Notes and References for chapter 2

Notes and References 'a) uzigd 7 faqwfa asil faufpankani i A &ai amala (Rgveda, 1.18.7) Here the word yoga means that which has to be done for the improvement of intellect. b) sa gha no yoga a bhuvatsa raye sa puramdhyam | gamad THE DIGITART A 7:11 (Ibid., 1.5.3; Samaveda, uttara.1.2.10.3; Atharvaveda, 20.69.1) Here the word yoga is used to denote the process of attaining prosperity. c) yoge yoge tavastaram vaje vaje havamahe | || (Rgveda, 1.30.7; Sukla Yajurveda, 1.14; Samaveda, uttara.1.2.11.1; purva.2.2.7.9; Atharvaveda, 20.26.1) Here, yoga means 'undertaking a work." d) yuktena manasa vayam devasya savituh save | Zarfur qu|| (Yajurveda, 11.2) e) hai aint aligai... (Rgveda, 1.34.9) Here, the meaning 'yoking' is assigned to yoga. f) zu za yun ali... (Ibid., 5.43.5) Here, the word yoga means 'taking the yoke, good at yoking." g) 20 (Ibid., 10.114.9) The word yoga means application, employment, etc. 2Suresh Chandra Shrivastava, Patanjalayogadarsana, Hindi com., intr. p.6 ³Infra., Chapter. II, pp.33-40. 79

4 Infra., Chapter.II, pp. 33-34, 38-39. 'Infra., Chapter.II, pp. 33-40. ॰samprcanurudhanyamanyasaparisrsamsrjaparidevisamjvarapariksipaparirataparivadaparidahaparimuhadusadvisaddruhaduhayuja kridavivicatyajarajabhajaticarapacaramusabhyahanasca || (Astadhyayi, III.2.142) TVBh. under Yogasutra of Patanjali, I.1. " yuja samadhau ' ityasmad vyutpannah samadhyartho na tu 'yujir yoge ' ityasmatsamyogartha ityarthah | 86. (Tattvavaisaradi of Vacaspati Misra, P.3) 'tatra yuja samadhaviti yogalaksanasya prasiddhatvallaksanantarakankseva nastityasankam tasyativyaptatvenadavapakaroti - yogah samadhih, sa ca sarvabhaumascittasya dharmah iti | yuja samadhavityanusasanatah prasiddho yogah samadhih cittavrttinirodhah ... | (Yoga Vartika of Vijnanabhiksu, p.6) 106 ...The word yoga which was originally applied to the control of the steeds was applied to the control of the senses.' (S.N. Dasgupta, Yoga Philosophy, p.44) 11*It is probable that the root 'yujir' in the sense of connection as given in Panini's list of roots is a root-form derived later from the noun form yoga (yoking ), or that yoga also was originally formed from 'yujiryoge' but as yoga had taken a technical meaning in Panini's time he made a confusion and invented a fanciful root ' yuja' in the sense of concentration. (Ibid., pp. 44-45) 12S.N. Dasgupta, Yoga Philosophy, fn.2, p.45. 13Ibid. 14S.N. Dasgupta, p. 46. 15 Ibid. 80 80

1'Infra., Chapter.II, pp. 33-40. 17 'Amarakosa, I.5.2. "yogah samhananopaya-dhyana-samgati-yuktisu| (Ibid, trtiyakanda. 3. nanarthavarga, 22) "prasankhyane'pyakusidasya sarvatha vivekakhyaterdharmameghah samadhih| (Yogasutra of Patanjali, IV.29) 2° visayadosadarsinah prasamkhyanabalat ....vairagyam| (Vyasa-bhashya on Yogasutra of Patanjali, I.15) 21 samkhyanca yoganca sanatane dve | (Mahabharata, XII.30) 22siddhyasiddhyoh samo bhutva samatvam yoga ucyate | (Bhagavadgita, II.48) 23 yogah karmasu kausalam || ( Ibid., II.50) 24 loke'smin dvividha nistha pura prokta mayanagha | jnanayogena samkhyanam karmayogena yoginam || (Ibid., III.3) 25 imam vivasvate yogam proktavanahamavyayam | vivasvanmanave praha manuriksvakave'bravit || (Ibid., IV.I) 26 evam paramparapraptamimam rajarsayo viduh | sa kaleneha mahata yogo nastah paramtapa || (Ibid., IV.2) 27 adau hiranyagarbhena dve prokte yogasamhite | eka nirodhayogakhya karmayogahvaya'para || (Ahirbudhnya samhita, XII.32 ) 28Y.S., II.I. 29 " 'Infra., Chapter.II, p.61. 3°hiranyagarbho yogasya vakta nanyah puratanah ( Yajnavalkyasmrti, XII.5; Mahabharata, santi 349.65) 31 Bhamati under Sankara-bhashya on Brahmasutra, II.2.37 and II.1.3 respectively. 32Y.S., I.1. 81

