategies and Statistical Methods, edited by Dennis Cosmatos and Shein-Chung Chow. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Cunningham, Andrew. 2002. “Identifying Disease in the Past: Cutting the Gordian Knot.” Asclepio 54, no. 1: 13-34.

Dandekar, R. N. 2005. “Vedas.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 9549-9552. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Dargin, James M., and Robert A. Lowenstein. 2008. “The Painful Eye.” Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 26, no. 1: 199-216.

Demeyer, A., J. C. Voundi Nkana, and M. G. Verloo. 2001. “Characteristics of Wood Ash and Influence on Soil Properties and Nutrient Uptake: An Overview.” Bioresource Technology 77, no. 3: 287-295.

Demiéville, Paul. 1985. Buddhism and Healing: Demiéville's Article “Byō” from Hōbōgirin. Translated by Mark Tatz. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Dhammajoti, K. L. 2008. “Introduction.” In The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions: English Translations from Pāli and Chinese, translated by Kākkāpalliye Anuruddha Thera, Mary M. Y. Fung, and S. K. Siu. Hong Kong: Chi Lin Nunnery.

Dhammavihāri Thera. 2009. “Vinaya (1).” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. III, fascicle 3, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 632-643. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

Dhirasekera, Jotiya. 2007. Buddhist Monastic Discipline. 2nd ed. Dehiwala, S.L.: Buddhist Cultural Centre.

Digital Archives Section, Library and Information Center of Dharma Drum Buddhist College 法鼓佛教學院圖書資訊館數位典藏組. 2010. Nanshan Vinaya Dictionary 南山律學辭典. Taipei: Dharma Drum Buddhist College. http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/nanshanlu.ddbc.pdf.

Dinarello, Charles A., and Reuven Porat. 2012. “Chapter 16: Fever and Hyperthermia.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. Vol. 1, edited by Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, and Joseph Loscalzo, 143-147. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Dorland, W. A. Newman. 2012. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 32nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.

Dutt, Udoy Chand. 2012. The Materia Medica of the Hindus: Compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works. London: Forgotten Books. (Orig. pub. 1877.)

Edgerton, Franklin. 1998. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary. Vol. 2, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Orig. pub. 1953.)

Elmendorf, Jeffrey S. 2013. “Chapter 30: Endocrine Control Mechanisms.” In Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine. 4th ed., edited by Rodney A. Rhoades and David R. Bell, 589-603. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2014. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Chicago, IL: Britannica Online. http://academic.eb.com.

Ferngren, Gary B., and Darrel W. Amundsen. 2005. “Healing and Medicine: Healing and Medicine in Christianity.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 3843-3848. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Filliozat, Jean. 1964. The Classical Doctrine of Indian Medicine: Its Origins and its Greek Parallels. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

—————. 1966-1968. “Āyurveda.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. II, edited by G. Pāli. Malalasekera, 477-479. Ceylon: The Government of Ceylon.

Fo Guang Shan. 2011. Foguang da cidian 佛光大辭典 (Large dictionary of the Buddha’s light). Taibei Xian: Foguangshan dianzi Dzangjing weiyuanhui. https://www.fgs.org.tw/fgs_book/fgs_drser.aspx.

Ford-Martin, Paula, and Teresa G. Odle. 2009. “Aromatherapy.” In The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 3rd ed. Vol. 1, edited by Laurie J. Fundukian, 136-142. Detroit: Gale.

Foucher, Alfred. 1963. The Life of the Buddha: According to the Ancient Texts and Monuments of India. Translated by Simone Brangier Boas. Middletown, Cinnecticut: Wesleyan University Press.

Franz, Michael G. 2010. “Chapter 6: Wound Healing.” In Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery. 13th ed., edited by Gerard M. Doherty, 47-58. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Frauwallner, Erich. 1956. The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature. Roma: Is. M.E.O.

Frazier, Margaret Schell, and Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski. 2013. Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier.

Friedman, Lawrence S. 2012. “Chapter 16: Liver, Biliary Tract & Pancreas Disorders.” In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 51st ed., edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 644-698. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

Fukunaga Katsumi 福永勝美. 1980. Bukkyō igaku jiten: ho, yōga 仏教医学事典: 補・ヨ一ガ (Encyclopaedia of Buddhist medicine: With a supplement on yoga). Tōkyō: Yūzankaku Shuppan.

Gallagher, Nancy. 2005. “Healing and Medicine: Healing and Medicine in Islamic Texts and Traditions.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 3831-3833. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Garrett, Frances Mary. 2008. Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet. London; New York: Routledge.

Geiger, Wilhelm. 2004. Pāli Literature and Language. Translated by Batakrishna Ghosh. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. (Orig. pub. 1943.)

General Medical Council. 2011. Specialties, Sub-specialties and Progression through Training: The International Perspective. Accessed March 25, 2013. http://www.gmcuk.org/Specialties_subspecialties_and_progression_through_training___the_ international_perspective.pdf_45500662.pdf.

Genius, Stephen J. 2011. “Elimination of Persistent Toxicants from the Human Body.” Human and Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 1 (January): 3-18.

Getto, Leila, Eli Zeserson, and Michael Breyer. 2011. “Vomiting, Diarrhea, Constipation, and Gastroenteritis.” Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 29, no. 2: 211-237.

Godagama, Shantha. 2004. The Handbook of Ayurveda: India’s Medical Wisdom Explained. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. (Orig. pub. 1997.)

