Part 2 - Balachandra Suri—Master of Yamaka-alankara

Sanskrit poetry is famous for a variety of Alankaras or figures of speech, which are broadly divided as Sabdalankaras or figures of word or sound and Arthalankaras or figures of sense. Among Sabdalankaras Yamaka is considered to a prominent one. 2 Yamaka is translated as 'paranomasia'1 'Rhyme and as ' 'chime'³ by various scholars. But all agree that it means 'repetition in the same stanza of words or syllables similar in sound but different in meaning'. This meaning is found in all the definitions given by the Alankarikas. Different varieties of Yamaka have been enumerated by Dandin in his Kavyadarsa, and by Bhoja in his Sarasvatikanthabharana³. Accordingly first broad division is based on the place of the Yamaka or the repitition whether placed at a definite place or not: i) Stanayamaka or placed definitely and ii) Asthanayamaka or placed not definitely. In the division of Sthanayamaka, these are the first fifteen sub-divisions: a) Yamaka apperaring in only one pada :4 i) First; ii) Second; iii) Third; iv) Fourth

b) Yamaka appearing in only two padas : 6 i) I & II; ii) I & III; iii) I & IV ; iv) II & III; v) II & iv; vi) III & IV. c) Yamaka appearing in only three padas: 4 i) I,II & III; ii) I,III & IV; iii) I,II & IV; iv) II,III & IV d) Yamaka appearing in all the four padas :1° These add up to fifteen (15) varieties. In each of these fifteen varieties there are again seven sub-varieties depending upon the place Adi or beginning, Madhya or middle Anta or end, occupied by the Yamaka in the pada, as follows : · 1) only Ad; 2) only Madhya ; 3) only Anta; 4) only Adi and Madhya ; 5) only Adi and Anta ; 6) only Madhya and Anta; 7) Adi and Madhya and Anta. Thus these become (15 X 7 -) 105 varieties. 279

280 Each of these 105 varieties have three sub-varieties depending upon the factor of Vyapeta or separated, Avyapeta or unseparated and Vyapetavyapeta or separated-cum-unseparated. With these, there will be (105 X 3 =) 315 varieties of Yamaka in this division of Sthanayamaka. Similar varieties are there in the division of Asthanayamaka. There is another variety of Yamaka called Padayamaka 7 wherein one or two padas are wholly repeated. If the first two padas, comprising the first half of the stanza is repeated as the second half, it is called as Samudga or Samudgaka. 8 When all the four padas are identical it is called Mahayamaka." If the whole stanza is repeated as the succeeding one it is called Slokabhyasa 10 or the repitition of the whole stanza. If a pada when reversed becomes the succeeding one, or if the first half when reversed becomes the second half of a stanza it is called Pratiloma 11 or 'Inverted'. Now coming to Balacandra Suri's Vasantavilasa Mahakavya, a study of the poem reveals his mastery over the Yamakalankara as he was used many varieties of Yamakalahkara in his poem of fourteen cantos: ---

281 1. ekapadagamakam | (Yamaka in only one Pada) A. prathamapade yamakam i) prathamapade vyapetam adiyamakam Separated Yamaka at the begining of the first pada only: khara ivami mukharah prakamam vami bhavanto 'vakaraikasilah | | mahatmanam kavyapurapravese pravrttivighnaya bhavanti nighnah | | I.28 | | mani samaniya sa manitarthi pani pramanikrtasadhuvrttah | krtanatirvacamimamuvaca bhutva puro mantripurandarasya || IX 7 || ii) prathamapade avyapetam adiyamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the beginning of only the first pada : visvam visvambharabharam gataparam babhara yah | srimanavisvakseno'sau sada kamathatam dadhat || IV. 31 || iii) prathamapade vyapetam madhyagamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of the first pada: kasmiravasa vyasana sana'pi sarasvati punyavasadupetya | vasatyavasyam kavitavilasarupena cidrupamukhambujesu || 1. 4 ||

282 iha satakumbhamayakumbharuca timiram nirasi kimu tapayase | iti yatra caityanivahah paratah kurute ravim taralaketukaraih || II. 6 | | iv) prathamapade vyapetam adyantagamakam Separated Yamaka at the begining and the end of the first pada: varuniparicayadivaranibhutamurtiraparodadhestate | vyaluthattaranirujjhitambarah kim kukarma krtamayatom subham || VIII.7 || B. dvitiyapade yamakam i) dvitiyapade avyapetam adiyamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the beginning of the second pada : nijenovosmana trsnaparah parayasahpayah | yatapo'pibadyattadvindavo divi tarakah || IV. 46 | | 11) dvitiyapade vyapettam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of only the second pada: bhasate'tha hitamapyahitam te taddrdhena bhavita bhavitavyam | esa sankhanrpatih samupaiti svairamabdhiriva lankita sima | | V. 33 || |