33 'An Introduction to the Yogasutra, Bharatiya Vidya Prakasana, Delhi, 1985, pp. 5 &7. 34 nanu 'hiranyagarbho yogasya vakta nanyah puratanah ' iti yajnavalkyasmrteh patanjalih katham yogasya sasiteti - addha| ata eva tatra tatra puranadau visisya yogasya viprakirnataya durgrahyarthatvam manyamanena bhagavata krpasindhuna phanipatina saram sanjighrksunanusasanamarabdham, na tu saksacchasanam| (Sarvadarshana-samgraha, Patanjala darsana, p.570 ) 35Pulinbihari Chakravarthi, p.69. 36 anisvarah katham mucyedityevam satrukarsana | vadanti karanasresthyam yogah samyanmanisinah | | (Mahabharata, XII.300.3) 37 Isavasya Up. 1, 2. 38 Kena.Up., IV.8. 39. tam durdarsam gudhamanupravistam guhahitam gahvarestham puranam | adhyatmayogadhigamena devam matva dhiro harsasoko jahati || ( Katha Up., I.2.12) 40Ibid., I.2.15. 4lIbid., I.2.24, II. 1. 1. 42Ibid., I.3.5. 43Ibid., II.1.6. 44Ibid., II.2.3. 45 tam yogamiti manyante sthiramindriyadharanam | apramattastada bhavati yogo hi prabhavapyayau | | ( Ibid., II.3.11) 46 satam caika ca hrdayasya nadyastasam murdhanamabhinihsrtaika | tayordhvamayannamrtatvameti visvannanya utkramane bhavanti || (Ibid., II.3.16) 47 " mrtyuproktam naciketo'tha labdhva vidyametam yogavidhim ca krtsnam | 82

brahmaprapto virajo'bhudvimrtyuranyo'pyevam yo vidadhyatmameva || (Ibid., II.3.18) 48Prasna Up., I.2. 49 "athottarena tapasa brahmacaryena sraddhaya vidyayatmanamanvisyadityamabhijayante | ( Ibid., I. 10) 50Ibid., I.13. 51Ibid., III.3-12. 521bid., III.6. 53Ibid., V.3. 54Ibid., V.5. 55Ibid., VI.4. 56Mun.Up., I.1.8-9; II.1.10. 57Ibid., I.2.11. 58 8 tasmai sa vidvanupasannaya samyakprasantacittaya samanvitaya | yenaksaram purusam veda satyam provaca tam tattvato brahmavidyam || (Ibid., I. 2.13) 59 " tasmacca deva bahudha samprasutah sadhya manusyah pasavo vayamsi | pranapanau vrihiyavau tapasca sraddha satyam brahmacaryam vidhisca || (Ibid, II.1.7) 'omityevam dhyayatha atmanam svasti vah paraya tamasah parastat || (Ibid., II.2.6) " satyena labhyastapasa hyesa atma samyagjnanena brahmacaryena nityam | (Ibid., III. 1. 5) 61. 62-1 caksusa grhyate napi vaca nanyairdevaistapasa karmana va | jnanaprasadena visuddhasattvastatastu tam pasyate niskalam dhyayamanah || (Ibid., III. 1.8) 63. "nayamatma balahinena labhyo na ca pramadattapaso vapyalingat| (Ibid., III.2.4) 64 'amayantu brahmacarinah svaha | vimayantu brahmacarinah svaha | pramayantu brahmacarinah svaha | damayantu brahmacarinah svaha | samayantu brahmacarinah svaha | (Taittiriyopanishad, I.4.2) 83