Gold, Barry S., Richard C. Dart, and Robert A. Barish. 2002. “Bites of Venomous Snakes.” New England Journal of Medicine 347, no. 5 (August): 347-356.

Gonzales, Ralph, and Paul L. Nadler. 2012. “Chapter 2: Common Symptoms.” In Current Medical Diagnosis &Treatment. 51st ed., edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 22-46. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

Gu Jiadong 顧加棟, and Zhou Xianglong 周祥龍. 2010a. “Lüelun fojiao yixue de sixiang yuanliu ji qi zhongguohua 略論佛教醫學的思想源流及其中國化 (A brief discussion of Buddhist medicine’s ideological origins and its Sinicization).” Medicine &Philosophy (Humanistic & Social Medicine Edition) 醫學與哲學 (人文社會醫學版) 31, no. 6 (June): 79-81.

—————. 2010b. “Fojiao yixue sixiang jianlun 佛教醫學思想簡論 (A brief discussion of Buddhist medical ideology).” Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Social Science Edition) 南京中醫藥大學學報 (社會科學版) 11, no. 1 (March): 1-4.

Haldar, J. R. 1977. Medical Science in Pali Literature. Calcutta: Indian Museum.

Harries, Meredydd L., Francis Vaz, Seema Verma, and Robin D. Hamilton. 2012. “Chapter 21: The Special Senses.” In Kumar &Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 1047-1065. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Harvey, Peter. 1993. “The Mind-Body Relationship in Pāli Buddhism: A Philosophical Investigation.” Asian Philosophy 3, no. 1: 29-41.

Hattori Toshirō 服部敏良. 1982. Bukkyō kyōten o chūshin to shita shaka no igaku 仏教経典を中心とした釈迦の医学 (Buddha Śākyamuni’s medicine in Buddhist scriptures). Nagoya: Reimei Shobō.

Haynes, Barton F., Kelly A. Soderberg, and Anthony S. Fauci. 2012. “Chapter 314:

Introduction to the Immune System.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. Vol. 2, edited by Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, and Joseph Loscalzo, 2650-2685. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Heirman, Ann. 2007. “Vinaya: From India to China.” In The Spread of Buddhism, edited by Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher, 167-202. Leiden: Brill.

Heirman, Ann, and Mathieu Torck. 2012. A Pure Mind in a Clean Body: Bodily Care in the Buddhist Monasteries of Ancient India and China. Gent: Academia Press.

Hinnells, John R., and Roy Porter, eds. 1999. Religion, Health and Suffering. London; New York: Kegan Paul International.

Hirakawa, Akira 平川彰. 1960. Ritsuzō no kenkyū 律蔵の硏究 A Study of the Vinaya-Piṭaka. Tōkyō: Sankibō Busshorin.

—————. 1993. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Translated and edited by Paul Groner. 1st Indian ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Orig. pub. 1990.)

—————. 1997. A Buddhist Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary 佛敎漢梵大辭典. Tokyo: The Reiyukai.

Hoffbrand, A. Victor. 2012. “Chapter 105: Megaloblastic Anemias.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. Vol. 1, edited by Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, and Joseph Loscalzo, 862-872. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Holt, John Clifford. 1995. Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapiṭaka. 2nd ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Horton, Jonathan C. 2012. “Chapter 28: Disorders of the Eye.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. Vol. 1, edited by Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, and Joseph Loscalzo, 224-241. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Huang Kuo-Ching 黃國清. 2009. “‘Foshuo foyi jing’ de bingyin lun yu yangsheng guan 《佛說佛醫經》的病因論與養生觀 The Theory of the Causes of Sickness and the Health-preserving Thought in the Sutra of Buddhist Medicine.” Journal of World Religions 世界宗教學刊, no. 14: 31-53.

Huang Wenhong 黃文宏. 2004. “Cong shenyi Qipo zhi yiliao shiji lun qi yiliao fangfa ji dui fojiao yingxiang 從神醫耆婆之醫療事蹟論其醫療方法及對 佛教影響 On the medical method and influence for Buddhism of Jīvaka: the miraculo[u]s Doctor and his medical treatments [sic].” Master’s thesis, Fu Jen Catholic University.

Inoue Ayase 井上綾瀨. 2007. “「パーリ律」 薬犍度の薬品について–樹脂の 薬を中心に (A medicine in the Pāli Vinaya’s Bhesajjakkhandhaka: Focusing on medical resins).” Ryukoku University The Bulletin of the Graduate School of Letters 29: A61-A79.

—————. 2013. “薬健度の研究 (A study of the Chapter on Medicine).” Ryukoku University The Bulletin of the Graduate School of Letters 35: 102109.

Jarman, Paul. 2012. “Chapter 22: Neurological Disease.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 1167-1153. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Jaworski, Jan. 1927. “La section des Remèdes dans le Vinaya des Malūśāsaka et dans le Vinaya pali.” Rocznik Orjentalisticzny 5: 92-101.

—————. 1931. “La Section de la Nourriture dans le Vinaya des Mahīśāsaka.” Rocznik Orjentalisticzny 7: 53-124.

Jayatilleke, K. N. 1966. “Avijjā.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. II, edited by G. Pāli. Malalasekera, 454-459. Ceylon: The Government of Ceylon.

Jekel, James F., David L. Katz, Joann G. Elmore, and Dorothea M. G. Wild. 2007. Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.

