Arts in the Puranas (study)
by Meena Devadatta Jeste | 1973 | 74,370 words
This essay studies the Arts in the Puranas by reconstructing the theory of six major fine arts—Music, Dance, Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Literature—from the Major and Minor Puranas. This thesis shows how ancient sages studied these arts within the context of cultural traditions of ancient India....
10. Notes and References for chapter 6
NOTES 334 Ns., 36. 21-22. 1 Ns. 2 3 vacam natayam tatha geyam citram vaditrameva ca | vedamamtrarthavacanaih samam iyetad bhavidhyati || bhutam maya devadevad bhaktah sankaroditam | snanamapyasahastrebhyah srestham me gitavaditam || Kavyaminamsa of Rajashekhara II . "pancami sahityavisa " jiti mayavatiyah | sa hi catasrnamapi vidhanam nisyandah || Malavikagnimitra, 1.4. traigunyodbhavamatra lokacaritam nanarasam drsyate | natyam bhinnarucairjanasya bahudhapyekam samaradhanam || Keith, 'Sanskrt Drama' Part I, p. 277. 4 5 Kavyalamkara-sutra of Vamana , I . 3.30 . samdarbhesu dasarupakam sreyah | 6 Bharata Natyasastra , 1. 112. nanabhavopasampannam nanavasthantaratmakam | laktanukaranam natayametanmaya krtam || 7 I bld, 1 . 116. na tacchrutam, na tacchilpam na sa vidya na sa kala | na sa yoga, na tatkarma, yannataye'smin drsyate || 8 Ibid, 1. 114 duhkhatinam matinam katinam tapasvinam | visamtikanam thoke natayametanmaya krtam | Ibid, 1. 120 vinodakaranam loke natayametad bhavisyati | Ibid, 37. 19. apsarobhiridam sardham kridaniyaikahetukam
- 335- 10 9 Rigveda , X. 10 - a dialogue between Yama and Yami. Rigveda , X 95 - a dialogue between Pururavas and Urvasi. Rigveda , X . 86 - a dialogue between Indrani and Vrsakapi. Rigveda , X. 108 - a dialogue between Sarama and PanI. Rigveda , III. 33 - a dialogue between Visvamitra and Rivers. Rigveda , I . 179 - a dialogue between Agastya and Lopamudra. Ke 1 th, Op. Cit., pp. 52, 53 and 56. 11 Panini, IV. 3. 110-111. 12 22 93 9 Kelth, Op. C 1 t., pp. 31-33. 13 A.Bh., I. 7 7 . 14 Ibid, I. 8. 15 Kavyalamkara of Bhamaha , I Kavyalamkara of Bhamaha , I. 2. dharmarthakamamoksesu keाjyam klasu ca | pritim karoti kirti ca sadhukavyanibandhanam || 16 Kavyaprakasha of Mammata , I.2, kavyam yasase'rthakrte vyakaravida sivetaraksataye | satha paranirvrtaye kantasa tatameोpadejyune || 17 Agni Purana , 337. 1 kavyasya natakadeva alamkaran vadamyatha | dhvanirvanah padam vakyam tyeिtada vadamayam matam || 18 Sarasvati Kanthabharana of Bhoja , I. 1. 19 dhvanirvani padam vakyam vityaspadacatustayam | yasyah suksmadimedena vagdevi tamupasmahe Agni Purana , 337. 6. samksepadvakyam vistartha vyavacchinna padavali | cf. Kavyadarsa of Dandin , I. 10. sariram tavad bistarthavyavacchinna padavali |
20 Agni Purana , 337.2. 21 22 23 - 336 - sastre sabdapradhanatvam mitihasesu nisthata | abhidhayah pradhanatvad kavyam tabhyam vibhidhate || Ibid, 337. 7. kavya sphuradala gunavad dosavarjitam | Kavyaprakasha of Mammata , I, tadadosau sabdartho sagunavanalamkrti punah vyapi || ALS., I. 1.3 kavyam grahamam alamkarata | saumdaryaladugarah | sa dosagunalankarana - danabhyam | Agni Purana , 337. 3-4. natvam durlabham loke vidya tatra sudurlama | kavitvam durlabham tatra santistatra va durlama | vyutpatirdulama tatra vivekastatra durlamah || 24 Ibid, 337. 18-19. 25 Dhvanyaloka of Anandavardhana , 111. 7. Kavyadarsa of Dandin , I. 14 ff. 26 VDP., III. 2. 12-13. 27 Ibid, III. 15. 1-2. 28 dharmarthakamamoksanam sastram syadupadesanam | purvaracaritam sa dbhirdharmakamartha sadhakam | mavasya yatrapanyasa, vikasa, sa mucyate | tadeva kavyamityuktam copadesa ka krtam | Bharata Natyasastra (with the commentary Abhinavabharati), Vol. I, p. 286. 29 Sahitya Darpana of Visvanatha 111 . 36 .