283 sanghasita nemijinesitustatah prasadamasadayati sma sadarah | balena yah ketukarena kalmasacchidarthamakarayativa dehinah || XIII. 3 || tasminnasau sanghayuto jinesvaram srineminamanamamanamanasah | vilokya kekiva puro navambudam bheje mudam baspakadambite ksanah | \ XIII. 4 | ] iii) dvitiyapade vyapetam antayamakam Separated Yamaka at the end of only the second pada : ke tava stutiparah sacivendo bhutale vada vasanta ! na santah | yasya sankhanrpatih svayamevopaiti hrstahrdayi milanaya 11 V. 22 | | iv) dvitiyapade vyapetam madhyantayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle and end of only second pada : muktamayau sadavrttarocitau sravanocitau | rejaturmantrinavetau rajyasrikundalaviva || v. 8 || viksya vaksasi sanandamindiram krtamandiram | sparddhayeva mukhambhojam bheje yasya sarasvati || v.44 ] ]

284 C. trtiyapade yamakam 1 ★ (i) trtiyapade vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of the third pada only : mahardhyatamalpagunandvijihvoparodhabhayo'pi nayanti santah | svasaurabhena prasaratprabhena srikhanda vrksa ivam nimbamukhyan || I. 22 || kahalayamalakadhvanidambhadajuhava subhatan ranadevi | : svamikrtyamadhikrtya samiyuste'pi tatksanamudayudhahastah || V. 68 || ii) trtiyapade vyapetam adimadhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the beginning and the middle of the third pada : jaya trividhavira ! bhuvalayatirasangitadoh- - parakrama ! jinakramapranatijatarajyodaya ! | vibhati hi vibhavari tyaja vasanta ! sayyam mudah srayantu tava bhalabhutalanibhalanaih sevakah || IX . 36 | |

285 D. caturthapade yamakam 1 i) caturthapade avyapetam adiyamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the beginning of only the fourth pada : cahamananrpatistu dine'smin kvagatah kvacana labhyata esah | tam pravesya kuru rajya mamandananda ! nanvati ciram samayajnah 11. 25 || ii) caturthapade avyapetam madhyayamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the middle of only fourth pada: tridasacapamudasya tadidrunam ratipatairiva capabhrto bhatah | vavrsurambumucah pathikavaleh sirasi tarasitah saradhoranih || VI. 12 | | likhitavarnamayam bhuvanatrayivijayapatramiva smaravadinah | nijataristhamarajata ketakam sitatamam tatamanjumadhuvratam | VI. 18 || iii) caturthapade vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of only the fourth pada: satam sakase'pi sada vasanto'santo na santosakrtah paresam | bhavantyami candanasangino'pi kakodara lokadaraya kim na || 1. 27 | |

286 ayam tato mangalaturyamandalapratisvanatrasitaduryugasmayah | prabheh purastaddhanasaradipakairaratrika yatrikasattami vyadhat | | XIII 16 | | iv) caturthapade avyapetam antayamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the end of only the fourth pada: srimodhavam sodayasailabhanoryasmadavapyasum vasu prabhutam | vaniyakanam karakairavani sankocamapuh prabhrtani tani | I. 48 | | yasya tustasya rustasya vidusam vidvisamapi | dharmakarmani dhirasya danakelikarah karah | | IV. 43 | | v) caturthapade vyapetama adyantayamakam Separated Yamaka at the beginning and the end of the fourth pada : atmagotragurubhirmamedamaveditam sakalatatvadhibhih | yatkrtartha ya sutirthayatraya vaibhavam nijamidam ca vai bhavam ||4 . 15 ||

vi) caturthapade vyapetavyapetam madhyantayamakam Separated - cum - unseparated Yamaka at the middle and the end of the fourth pada: samadadardurakujitapujita haritaromavikaranirantara | jaladakantagrhitagiristani bhrtarasa tarasa ruruce rasa | IVI.20 || a. prathama - dvitiyapadayoh II. dvipada gamakam | i) dvipadayamakesu prathama dvitiyapadayoh vyapetam adiyamakam Separated Yamaka at the beginning of only first and second padas syandanena karinonnamitena syandani tamadhiruhya sukhena | tannisadinihitasca sukhenaivoccakairapi divam pratipede || v. 84 | | ii) dvipadayamakesu prathama - dvitiyapadayoh vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of first and second padas: nirmadamakrta yadavasenam narmadavipularodhasi sankah | dutare taditi jalpasi naitadbandhanani yadayam samavapa | | 42 || T 287