Jha, Amit. 2011. Traditional Indian Medicine with Specific Reference to Buddhist and Tribal Medicine. New Delhi: Research India Press.

Jiang Miao 蔣淼, and Wang Jiakui 王家葵. 2009. “Qingmuxiang mingshi xiaokao 青木香名實小考 (A brief investigation of the true name of qingmuxiang).” Journal of Sichuan Continuing Education College of Medical Sciences 四川省衛生管理干部學院學報 28, no. 2 (June): 162-163.

Johnson, Steven B., and Matthew Lissauer. 2008. “Chapter 1: Principles of Surgical Physiology.” In Surgery. 5th ed., edited by Bruce E. Jarrell, R. Anthony Carabasi, III, 3-32. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins.

Jolly, Julius. 2012. Indian Medicine. 2nd rev. ed. Translated by C. G. Kashikar. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. (Orig. pub. 1977.)

Kageyama Kyoushun 影山教俊. 2000. “律藏経典群に見える仏教医学について–律藏とインド古典医学の比較から (On Buddhist medicine in the Vinaya Piṭaka–By comparing Vinaya and classical Indian texts).” Gendai shūkyō kenkyū 現代宗教研究, no. 34 (March): 171-232.

—————. 2001. “仏教教団ではどの様に癒しを行っていたか–律藏経典群から読みとれる疾病誌について (How was healing carried out in the Buddhist community–About the records of diseases which can be read in the Vinaya Piṭakas).” Gendai shūkyō kenkyū 現代宗教研究, no. 35 (March): 72-136.

—————. 2002. “律蔵経典群に見られる耆婆の治療法 (Jivaka’s treatment methods as seen in the Vinaya Piṭakas).” Gendai shūkyō kenkyū 現代宗教研究, no. 36 (March): 78-108.

—————. 2007. “律蔵群に見えるインド仏教の医療観 (The Indian Buddhist perspectives on healing as seen in the Vinaya Piṭakas).” Gendai shūkyō kenkyū 現代宗教研究, no. 41 (March): 167-206.

Kaneko, Yoshio, ed. 2010. “Locations of Buddha's Residence and Preaching Collected in the Early Buddhist Canons Part 4: Other Miscellaneous Countries.” Chuo Academic Research Institute. Accessed February 27, 2015. http://www.sakya-muni.jp/english/0001/0085monograph-series-no15/27source-material2-4/.

Kang Fuxin 康福信, ed. 1997. Xiandai yixue gailun 現代醫學槪論 An Introduction to Modern Medicine. Lanzhou: Gansu wenhua chubanshe. (Orig. pub. 1996.)

Kariyawasam, A. G. S. 1971. “Bhesajja.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. III, fascicle 1, edited by G. Pāli. Malalasekera, 27-34. Ceylon: The Government of Ceylon.

Karunadasa, Y. 1989. Buddhist Analysis of Matter. 2nd ed. Singapore: The Buddhist Research Society.

—————. 2002. “Mahābhūta.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. VI, fascicle 3, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 392-396. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

—————. 2012. “How Early Buddhism Understands the Mind-Body Relationship.” Journal of Buddhist Studies, Centre of Buddhist Studies Sri Lanka 10: 61-67.

Karunaratne, Upali. 2003. “Nāmarūpa.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. VII, fascicle 1, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 125-139. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

Katayama Ichiro 片山一良. 1981. “初期仏教における文化変容: 薬の章 (Acculturation in early Buddhism: A chapter on medicine).” Journal of Buddhist Studies 12: 133-164.

Khan, F. R., Z. Ul. Abadin, and N. Rauf. 2007. “Honey: Nutritional and Medicinal Value.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 61, no. 10 (October): 1705–1707.

Khare, C. Pāli., ed. 2004. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Berlin: Springer.

—————. 2007. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. New York: Springer.

—————. 2012. Dictionary of Synonyms: Indian Medicinal Plants: Incorporating an Appraisal of Indian Systems of Medicine. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing House.

Khosla, Sarla. 1991. Lalitavistara and the Evolution of Buddha Legend. New Delhi: Galaxy Publications.

Khurana, A. K. 2008. Comprehensive Ophthalmology. Tunbridge Wells, U.K.: Anshan.

Kingsley, David R. 1996. Health, Healing, and Religion: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Kitigawa, Joseph Mitsuo. 1989. “Buddhist Medical History.” In Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World's Religious Traditions, edited by Lawrence E. Sullivan, 9-32. New York: Macmillan.

Kleinman, Arthur. 1993. “What is Specific to Western Medicine?” In Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. 2 vols., edited by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter, 15-23. London: Routledge.

Koenig, Harold G., Michael E. McCullough, and David B. Larson. 2001. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kolster, Bernard C., and Astrid Waskowiak. 2005. The Reflexology Atlas. Translated from the German by Nikolas Win Myint. Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press. Originally published as Knaurs Atlas der Reflexzonen Therapie (Augsburg: Verlagsgruppe Weltbild GmbH, 2003).

Koopsen, Cyndie, and Caroline Young. 2009. Integrative Health: A Holistic Approach for Health Professionals. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Kottow, Michael H. 1992. “Classical Medicine v Alternative Medical Practices.” Journal of Medical Ethics 18, no. 1 (March): 18-22. Accessed July 30, 2012. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27717127.

Kritzer, Robert. 2014. Garbhāvakrāntisūtra: The Sūtra on Entry into the Womb. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.