65 rtam ca svadhyayapravacane ca | satyam ca svadhyayapravacane ca | tapasca svadhyayapravacane ca | damasca svadhyayapravacane ca | samasca svadhyayapravacane ca | ... tapa iti tapo nityah paurusistih svadhyayapravacane eveti nako maudgalyah | ( Ibid, I.9.1) 66Ibid., I.11.1. 67Ibid., II.4.1. 68Ibid., II.6.1; III.1.1; 2.1; 3.1; 4.1; 5.1. 69Sbh. on Taittiriyopanishad, II.6.1. 7°Chandogyopanishad, II.23.1. 7lIbid., IV.3.5-6; 4.1,3. 72Ibid., IV.10.1-5. 73Ibid., VI.1.1. 74Ibid., VII.6.1. 75 Ibid., VIII.4.3; 5.1-4. 76 Ibid., VIII.7.7. 7B.G., IV.1. 78 tadvaitad brahma prajapataya uvaca prajapatirmanave manuh prajabhyah ... (Chandogya Up.,VIII.15.1) 79 7'Bxh. Up., II.1.19; IV.3.20. 80Ibid., II.4.4; IV.5.5. 8lIbid., II.4.5.; IV.5.6. 82 prano vai grahah so'panenatigrahamana grhito'panena hi gandhanjighrati| (Ibid., II.2.2) 8³ Ibid., III.8.10. 84Ibid., IV.2.3. 84

8 te dhyanayoganugata apasyan devatmasaktim svagunairnigudham | yah karanani nikhilani tani kalatmayuktanyadhitisthatyekah || (Shvetasvataropanishad, I.3) 86 Ibid., 1.10. 87 jnatva devam sarvapasapahanih ksinaih klesairjanmamrtyuprahanih | ( Ibid., I. 11 ) 88 Ibid., I.14. 89 Ibid., I.15, 16; VI.21. 9°Ibid., II.1-5. " trirunnatam sthapya samam sariram hrdindriyani manasa samnivesya | brahmodupena pratareta vidvan srotamsi sarvani bhayavahani || (Ibid., II. 8) 92. " prananprapidyeha samyuktacestah ksine prane nasikayocchvasita | dustasvayuktamiva vahamenam vidvanmano dharayetapramattah || (Ibid., II. 9) "same sucau sarkaravahnivalukavivarjite sabdajalasrayadibhih | mano'nukule na tu caksupidane guhanivatasrayane prayojayet || (Ibid., II. 10) 94 " niharadhumarkanilanalanam khadyotavidyutsphatikasasinam | etani rupani purahsarani brahmanyabhivyaktikarani yoge || (Ibid., II.11) 95 " prthivyaptejo'nilakhe samutthite pancatmake yogagune pravrtte | na tasya rogo na jara na mrtyuh praptasya yogagnimayam sariram || (Ibid., II.12) "laghutvamarogyamalolupatvam varnaprasadam svarasausthavam ca | gandhah subho mutrapurisamalpam yogapravrttim prathamam vadanti|| (Ibid., II.13) 97 nityo nityanam cetanascetananameko bahunam yo vidadhati kaman | tatkaranam sankhyayogadhigamyam jnatva devam mucyate sarvapasaih | | ( Ibid., IV. 13) 98 na tu yogamrte praptum sakya sa parama gatih | (Mahabharata) 85