288 iii) dvipadayamakesu prathama dvitiyapadayoh vyapetam antayamakam Separated Yamaka at the end of only first, second pedas: caulukyabhupala kiritapadmaragarunodyoditapadapadmah | nicchadyavidyakulasa padmadityastadadhyapayita babhuva | | 1. 56 | | b. prathama trtiyapadayoh * i) dvipadayamakesu prathama trtiyapadayoh avyapetam madhyayamakam Unseparated Yamka at the middle of the first and the thrid padas : mahadhvajo'rajata rajattaprabhaih pattamsukaistena jinalayopari | vinirmito nirmita papaniskrtirgangapravahi himavadviraviva | XIII 16 | | C. prathama trtiyapadayoh i). dvipada yamakesu prathamatrtiyapadayoh vyapetam adiyamakam Separated Yamaka at the beganning of the first and the third padas: gopa vigosaya kavitvariterete bhavantyetadavijnacittah | kanthopakanthicitamapya malyam vanaukasah kim na vinasayanti || 1. 16 || santo vasantopamavrttayo'mi jayantu ye pallavayanti bhuyah | vidvesibhih phalgunavesibhirnispatrakrtam suktilatavitanam || 1. 21 | |

289 ii) dvipadayamakesu prathama trtiyapadayoh vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of the first and the third padas : deva ! tirthapadavi daviyasi nirmita kaliyugenuyanginam | tam nitantamavaviyasam tvadadesato racayitum mano'sti me ||4 . 10 || d. dvitiya caturthapadayoh " i) dvipadayamakesu dvitiya - caturthapadayoh avyapetam adiyamakam Unsepearated Yamaka at the beginning of the second and the fourth padas : pratyekamuccairanuyayapurvakam sammanya sammanyakrtanjalih krti | stamstamsca samghanatha sanghaparthivo nijam nijam desamabhi vyasarjayat | | XIII.70 || ii) dvipadayamakesu dvitiya caturthapadayoh avyapetam madhyayamakam - - Unseparated Yamaka at the middle of second and the fourth padas vikacakundavanairadhikadhikam kurabhakairavakairavagandhibhih | virurucai sisirah sasarasparapratibhayatibhayanvitadampatih | VI. 46 || vidadhire navabhutavanam stutidhvanibhrtam nibhrtam kalakanthikah | madhuliho'pi ca jhankatinirmitastabakulam bakulam parirebhire || VI. 60 ||

290 iii) dvipadayamakesu dvitiya - caturthapadayoh vyapetam anvayamakam Separated Yamaka at the end of the second and the fourth padas: surabhina navacutaphala cchidagasi dhrta bata kim sukacancavah | vanabhuvo bhramamityabhito dadustanumatamiha kimsukacancavah | VI. 58 || 1 iv) dvitiyacaturthapadayoh vyapetam avrttyekarupam yamakam - • Separated and Identical Yamaka in second and fourth padas: visvam vivasvaniva niskalankah sadonamapyu hrtadosameke | kalankino'nye tu sasiva sasvadvidosamapyadadhate sadosam || 1. 23 | | 0 . trtiya- caturthapadayoh i) dvipadayamakesu trtiya caturthapadayoh vyapetam adiyamakam -- Separated Yamaka at the beginning of only third and fourth padas: abhyasenayadatha prathithauja vastupalasacivo ripurajam | tarjayannuha purahstitiho to starjanibhiriva ketupatantaih | | 4 . 70 || ii) dvipadayamakesu trtiya- caturthapadayoh vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of the third and fourth pada :

291 bhanurbhavaniva navaprasaratpratapo vikramati tribhuvanaikamato basanta ! | candrastu sankha iva nasyati sankhankhagauram hitva mahonija mahi vikasatkalankam || 14. 55 || iii) dvipadayamakesu trtiya- caturtha padayoh vyapetam antayamakam Separated Yamaka at the end of the third and the fourth padas: ayamitah kaladhautasikhavalairadhigatah kala ke kisikhavalaih | anusarah prthukairavasobhitah karivadhuprthukairavasobhitah | | XII. 18 | | iv) trtiya - caturthapadayoh vyapetavyapetam madhyayamakam Yamaka at the middle separated in the third pada and unseparated in the fourth pada malayajadravatimitamanjasa priyatamorasi kacana kamini | svakudhamandalamaindavamandalojvalamaho'sisiram sisiram dadhe || VI. 8 | | v) dvipadayamakesu trtiya- caturthapadayoh vyapetam madhyadiyamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle and the beginning of the third and the fourth padas: avirala saralapravalajalaprasrmarakantikadambakaitavena | adhibhavajaladhi jvalantamucaijvalanamivarunamaurvanamadheyam || XII 2 | |