Kuan, Tse-fu. 2008. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources. London; New York: Routledge.

Kumar, Parveen, and Michael Clark, eds. 2012. Kumar and Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Kuroda Genji 黑田源次. 1987. Ki no kenkyū 氣の硏究 (A study on qi). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Bijutsu. (Orig. pub. 1977.)

Lamotte, Étienne. 1988. History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era. Translated by Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste.

Langenberg, Amy Paris. 2008. “Like Worms Falling from a Foul-Smelling Sore:

The Buddhist Rhetoric of Childbirth in an Early Mahayana Sutra.” PhD diss., Columbia University. Accessed October 12, 2014. Digital Dissertation Consortium.

—————. 2014. “Female Monastic Healing and Midwifery: A View from the Vinaya Tradition.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics 21: 152-187. Accessed May 24, 2014. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2014/02/Langenberg-FemaleMonastic-Healing-final1.pdf.

Larsen, William J. 2002. Anatomy: Development, Function, Clinical Correlations. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Law, Bimala Churn. 2000. A History of Pāli Literature. Varanasi: Indica. (Orig. pub. 1933.)

Lerner, K. Lee, and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 2008a. “Fat.” In The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. 4th ed. Vol. 3, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 1692-1693. Detroit: Gale.

—————. 2008b. “Salt.” In The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. 4th ed. Vol. 5, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 3779-3780. Detroit: Gale.

Leslie, Tabi Anika. 2013. “Itch.” Medicine 41, no. 7: 367-371.

Levinson, David, and Laura Gaccione. 1997. Health and Illness: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.

Lin, Chien-Te. 2013. “Rethinking Mind-Body Dualism: A Buddhist Take on the Mind-Body Problem.” Contemporary Buddhism 14, no. 2: 239-264.

Lindsay, James, Louise Langmead, and Sean L. Preston. 2012. “Chapter 6: Gastrointestinal Disease.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 229-302. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Liu Yi 劉怡, and Han Bing 韓冰. 1992. “Zhongguo fojiao yixue de jiben sixiang 中國佛教醫學的基本思想 (Fundamental ideology of the Chinese Buddhist medicine)” Journal of Tianjin College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 天津中醫學院學報, no. 2: 8-11.

Liyanaratne, Jinadasa. 1996. “A Pāli Canonical Passage of Importance for the History of Indian Medicine.” Journal of the Pali Text Society 22: 59-72.

Lo, Vivienne, and Michael Stanley-Baker. 2011. “Chinese Medicine.” In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Medicine, edited by Mark Jackson, 150168. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ma Zhonggeng 馬忠庚. 2004. “Cong fojiao yixue kan fojiao 從佛教醫學看佛教 (To observe Buddhism from Buddhist medicine).” Shandong Social Science 山東社會科學, no. 12: 83-87.

—————. 2007. Fojiao yu kexue: jiyu fozang wenxian de yanjiu 佛教與科學: 基于佛藏文獻的研究 Buddhism and Science: A Study Based on the Chinese Tripitaka. Beijing Shi: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.

Majumdar, R. C. 1960. The Classical Accounts of India: Being a Compilation of the English Translations of the Accounts Left by Herodotus, Megasthenes, Arrian, Strabo, Quintus, Diodorus, Siculus, Justin, Plutarch, Frontinus, Nearchus, Apollonius, Pliny, Ptolemy, Aelian, and Others with Maps, Editorial Notes, Comments, Analysis and Introduction. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.

Malalasekera, G. Pāli. 1998. Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names. Vol. I: A-Dh. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

Mazars, Guy. 2006. A Concise Introduction to Indian Medicine (La Médecine indienne). Translated by Taishō Tripiṭaka. K. Gopalan. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Mazars, Sylvain. 2008. Le Bouddhisme et la Médecine Traditionnelle de L'Inde. Paris: Springer.

McLatchie, Gregory, Neil Borley, and Joanna Chikwe, eds. 2013. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McQuaid, Kenneth R. 2012. “Chapter 15: Gastrointestinal Disorders.” In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 51st ed., edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 546-643. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

Meng Haigui 孟海貴. 2000. “Fotuo, foshuo, foyi 佛陀, 佛學, 佛醫 (The Buddha, the Buddhist Studies, the Buddhist Medicine).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 1: 3-16.

Meulenbeld, G. Jan. 1999. A History of Indian Medical Literature. Vol. 1A. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.

Micozzi, Marc S. 2011. Vital Healing: Energy, Mind, and Spirit in Traditional Medicines of India, Tibet and the Middle East–Middle Asia. London: Singing Dragon.

Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 中華民國教育部. 1994. Chongbian Guoyu cidian xiudingben 重編國語辭典修訂本 (A redaction of the re-edited Chinese dictionary). [Taiwan]: Ministry of Education. http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw.

Misra, Girija Shankar Prasad. 1972. The Age of Vinaya. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

Mitra, Jyotir. 1985. A Critical Appraisal of Āyurvedic Material in Buddhist Literature with Special Reference to Tripiṭaka. Varanasi: Jyotiralok Prakashan.

Monier-Williams, Monier. 1993. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Orig. pub. 1899.)

Morley, John E. 2013. “Endocrine Disorders.” The Merck Manual Professional Edition. Last modified September 2013. Accessed March 23, 2015. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine_and_metabolic_disor ders/principles_of_endocrinology/endocrine_disorders.html.