30 Agni Purana , 337.33 - 337 - vagvaidagdhyapradhane'pi rasa jaivatra jivitam | 31 Ibid, 339 . 9 . 32 33 34 35 laksmiriva vina tyaganna vani bhati nirasa | Bharata Natyasastra , VI. 38-39 V. Raghavan, 'Srangara Prakasa', p. 27. Ibid, p. 426 . Agni Purana , 339 1-5 . • uttaram paramam brahma sanatanamajam vibhum | vedantyesu vadantyeka caitanyam jyotirisvaram || ananda sahanastasya vyajyate sa kadacana | vyaktih sa tasya caitanyacamatkarakhavhaya || adyastasya vikaro yah so'hankara jiti smrtah | tato'bhimanastatredam samaptamuvanatryam || abhimanadrati sa va pariposamupeyusi | vyabhicarya disamanyacchrmgara jiti giyate || tadbhedah kamamitare hasyacapyanekasah | 36 For the detailed exposition of Bhoja's Rasa theory, 37 see V. Raghavan, Sringara Prakasha of Bhoja , XIX, pp. 423-532. Ibid, p. 426. paravirakarupamutaraudrahasya bima tsavatsalamyanaka nama | amnasisurdasa rasan sudhiyo vayam tu | amgarameva rasanadrasamapanamah || viradvadisu yeha rasaprasidhdih | sidhda kuto'pi vatavrsavada vibhati | loke matanupatikatvavanadupeta - > metam nivartayitumesa parisrama nah || 12
$338. na mavhono'sti raso na mavo rasavarjitah | makyanti rasanebhivyante ca rasa miti Bharata Natyasastra , VI. 33 - 36. 39 40 VDP. III. 17. 62 62. 41 42 43 rasah pradhanamevaitatsarva natayam | VDP. III. 17. 62 bandhi rasanuma| karyah sarvesvetesu yatnatah | VDP. III . 17. 19-28 . Ibid., 20. 62 rasena mavena samanvitam va talanugam kavyarasanugam ca | gitanugam nrtamusanti dhanyam sukhapradam dharmavivardhanam ca || 44 Ibid, 20. 56 - 57. 45 Ibtd., 30 . 29 natayasya mulam tu rasah pradisto rasena hinam na hi nrtamasti | tasmatprayatnena rasabhyasya nrtasya yatnah purusena karyah || 46 Ibid. 47 48 santo rasah prthageva vyavasthita | Ibid. bahunam samavetanam rupam yasya bhavendachu | sa mantavyo rasah sthayi sevassa carinah smrtah | Agni Purana , 339 44 - novag - budhdi vapusam smrticchadvamayatnatah | arambha meva vidusam anumava jiti smrtah || 49 Bharata Natyasastra , VIII . 8 9
339 - 50 Agni Purana , 339 53 - 54. 51 52 53 54 bodhaya jaiva vyaparah sa buddhyarambhavisyate | tasya medah traya, te ca riti vrtti pravrttayah || V. Raghavan, Srngara Prakasa', Vol. I, p. 768. tatra vainavinyasakramah pravrttih, vilasavinyasakramah vrttih • vacanavinyasakrama, ritih | Bharata Natyasastra , XXII, 24 ff. Kavyalamkara-sutra of Vamana I . 2 6-7 . ritiratma kavyasya | visista padaracana ritih | Kavyalamkara-sutra of Vamana 1.3.8. visesa pusatma | 2-4 55 Agni Purana , 340. 2 - 56 Ibid, 340 5 kriyasvavivama vrttimaratyaramati tatha | kaisiki satvati ceti sadhi pratithita || VDP., III III . 17. 56 - 57. 57 Bharata Natyasastra , XXII. 63 - 64. 58 59 Agni Purana , 346 1. 60 61 • alamkrtamapi pratyena kavyam nirgunam bhaveta | vapusyalalite strinam ha marayate param | Ibid, 346. 3 yah kavye mahatim chayi anugrhama tyaso gunah | Kavyalamkara-sutra of Vamana , III. 2.1-2. kavyasaubhayah kataro dharma punah | tadati hetavastvara Agni Purana , 346 3-4. 62 63 V. Raghavan, Op. cit., p. 319.