99 " samkhyasca yogasca sanatane dve | ( Ibid, XIII.30) 100 'samkhyayogi naradasca durvasasca mahanrsih | ( Ibid., XIII.150.45) 10' tatsvayam yogasamsiddhah kalenatmani vindati || (Bhagavadgita, IV.38) 102 2 yogasamnyastakarmanam jnanasamcchinnasamsayam | atmavantam na karmani nibadhnanti dhananjaya|| (Ibid., IV. 41) 103Ibid., V.1-3, 5. 104Ibid., V.6. 105 Ibid., V.4-5. 106. ● samnyasastu mahabaho duhkhamaptumayogatah| yogayukto munirbrahma nacirenadhigacchati || (Ibid., V.6) 107Ibid., V.11. 108. 'bahyasparsesvasaktatma vindatyatmani yat sukham| sa brahmayogayuktatma sukhamaksayamasnute|| (Ibid., V.21) 109 Ibid., V.25. 110Ibid., V.27. ''Ibid., V.28. 112 'anasritah karmaphalam karyam karma karoti yah | sa samnyasi ca yogi ca na niragnirna cakriyah || (Ibid., VI. 1) 113Ibid., VI.2. 114Ibid., VI.3-4. 115 yogi yunjita satatamatmanam rahasi sthitah | ekaki yatacittatma nirasiraparigrahah | | ( Ibid., VI. 10) 116 Ibid., VI.11. 86

117 Ibid., VI.12-13. 118 prasantatma vigatabhirbrahmacarivrate sthitah manah samyamya maccitto yukta asita matparah | | (Ibid., VI.14) 11⁹Ibid., VI.16. 120 Ibid., VI.17. 121 Ibid., VI.20. 122 Ibid., VI.29. 123 Ibid., VI.35. 124. 'asamyatatmana yogo dusprapa iti me matih | vasyatmana tu yatata sakyo'vaptumupayatah || (Ibid., VI.36) 125 Ibid., VIII.8. 126 Ibid., VIII.10. 127 Ibid., VIII.11....... 128 " sarvadvarani samyamya mano hrdi niruddhya ca | murmyadhayatmanah pranamasthito yogadharanam || (Ibid., VIII.12) 129 Ibid., VIII.23-28. 130 Ibid., XI.4 & 9; XVIII.75&78. 131 Ibid., XII.6. 132 Ibid., XII.9-11. 133 Ibid., XIII.19-20. 134 Ibid., XIII.21. 135 Ibid., XIII.24. 136 Ibid., XIV.26. " 87

137 138 'yatanto yoginascainam pasyantyatmanyavasthitam | (Ibid., XV.11) Ibid., XVI.1. 139Ibid., XVIII.13. 140 dhrtya yaya dharayate manahpranendriyakriyah | yogenavyabhicarinya dhrtih sa partha satviki || (Ibid., XVIII.33) 141 viviktasevi laghvasi yatavakkayamanasah | dhyanayogaparo nityam vairagyam samupasritah || (Ibid., XVIII.52 ) 142 " vyasaprasadat srutavanimam guhyatamam param | yogam yogesvaratkrsnatsaksatkathayatah svayam || (Ibid., XVIII.75) 143 Vipassana Meditation. dhamma.org. India. web. 27 Oct. 2012. 144 'yogagranthasahasranam ...(Yoga Vartika of Vijnanabhiksu, p.465) 145 5vide., Pulinbihari Chakravarthi, pp. 70-2. 146 The colophon at the end of the different chapters of the Yoga-bhasya normally comes as " iti patanjale samkhyapravacane yogasastre ..." 147 'sankhyasastrasyaiva prakarsena vacanam sankhyapravacanam| sankhye hyabhyupagamavadenesvaram pratisidhyasamprajnatayoganairapeksyena ca jivatattvajnanadeva moksa uktah, asmimstu sastre nirupadravasandigdhaicchikamuktiniyamaya paramesvaravidya, asumoksaheturasamprajnatayogasca pradarsita iti bhavah| (Yoga Vartika of Vijnanabhiksu, p.135) 148P.K. Sasidharan Nair, The Yoga System of Patanjali, p.34. 149It has been traced 37 printed editions published from 1874 to 1992 and 82 MSS in public libraries in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe and the USA. (Philipp A.Maas, On the Written Transmission of the Patanjalayogasastra, p.87). 88