Moss, Peter J., William L. Irving, and Jane Anderson. 2012. “Chapter 4: Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and Sexually Transmitted Infections.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 73-194. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Muller, A. Charles, ed. 2015. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism 電子佛教辭典. http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb/.

Mundy, Linda M., and Gerard M. Doherty. 2010. “Chapter 8: Inflammation, Infection, & Antimicrobial Therapy.” In Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery. 13th ed., edited by Gerard M. Doherty, 67-94. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Murphy, Michael F., James Stephen Wainscoat, and K. John Pasi. 2012. “Chapter 8: Haematological Disease.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 371-430. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Nakamura Kazuaki 中村知見. 1997. “初期仏教教団の薬品 Mahāvagga VI bhesajjakkhandhaka と Mūlasarvāstivāda vinayavastu bhaiṣajyavastu の薬品リストを中心に (Medicines in early Buddhist communities–Mainly the drug lists in Mahāvagga VI Bhesajjakkhandhaka and Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinayavastu Bhaiṣajyavastu).” Annual of Studies of Buddhism, Graduate School of Komazawa University, no. 30 (July): 128-138.

Nanba Tsuneo 難波恒雄, and Komatsu Katsuko 小松かつ子. 2000. Bukkyō igaku no michi o saguru 仏教医学の道を探る (Investigating the way of Buddhist medicine). Ōsaka: Tōhō Shuppan.

Naqvi, Nasim H. 2011. A Study of Buddhist Medicine and Surgery in Gandhara. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Nietupski, Paul K. 2005. “Buddhist Books and Texts: Canon and Canonization– Vinaya.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 1258-1261. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Nihonyanagi, Kenji 二本柳賢司. 1994. Bukkyō igaku gaiyō 佛敎医学槪要 Survey of Buddhist Medicine. Kyōto-shi: Hōzōkan.

Ninivaggi, Frank John. 2010. Ayurveda: A Comprehensive Guide to Traditional Indian Medicine for the West. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.

Obinata Daijō 大日方大乘. 1965. Bukkyō igaku no kenkyū 仏教医学の研究 (A study of Buddhist medicine). Tōkyō: Kazama Shobō.

Ogiwara Unrai 荻原雲来, ed. 1988. Kan'yaku taishō Bon-Wa daijiten 漢譯對照梵和大辭典 (Compared with the Chinese translations: The Sanskrit-Japanese dictionary). Taipei: Xinwenfeng.

Ohno, Tsutomu, and M. Susan Erich. 1990. “Effect of Wood Ash Application on Soil pH and Soil Test Nutrient Levels.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 32, no. 3-4 (October): 223-239.

Oldenberg, Hermann. 1997. “Introduction.” In The Vinaya Piṭaka: One of the Principle of Buddhist Holy Scriptures in the Pāli Language, edited by Hermann Oldenberg, ix-lvi. Oxford: The Pali Text Society. (Orig. pub. 1879.)

Olson, Kent R. 2012. “Chapter 38: Poisoning.” In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 51st ed., edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 1518-1547. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

O’Sullivan, Gabrielle, Charissa Fotinos, and Leilani St. Anna. 2012. “Q/What Treatments Relieve Painful Heel Cracks? (Clinical Inquiries)” Journal of Family Practice 61, no. 10 (October): 622-623.

Oustamanolakis, Pantelis, and Jan Tack. 2012. “Dyspepsia: Organic Versus Functional.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 46, no. 3 (March): 175190.

Oxford University Press. 2001. Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. [Oxford, England]: Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/

—————. 2015. Oxford Dictionary: Language Matters. [Oxford]: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.

Palmer, Richard E. 1969. Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.

Paonil, Wichit. 2003. “Buddhist Paradigm on Health and Healing.” PhD thesis, Mahidol University.

Patel, Manish M., Aron J. Hall, Jan Vinjé, and Umesh D. Parashar. 2009. “Noroviruses: A Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Clinical Virology 44: 1-8.

Patel, Shruti, and Wayne X. Shandera. 2012. “Chapter 32: Viral & Rickettsial Infections.” In Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 51st ed., edited by

Stephen J. McPhee, Maxine A. Papadakis, and Michael W. Rabow, 13161379. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.

Peakman, Mark. 2012. “Chapter 3: The Immune System and Disease.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 49-72. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Penner, Hans H. 2009. Recovering the Buddha: Legends of the Buddha and Their Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Piyadassi, Thera. 1987. The Buddha's Ancient Path. Taipei: Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation. (Orig. pub. 1964.)

—————. 1991. The Spectrum of Buddhism: Writings of Piyadassi. Taipei: Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation.

Pole, Sebastian. 2006. Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice. [Edinburgh]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

Porcher, Michel H. et al. 2004. “Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Embelia Names.” Institute of Land & Food Resources, the University of Melbourne. Accessed January 23, 2015. http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Embelia.html.

Porter, Roy. 1999. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. (Orig. pub. 1997.)

Prebish, Charles S. 1975. “The Vinaya Piṭaka.” In Buddhism: A Modern Perspective, edited by Charles S. Prebish, 49-53. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

—————. 1994. A Survey of Vinaya Literature. Taipei: Jin Luen Pub. House.

Premasiri, Pāli. D. 2003. “Mind.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. VII, fascicle 1, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 1-12. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

Presentation Ministries. 2014. “Healing: The Imitation of Christ.” Presentation Ministries, Cincinnati, Ohio. Accessed October 9, 2014. http://www.presentationministries.com/brochures/Healing.asp#2C.