- 340 - 64 Ibid, p. 320. cf. the definition of Praudhi by Bhoja "mukteh praudhah paripakah procyate protisamkhya " and the definition of the Ubhayaguna Paka - "mucce (supte ) parivati kapi paka vitya midhiyate 65 Bharata Natyasastra , XVII. 94. 66 Kavyalamkara-sutra of Vamana , II . 1 1.1. gunaviparyayatmana dosah | 67 Vide Note 61. 68 Agni Purana , 347 . 1. sudvegajanako dosa sabhyanam sa ca saptadha | vaktavacakavacyanamekaviniyogatah || 69 Ibid, 347. 3. nimitparibhasasyasamyam | 70 For the detailed description of Dosas given by the Agni Purana 71 22 72 73 vide S.D. Gyani, 'Agni Purana - A study', pp. 56 - 58 and 80-88. Agni Purana , 347. 24 - 30. Ibid, 347. 17. kavyasobhakan dharmin alamkaran prate | Kavyadarsa of Dandin , II. 1. 74 V. Raghavan, Op. cit., p. 373. 75 Agni Purana 342.8-9 9 ye vyutpatyadina sabdamalankartumiha samah | ganda garamahustana ka vyamimamsako vida | chaya mudra tyositamba yuktih mumphanaya saha | vakovakyam anuprasah citram duskarameva ca || ya navalankrtayah danamityat |
341- 76 Ibid, 343 Ibid, 343. 21. pasthayam kuladhyayi vatramucyate | Vide Kavyadarsa of Dandin 96 - 124. 77 VDP. III. 16 16. 78 Agni Purana , 344.1-2. 79 80 81 82 alankaranamanamagara bidhyate | tam vina dasaumdaryamapi nasti manoharam 4 bidugararahita vidhaveva sarasvati | For the detailed description of the Alankaras given by the Agni Purana , vide S.D. Gyani, Op. cit., pp. 62 - 75. Agni Purana , 345.1. sabdarthayoraladugaro dvakurute samam | bekatra nihito hara stanam grivamiva striyah || S.D. Gyani, Op. cit., p. 75. 2. VDP., III. 14. 2 samastapadayamakam duskaram parikirtitam | 83 Priyabala Shah, 'Visnudharmottara Purana III! Part II, pp. 14 - 19. 84 VDP., III. 14. 14. vastutastupamanena darsanam tannidarsanam | vina tatha syadupama tu yatra tenaiva tasyaiva bhavennrvira 85 Ibid, 15. 9 13 86 Ibid, 16 . 1. kavye ye snihita dosah kambatebhyah prahelika | kartavyamya tathaivanyastasam vaksyami ksanam || Kavyadarsa of Dandin , III. 106. 87 88 VDP., III. 16. 2.