150 'yogasyoddesanirdesau tadartham vrttilaksanam | yogopayah prabhedasca pade'sminnupavarnitah | | (Tattvavaisaradi of Vacaspati Misra, p.133) kriyayogam jagau klesanvipakankarmanamiha | tadduhkhatvam tatha vyuhanpade yogasya pancakam|| (Ibid., p.275) atrantaranganyangani parinamah prapancitah | samyamad bhutisamyogastasu jnanam vivekajam|| (Ibid., p.393) muktyarhacittam paralokameyajnasiddhayo dharmaghanah samadhih | dvayi ca muktih pratipadita'sminpade prasangadapi canyaduktam || (Ibid., p. 464) 151 'asanam pranasamrodhah pratyaharasca dharana | dhyanam samadhiretani yogangani bhavanti sat | | (Yogacudamani Up., 2) 152 yogascaturvidhah prokto yogibhistattvadarsibhih| asanam pranasamrodho dhyanam caiva samadhijah | | (Yogaraja Up., 2) 153 'atha bhaktanurakto hi vakti yoganusasanam | isvarah sarvabhutanamatmamuktipradayakah || (Shiva-samhita, I.2) 154 alokya sarvasastrani vicarya ca punah punah | idamekam sunispannam yogasastram matam param || (Ibid., I.17). 155 karmakando jnanakandah iti bheda dvidhamatah | bhavati dvividho bhedau jnanakandasya karmanah | | dvividhah karmakandah syannisedhavidhipurvakah | | ( Ibid., I.20-21) 156 nisiddhakarmakarane papam bhavati niscitam | vidhanakarmakarane punyam bhavati niscitam || (Ibid., I.22) 157 57 Ibid., I.23-30. 158 " ihamutra phaladvesi saphalam karma samtyajet | 89

nitye naimittike samgam tyaktva yoge pravartate || ( Ibid., I.31) 159Ibid., I.33-100. 160 "caitanyat sarvamutpannam jagadetaccaracaram| (Ibid., I.49) 161 Ibid., II.13-32. 162Ibid., II.45-53. 103 samsarasagaram tartum yadicchedyogasadhakah | krtva varnasramam karma phalavarjam samacaret || (Ibid., II.54) 164Ibid., II.56. 165 Ibid., II.57. 166 Ibid., III.2-8. 167Ibid., III.11-23. 168 Ibid., III.24-29. , 169Ibid., III.31-32. 170Ibid., III.36-42. 17' Ibid., III.55-95. 172 caturasityasanani santi nanavidhani ca| tebhyascatuskamadaya mayoktani bravimyaham | siddhasanam tatha padmasanancogranca svastikam || (Ibid., III.96) 173Ibid., IV.1-33. 174 'mahamudra mahabandho mahavedhasca khecari | jalandharo mulabandho viparitakrtistatha | | uddanancaiva vajroli dasamam sakticalanam | idam hi mudradasakam mudranamuttamottamam || (Ibid., IV.23-24) 90

175Ibid., V.3-11. 176Ibid., V.16. 177. 77Ibid., V.17-30. 178Ibid., V.32-49. 179Ibid., V.52-74. 180Ibid., V. 80-185. 18 | niralambam bhavejjivam jnatva vedantayuktitah | (Ibid., V.214) 1821bid., V.225. 183 hatham vina rajayogo rajayogam vina hathah | tasmat pravartate yogi hathe sadgurumargatah || (Ibid., V.226) 184. 'adisvaraya pranamami tasmai yenopadista hathayogavidya | virajate pronnatarajayogamarodhumicchan vidhiyoga eva || (Gheranda-samhita, I. benedictory verse) 185 In the Dictionary, the word khatiyantra means a machine used largely in India for raising water. Khati means a small jar or a measure of time equal to 24 minutes or a small water-pot used in calculating the ghatikas or time of the day. 186_ sukrtairduskrtaih karyaih jayate praninam ghatah | ghatadutpadyate karma ghatiyantram yatha bhramet || (Gheranda-samhita, 1.6) 187 amakumbha ivambhastho jiryamanah sada ghatah | yoganalena samdahya ghatasuddhim samacaret || (Ibid., 1.8) 188 'sodhanam drdhata caiva sthairyam dhairyanca laghavam | pratyaksanca nirliptanca ghatasya saptasadhanam || (Ibid., 1.9) 189Ibid., I.10-11. .sam., I. ben " 91