Qin Guanyue 秦關月, ed. 1992. Shijia de yi xue 釋迦的醫學 (Śākya’s medicine). Taibei: Chang chun shu shu fang.

Rahula, Walpola. 1978. What the Buddha Taught. Rev. ed. Taipei, Taiwan: Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation. (Orig. pub. 1967.)

Rama Rao, B. 1992. “Vāgbhaṭa.” In History of Medicine in India (From Antiquity to 1000 A.D.), edited by Priya Vrat Sharma, 205-221. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

Ratnapala, Nandasena. 1993. Buddhist Sociology. Delhi: Sri Satguru.

Ravenport, Richard. 2008. “Headache (The Bare Essentials).” Practical Neurology 8, no. 5 (October): 335-343.

Rawlins, Michael, and Allister Vale. 2012. “Chapter 17: Drug Therapy and Poisoning.” In Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. 8th ed, edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael Clark, 899-927. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier.

Reamy, Brian V., Christopher W. Bunt, and Stacy Fletcher. 2011. “A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritis.” American Family Physician 84, no. 2: 195-202.

Rhys Davids, Taishō Tripiṭaka. W. 2002. “Introduction.” In Dialogues of the Buddha. Part III, translated by Taishō Tripiṭaka. W. Rhys Davids and C. A. F. Rhys Davids, vii-ix. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.

—————. 2007. Buddhist India. Rev. ed. Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. (Orig. pub. 1902.)

Rhys Davids, Taishō Tripiṭaka. W., and William Stede. 1993. Pali-English Dictionary. 1st Indian edition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Orig. pub. 1921-25.)

Richardson, W. Scott, Mark Wilson, and Gordon Guyatt. 2002. “The Process of Diagnosis.” In Users’ Guide to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, edited by Gordon Guyatt and Drummond Rennie. Chicago, IL: AMA Press.

Rizzo, Julie A., Anna L. Naig, and Eric K. Johnson. 2010. “Anorectal Abscess and Fistula-in-Ano: Evidence-Based Management.” Surgical Clinics of North America 90, no. 1: 45-68.

Roy, Mira. 1986. “Āyurveda.” In The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. VI, Science and Technology, edited by Priyadaranjan Ray and S. N. Sen, 152-176. Kolkata: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.

Sackett David L., William M. C. Rosenberg, J. A. Muir Gray, R. Brian Haynes, and W. Scott Richardson. 1996. “Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn't.” British Medical Journal 312, no. 7023 (January): 71-72.

Saethre, Eirik J. 2008. “Medicine.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2nd ed., edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 63-65. Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA.

Salguero, C. Pierce. 2010. “Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China: Disease, Healing, and the Body in Crosscultural Translation (Second to Eighth Centuries C.E.).” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University. Accessed September 12, 2011. Digital Dissertation Consortium.

—————. 2014. Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schopen, Gregory. 2004. “Vinaya.” In Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 2, edited by Robert E. Buswell, Jr., 8850-889. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.

Sen, Satiranjan. 1945. “Two Medical Texts in Chinese Translation.” Visva-Bharati Annals 1: 70-95.

Sheng-yan 聖嚴. 1969. “Shijia shizun de yixue guandian 釋迦世尊的醫學觀點 (The Exalted One Śākya[muni]’s medical viewpoints).” Nanyang Buddhist 南洋佛教, no. 6: 8-11.

Shi Shunrong 釋舜融. 2003. “Sifenlü” jiandupian zhong dui lao bing biqiu de guanhuai chutan 《四分律》犍度篇中對老、病比丘的關懷初探 (A preliminary investigation of the care for the aged or sick monks in the Skandhaka Section of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya). Accessed November 29, 2010. http://www.yinshun.org.tw/91thesis/91-01.html.

Shi Wangcheng 史旺成. 1991. “Fojiao zhexue yu fojiao yixue 佛教哲學與佛教醫學 (Buddhist philosophy and Buddhist medicine).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 2: 17-21.

Shi Wuyin 釋悟殷. 1996. “Fojiao de yiliao baojian–yi “Genben shuoyiqieyoubu pinaiye” guanglü wei zhu 佛教的醫療保健–以《根本說一切有部毗奈 耶》廣律為主 (Healing and health maintenance in Buddhism–Mainly based on the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya).” In Fojiao yu shehui guahuai xueshu yantaohui: shengming, shengtai, huanjing guahuai lunwenji 佛敎與 社會關懷學術硏討會: 生命, 生態, 環境關懷論文集 (Collected papers of the academic Conference on Buddhism and social care: Care of life, ecology and environment). Yongkang: Caituan faren zhonghua fojiao baike wenxian jijinhui.

Shi Zhaohui 釋昭慧. 2010. “原始佛教對身心保健與疾患防護的看法—以《阿含 經》與《佛說佛醫經》為主 (The original Buddhist perspectives on health maintenance of mind and body and protection of sickness: Based mainly on the Āgamas and the Discourse on the Buddha’s Exposition of Buddhist Medicine).” Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Science) 西南民族大學學報 (人文社科版), no. 5: 92-97.

Shu Xincheng 舒新城, Shen Yi 沈頤, Xu Yuangao 徐元誥, Zhang Xiang 張相. 2005. Cihai 辭海 (The ocean of words). Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju. (Orig. pub. 1947.)