292 III. tripadayamakam | a ) tripadayamakesu prathama-trtiyapadayoh avyapetam antayamakam caturthapade ca madhyayamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the end in the first and the third padas and at the middle in the fourth pada : jaladakalanrpadvirada radayitabakitatayo'tha nabho'ngane | sagalagarjitametya ghanaghanah padamadurdinadurdinahetavah || VI. 11 | | a ) tripadayamakesu dvitiya trtiya - caturthapadesu vyapetam madhyayamakam Separated Yamaka at the middle of each of the second, the third and the fourth padas: dvisam dadhane vasamujjayantam vidambayannanditamujjayantam | utpasyamano girimujjayantam sriya surendracalamunjayantam || XII. 12 | | IV. catuspadayamakam | 1) catuspadesu avyapetam madhyayamakam - 1 Unseparated Yamaka at the middle of all the four padas : samudite muditena kairarapamasahanaih saha nairtamarute | kharabadhuravadhu mitacittabhurasamaya samaya priyamapatat || VI.7 | |

sapadi yah padi yatamapi smayadasu hitam suhitam na siva vyadhuh | svayamita yamita nabhasa ghanai rahasi ta hasita iva garjibhih || VI. 16 | | samalaya malayacalavayavo bhuvi rataviratabhimata bhrsam | rativare'tivarenyapurassare pratidisanti disam prasamambudheh | | VI. 65 || 2) catuspadesu vyapetam antayamakam Separated Yamaka at the end of all the four padas: dvisam dadhano vasamunayantam vidambayannanditamunnayantam | utpasyamano girimunjayantam sriya surendracalamujjayantam | | XII. 12 | 3) catuspadesu avyapetam antayamakam Unseparated Yamaka at the end of each of the padas : munisamhitah sakaruna karunadhika vrksapuspasurabhih surabhih | iha sarvatah sakamala kamalakarasantatirvikasitakasita | | XII. 20 | | atra samphulla nisavanipavani valguvenilata bhasita bhasita | kakibadane bandhura bandhura drsyate cedahi kinnari kisari || XII. 24 || 293

294 V. padayamakam 1 i) prathama-trtiyapadayoh padayamakam Whole of the first pada repeated as the third pada. Therefore Yamaka of the pada: asamarasamaye nabhasyakale smaralalitani jigisavo'bhilesuh | asamarasamaye nabhasmakale samaghati santamasam ghanodayena 1 1 VI. 67 | | niravadhimadhuna rasalasalam prasavabharena sisevire dvirephah | niravadhi madhuna rasalasa'lam virahivadhuh pikapancamastrapataih | 1 v.71 || ii) prathama caturthapadayoh padayamakam Yamaka of the pada first and fourth : suvarnasambharabhrto nameruvanitalakriditapurva visnoh | etasyasadharmyamupaiti so'pi suvarnasambharabhrto na meruh | | XII. 23 || iii) dvitiya trtiyapadayoh padayamakam Yamaka of the whole pada - second and third : ayam nikunjani bibhartti papantapsarosibhramarocitani | hantapsarovibhramarocitani srngani srrngarayate ca sailah | | XII. 21 | |

iv) dvitiya caturthapadayoh phadhayanakhanaa Whole of the second pada repeated as the fourth pada. Therefore Yamaka of the pada : 295 manasvinibhirjagire priyanamupasitanamapi kopitabhih | vacah sucaughah svagiram vilasamupasitanamapi ko'pi tabhih | VI. 66 | | vitapinam sisire parito vanam vidalitam virahopahitatmanam | pratidisam hrdayam ca mrgidrsam vidalitam virahopahitatmanam || VI. 70 | | acala esa culukya sabhamanah sakalabhah saharih katakotkatah | sacivabhupa ! bhavaniva bhasate sakalabhah sairih katakotkatah || XII. 14 | | v) prathama dvitiyapadayoh trtiya- caturthapadayosca padayamakam - Yamaka of the whole pada - the first pada repeated as the second and the third as the fourth. srivastupalo jagadekavirah srivastupalo jagade kavirah | vaitalike nacalasamstavena vaitalikenacalasamstavena | | XII. 13 bhavaprapativarako kanavanvito'yam bhavaprapativarako kanavanvito'gam | deva ! ksamadharasamana ! mahagirisa ! devaksamadharasamanamahagirisah | | XII. 46.