190Ibid., I.12-60. 19'It is said that, there are 84,00,000 asanas taught by the Lord Siva, of these, 1600 are important ones but out of these again only 32 are beneficial for this world. They are- siddham padmam tatha bhadram muktam vajranca svastikam | simhanca gomukham viram dhanurasanameva ca || mrtam guptam tatha matsyam matsyendrasanameva ca | goraksam pascimottanam utkatam samkatam tatha | | mayuram kukkutam kurmam tatha cottanakurmakam | uttanamandukam vrksam mandukam garudam vrsam || salabham makaram ustram bhujanganca yogasanam | dvatrimsadasanani syurmartyaloke ca siddhidam || (Ibid., II.1-6) 192Ibid., II.7-38. 193, 'Ibid., III.1-3. 194 *Ibid., III.4-96. 195 Ibid., V.2-95. 196 ° Ibid., VI.2-15. 197 Ibid., VI.1. 198Ibid., VII.3. 199Ibid., VII.4. 200. Ibid., VII.5-6. 201 visnusamkalparupanca mahadyoganusasanam | hiranyagarbhadudbhutam tasya bhedaniman srnu || adau hiranyagarbhena prokte yogasamhite | 92

eka nirodha-yogakhya karmayogahvaya'para | samhita tu nirodhakhya tatra dvadasadha smrta || angatantramathadyam tu dosatantramatah param | upasargabhidham tantram tatha'dhisthanakam param || adharatantram yoganca bahistattvadhikaravat | riktayogakhyatantranca purnayogakhyameva ca | | siddhiyogakhyaya trini moksatantramatah param | iti dvadasabhedaste nirodhayah prakirttitah | | ( karmasamhitayah caturvidhyam ) brahmana gaditastatra catasrah karmasamhitah | nanakarmamayi prokta para tveka kriyamayi | bahyabhyantararupena dve'pi dvividhe smrte || yoganusasanam sastramiti sodasavistaram | sudarsanamayam visnoruditam tat prajapateh || (Ahirbudhnya samhita, XII.31-38., Pulinbihari Chakravarthi, Origin and Development of Sankhya System of Thought, p.70) 202 sisyastavadyogascacarasceti dvayam karaniyam tatrapraptasyarthasya praptaye paryanuyogo yogah | (Sarvadarshana-samgraha, p.57) 203. 204 'S.N. Dasgupta, Yoga Philosophy, pp. 341-42. 'yogacaravibhutya yastosayitva mahesvaram | cakre vaisesikam sastram tasmai kanabhuje namah || (Prasastapada bhasya, ) 205 asinah sambhavat|| (Brahmasutra, IV. 1. 7 ) dhyanacca || (Ibid., IV. 1. 8) acalatvam capeksya|| (Ibid., IV. 1. 9) smaranti ca | | ( Ibid, IV. 1. 10) yatraikagrata tatraikagrata tatravisesat || 93

(Ibid., IV.1.11) api ca samradhane pratyaksanumanabhyam || ( Ibid., III. 2. 24 ) etena yogah pratyuktah || (Ibid., II.1.2) 206B.S., II.1.2. " "asamahitantahkarana upasamhrtasamadhayastesanca | | (Vaisesikasutra, IX.1.11) samadhivisesabhyasat|| (Nyayasutra, IV. 2.37 ), aranyaguhapulinadisu yogabhyasopadesah | | (Ibid., IV.2.41), tadartham yamaniyamabhyamatmasamskaro yogancadhyatmavidhyupayaih || (Ibid., IV.2.45) yoginamabahyapratyaksatvanna dosah | | ( Sankhyasutra, I.89), ragopahatirdhyanam || (Ibid., III. 29), vrttinirodhattatsiddhih | | ( Ibid. III. 30), dharanasanasvakarmana tatsiddhih || (Ibid., III.31), nirodhaschardividharanabhyam|| (Ibid., III. 32), sthirasukhamasanam|| (Ibid., III.33), vairagyadabhyasacca || (Ibid., III.35 ), yogasiddhayo'pyausadhadisiddhivannapalapaniyah | | (Ibid.,V.127), sthirasukhamasanamiti na niyamah | | ( Ibid., VI. 23), dhyanam nirvisayam manah | | (Ibid., VI.24), dhyanadharanabhyasavairagyadibhistannirodhah || (Ibid., VI.28) 208 brahma hiranyagarbho vedate janati athava brahmano hiranyagarbhasya ...| (Sankara-bhashya on Shvetasvataropanishad .. V. 6), yo brahmanam hiranyagarbham vidadhati ... | (Ibid. VI.18) 209. 210 'Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, An Introduction to the Yogasutra, pp. 16-17. 'kapilam paramarsi ca yam prahuryatayah sada | agnih sa kapilo nama samkhyayogapravartakah || (Mahabharata, 11.3.65) 'kapilo nama visnoravataravisesah prasiddhah svayambhurhiranyagarbhastasyapi samkhyayogapraptirvede sruyate | sa evesvara adividvan kapilo visnuh svayambhuriti bhavah | (Tattvavaisaradi of Vacaspati Misra, 1.25) 212 2 yo yonim yonimadhitisthatyeko visvani rupani yonisca sarvah | rsim prasutam kapilam yastamagre jnanairbibharti jayamanam ca pasyet|| (Sve. Up.V.2) 94

213 kapilam kanakakapilavarnam prasutam svenaivotpaditam hiranyagarbham janayamasa purvamityasyaiva janmasravanat| anyasya casravanat | ... kapilo'graja iti puranavacanat kapilo hiranyagarbho va vyapadisyate| (Sankara-bhashya on Shvetasvataropanishad V.2) 214Puranic Encyclopaedia, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 2002, p.583. 215 Svide., India in the Time of Patanjali by B.N. Puri. 216 There are a number of legends ascribed to Patanjali who is considered as the incarnation of Adisesa or Ananta- the divine serpent upon whom Lord Visnu rests. 217P.K. Sasidharan Nair, The Yoga System of Patanjali, p. 34. 218 Syadvadamanjari of Mallisena, Ed.A.B. Dhruva, Bombay Sanskrit and Prakrit Series No. LXXXIII, intr. p. xxxviii. 219 'mantrayogo hathascaiva layayogastrtiyatah | caturtho rajayogah syat sa dvidhabhavavarjitah | | (Siv Sam., V.16) 220Krishna.P. Bahadur, The wisdom of Yoga, p.108. 221 Ibid. 222 Ibid. 223. Shyam Ghosh, The Original Yoga, intr. p.xvii. 224Krishna.P. Bahadur, The Wisdom of Yoga, pp. 104-07. 225. mahamudra mahabandho mahavedhasca khecari | jalandharo mulabandho viparitakrtistatha | | uddanancaiva vajroli dasamam sakticalanam | idam hi mudradasakam mudranamuttamottamam|| (Siv. Sam, IV.23-24) 95

"dhautirvastistatha netilauliki tratakam tatha | huimhifardaifa ac (Gh.Sam., I.12) Dhauti is both external and internal cleansing. Vasti is cleansing of the lower intestines. Neti is cleansing of the passage between nose and mouth. Lauliki is contraction and rotation of bowels. Trataka is cleansing eyes by an eye- exercise and Kapalabhati is cleansing of the sinuses. 227. Krishna.P. Bahadur, The Wisdom of Yoga, p.109. 228 Ibid., p. 110. 229 230 Rama Shanker Srivastava, Contemporary Indian Philosophy, p.64. Olav Hammer. Rev. of A History of Modern Yoga, by Elizabeth De Michelis, Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 2004. 151-56. 231 232 233. Shri K. Pattabhi Jois Ashtanga Yoga Institute. web. 12.June. 2012. Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute, Pune. web. 12. June. 2012. International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, web. 12.June. 2012. 234 Self Realisation Fellowship, web. 12. June. 2012. 96