Springett, Kate, and Margaret Johnson. 2010. “Chapter 2: The Skin and Nails in Podiatry.” In Neal’s Disorders of the Foot. 8th ed., edited by Paul Frowen, Maureen O’Donnell, Donald Lorimer, and Gordon Burrow, 19-43. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Srikanta Murthy, K. R. 1992a. “Suśruta.” In History of Medicine in India (From Antiquity to 1000 A.D.), edited by Priya Vrat Sharma, 197-204. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

—————. 1992b. “Nāgārjuna.” In History of Medicine in India (From Antiquity to 1000 A.D.), edited by Priya Vrat Sharma, 291-297. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

Subbarayappa, B. V. 2001. “A Perspective.” In History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. IV Part 2, Medicine and Life Sciences in India, edited by B. V. Subbarayappa, 1-38. New Delhi: Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations.

Sudarshan, S. R., ed. 2005. Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine. Vol. 5: Materia Medica–Metallic and Mineral Drugs. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan on behalf of Dr. V. Parameshvara Charitable Trust, Bangalore.

Sugita Kidō 杉田暉道. 1997. Yasashii bukkyō igaku: wagakuni saisho no tāminaru kea gaku やさしい仏敎医学: わが国最初のターミナル・ケア学 (Easy Buddhist medicine: The first study on terminal care in our country). Tōkyō: Shuppan shin sha.

Sugita Kidō 杉田暉道, and Fujiwara Kazunori 藤原壽則. 2004. Ima naze bukkyō igaku ka 今なぜ仏教医学か (Why Buddhist medicine now). Kyōto: Shibunkaku.

Sullivan, Lawrence E. 1989. “Introduction: The Quest for Well-Being and the Questioning of Medicine.” In Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World's Religious Traditions, edited by Lawrence E. Sullivan, 1-8. New York: Macmillan.

Takakusu Hakushi Kōseki Kinenkai 高楠博士功績記念會. 1970. Nanden Daizōkyō 南傳大藏經 (The Theravāda Buddhist Canon). Vol. 5, 律藏: 附隨 (Vinaya Piṭaka: Parivāra). Tōkyō: Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō Kankōkai.

Talim, Meena. 2009. Science of Medicine and Surgery in Buddhist India. Delhi: Buddhist World Press.

Talley, Nicholas J., and Simon O’Connor. 2010. Clinical Examination: A Systemic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. 6th ed. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

Talley, Nicholas J., Nghi Phung, and Jamshid S. Kalantar. 2001. “Indigestion: When is it Functional? (ABC of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract).” British Medical Journal 323, no. 7324 (December): 1294-1297.

Tamparo, Carol D., and Marcia A. Lewis. 2011. Diseases of the Human Body. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

Tan Jiang 覃江. 2013. “Bore zhongguan shiye xia de fojiao jibing guan 般若中觀視野下的佛教疾病觀 (Buddhist perspectives on illness in the middle view of wisdom).” Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Science) 西南民族大學學報 (人文社會科學版), no. 7: 71-74.

Thakar, V. J. 1992. “Basic Concepts of Āyurveda.” In History of Medicine in India (From Antiquity to 1000 A.D.), edited by Priya Vrat Sharma, 375-390. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu (Geoffrey DeGraff). 2007. The Buddhist Monastic Code II: The Khandhaka Rules Translated & Explained. 2nd ed, revised. Valley Center, CA: Metta Forest Monastery.

Thomas, Edward J. 1949. The Life of Buddha as Legend and History. 3rd revised ed. London: Knowledge & Kegan Paul. U. S. Forest Service. 2015a. “Active Plant Ingredients Used for Medicinal Purposes.” United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed January 19, 2015. http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/ingredients.shtml. . 2015b. “Plant Parts Used for Medicinal Purposes.” United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed January 21, 2015. http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/parts.shtml.

Unschuld, Paul. 1985. “Traditional Chinese Medical Theory and Real Nosological

Units: The Case of Hansen's Disease.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 17, no. 1 (November): 5-8.

Vardaxis, Nicholas J. 2010. A Textbook of Pathology. 2nd ed. Sydney: Mosby/ Elsevier.

von Hinüber, Oskar. 1995. “Buddhist Law According to the Theravāda-Vinaya: A Survey of Theory and Practice.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 18, no. 1 (September): 7-45.

van Wyk, Ben-Erik, and Michael Wink. 2004. Medicinal Plants of the World: An Illustrated Scientific Guide to Important Medicinal Plants and Their Uses. Portland: Timber Press.

Vogel, Jean Philippe. 1972. Indian Serpent-Lore or The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art. Varanasi: Prithivi Prakashan. (Orig. pub. 1926.)

Waite, Gabi Nindl. 2013. “Chapter 10: Immunology, Organ Interaction, and Homeostasis.” In Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine. 4th ed., edited by Rodney A. Rhoades and David R. Bell, 188-211. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.

Walker, Stephen L., and Diana N. J. Lockwood. 2007. “Leprosy.” Clinics in Dermatology 25, no. 2: 165-172.

Walton, John, Paul B. Beeson, and Ronald Bodley Scott, eds. 1986. The Oxford Companion to Medicine. 2 Vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wang Junzhong 王俊中. 2003. Dongya Han Zang fojiaoshi yanjiu 東亞漢藏佛敎史 硏究 (A study of the history of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism in East Asia). Edited by Jiang Canteng 江燦騰, Pan Guangzhe 潘光哲 and Jin Shiqi 金仕起. Taibei Shi: Dongda tushu gongsi.