VI) samudraka yamakam | First half of the stanza is repeated as the second half: bhramarahitavikacasumanomunibhirvinikamamayamito nunam bhramarahitavikacasu manomunibhirvinikamamayamito'nunam || XII. 28 | | VII. kancigamakam | 296 End of the first pada repeated as the begining of the second pada : satam sakase'pi sada vasanto'santi na santosakrtah parisam | bhavatyama candanasangino'pi kakodara lokadaraya kim na || I. 27 | | End of the second pada repeated as the beginning of the third pada : atrasthayi bhavatu mudde vo nemi devi nemi ratimatimanyudhvamsi | manyudhvamsiva gunanikaye gaurikaye gauriva sati nikamam yasya | | XII. 32 | | End of the third pada repeated as the beginning of the fourth pada : sanghadhipah sarvajanaih samam tatah samantatah snatravilepanarcanaih | || sambhavya bhavyo'yamavandata kramadatah kramamstajjagatigatarhatam | | XII. 17 || 1

VIII) asthana yamakam 297 Yamaka at irregular placces: vanantalaksmimayamarttavimagakramadamatyailavilo vilokitum | vilokanam nama vilokyavastuni bilocananam phalamamananti yat | 1 VII. 1 | |

1) Foot Notes Sir Monier, Monier - Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oriental Publishers, Delhi, p.846, Col.3. 298 2) a) L.R.Vaidya, The Standard Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Mrs.Radhabai 3) Atmaram Sagoon, Bombay, 1889, p.591, Col.2. b) Dr.K.Krishnamoorthy, Vakrokti-Jivita of Kuntaka, Kamatak University, Dharwad, 1977, p.369. Dr. Kalanath Jha, Figurative Poetry in Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1975, p.39. Prominent definitions are : 4) 1. avyapetavyapetatma vyavrttirvarnasamhateh | yamakam taca padanamadimadhyantagocaram | Dandin, Kavyadarsa, III.1. 2) padamanekarthamaksaram va vrttam sthananiyame yamakam | Vamana, Kavyalankarasutra IV.I.1. 3) vibhinnarthaikarupaya ya vrttirvarnasamhateh | avyapetavyapetatma yamakam tannigadyate || Bhoja, Sarasvatikanthabharana, II. 58.. 4) Kuntaka also gives the definition of yamaka, but considers it as a variety of Varnavinyasavakrata or 'artful arrangement of syllables':

samanavarnamanyartha prasadi srutipesalam | aucityayuktamadyadiniyatasthanasobhi yat | yamakam nama ko'pyasyah prakarah paridrsyate | sa tu sobhantarabhavadiha natipratanyate | | Vakroktijivita, II.6-7. 5) .6) 7) tadavyapetayamakam vyapetayamakam tatha | sthanasthanavibhagabhyam padabhedacca bhidyate | | yatra padadimadhyantah sthanam tesupakalpyate | yadauvyapetamanyadva tatsthanayamakam viduh | | catustridvaye kapadesu yamakanam vikalpanah | adimadhyantamadhyantamadhyadyadyantasca sarvatah || atyantabavahastosam bhedah sambhedayenayah | sukara duskarascaiva darsyante tatra kecana || II.59-62. nadau na madhye nante yatsamdhaum va yatraprakasate | avyapetavyapetam tadasthanayamakam viduh | | pade sloke ca tatprayah padasamdhau ca badhyate | svabhede canyabhede ca sthulam suksmam ca suribhih || Ibid, I 1.63-64. sthanasthanavibhago'yamavyapetavyapetayoh | kramenoktastanayoreva padabhedo'tha kathyate || Ibid. II. 65 299

8) ardhabhyasah samudgah syattasya bhedastrayo matah | vyapetascavyapetasca abhayatma ca suribhih || Ibid. II. 66. 9) ekakaracatuspadam mahayamakamucyate | slokabhyasisasca tatradyam punarabhyasamarhati | | Ibid. II. 67. 10) slokadvayam tu yuktartham slokabhyasah smrto yatha || III. 68. 11) avrttih pratilomyena padardha slokagocara | yamakam pratilomatvat pratilomamiti smrtam || III. 73. 300