· 342- 89 90 Ibid, 16. aslilatasvapi naiva karya tadvarnyamahuh kakyo narendra suddhemaniyam tu satam taduktam amli svamdhyam sukhadam hi kavyam | Kavyalamkara of Bhamaha , II. 19 - 20. prahelika sa iyudita ramasarma cyutotare | kavyanyapi yadimani vyakhyaganyani sastravat | utsava sudhiyameva inta | durmedhaseा hatah | 91 For the detailed description of these Pranelikas see 92 Priyabala Shah, Op. Cit., pp. 19 - 23. Kavyaprakasha of Mammata IX., 384 ff. 93 Sahitya Darpana of Visvanatha X . 13 rasasya paripanthitvannadugara malika | | ativaicitryamatram sa cyutadattasaradika || 94 Agni Purana , 337. 1. 95 Ibid, 345 14 - 15. • muterabhyamano'tha yasmad bhati samcetanah | sa aksepa dhvanih syacca dhvanina vyajyate yatah sabdenacaina yatrarthah krtva svayamuparjanam | pratisedha vivestasya yo visesa'midhitsaya | 96 Ibid, 345. 18 yatrotam samyate narthastatsamanavisesanam | sa samasotirudita samsepartha tatha buvai, " apahnutirapanutya kincidabhyartham sucanam | paryayoktam yadanyena prakarenabhidhiyate | 97 P. V. Kane, 'History of Sanskrt Poetics', p. 7. 'vhi hi tavadmacchomata pramrtayacarantana laddu tarakarah pratiyamanamartha vacyopaskarakyalankarapaksaniksiptam manyante | tathahi paryayokta - prastutaprasamsa samasobatyaksepa vyajastuti bhupameyopamananyayadi vastuma -
343 gamyamanam vacyopaskarakatvena svasidhdaye paratepah parartha sksamarpanamiti yathayogam dvividhya maya pratipaditam te | " 98 Dhvanyaloka of Anandavardhana , I. 13, p. 118 99 paryayante pi yadi pradhanyena vyadah tvam tadmavatu nama tasya dhvanavantamava | na tu dhvastatrantabhavah | Agni Purana , 338.7. trivargasadhanam natayamityahuh karananca yat | 100 Ibid, 338. 1. 101 Sahitya Darpana of Visvanatha VI. 4-5. 102 Ns. XXI. 2 - 3 2-3. 103 Agni Purana , 338 4-7. 104 Bharata Natyasastra V. 24-25, 106 - 112 . 105 Agni Purana , 338. 19 - 21. 106 107 108 Bharata Natyasastra Xxx I • 20 - 26, 8 - 13, 36 - 42. Agni Purana , 338. 27. denesu bharatavarsa kale krtayupatrayam | na tabhyam pranabhutam sukhaduhkhodayah kacit || Bharata Natyasastra • XX • 97. Agni Purana , 338. 24 - 25. nistarthasya racana vrttantasyanupatayah | ragapraptih prayogatya, guhayanancaiva nama || aryavadakhyatam prakasanam prakasanam | angahinam naro yadanna srestham kavyameva ca || Bharata Natyasastra XXIV. 12 - 13. 109 Agni Purana , 342.1. abhimukhyam namannadhin vijneyo'minayo budhaih | catudhi sambhavah satyavagadhaharanasrayah ||
110 111 112 113 344 - stamyadi satviko vagarammi vaki angikah | sarirarambha adhayau buddhyarambhapravrttayah || Ibid, 341. 6-7. angapratyangayoh karma prayatnajanitam vina | na prayogah kvacinmukhyantirascinanca tat kvacit | VDP., III. 17.5. tatra va viditam sarvam tatroktam mautalaksanam | nrtasya laksanam caiva natakacyanalaksanam || For the description of the twelve types of Rupaka emumerated by the VDP, see Priyabala Shah, Op. Cit., p. 26. VDP. III. 17 . 50 - 53 . 114 Bharata Natyasastra XXI. 44 - 46. 115 VDP. IlI 17. 63. • jaite kala ko jalasamprayukta karyastatha thikavivanayuktah | dharmarthakama bupadesagava hitaya thokasya narendracandra || 116 Ibid, 20. parasyanukrti natyam natayah kathitam nrpa | tasya samskarakam nrtya mavecchomavivartanam || 117 Dasarupaka of Dhananjaya I. 7. 118 Bharata Natyasastra I. 112. nana mavopasampannam nanavasthantaratmakam | loktanukaranam natayametanmaya krtam || 119 VDP. III. 20. 5 - 6. 120 Bharata Natyasastra II. 17 - 21. 121 VDP. III. 20. 23 23 - 26. vesabhasanukaranam tayacarapravartanam | pravrttiriti vikhyata vrttinamacya stutah
- 345 - 122 Ibid, 20. 56 - 57. 123 N 8. 20. 63 - 64. 124 Bharata Natyasastra 14. 36. 125 126 For the detailed description of the Abharyabhinaya and Samanyabhinaya, see Priyabala Shah, Op. cit., pp. 95 - 97, 88 - 92. VDP. III. 64. devadevabhinaye tu tumyam . sayam maya parthivamukhya vaktum | na hi visvasya yato'nukara . krtsnam to vantumasakyami ||