Wang Yi 王奕. 2011. “Qianxi Yindu chuantong yixue yu ‘fojia yixue’ zhi qubie 淺 析印度傳統醫學與“佛教醫學”之區別 (A brief analysis of the differences between traditional Indian medicine and Buddhist medicine).” Science & Technology Information 科技信息, no. 5: 123, 89.

Warder, A. K. 2000. Indian Buddhism. 3rd rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Weiss, Mitchell G. 2005. “Āyurveda.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 713-715. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.

Welton, Mark L., Carlos E. Pineda, George J. Chang, and Andrew A. Shelton. 2010. “Chapter 31: Anorectum.” In Current Diagnosis &Treatment: Surgery. 13th ed., edited by Gerard M. Doherty, 698-723. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Wickremesinghe, K. D. Pāli. 2002. The Biography of the Buddha. Revised ed. Colombo: Priyanka Lakshman Wickremesinghe.

Wiley, Andrea S., and John S. Allen. 2009. Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wilson, Adrian. 2000. “On the History of Disease-Concepts: The Case of Pleurisy.” History of Science 38: 271-319.

Winter, H. J. J. 2011. “Science.” In A Cultural History of India, edited by A. L. Basham. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Orig. pub. 1975.)

Witanachchi, C. 2009a. “Vinaya (2).” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. III, fascicle 3, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 643-646. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka. 2009b. “Vinayapiṭaka.” In Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. III, fascicle 3, edited by W. G. Weeraratne, 650-658. Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka.

Wojnarowska, Fenella. 2005. “Blistering Diseases.” Medicine 33, no. 1: 74-79.

Wujastyk, Dominik. 1993. “Indian Medicine.” In Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. 2 vols., edited by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter, 755778. London: Routledge.

—————. 2003a. “The Science of Medicine.” In The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, edited by Gavin Flood, 393-409. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

—————. 2003b. The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Rev. ed. London; New York: Penguin Books.

—————. 2004. “Jambudvīpa: Apples or Plums?” In Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree, edited by Charles Burnett, Jan Pāli. Hogendijk, Kim Plofker, and Michio Yano, 287-301. Leiden: Brill.

—————. 2005. “Medicine: India.” In New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Vol 4, edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz, 1410-1412. Framington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Xiao Yu 肖雨. 2000a. “Fojiao yixue gailun 佛教醫學概論 (An overview of Buddhist medicine).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 1: 17-23.

—————. 2000b. “Fojiao yixue gailun (xu yi) 佛教醫學概論(續一) (An overview of Buddhist medicine (first continuation)).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 2: 22-25.

—————. 2000c. “Fojiao yixue gailun (xu er) 佛教醫學概論(續二) (An overview of Buddhist medicine (second continuation)).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 3: 21-26. 2000d. “Fojiao yixue gailun (xu san) 佛教醫學概論(續三) (An overview of Buddhist medicine (third continuation)).” Mt Wutai Researches 五臺山研究, no. 4: 18-24.

Yamagiwa, Nobuyuki. 1994. “The Importance of Vinaya in the Study of Indian Buddhism, with Special Reference to Chinese Sources.” In Buddhist Behavioral Codes and the Modern World: An International Symposium, edited by Charles Wei-hsun Fu and Sandra A. Wawrytko, 101-109. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Yamanaka, Yukio 山中行雄, and Tsutomu Yamashita 山下勤. 2009. “仏教文献に 見られる呪術的療法の伝統について: 概説 The Tradition of Healing with Magical Spells as Seen in Buddhist Texts.” Journal of the Japan Society of Medical History 日本醫史學雜誌 55, no. 1 (March), 77-96.

Yin Li 尹立. 2001. “Foxue yu xiandai yixue: Fojiao yixue yinlun 佛學與現代醫學: 佛教醫學引論 (Buddhist studies and modern medicine: An introduction of Buddhist medicine).” Universal Gate Buddhist Journal 普門學報, no. 4 (July): 85-133.

Yinshun 印順. 2002. Yuanshi fojiao shengdian zhi jicheng 原始佛敎聖典之集成 (The compilation of the original Buddhist canon). Taibei shi: Zhengwen chubanshe. (Orig. pub. 1971.)

—————. 2010. Jielüxue lunji 戒律学论集 (Collected essays on the Vinaya studies). Beijing Shi: Zhonghua shuju.

Zhang Yushu 張玉書 et al., ed. 2005. Kangxi zidian 康熙字典 (The Kangxi dictionary). Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Co. (Orig. pub. 1716.)

Zysk, Kenneth G. 1982. “Studies in Traditional Indian Medicine in the Pāli Canon: Jīvaka and Āyurveda.” The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5, no. 1: 70-86. 1988. “Buddhist Healing and Āyurveda: Some General Observations.” In Studies in Orientology: Essays in Memory of Prof. A. L. Basham, edited by S. K. Maity, Upendra Thakur and A. K. Narain, 124-135. Agra, India: Y. K. Publishers.

—————. 1991. Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery. New York: Oxford University Press.

—————. 1995. “New Approaches to the Study of Early Buddhist Medicine: Use of Technical Brāhmaṇic Sources in Sanskrit for the Interpretation of Pali Medical Texts.” The Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, no. 11: 143-154.

—————. 1996. Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda. 1st Indian ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. (Orig. pub. 1985.)

Like what you read? Consider supporting this website: