Part 2 - Ayodhya Kanda (English translation)

BHARATA'S STAY AT KEKEYA KINGDOM h Bharata and Satrugna lived in Kekaya. Bharata was taken care of, with great love and affection, by king Asvapati his maternal uncle. Bharata had spent nearly twelve years there and he began to think of his aged father. King Dasaratha too was thinking of his sons Bharata and ren Satrugna. Dasaratha was being looked after with much care and affection by Rama¹. DESCRIPTION OF RAMA'S CORONATION Dasaratha realized that Rama had won the affection and regard of all the subjects. This gave him great satisfaction. He at once felt that he himself was growing older and older day by day. He observed some dismal tidings in the form of celestial warnings. So he decided to make Rama Yuvaraja and for this purpose summoned all the vassal kings to his assembly². All noble men and important citizens came to the assembly where Dasaratha made known his intentions. When the people heard of the king's decision to make Rama Yuvaraja, they were all overjoyed. They applauded the king's decision³. When the subjects acclaimed the subject matter so vociferously, Dasaratha posed the 42

question, 'How is it that you are so strong in your support for Rama and very keen in bidding farewell to me, the faultless ?' The subjects then gave the reasons for their joy. They said, "O! King! Rama has won the love and admiration of all by his strong mind noble qualities. That is the reason we feel that there need not be any delay in crowning him as M as Yuvaraja. Dasaratha acknowledging their decision requested his Guru Vasistha to make all the necessary arrangements for the coronation. He went to the Agnihotra sala - the place of worshipping fire daily, and that was where he usually conversed with his Guru. Dasaratha sent Sumantra to bring Rama there and told him of his intention secretly³. DASARATHA'S COUNSEL TO HIS SON Dasaratha said to Rama, "My dear son, you will be crowned tomorrow during Pushya Nakshatra. This has been the decision of the Assembly of kings and noblemen. From tomorrow, you will be the Yuvaraja and look after the administration. The Kingdom has been very carefully governed by our ancestors". These words of Dasaratha spread round the city. All the people grew happy at this. Kausalya heard the decision of the King. She was also overwhelmed with joy. She immediately started giving gifts to all the people. She also worshipped the Gods and prayed that the coronation should be go on without any 43

obstacles. The people too worshipped all the gods for the auspicious completion of the coronation of Rama. On finding that his own star was under the malefic influence of trouble_some grahas, and seeing the various evil omens, foreseeing great calamities, the King Dasaratha called Rama. He felt that his life would turn futile if Rama was not coronated. Dasaratha told Rama to get ready for the coronation. He asked Rama to fast the whole night with his wife, in order to prevent hindrances. Accordingly, Rama performed all the rituals. He first met his mother. He told Kausalya about the king's wishes. Kausalya was excited. In her great anxiety, she started worshipping the gods for the successful completion of Rama's coronation. Then Rama looked at Laksmana and told him that he consented to be crowned Yuvaraja only to please Laksmana. Then Rama along with Sita reached the place³. Vasistha, the great Sage, officiated as the priest in the performance of Vrtas and ceremonies connected with coronation. He made Rama and Sita observe a fast for that night. By this time, the news of Rama's coronation had spread throughout the city. On hearing the news the citizens felt happy and immediately started decorating their houses and the street. Feeling happy on seeing the preparations, King Dasaratha went to his beloved wife Kaikeyi to convey this happy news. Rama was performing all the rituals dutifully. He was worshipping the Fire God 44

with oblations. He also partook of the offerings. He was meditating upon the Supreme Deity. He was sitting on Kusa grass and remained sanctitious throughout the night. Just before dawn, all the bards and other musicians of the palace filled the place with sweet music. Rama had performed Sandhyavandana at the appropriate hour before dawn¹º. ENTHUSIASTIC APPROVAL OF THE ASSEMBLY The people of Ayodhya heard all about Rama's observing of all rituals. They also heard the chanting of Vedas by learned Brahmins, particularly the Punyahavacana. They too started decorating the roofs of huge buildings and the tall trees with festoons and flags. They praised Dasaratha for his wise decision. They expressed their satisfaction in loud tones saying, "It is our good fortune that Rama would be the King of this land". ATTEMPT TO ROUSE KAIKEYI This tumultuous noise of the city was heard by Mantara. She climbed up to the topmost storey of Kaikeyi's palace and saw the decorations and festivities, that were going on with great enthusiasm and pomp. She saw the servant maid of Kausalya at the top most storey of Kausalya's palace. She made enquiries of the servant maid and learnt a of Rama's coronation. Mantra grew jealous and angry. She approached 45

Kaikeyi who was lying on her bed and spoke to her¹². She broke the news to Kaikeyi exclaiming, "What a great fool you are! You are unaware of the great calamity that is going to overpower you. It will be impossible for you to retain this proud position of being the most favoured queen in the land. There is great danger to you and your son. Look at the great changes that are taking place by the unscrupulous schemes of your husband. How cruel is he, to decide the crowning of Rama, having sent your son away from Ayodhya!213. Only then did Kaikeyi hear that Rama was to be crowned soon. Overwhelmed with joy, she took out an ornament and gave it to Mantara for bringing her such a happy news. But Mantara did not like Kaikeyi's reaction. She cried, "What a fool you are! You are rejoicing at the success of your rival. Be alert and save us all from danger","14 Mantara explained that of the two sons of Sumitra, the elder one Laksmana was on Rama's side. L Satrugna favoured Bharata. "What will Rama do, once he becomes a King? It is quite possible that Rama would either drive Bharata out of the country, or put an end to Bharata. Then, what will happen to you? Kausalya would become more influential and more respected. It is because, her son Rama has become the King. You will be subjected to humiliation and forced to serve Kausalya. How can you suffer such infamy and ill luck ?15 Mantara thus tried to poison the mind of " 46

Kaikeyi. But Kaikeyi replied, "Why do you worry? Rama, my elder son, is much affectionate towards Bharata also. Further Bharata is sure to get all royal honour and privileges on succeeding Rama. So there is no need to worry". Mantara again continued her argument. She had the blessings of Goddess Sarasvati and could speak well. Mantara lamented about the fate of Bharata's wife who would also be degraded in the palace¹. Mantara added, "Your son will never get the kingdom. After Rama, his son would succeed the throne and then his grandson. Your son will nowhere get near the throne. He will become poor and desolate. Now I would like you to secure the kingdom for Bharata and drive Rama to the forest 17. MANTARA'S PLAN Due to the power of the Gods, Mantara's appeal had a great influence on Kaikeyi's mind. Kaikeyi requested Mantara to give her a plan by which she could deprive Rama of the throne. Mantara said, "You yourself have told me that you had been given boons by your husband, when you went to his aid in his battle against Demon Sambara¹8. During the fight, you were able to play the role of a charioteer to Dasaratha. But for you, he could not have succeeded in his fight against the demons. He was so pleased with your timely help that 47

he offered you two boons. You told him that you would avail of them later. Those two boons are kept in reservation. You can make use of them now"19. "You must now bind him by his promise. He would definitely come to you because of his love towards you. Do not be carried away by his sweet words. Be firm and ask for those two boons". Kaikeyi then turned cruel and firm. Mantaraas words had a tremendous effect on Kaikeyi. Kaikeyi settled herself to be strict and harsh. She entered the apartment known as "Kopalayam"20. She cast off her ornaments and was determined to ask Dasaratha for the boons. She told Mantra, "I shall either succeed in sending Rama to the forest or die. If I succeed in my mission, the credit goes to you and I will adorn you with golden ornaments for your timely suggestion". She then lay on the ground²¹. THE KING'S ENTRY INTO KAIKEYI'S HAREM The King on the other hand was full of joy that Rama would be crowned very soon. He wanted to share this happy news with Kaikeyi. He entered Kaikeyi's harem, just as a lion falling into a net. He did not find Kaikeyi in the usual place. He learnt from the servants and saw Note Kopalayam is the place where usually the royal maidens go to when they were frustrated and disappointed. 48

Kaikeyi lying on the bare ground. He rushed towards her with great love and embraced her and began to talk to her²². Dasaratha enquired Kaikeyi, what her ailment was. He asked her if an enemy had brought her sufferings. If it were any disease, Dasaratha said that he would immediately summon all the physicians and cure her illness. Dasaratha in his confused state said, "Do you want the Kingdom to be given to anybody, or do you want anybody to be banished from the Kingdom? Tell me. It shall be carried out immediately. I promise you in the name of Rama, that whatever you want will be given to you'23. Kaikeyi rose and put forth her demands. "O! King, you gave me a couple of boons long ago; I now wish them granted immediately. Otherwise I shall die. May the gods hear this". She said, "Give the kingdom to Bharata; Rama should go to the forest, with matted hair" 24. Dasaratha heard these words. He fell down as if he was struck by lightning. After a long time he came back to his senses, and said to Kaikeyi, "What a cruel woman you are! Who gave you such a wicked suggestion? Somebody wants to make your life wretched and has given you such a disastrous suggestion 25". "Oh Kaikeyi! You have told me that Rama was more favoured by you than Bharata; all because of his service to you. Have you forgotten that? What sinful deed has Rama done to be exiled now? Nobody can find fault with Rama's conduct as he is considered to be 49

everybody's God, worthy of adoration by all. Only the most insincere and ungrateful fellow may think of such a cruel treatment to Rama²6", Dasaratha said, "Crops may survive without water, animals may live without food. But I cannot live even for a moment, without Rama by my side. I committed a great blunder in marrying you. You will soon become a widow 27". 'I fall at your feet. I am old and helpless. Be kind to me. Let there not be such a sinful act committed in our family". Thus Dasaratha pleaded with Kaikey 128. Kaikeyi stood up boldly and said, "O! King, Sibi gave flesh from his own body to a hawk in order to save a pigeon. Alarka gave his eyes to a blind Brahmin. They all did so for the sake of keeping their promise. You are born in the family of such great kings. You should grant my boons as I have saved your life. So why do you deny me these boons?29. Kaikeyi further said, *I do not want anything else except Rama's banishment. I am not bothered whether it is right or wrong. I demand it in the name of Bharata". Dasaratha told her, "Don't be so cruel. Bharata will not accept the kingdom that is denied to Rama" 30. DASARATHA'S LAMENT 11 " Dasaratha again said, "What shall I tell the people who have been expecting Rama's coronaton to take place early in the morning? 50

Now I am reaping the fruit of my foolish act; in as much as I neglected Kausalya and paid attention to you. Hearing my death and the exile of " Rama, Sita will put an end to her life³¹. Dasaratha said, If I command Rama that he should go to the forest, Rama would immediately obey my words, and will go to the forest. But I shall be happy, if he refused to I obey my words. He will never do so$ 32. "If Rama went to the forest, he would have to live on fruits and roots. Whenever he is thirsty, he would have to drink the river water which would be impure. He would have to sleep under the trees on the bare ground. Do not subject Rama to such hardships. I request you to be kind to Rama. Do not ask for this boon" 32. "If Bharata feels happy about Rama's exile, then even in the Pitruloka, I shall not accept the offerings offered to me by him as libation. Oh! The killer of husband, Drink the heavy dose and die. I am not going to act according to your words". Thus Dasaratha lamented and stood perplexed³4. "How is it that your teeth do not fall off your mouth, when you utter such cruel words?", Dasaratha asked Kaikeyi. He threatened her, and later he entreated her. But nothing worked out. The entire night passed on in this manner. When the palace bards came there in the morning and sang to awaken him, he stopped them 35. 51

VASISTHA'S ARRIVAL " Then Kaikeyi addressed Dasaratha, Oh., Wise man. Do not give " up truth due to your affection towards your son thrice she repeated ed this and command him to bring Rama near her. Meanwhile Rajaguru Vasistha was supervising all the arrangements for the coronation. He wanted to meet the king, so that the coronation would commence. He came towards Dasarathaas palace 3. COMMANDING SUMANTRA TO BRING RAMA Sumantra entered the palace at the bidding of Vasistha, in order to make the king carry out the preparations for the crowning of Rama. Sumantra went in, and as usual, he sang the praise of the King. But Dasaratha, who was in no mood to listen to any such formal praise cut him short and said, "Bring Rama here who is the only person who can remove the distress of the world". Sumantra heard the words of At Dasaratha and started towards Rama's palace. There at the gate, he saw a huge crowd assembled there, for the coronation of Rama³7. He saw so many people at the palace gates, carrying all kinds of valuable things for the coronation. They all told Sumantra that they were waiting to see the King. Hence Sumantra instead of going to Rama's palace, he turned to Dasaratha to convey the eagerness of the citizens. But 52

Dasaratha was not pleased and said, "I have asked you to bring Rama here. You have ignored my order". Hence Sumantra hurried towards Rama's palace 38. Sumantra was led into the palace of Rama by the gate_ keepers of the palace. He told Rama of the King's orders. Rama immediately set out to meet the King and told Sita about the King's desire to see him. Rama's friends and many other people were waiting there and Rama spoke to Laksmana and all the other people who were waiting at the entrance making them happy with his sweet words³9. The people wished that Rama should be their king for many years. Rama had been attending on them just like a son. The people praised Kausalya for begetting such a noble son. They spoke highly of Sita for having acquired so great a husband 40. Rama went along the royal road and saw thousands of people waiting for the coronation. He found that they had not indulged in sport and had not even taken any food. They ing 39 were greeting Rama and followed him. He heard their joyous shouts. Leaving them behind at the gate he alone went into the palace to meet his father 41. RAMA'S ARRIVAL AT THE PALACE Rama saw Dasaratha in a desperate condition. He was shocked to see Dasaratha's sorrow. He saw Kaikeyi standing near by and he 53

asked her, "Why is my father suffering like this? What is his desire? Is he afflicted with any disease? Tell me quickly. I cannot bear to see my father suffering so badly"42. Kaikeyi who was impelled by a cruel desire, heard the words of Rama, who was showing her the greatest respect. She said, "Oh! Rama! There is a particular thing that you must do, whether you like it or not. Your father wants this task to be carried out by you. But he does not have the courage to tell you of it. If you are prepared to do it immediately, I shall tell you the desire that is in Dasaratha's heart 43. Rama told Kaikeyi that he would never disobey his K "1 father who had brought him into the world. I will never be angry with him. I am prepared to do whatever he wants me to do, even if it brings me harm. Now Kaikeyi said that his father has granted two boons by which Rama should go to the forest and the kingdom to be given to Bharata. "These are the two desires of King Dasaratha. Make Dasaratha's words come true"44. Rama heard these words which were as cruel as death. Unperturbed, he said, "Oh Lady, I shall do so. You need not be angry over this matter. The King could have spoken to me, himself. But he has not. That pains me. You yourself could have told me making this directly, without causing Dasaratha unhappy 45". Then the wicked the Kaikeyi who could not relish the joy of people spoke to kind Rama, "Oh! Good one! Your father is ashamed of conveying his wish to you. 54

You have decided to comply with your father's words. Why do you stay here further? You should leave the kingdom immediately. Otherwise, your father will not take his bath or food"46. Though Rama did not wish to part from his father, he was stung by the words of Kaikeyi. He said to her, "I wish to carry out Dharma. I donat desire anything else in the world. When Bharatha comes here, you must ask him to remain obedient to my father and carry out his orders". Having said this, Rama bowed to her and he left the palace at once 47. in RAMA'S ENTRY TO KAUSALYA'S HAREM The unhappy Rama, closely followed by Laksmana, grew sad on seeing the grief-sticken citizens. He gave up all paraphernalia like his white umbrella and other things and proceeded on foot to his mother Kausalya's palace. The ladies in the harem censured Dasaratha so much that the King became unconscious 48. CONVERSING WITH HIS MOTHER When Rama went in, he saw Kausalya worshipping the Gods, for the successful completion of Rama's coronation. Kausalya was observing vows that weakened her body. Rama told her that the entire situation had changed. He had been asked by the King to go to the forest. He also told her that Bharata would be crowned King 49. Rama 55

told Kausalya that he would be staying in the forest for fourteen years. Kausalya overwhelmed with sorrow, cried out aloud, "I wish you were never born. It would have been better to be a lady without any issue. Now this is a rude shock that I cannot bear. Your father's might and your noble virtues are all of no use, as I face only sorrow now"'50 Kausalya wailed aloud, "Hereafter I will be ill treated by my adversaries in the palace. It will be an unbearable sorrow. Now that you are going away, I would be subjected to much more humiliation and sorrow. My situation will be worse than that of a servant maid"51. "My own servants may not obey my orders, once Bharata becomes King here. Kaikeyi will use harsh and abusive words against me in the palace. That is the kind of suffering that I am going to experience. How can I live under such conditions"52. "How is it that my heart does not break into many thousand pieces when I am faced with such sorrow? Why is it that God Yama does not take me to his place? If only it was possible for me to end my life, I would have done it by now, since I do not want to live in this world without having you by my side"53. "It is now seventeen years since you were born. I have been doing all kinds of rituals and worshipping all gods. I have been bringing you up by the grace of Gods. But now I find that all such worship has not borne fruit. I think it would be better for me to go to the forest along with you and 56

share your sufferings '54. LAKSMANA SCOLDING HIS FATHER Then Laksmana began to speak. He was very angry. He said, "I too do not like this. This old man is out of his senses. He is under the influence of Kaikeyi. Rama need not go to the forest. The King abides by the words of a woman. Therefore his words need not be obeyed❞55. "What sin has Rama done to deserve banishment? Rama's character is blemishless. Even his enemies will not attribute any sin to him. I will punish the old King, who has deviated from the path of truth and righteousness. Before the people come to know of this sudden change in the attitude of the King, I am going to crown Rama the King"56. LAKSHMANA'S DECISION TO FOLLOW RAMA "But on the other hand, if Rama decides to go to the forest, I shall lead him, armed with my bow and arrow. I take an oath to remain with Rama forever". Laksmana took this vow over his bow and the gifts he offered 57. Kausalya heard the words of Laksmana and said to Rama, "Listen to Lakshmana's words and stay here. Do not go to the forest. If you want to perform your duties as a son, stay here and serve me. You know that Kasyapa did service to his mother and attained the highest heavens. Mother also is to be served as you serve your father 58. "I am " 57

prepared to eat any kind of food that is available in the forest even if it be grass. If you abandon me here, I will fast unto death. You will be the cause of my death. That is not good for you. It is likely that you will also be committing a grave sin, just as the Ocean God committed a sin by causing trouble to Pippalada"59. RAMA'S PACIFICATION OF KAUSALYA'S GRIEF Rama heard the words of Kausalya. He spoke to her in order to console her and also to point out the just to her. "O ! Mother, Parasurama obeyed his father and caused great damage to his mother. But no sin accrued on him. The sons of Sagara too carried out the words of their father. They are now held in great esteem. I should also follow the path trodden by our ancestors. Therefore you must bless me to go to the forest and honour my father as words". AI shall return to Ayodhya after fulfilling my fatheras wishes. After my return I shall obey your words. You should not be worried till then. You know that, if I do not carry out my fatheras order, I shall be incurring sin. So allow me to go to the forest. This is my desire. All of you should help me to carry 21 er out my wish. Then he turned to Laksmana and said, "I know that you have got the greatest love and affection towards me"61 "Oh, Laksmana, I have already promised my father that I shall obey his 58

words. Now I cannot go against my words. My mother is in great distress; but that is quite unnecessary. You part, brush aside all your of anger and think only the path of Dharma. Do not consider it from the point of view of a Kshatriya. I must follow the path of Dharma that has been honoured by our ancestors. My mother should not leave our father and go along with me. I do not wish pleasure that is obtained by committing a sin❞62. Get rid of your anger. Nobody has done anything wrong. All the changes that have taken place now, in respect of my coronation, are due to Fate. Kaikeyi was more affectionate to me than she was to her son. But all of a sudden, she has become greedy and has started speaking such harsh words that have resulted in my banishment. This is indeed the work of Fate. You must obey our father is words. Be contented about it"63. "Oh Laksmana ! My father should not become miserable by my refusal to carry out his promise; nor should my mother Kaikeyi grow grieved. So the promise of my father and the desire of my mother should be fulfilled by me in such a way that both of them should feel happy. All the preparations that are being made for my coronation, should immediately be cancelled. Instead, make all the preparations for my forest life. Bring all such things like a pickaxe, basket and such other things that we may require in the forest. Life is after all, like a bubble on the surface of water. I do not wish to offend 59

my parents, just for the sake of this transient life''63. LAKSHMAN'S RAGE When Laksmana heard Rama's words he grew angry. He was like a serpent that is bound by magic spells. He had a fierce look. His eyebrows were knit in anger. He shook his hands, unable to contain his 66 anger. He shook his head all around and then said to Rama, How is it that you have started praising the strength of Fate, just as a timid person would do? You are a strong man full of courage. I never expected you to think on these lines"65. Laksmana said, "Oh! wise gentleman! Dont you know that these two have contrived a plan, which on the surface appears to be a truthful and righteous one, but is actually a cunning device just to deprive you of your legitimate kingship. Dasaratha and Kaikeyi cannot be trusted as virtuous people. They are on the sinful path. It is clear that people do not support their view. If such a promise had been given by our father long ago, how is it that it has never been availed of by Kaikeyi, all these days?". Laksmana continued. "Father and mother are your enemies. They are causing you great harm. They are influenced by mere lust. I cannot honour them. This is most unfortunate. I will oppose all your enemies. I will make them flee to the forest. I am so strong that even Gods like Indra and the 60

Lords of the directions cannot overpower me. Nobody can conquer 66 me; certainly not our old father"67. Laksmana said, "I am here to obey you. Don't be afraid of anybody. I am your servant. There must be some use for the weapons that I carry with me. I shall defeat my enemy, even if he be Devendra. I want you to be crowned immediately". Thus Laksmana spoke with great affection. Rama heard the words of Laksmana 68. Rama was moved by Laksmana's words. He saw Laksmana shedding tears. Rama wiped away his tears and spoke to him softly. "I have to carry out the words of my father and mother. I must not give room to any sin". Thus Rama convinced Laksmana about his sincerity and loyalty to his father. Then Kausalya who was witnessing all these events began to speak, "You have been living in the palace with all comforts. All the people who came to you for help have been provided with the most delicious dishes. But when you go to the forest you will not be able to get even food of the common folk. You will have to live by "Unca i.e., collecting the grains that have been left over in the fields after harvest. This is not the way of life which your forefathers had been practising"69. But Kausalya said that she would accompany Rama to the forest. Rama advised her saying, "Great ladies always serve their husbands and thus they win happiness in the other world. That is the only means for them to reach the highest heaven. You must " 61

be beside King Dasaratha and make him happy. Bharatha would come here and you will be treated with great respect. Bharata and Kaikeyi will not cause you any harma 70. "You must worship all the Gods in our abode everyday for my well-being. You must also worship Fire. Be calm and composed. I am carrying out the orders of my father. Now I am making my hairs matted. I shall be leaving to the forest. Very soon this period of exile will be over. I shall return to the kingdom and be crowned King. All the people will be happy then". TAKING LEAVE OF KAUSALYA Thus he spoke to Kausalya; he was firm in his resolve to go to the forest. Kausalya prayed to all the gods to confer their blessings upon him. Rama took leave of his mother Kausalya. He prostrated before Kausalya and received her blessings. Thus, in a way, Rama made Kausalya agree to his request. He came out of Kausalyaas palace and went to Sita's harem?². 72 RAMA'S MEETING WITH SITA As he was passing through the street, he saw many citizens waiting for him. When they saw him, they turned sad. As he proceeded towards his palace, he saw that the palace had been decorated in a grand manner with the fond hope that the coronation would take place 62

very soon. Sita, dressed up grandly, was blushing, anticipating the coronation. She trembled on hearing the King's order. Rama proceeded a the to give her instructions about the way she had to conduct herself in a place in his absence. He told her all about her duties" 73. Sita heard Rama's words. They made her unhappy. She said angrily, "Oh Lord! All people must enjoy the fruits of the good deeds that they have done in their previous birth. But a lady should enjoy all the merits and suffer the defects of her husband. So a lady is totally governed by her husbandas conduct and character. If you are to go to the forest, then I too must go with you. Whatever orders your parents give you also would govern me. I cannot remain here without you. You must take me along with you to the forest. Otherwise, I will end my life"74. "I will come to the forest along with you and serve you. I will not be a burden to you. Life in the forest with you is as good to me as life in a palace. I would not prefer Svargasukam without you. You are a great King and capable of protecting the entire world. Therefore you will have no h difficulty in protecting me. I have been advised by my elders about the conduct of faithful wives. I will follow you just like your shadow" 75 63

RAMA'S ATTEMPT TO DISSUADE SITA But Rama again explained to Sita the formidable hardships of living in the forest. A forest would be frightening in every aspect. There would be dangerous animals. The forest would be filled with darkness. a There would not be any food but for, few fruits. There would be serpents creeping all around the place. Thus he tried to prevent Sita from accompanying him to the forest". Rama continued, "A wife must obey the words of her husband. That would be her penance. Potable water will not be available in the forest as in the city. Moreover, the water there would be sour and bitter. You should be prepared to bathe three times. You should also feed the animals"77. SITA'S INSISTENCE ON GOING Sita being very keen in achieving her desire replied, "Please listen to me patiently. When I was in my father's house, learned Brahmins and learned women ascetics had foreseen that I would have to live in the forest for some time. Therefore, I would like to go along with you to the forest and live there as it has been predestined" 78 "Therefore it is not proper on your part to leave me here, alone, when I have been given in marriage to you, by my father and mother, to be always with you. I am not afraid of the wild beasts in the forest when 64

you are near me. They cannot cause me any harm. I am supposed to be your better half, a part of yourself. If you go to the forest, I should also "" go with you. Sita thus spoke angrily". "If you go to the forest leaving me here, what would my father Janaka think of your valour? It is likely that he would think that you are after all a woman in the guise of a man. People will say that you don't have any strength to protect me. If you leave me here, it is definite that I shall die. What would be your gain then ?80. "What harm have I done to you to desert me thus ? How do you behave like the Shailusa, the artist who lives unmindful of his wife's behaviour? How can I be here for fourteen years all by myself, when I cannot live without you even for a moment?"81. "If I am with you, it is heaven; without you it is hell. All the thorns and shrubs in the forest would be soft like cotton, and deer skin, when I follow you into the forest. The darba grass would appear soft to me"82. "The dust that is brought by the whirling wind would be like sandal paste to me, when I am with you. I shall be happy in a bed made of grass. I would not feel, the same comfort when lying on a soft woollen bed. The leaf or fruit or root that you bring for my food would be like nectar. I will not think of my friends, or the palace, or my father and mother, when I am with you in the foresta. In this way Sita cried, with tears flowing down from her eyes 83. Rama embraced her and said, "I am happy to hear these words. 65

I will not leave you here to suffer the pangs of separation. I shall not relish life in heaven without you. I can defend you against anybody. I am like the Creator Brahma himself, once I am armed with my bow and arrows''84. RAMA AGREES TO SITA'S WISH enough Rama said, "No doubt I am strong to protect you in the forest but I dissuaded you because I did not know your mind. Now it is clear that you have been created by the creator Brahma to suffer forest life with me. In obedience to my fathers words, I am now entering the third stage of Vanaprastha life"85. "The greatest merit is to obey one's father and mother. I cannot go against them. Even Gods would not help a man who betrays his father and mother. But the man who obeys his parents and gets their blessings is entitled to heaven, wealth, food grains and also the final bliss of enjoying the supreme Atman''86. Rama asked Sita to get ready to go to the forest. He asked her to perform all the auspicious rituals that are usually done before starting on a journey. Then she should distribute clothes and ornaments to Brahmins and her servants. Sita was happy to do all these, because Rama had agreed to take her to the forest. She readily gave people whatever gifts they wanted 87. Laksmana who had been listening to the converstion between 66

Rama and Sita, fearing that he would be left behind, fell at Rama's feet, and N prayed with folded hands, "Oh Lord! Oh Lady! You have both decided to go to the forest and spend your time under the trees and shrubs. When you thus happily sport in the forest, I will be there looking after your needs. I will serve you with great care and loyalty. I will be a security guard to you both '88. He further said, "You order me to lead you to the forest. I do not desire Indra's abode, if I cannot offer service to your feet. Why do you feel that I should not come along with you? Have I done any thing wrong ?" Thus he was imploring his brother to allow him to accompany him to the forest³. Rama said, "Oh, dear brother I know the intensity of your affection towards me from the time of your birth. But I would like you to be here to look after my mother Kausalya. Laksmana said, "Respected brother, Kausalya owns thousands of villages as her personal property. She is powerful enough to offer protection to people like me"90. Laksmana added, "Oh, Brother, Bharata will always hold your mother in the greatest respect and affection as he holds you in high regard. As for me, serving you is the sole purpose of my life. It would be difficult for you to live in the forest all alone. I shall lead the way working with my axe, and bring you roots and fruits and from the forest, carrying a spade and a basket'91. Rama said, "I am happy to take you along with me. Go and 67

bring the bow and arrows which Varuna gave me. Bid farewell to all your friends. Bring here all the Brahmins and Vasista's son. I wish to give away all that are mine, as gifts. Luckily you are here at the most appropriate time". YATRA DANAM Rama gave away the precious ornaments belonging to himself and Sita to Suyagna, the son of Vasista. Then there were the sons of Kausika and Agastya, to whom he gave many ornaments and clothes. He gave them thousands of cows as gifts. There were Brahmins who were patronised by Kausalya. There were hundreds of students the , learning Vedas in Kausalya's palace. To them, He gave gifts. He gave many valuable things to the servants too. He made everyone happy with his gifts⁹. He gave gifts to all the poor people who sought help from him. A Brahmin belong to Garga gothra, Trijata came to him. Rama told him to throw his stick over the herds of cows that were standing there, so that he would take all the cows standing in the area that his stick covered. The Brahmin did so. The stick fell beyond all the cows. Rama was happy to make a gift of all the cows. He then gave him vessels of bronze for milking. The Brahmin was so pleased that he blessed Rama whole heartedly 94. Rama started to the King's palace to tell his father 68

about the decision of Sita and Laksmana to accompany him to the forest. On the way, he saw the people of the city crying aloud, that they would also accompany Rama to the forest. They said, "Let Kaikeyi be , here in this city which would appear like a forest without Rama". Rama heard these words as he proceeded to his father's palace⁹5. BIDDING FAREWELL TO DASARATHA The King learnt about the arrival of Rama, from Sumantra. He summoned all his 350 wives to assemble in the palace. He called Rama in. Rama said to Dasaratha, "Oh King! Let your words be always true. Truth will be honoured even in the other world. So your words must always be honoured. I do not seek any thing. Let this kingdom be given to Bharata. There is no need for you to worry about me. Cast away all your sorrowful thoughts". Rama said to the assembly of those mothers and the King, "Sita and Lakshmana are accompanying me to the forest. You should all bless us. The King's words are always true and shall be honoured. I shall soon return to this city after completing my forest life". When all the ladies and the King heard these words, they felt very sad⁹7. 69 69

SUMANTRA RAILS AT KAIKEYI Sumantra, the Minister was there, looking at the change in the situation. He was very angry and uttered some harsh words at Kaikeyi. "Do not be so stubborn in insisting on Rama's exile. This will bring a bad name to you. It is better that you allow Rama's coronation to take place. All the people will be happy then". Sumantra was speaking these words with great force, as if he was shattering the mental frame of Kaikey 19. "Oh Kaikey, the husband is to be looked upon a crore times more valuable than the son. If a lady does not treat her husband with devotion, she would be subjected to incalculable miseries. We all know about your mother, who insisted on knowing the purpose for which her husband smiles. You, more or less, behave in the same way as your mother. You know fully well that the King cannot survive after sending Rama to the forest. Still you claim your boon". Sumantra's words too, were wasted upon Kaikeyi just as rainwater flowing down the rock is rendered useless. King Dasaratha said, "Let the army follow Rama to the forest. Let plenty of food grains and money be taken to the forest". Now Kaikeyi intervened and said, "Oh King! Why do you want to give me a kingdom which has no wealth in it ?"100 "Oh, foolish woman, you have bound me with the boons. You make me very unhappy. You never asked that I should not send an army", Dasaratha 70

said. Kaikeyi replied, "Don't you remember that your ancestor Sagara, the great King drove his son Asamanja to the forest? You should also send Rama away now" 101. Now the minister by name Siddartha, intervened and said, "Oh, Kaikeyi, Asamanja threw the children of the citizens into the waters and thus made the people lose their children. Hence Sagara banished Asamanja. Rama has not done any wrong to anybody in the kingdom. When Rama is such a faultless person, he cannot be sent to the forest. Anything wrong done to a virtuous person will bring about the ruin of the kingdom, even if it be that of Indra" 102. Rama was not keen on obtaining anything from the kingdom. He took with him only a big axe, a spade and a basket. Kaikeyi brought all the these requirements and gave it to Rama and He accepted happily. He bedecked himself in the bark garments. He also made Laksmana wear it. When Sita was about to take up the tree bark, the great Sage Vasista it. h prevented her from wearing¹³. Vasista said, "Oh, Kaikeyi, you have ruined your family. You have deceived the great King who always spoke the truth, by your cunning nature. Are you not afraid of the great gods who are watching all these things ? Rama's wife must have been the Queen here. She would rule the kingdom. If this does not happen, all of us shall go to the forest. The palace will not be a suitable one for all the people, when Rama does not live here. Ayodhya will be a forest and 71

you alone would remain here" 104. "Bharata will not accept the kingdom without the order of elderly persons. He will also go to the forest. You have done a great harm to your own son by making Rama go to the forest. Let Sita wear all the ornaments, you did not ask for Sita's exile". h Thus said Vasista 105. But Sita was very keen in following Rama in every aspect and therefore she took up the tree bark for wearing though she was stopped by the preceptor and people. The King saw this. He could not bear the sight of Sita wearing a tree bark. Once again he began to address Kaikeyi¹06. "Oh, foolish lady, you are a wicked woman. What wrong has Sita done? Why should a lady of such tender body, wear a tree bark, which is rough and bristled? If you wish that Sita to suffer so, you are committing a great sin. You will fall into hell. Rama may be sent to the forest because you are so unkind to him 107. Rama saw that his father was very much depressed. He looked sorrowful, with his face down. Rama said to his father, Here is my mother Kausalya. She will be very sad when I have gone to the forest. She is devoted to you. She may not take any interest in life, once I leave for the forest. This sorrow is likely to kill her. So you must keep her 66 12 alive. I shall be happy, only when you bestow your kind attention fully on her'' 108 "108 22 72

DASARATHA'S LOUD LAMENT Dasaratha heard Rama's words. He too became very sad. He could not speak. He fell down unconscious. Later, He regained his senses and said, "I must have done some grave sin to suffer thus. I should have separated calves from their mothers. That is why my son is wailed 11 now getting separated from mea. Thus he veiled aloud 109. "For any man in this world joy and sorrow come only due to Fate. Even though I am now put to so much trouble, death does not overpower me. And still I am not dead. I have been deceived by a cunning woman"110. Dasaratha felt miserable, when he saw Rama abandoning his silk clothes and dressing himself in tree bark. Dasaratha asked Sumantra to bring a chariot to take Rama to the forest. Sumantra did accordingly and the chariot was ready'. The King ordered a treasury officer to bring silk clothes and ornaments that would be required by Sita for fourteen years. They were brought and given to Sita. Kausalya was there by her side. She embraced Sita and gave her suitable advice ¹¹². 112. KAUSALYA'S ADVICE TO SITA Kausalya said, "There are some wicked ladies in the world who serve the husband when he is rich and will abandon the husband when he becomes poor and when he gets into difficulties. For chaste women 73

husband alone is their god, and do not disregard my son Rama, even 113 though he has now lost the kingdom"¹¹³. Sita replied to Kausalya, "I am not like the wicked women. A woman gets pleasure from the husband and this is 100 times more than the pleasure she could get from her woman would look " sons. Which intelligent and cultured contemptuously at the husband who gives her immeasurable joy? 114. Rama told his mother, "Do not feel sorry on account of my banishment. These days will pass off very quickly just like sleep. I will soon return, having fulfilled the promise to my father". Then there were the other wives of Dasaratha and Rama begged their forgiveness, even as he started to the forest 115. SUMITRA'S ADVICE TO LAKSHMANA Sumitra said to Laksmana, "You must serve your elder brother just as you would serve your father, and serve Sita as you would serve me. The forest should be Ayodhya to you. Be always cheerful and take delight in doing serving your brother and his wife"11 RAMA'S DEPARTURE Rama got into the chariot along with Sita and Laksmana. Sumantra drove the chariot rather fast. He did not want the King and the people to follow Rama¹17. But a large number of people, mainly 74

elders followed Sita. Rama ordered the charioteer to drive slowly. Sumantra had to obey Rama's bidding. Rama was so moved by the elderly people that he would not even look at them 118. "We have nothing to do in our house. Who will protect us? Without Rama, we cannot live". So saying, all the people were not interested in any other activity. They did not drink water and did not eat any food. Strangely, even the Sun and the Moon did not shine in the normal way 119. Dasaratha kept looking at the chariot as long as he could. As he fell down, Kausalya held him. Dasaratha saw Kaikeyi there and he avoided her touch 120 The KING SCOLDING KAIKEYI He began to speak to Kaikeyi, "Once for all I forsake you. I forsake your son too. I will not partake of the sesame and water which your son may offer to me after my death". Dasaratha was worried about the difficulties which Rama, Laksmana and Sita would be experiencing in the forest. He reached the palace thinking only of Rama¹ 21 75

THE KING'S ENTRY INTO KAUSALYAAS HAREM He did not go to his apartments, but went to Kausalya's apartment. Dasaratha said, "I am not able to see anything because my power of vision has gone away along with Rama. Kausalya!, Touch me by your hand. Your touch may give me a little pleasure driving away the sorrows, like that of the contact of Rama's body. Kausalya understood the agony of the king and tried to pacify him 122. Kausalya said to Dasaratha, "Kaikeyi is like a serpent. She will be moving about freely in the palace. Will that time ever come when I shall see my son return to Ayodhya, with his brother and wife?"123 SUMITRA PACIFYING KAUSALYA Sumitra was nearby and she was listening to the words of Kausalya. She tried to console her. "Why should you be worried about your son who is following Dharma? He will bring success and he will surely become the King one day. Rama followed by Sita like Mahalaksmi and by Laksmana taking a great bow, will surely obtain the kingdom. There is no need for you to bewail this"124. "Do you know what the sun and the moon and the wind will do to your son? The sun will not in any way make the heat intolerable. The clouds will make the atmosphere cool. The wind will be cool and gentle with fragrance. All i 76

the animals like tigers and elephants will run away from your son. Rama is the personification of courage and strength. The entire forest will be can under his control. Nothing happen against his wish"125. Just as the rain water extinguishes the forest fire, these words of Sumitra helped Kausalya overcome from her misery. Sumitra praised Rama's great qualities. Kausalya was delighted to listen to them. Thus Sumitra was able to console Kausalya 126. PEOPLE FOLLOWING RAMA The citizens of Ayodhya could not part from Rama. They followed him. However much Rama tried to dissuade them from following him, they persisted in going along with him to the forest ¹27. Rama tried to tell the people who followed him, "You are all so affectionate towards me. Extend the same affection towards Bharata. He is equivalent to me in all respects. He will in no way be less efficient than my own self, in looking after the kingdom. So kindly return to Ayodhya 128. Many elderly Brahmins were crying and they addressed 12 the horses, "Oh, horses! Do not take Rama away from the city. Take him back to the city. Thus cried the old people who were highly advanced in learning, age and penance. When Rama heard this, he could not remain inside the chariot. He jumped down and began to walk 77

along with those elderly Brahmins 129. The Brahmins were crying, "Oh Rama, we are not keen in performing our daily duties. We are more interested in being with you. If you do not return to Ayodhya, we feel that our penance is in vain". Saying these words they were walking along with Rama and they reached the bank of the river Tamasa 130. Sumantra unyoked the horses from the chariot and allowed them to roll on the ground by way of relaxation. He made them drink water and eat plenty of fresh grass. He poured water over their bodies and cooled them. Thus he looked after the horses 131. Rama said to Sumantra, "This is the first night, I propose not to take any food". He drank only a little water. Laksmana had spread some grass on the ground for Rama to lie upon. All the people who came along with Rama were resting under the trees. Rama was very sad when he saw the sufferings of the people who had abandoned their homes and were now in a despicable forest track 132. Rama said to Sumantra, "I should not cause further trouble and sufferings to the citizens of Ayodhya. We must go away before they wake up. They should not be able to trace the path along which we have left. Try to go a little northwards so that the people may think that we have returned to Ayodhya". Thus he gave orders to Sumantra. His idea was that the people should not follow them any further ¹33. Next morning, when the people woke up, they could not find Rama, 78

Laksmana, Sita and the chariot. They tried to look at the track of the chariot wheel. It was also not clear. They were very sad. They were only thinking of Rama. They cursed themselves for having slept. Bereft and of joy, they lost all interest in life returned to Ayodhya¹³4. The women in the city of Ayodhya were very sad at Rama's banishment. When their husbands returned to Ayodhya without Rama, they began to weep aloud. They were not interested in any household activity. They did not even pay attention to their children. They felt that the kingdom without Rama was like a corpse. It was unbearable. They said that they would not live in a place which was governed by Kaikeyi. They said, "We would better go to the forest where Rama lives 135. RAMA'S JOURNEY TO THE FOREST " Rama got in_ to the chariot before sunrise and proceeded southward, the dwelling place of Agastya. He passed through many regions, crossing many rivers. In all those places he heard people keep abusing upon Kaikeyi. He told the charioteer of his desire to be on the banks of the river Sarayu, later for hunting again 136. The country of Kosala was a very prosperous region. The people there saw Rama, as he was on his way to the forest. This was the first time that they experienced sorrow. Rama looked at the city of Ayodhya. He prayed to 79

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the gods and goddesses who were governing the city. Rama said, "I will take leave of you now. I will be back after completing my father's orders. I have to discharge the debt that my father has incurred, on " account of his promise to Kaikeyi. He also spoke to the people on the way 137 DESCRIPTION OF GANGES Rama came to the River Ganga, a holy river as this river had once occupied a lofty position on the head of Siva. Ganga was capable of removing the sins of people who bathed in her waters. Ganga was flowing heavily. Huge waves arose on the surface. Ganga was capable of conferring innumerable benefits on her devotees, like the abode of Mahalaksmi. She had the child Subrahmanya on her lap. She was the daughter of Himavan. She was flowing in celestial region too. Ganga finally reached the ocean. Such was the glory of Ganga on whose banks Rama now arrived 138. MEETING WITH GUHA There was the small town of Sringiberam on the banks. Guha was the cheiftain there. He met Rama and prostrated before him. Rama Ne L chose a spot where a huge ingudi tree was spreading its shade over a large area. Guha offered Rama food and drink but he did not accept 80

those. He only accepted fodder for the horses. He told Guha that he was not in a position to receive any thing from him, except his love 139. Rama performed the evening sandhya worship. He drank the water which was brought by Laksmana. Laksmana prepared a bed of tender leaves for Rama and Sita. Rama laydown on it with Sita. Laksmana did not rest. He was engaged in a conversation with Guha. He had his bow and arrow ready. Sumantra, Guha and Laksmana were standing guard as Rama and Sita slept. Laksmana was speaking about the noble qualities of Rama¹40. Guha prepared a bed for Laksmana and asked him to take rest. Guha said that he would be guarding all of them throughout the Said. night and asked Laksmana could trust him. But Laksmana replied, "How can I sleep when I think of the great change of fortune in the life of my brother Rama. I am very unhappy. I can't sleep" 141. Guha heard the words of Laksmana. He too was moved by the change in Rama's life. He was repeatedly thinking of the great qualities of Rama which could not be found in any other human being. He spent the whole night thinking of all the great qualities of Rama one after the other 142. BING BID FAREWELL TO SUMANTRA 1 Next morning Rama asked Guha to bring him a boat to cross the river Ganga. Rama turned to Sumantra and said, "We shall go by walk 81

" further. You can return to Ayodhya with your chariot 143. "Offer king Dasaratha my prostration and also my sense of joy in going to the , forest. We are not in any way sad. You must crown Bharata as Yuvaraja. When Bharata is near you, you will not feel my absence. asked Kindly take care of my mother till I return". Thus Rama told Sumantra to convey the same to Dasaratha 144. But Sumantra did not want to go back to Ayodhya. He was ready to go to the forest along with Rama. He wanted to be of service to Rama. Rama listened to Sumantra's words " " and replied, I send you back to Ayodhya, so that my mother Kaikeyi will genuinely believe that I have gone to the forest. When you return to the city without me, Kaikeyi would feel that the king's boons to her have been fulfilled 145. Guha brought the juice of the banyan tree. By applying this juice to the hairs on the head, Rama made the hairs turn matted. So did Laksmana. Then all the three got into the boat. As they were in the middle of the river, Sita prayed, "We should return safe after our period of exile. I pray to the River Goddess to bless all the three of us, as we leave for the foresta. Rama crossed the river Ganga along with Sita 146. They entered the country of Vatsa. The place abounded in animals like deer. So he was able to go on a hunt. By evening they had gone in to the new country. They chose the root of a tree for the night stay 147. Rama performed Sandhyavandana in the "1 82

evening. He cautioned Laksmana, "You must be very careful hereafter in guarding Sita. That will be your important duty". Rama was deeply engrossed in thoughts about his father and mother. He realised that they would be very unhappy. There was only one consolation now; that was alle the unparelled affection of Laksmana towards him 148. MEETING THE SAGE BHARADVAJA After staying there for the night, they got up in the morning and walked towards prayaga. It was the place where the river Ganga and A Yamuna join together. That evening, they reached the ashrama of Sage Bharadvaja. The hermitage was occupied by the great Sage Bharadvaja and by many other sages. There was a large cloud of smoke because of the holy rituals performed by the sages. It was a calm and peaceful place¹. Bharadvaja Muni was performing the evening poojas and Homas. Rama offered his salutations to the Sage and informed him about their arrival. The Sage received them and offered them hospitality. Rama stayed there that night. He was eager to go to Chitrakuta from there. This Chitrakuta mountain was a place of great charm and beauty. It abounded in monkeys, bears and a type of monkey known as "Golangulam". It was also a holy mountain. People would get rid of their sins by visiting the mountain 150. Next day Rama 83

got the blessings of Sage Bharadvaja who told him about the path he had to take to go southwards. Accordingly Rama, Laksmana and Sita proceeded. On the way, they came to the river Yamuna. There they had On to cross the river with the help of a boat. In the other side, there was a Went huge banyan tree. Sita saluted the tree and came round the tree 151 Rama reached the great forest, where there were huge trees like bamboo, badri and palasa. Rama told Laksmana that he should bring Sita whichever flower or fruit she wished for. Laksmana did so. Then Rama and Laksmana hunted some deer and brought them to her. There They spent the night on the banks of Yamuna. They were quite happy 152 RESIDENCE AT CHITRAKUTA Rama started his journey the next day. On the way he saw trees with flowers and fruits. Bees were hovering around the flowers. He saw the great Sage Valmiki, saluted him and told him all about his journey to the forest. Valmiki pointed out to him a place in Chitrakuta. Rama reached that place and started to live there 153. Laksmana making use of trees and creepers built a cottage for them to live. The place was very convenient. There would be no fierce winds there. Rama immediately performed all the rituals according to rules connected with Vastu and 84

entered the cottage which was built by Laksmana along with Sita. They were so happy that they never regretted missing the comforts of the palace 154. SUMANTRA'S RETURN Sumantra who had been waiting at Guha's palace, got the information through messengers about Rama's journey to the south. He that came to know how Rama had crossed the river Ganga, how he had reached prayaga and how at last he had gone to Chitrakuta and settled down there in a cottage. Sumantra took leave of Guha and returned to Ayodhya. The people of Ayodhya became very sad when they saw the chariot bereft of Rama, Laksmana and Sita. Sumantra entered the palace to meet the King 155. Dasaratha saw Sumantra. But he was in such a sorrowful mood that he could not speak. He realized that Rama had chosen for himself such a difficult task. He fell down overwhelmed with sorrow. He lost consciousness. Kausalya brought him back to his senses. He asked Sumantra all about Rama's life. He was very eager to know more about Rama's activities in the forest, as he proceeded. So he called Sumantra to his side 15. Sumantra bowed respectfully to Dasaratha and told him, "Rama salutes you with the great respect. He says that he is not in any way afraid of carrying out the duties of forest 85

life. He asked you not to develop fear or sorrow. Your words always portray the truth. But Laksmana was a bit angry at those words. Sita did " not say anything but it was evident that she was sad at the turn of events 157. "Rama asked me to go back when we reached the banks of the Ganga. Rama made his hairs matted. Then he crossed the river Ganga and went towards Prayag. I remained on the bank of the river Ganga along with Guha. I was hoping to be called by Rama to accompany him to the forest. I stayed there for a few days with that fond hope. But he was not for taking me along with him. I realised this and then started towards Ayodhya. I consider myself a man without punya, for not being allowed to be with Rama. And just as people fall down from the heaven at the end of their punya, I too have come back to the city of Ayodhya"158. Sumantra said, "Oh! King! The whole city of Ayodhya is weeping in misery, just as Kausalya weeps". Dasaratha heard these words of Sumantra and he realised that this sorrow had been brought upon himself, by his own misdeed. He lamented, "I am likely to die if I do not see Rama and his well-wishers now" 159. Sumantra spoke to Kausalya, "Your son is now spending his time in the forest. There may not be many people with him. Sita too will be there with him, protected by Rama. They would feel at home, as if they were in Ayodhya. Laksmana is there to look after both of them" 160. 86

KAUSALYA TAUNTS DASARATHA Dasaratha Kausalya was beside himself with grief. She spoke to Dasaratha, "You have been well known for your generosity and benevolence to all people. But how are you responsible for the misery of my son and daughter-in-law? What harm has Sita done to you? My son may not accept the kingdom from his younger brother even after completing fourteen years of exile" 161. "You are here very sad. My son is also in the forest. The people of Ayodhya and myself are all sad. Your wife Kaikeyi and her son Bharata alone will be happy. No one else will be happy". Thus Kausalya spoke to Dasaratha. Dasaratha heard these words and he replied Kausalya thus 162. Dasaratha said, "Oh! Kausalya! I know that you are very kind towards all people. You have been praised by all elders here, as a noble woman. You know that a chaste wife regards her husband as her god and therefore I think that you will bear with me in this difficult period, even though I have been the cause for that. Thus she was requested by Dasaratha to forgive him. Dasaratha had gone to the extent of folding his hands in salutation to her. Kausalya took hold his hands and placed them on her head 163. 18 Kausalya said, I know how a devoted wife should behave. But I have spoken harshly to you, because of the intensity of grief. Kindly forgive 11 me for that. Then Kausalya spoke softly to him. Dasaratha was a little 87

consoled. Now it was evening time. The King fell into a sleep for a short while but then woke up 164. THE KING RECALLS HIS PAST SIN Dasaratha spoke, "Once I was out on hunting on the banks of Sarayu. It was before your marriage. It was winter and it rained heavily. I was moving about without being seen by any_body. I killed so many wild animals as I moved about here and there" 165. "Then I heard the sound of a pot being filled with water. I thought that some wild animal was drinking water. With happiness in my heart, I took out an arrow and hit the animal by sending the arrow in the direction of the sound. After I shot the arrow, I suddenly heard a human being crying aloud "Who is that sinful being that has killed me with an arrow?" When I heard these words, I was terribly shaken. I went down to the place from where the voice emerged. And I saw that a hermit had been wounded by my arrow 166. "Then the hermit asked me, "What harm have I done to you that you should have killed me like this? My parents are blind and by killing me, you have killed them too. I came here to fetch them water. You must go and tell them, otherwise they would curse you. If you go along this foot path, you will see my parents" 167. I am born to a woman who belongs to the Sudra caste. My father is a vaisya. So your 97 88

deed of killing me is not as grave as Brahmahatya. You will have to " remove the arrow from my heart. Al heard the words of the hermit and pulled out the arrow. Soon the hermit boy fell on the ground and died 168. "Then I took the vessel of water and reached the ashram along the path as indicated by him. The blind parents were thirsty. When they heard my footsteps, they said, "Oh, my dear son! were you playing in the water? You must forgive us for giving you such troubled. They were so pathetically expressing their sorrow. They never knew that Fate had te snatched away their son¹69. "Then I told them, I am not your son. I am a Kshatriya prince. I was going about on the bank of Sarayu, carrying my bow and arrows. I heard the noise of water being drunk. I thought that it was the noise of an elephant drinking water. I discharged an arrow. The arrow wounded your son fatally. I have done it by mistake. Your son has been killed by me. I pray your forgiveness" 170. Then they said, "Even if it be Indra he would fall off his throne if only he had done this kind of evil deed to a hermit. Your head would have been shattered to pieces, if you had not told us about your crime. But you have wicked unwittingly done this great crime. Please carry both of us to the place " where my son is lying. Then I took both of them to the spot and made them touch their son¹71. They began to wail. They said, "Oh, Child! Why are you not speaking to us? Are you angry with us? Why are you 89

lying on the ground? Don't you have love towards your mother? Why are you not seeing her? I used to listen to your Vedic recitation every morning. Where else can I listen to that here after? There is no doubt that you will reach the highest heaven because you have been killed by " a kinga 172. The old sage said, "Whoever was responsible for your death will certainly suffer serious miseries". But the hermit boy who had risen to svarga spoke from there. "Oh, Father and Mother! I have reached this most covetable svarga all because of my service to you. You will also be coming to this place very soon". Then the son went towards heaven. The old hermit performed tila tarpana to the departed me son 173. Then the old man told Dasaratha, "You can kill me with the same arrow with which you killed my son. I am no longer interested in living. I am too old. I cannot manage to live any longer without the help of my son. You have killed my son; but not intentionally. So I curse you to undergo the same kind of suffering and death because of the pain pangs of separation from your son'"* 174. "Thus the hermit pronounced the curse. Then both of them were burnt in the funeral pyre. This was done by me during my youth, and that sin has borne fruit now, in my old age. I am dying. Oh, great lady! my eyes have lost their vision. I am not able to see you. Please touch me. Let me have the benefit of your 90

touch at least. Yamadutas have come here. They are hastening me towards Yamaloka. But Rama is not seen here" 175. KING'S DEPARTURE TO HEAVEN Dasaratha continued "Only those people who are fortunate will be able to see Rama at the time of his return to Ayodhya. My mind is confused. I am not able to hear any thing. All my sense organs have failed. The eyes do not see. "Oh! Rama, where are you? You will be giving me delight. You alone have been giving me pleasure. Where are you now?" Thus the King was failing aloud at midnight. The King passed away 176. Nobody knew about the death of the King. Early morning the royal musicians came to the doorstep of the King's chamber and sang the praise of the King. People who were to arrange for the daily bath of the King, brought a golden jar, and sandal paste ph a diluted with water. Many ladies came there. Chamberlins came there. Many people were waiting to see the King at the same time of day- -break¹77. WOMEN'S WAILING But they found that the King did not come out. Some of the ladies who were adepts in life and death approached Dasaratha. When they touched him, they came to know that he was no longer alive. They 91

began to weep. Kausalya and Sumitra heard these wails. They then realised that the King was no more. They too started crying. They were doubly unhappy now 178. Kausalya was extremely sad at the death of her husband. She placed the head of the King on her lap and began to weep. She cried, "Oh, Kaikeyi, you have succeeded in bringing about the death of the King and also in driving my son Rama to the forest. I donat have any interest in life. I am going to end my life by entering the pyre sa " when my husband's body will be burnt. The ministers and others took Kausalya away and placed Daa ratha's body in a medicated oil¹79. All the ministers and leading citizens gathered together and made a request to as sage Vasista that the kingdom would not remain safe without a King, Therefore the fittest among the sons of the King should be crowned immediately 180. Then Vasista sent messengers to Bharata who was living with his uncle, asking him to return to Ayodhya along with 181 Satrugna¹³¹. Bharata had encountered some evil dreams. He was telling Satrugna and his friends about them. He was worried about the state of his father's health. Even though his friends tried to make him lively and pleasant, Bharata did not regain his normal mood¹82. 92

BHARATHA'S RETURN The messengers came and told Bharata that his presence was immediately required at Ayodhya. They did not tell him anything about Dasaratha's demise. Bharata took leave of his grand_father after receiving all the presents that he gave him and started towards Ayodhya with Satrugna 183. Bharata travelled speedily with an army, passing through several countries, mountains and rivers. On the 8 th day he reached Ayodhya. Even as he was approaching Ayodhya, Bharata made a remark to the charioteer, "These gardens out side the city used to be frequented by happy citizens. But now I don't find any_body here. There must be something sad in the city; otherwise I would not have been brought here". He entered the city and went straight to his father's palace 185. MEETING WITH KAIKEYI He did not find his father in the palace. He came to his mother s palace. He did not find Dasaratha there either. Bharata expressed his desire to offer his salutations to the King. He said, "Is my father in Kausalyaas palace? I want to meet him. Tell me "186. But Kaikeyi indifferently told him, "Your father has attained the greatest abode of heaven. All his deeds have come to an end. So he has ascended heaven. " 93

Bharata on hearing about the death of his father wept aloud and cried, "Oh Mother! Tell me the words that he spoke before his death. I am eager to hear those words" 187. Kaikey replied, "Your father only said these words. "Oh Rama! Oh the hero who will protect all those who I came to you for protection! Oh! Laksmana, Oh Sita ! Save me!". These were the words that your father uttered at the time of his death. Bharata asked his mother, "Where has Rama gone?" Kaikeyi told him, "Rama has gone to Dandaka forest". Then Bharata asked, "What sin did Rama do to deserve such banishment?. Kaikeyi said, "He has not committed any crime" 188. "I heard that Rama was to be crowned immediately. Then I asked Dasaratha to grant me my two boons. By one of the boons, I asked for Rama's banishment and by the other, I demanded your coronation. So your father had to send Rama to the forest. Along with Rama, his brother Laksmana and his wife Sita have also gone to the foresta 189. Kaikeyi added, "My dear child, ask Sage Vasista to make the arrangements for your coronation. Perform all the obsequies to your father. Rule over the earth and conquer all your enemies". On hearing her words, Bharata fell down to the ground, unable to bear the sudden shock. He covered both his ears with his hands and cried aloud 190. wn 94

ABUSING KAIKEYI "I have lost my father, and I do not have the guidance of my brother who is in every way equal to my father. I don't want the kingdom. Of what use is the kingdom to me? My father is dead. Rama is on exile. It is like pouring acid to a wound. You are like a night of deluge. My father did not know that you were like the burning coal. So he had embraced you" 191. You are a hard hearted woman. You have brought about the greatest sorrow upon Kausalya and Rama, even though both of them were affectionate towards you. Don't you know that I have the greatest affection towards Rama?. You have brought yourself a bad name by your inglorious deed" 192. Bharata spoke, ""The State could be ruled only by great people. I am certainly a weak person who cannot bear the burden of ruling the State. I am not going to fulfill your desire since all the good people in the world despise you. I would drive you away now itself, if not for Rama's attitude towards you, as his own mother. How did such an evil thought occur in your mind when you follow to the lineage of Kings who were great and sinless?" 193. "It has been the practice in the line of Iksvakus that the eldest son is crowned as the king and all his younger brothers serve to him. This has been since time immemorial for the Iksvakus. By your sudden reversal of this practice, the entire matter has been ruined" 194. "You have 95

earned me a bad reputation as though I have aspired for my elder brotheras kingdom. Thus, I have betrayed him. The entire world will curse me. I shall erase this stain on my character by going to the forest and bringing back my elder brother. I am going to crown him as the King and I shall serve him sincerely" 195. Bharata was not at all happy for what his mother had done. The kingdom had come to him when he did not have even the slightest intention of gaining it. He was a virtuous person. He grew angry with his mother and again shouted, "You are the most sinful lady. You are like your own mother. It is better that you go away from here. You will not at all go to the heavens where my father now belongs. You shall go only to hell for the sins you have commited" 196. "You do not deserve to be called the daughter of the virtuous King Asvapati, king of Kekeya. You are a demoness. You have caused incalculable misery to Kausalya. You will certainly go to Naraka. You have forgotten all about the good deeds of Rama. Is there more beloved a person than a son to his mother? You have deprived Kausalya the pleasure of living with her son happily" 197. Bharata now made a reference to the sorrow experienced by Kamadenu, the great divine cow when she saw two bullocks being yoked to a plough share, i and pulling the plough share when it was hot noon. Kamadhenu's at descendants were the cows and bullocks least a million generation after 96

Kamadhenu. But, even then, Kamadhenu wept, out of affection and pity at the sufferings of the bullocks on earth. Such is the nature of a mother's love for her children. How much more would Kausalya suffer at Rama's plight when Rama was her only son" 198. "I will first perform all the obsequies and rituals of my father. Then I shall go to the forest and bring my elder brother. I will make him the King and I shall go the forest. I will not repeat the sin which you have committed. It is better that you burn yourself in the fire now, or put an end to your life, in some manner. You won t lead a peaceful life" 199. Then Bharata fell down unconscious. After some time he got up, shedding tears profusely. He cursed his mother again and again saying that he had never wanted the Kingdom for himself. His mother had acted without e his consent. He said that he ever know anything about his mother's evil intention. He was totally unaware of Rama's exile 200. MEETING WITH KAUSALYA b Bharata went to Kausalya's palace. He saluted her but Kausalya spoke to him thus. "You have been desiring this Kingdom and you have got it now. Your mother has got it for you. You shall enjoy it without any rival for a long time". When Kausalya spoke thus, Bharata was filled by grief. Bharata fell down in a swoon. Bharata suffered like one 97

who has a needle thrust into his wound 201. When he regained his senses, he told Kausalya that he never knew anything about his mother as intention. He had to resort to several oaths to emphasise his innocence. "O mother! why do you suspect me, who knew nothing is of all this and innocent? Have you forgotten my great love for my brother Rama? This calamity has occurred due to fate BHARATA'S OATH 202 Bharata said, "Whoever had thought of sending Rama to the s forest, forfeit the teachings of the Sastras. He will pass excreta facing the sun. He will be serving sinners. He would be kicking a cow with his foot. them He would be extracting work from his servants without paying him. He would be conspiring against his King" 203. "He will be committing a sin that accrues to a king, who after collecting taxes, does not offer proper protection to his subjects. It is like not paying the proper dakshina to the priest who conducted a sacrifice. It is like a hero, who after getting into the battle field, runs away from it, without facing the enemy. It is also like a disciple, who is not grateful to the teachers who taught him the Vedasa 204. 1) He will never see the sturdy arms of Rama when he is 11 restored to the city 2) He will never offer anything to Gods and manes and incur the sin of showing disrespect to his preceptors and that of 98

touching cows with his foot. 3) He would became hostile to his friend. 4) "He would be committing the sin of a man who betrays his friend, who had given him something very confidential hoping that he would not leak it out to anybody" 205. The wicked man who agreed to the noble "1 ones departure, will turn ungrateful without repaying the good deeds done to him. He is committing a sin of the man who eats delicious food it without sharing with others. "He is committing a sin of the man who eats delicious food without sharing it with others. He will die issue]less, not having wedded a worthy spouse and without having performed the rites enjoined by Dharma" 206. "He who agreed to the noble one's going will be committing the sin of killing children and old men, and selling lac, iron, poison, flesh and honey for supporting his dependants. He would kill a sinless person in the battle field. He will be like a man going for l about begging afms with a skeleton on his head" "207. "He will become a slave to wine, women and dice, having succumbed to the lust and anger. May thieves take away the wealth accumulated by him! He will distribute wealth to undeserving persons and he will be averse to Dharma, clinging to unrighteousness. He is like the man who sleeps during both the sandhya hours 208. He who agreed to the noble one's going will be like a man who sets fire to the house and will do harm to his good friend. He will be committing the sin of a man who does not 99

perform the sraddha ceremony to his ancestors. He will fail in his duty and to the gods, to the manes and his father, mother. He will discard the services of his mother 209. He will be suffering from fever and will turn poor. He will be speaking evil of others and will not live peacefully with his wivesa. He will suffer constant affliction, burdened with many children. He will thwart the hopes of distressed supplicants 210. He will run after other men as wives, abandoning the spouse. He will prevent the honours proposed for a Brahmin. He is like a person who puts poison into the source of water supply 211. "He will be like a man who takes away all the milk of the cow, without giving anything to its calf. He is like a man who does not offer water to a thirsty animal when it comes to him for quenching its thirst. He will be like a person who does not speak impartially when two people are engaged in an argument". in a L Bharata thus assuring Kausalya fell down swooned 212. Kausalya understood Bharataas true devotion to Rama and she said, "You are a righteous person. You are able to make me take interest in life, as otherwise, I would have put an end to my life". "O Bharata, If you have an unshakeable hold on Dharma, you shall attain the worlds to which the good go". She embraced Bharata and blessed him and thinking in her mind that fate is all powerful²¹³. 213 100

DASARATHA'S OBSEQUIES At the bidding of the sage Vasista, Bharata lifted the body of the ed n king from th coil tub, placing the dead king in a palaquin and performed N obsequies to the dead king after placing the body in the pyre. The 2 priests intoned the mantras. He offered libation in the river Sarayu. Then Bharata entered the city along with everyone and passed ten days in mourning 214. After ten days were passed, when the prince was freed he from pollution, did the Sraddha ceremonies on the twelfth day. He gave L plenty of gifts to the Brahmins. He performed all the rituals without omiting a single item 215. S SATRUGNA BEMOAN DASARATHA'S LOSS Satrugna spoke to Bharata. He said, "Laksmana had not acted properly as he did not try to prevent the exile of Rama. The powerful Lakshmana should have controlled our father who transgressed his righteous path by the words of a woman and should have prevented Rama from this grief". He also pointed out that the great Rama had been forced into exile by a woman 216,2 . MANTARA DISGRACED He said, u Woman cause Then Satrugna saw Mantara. This wicked is the cuse for Rama's u living in the forest. He pounced upon her and would have pinished her 101

severely, had not Bharata intervened and saved Mantara's life 218. BHARATA REJECTS PEOPLE'S ADVICE People came to Bharata and requested him to crown himself as the king. But Bharata said, "I am going to bring back Rama and make him accept the kingdom. Let the army get ready for preparing the roads for Rama's return "219 THE ROADS MADE SAFE FOR TRAVEL Various work men ventured into action at Bharata's order. Some able carpenters cut down the trees. Another people with axes cleared e obstructions on the way. In waterless regions, they excavated many l excellent walls. Some planted trees for shadow. Some leveled the shallow places with sands. Servants decorated the enroutes upto Ganges from Ayodhya 220. When the bards approached him early in the morning, with their usual song in praise of Bharata, he objected to it. He refused to be addressed as the king. He pointed out to Satrugna, that the kingdom was suffering because of the absence of Rama. He called greatmen like Vasista to the assembly hall²²¹. The Gurus told Bharata, "Rule the kingdom which was given to you by your father who had gone to heaven, and by your brother who had gone to the forest. But Bharata refused to obey the words of Vasista and he said, "Both the 221 102

kingdom and myself belonged to Rama. I am going to bring back Rama from the forest". Thus he shouted in the assembly 222. BHARATA'S JOURNEY TO THE FOREST tu He got into the gem-shedded chariot and proceeded towards the forest. The ministers led him and he was followed by the Queens palanquins. Bharata came to river Ganga and stationed the army there, in order to perform the necessary rituals to please his dead father²²³. 223 MEETING WITH GUHA ci e The chief of hunters grew suspious on seeing the army camped on the bank of the Ganges. He told his kinsman to be ready on the banks of Ganges, along with the armed forces and asked them to guard the approach to the River. He met Bharata and received him with due respect 224. Bharata told Guha, "O Good friend ! By the expression of wish your mere wind to entertain all, we have been satisfied. Kindly show I the way to Bharadvaja asrama. Guha after knowing the intention of Bharata became very happy, and he praised Bharata thus, "Who else will give away a kingdom that has come to him voluntarily' 225. The king of Srngiberapura was overjoyed to hear what Bharata said and told him about the way in which Laksmana was guarding Rama during the night Bharata Idabout when Rama went to sleep. Thus Guha told about Laksmana's nobility. told/ 103

to Bhartata. He also told that how the two princes matted their locks, and clad in tree bark and crossed the Ganga with his help. Then he told him about the departure of Rama from this palace to the forest 226. On hearing Guha's words Bharata could not bear the separation of Rama and was feeling grieved. Guha told him all about how Rama and Lakshmana had spent their time in Srngiberapuram. Guha showed him the the place where Rama slept under Ingudi tree. He also told how Guha and Laksmana guarded Rama while he was sleeping 227. Having heard from A Saw the full account of Guha, Bharata went to the forest of Ingudi tree, where Rama had slept. He said, "Rama had suffered only because of me. I shall go and stay in the forest with my brother. Rama should come back to Ayodhya and rule the country". Thus Bharata prayed to the gods for his wish to come true 228. CROSSING THE GANGA Next morning Guha brought the boats and Bharata reached the other side of Ganga. He made the army to halt at convenient place and a A walked all the way to the Bharadwaja ashrama attended by the priests. That hermitage was surrounded by wonderful trees 229. 104

MEETING THE SAGE BHARADVAJA On seeing Bharata coming with great sage Vasista, Bharadvaja asked received them with great affection. Then the sage explained Bharata, on the purpose of his visit and knowing his pure mind, asked him to stay in his hermitage for the day. Bharata agreed to spend the night in his hermitage 230. GRAND FEAST OF BHARADVAJA 4 Sage Bharadvaja asked Bharata, "Where are your armies? You bring your forces also here. I am going to feed the army of yours. Then he made all arrangements for a grand feast. The sage went to his fire chamber and invoked Visvakarma to construct the houses. He called upon the gods for their protection. He also asked the rivers on earth th and in the air flow will date wine and also- nectar respectively. He summoned the Gandhrava ladies and celestial damsels 231. I call "\ upon Kubera to present a Nandavana where clothes and ornaments to are become leaves and celestial women for fruits. May the Lord Soma provide here an abundance of delicious food of various kinds, varieties u Mounced of flowers and different kinds of meata. When the sage thus prouncing E the words, facing east, the gods came to wait upon him one by one. Thus they all gave everything as described by the sage 232. A gentle 105

breeze blew fragrantly. The gods showered flowers from the sky. The sound of the kettle drums was heard. Gandharvas sang sweetly and the played Veena. The army of Bharata beheld the handiwork of A Visvakarma²33. The ground was covered by grass abundantly with the extent of five yojanas all around. On it grew bilya, wood apple, palm, amla and mango trees loaded with fruits. Kubera's Nandavana came there. The celestial rivers with many trees came there. There were stables for elephants and horses and beautiful white palaces occupied the place 234. There was a palace for the king embellished with flowers and perfumed with divine scents. It was beautifully decorated with garments, ornaments, splendid vessels. With the permission of the great sage Bharata entered the palace with all the ministers. He walked round the splendid throne, with umbrella and having worshipped it, sat on the ministeras seat 235. Bharata was surrounded by ministers and priests. Rivers flew with milk broth. Beautiful houses were on the banks of rivers. There appeared the celestial women sent by Brahma and Kubera. Gandharvas sang before Bharata 236. Celestial damsels danced at Bharadvaja's behest. The bel trees played on the Mrdanga and the peepals danced. The peetaka trees made the sound of Tala. Tilaka and palm trees transformed themselves into hunch__backs and dwarfs respectively. Jambu tree and Amla trees disguised themselves as 106

Said women 237. The women on seeing the people in Bharata's army told,' "You happily drink liquor, taste sweet and delicious food and the " They excellent flesh.foods applied scented oil to the soldiers and bathed them on the lovely river banks 238. , Women supplied various delicious food a to the soldiers to their hearts content. Men who took charge of horses and elephants, gave them proper food. The grooms did not know his own horses or elephants. Gratified with everything they said, "We shall go neither to Ayodhya nor to the Dandekas "239. No one was seen there who did not wear clean clothes, or hungry or dirty. There were pools of buttermilk, curds and sugar. They joyously decorated themselves with flower garlands. But towards morning the Deavas went back to their respective places 240. Bharata who spent the night comfortably by the ar lavish hospitality of Bhradwaja and paid his obeisance to the illustrious sage who showed the way of Ramans residence. He introduced to the sage his mothers. From the words of the sage Bharata knew the good intention of his mother. Then Bharata started from the hermitage to seek Rama along with his armies 241. He passed through many forests. He sent his soldiers in advance, to locate the place of Rama. When they came across a hermitage, where there smoke emanated from the cottage, they decided that Rama should be living there. Bharata immediately rushed to that place with his ministers and his Guru 107

Bhagavan Vasista 242 RAMA AND SITA ENJOYING THE FOREST LIFE There Bharata saw Rama sitting in a hermitage. Rama was spending his time with Sita at Chitrakuta. Rama had lost the kingdom. He had been deprived of the company of his friends. But in spite of all these, he was firm in his resolve to carry out the orders of his father. Rama showed the beautiful forests of Chitrakuta to Sita 243. Rama was speaking to Sita and making her feel happy. He was taking her to river was Mandakini to have bath and showing the sages to Sita. He was giving her flowers that had fallen from the trees and was decorating her with those flowers. By such kind and loving action Rama was able to forget all about the city 244. LAKSMANA'S ANGER 1 Rama heard the noise produced by the army and immediately asked Lakshmana to find out the source of the noise. Lakshmana got upon a tree nearby and shouted, "Oh Rama, Bharata is coming here to slay us. I am going to kill him. Get ready for a fight" 245. But Rama asked Lakshmana to get down and told him that Bharata was coming to meet him for a different purpose.Rama told and that there would be no need for a bow or a sword in Bharataas hand. He would give away whatever 108

his brother wanted. Rama admitted that his very life was, for the purpose of serving his brothers in every way. He was prepared to sacrifice anything for the sake of his brothers 246. Rama continued to tell Laksmana that he would give his brothers the entire world. He would not enjoy pleasure if his brothers were not also partaking of it. If there was such a pleasure that was available only to him and not to his brothers, he would rather burn that pleasure. He told Laksmana that Bharata should have come only to meet him 247. Rama further told Laksmana that Bharata would have been cursing his mother as soon as " he came to Ayodhya. He should have decided to give the Kingdom back n to me. Again Rama asked Laksmana to consider if at any time Bharata had caused displeasure to Laksmana. He added that if Bharata was abused he would not tolerate this 248. LAKSMANA'S ANGER SUBDUED Rama said, "If you wish for the Kingdom, I shall ask Bharata to give it to you. He would readily consent to my wish. How could sons kill their father or brother?". When Laksmana heard these words of Rama he became ashamed of his hasty remarks. He jumped down the tree and stood near Rama 249. Bharata came running towards that place. He did not ride a horse or elephant, but he came walking. He felt sad at the 109

miserable situation of Rama. All the same he was happy too to meet Rama. He could see smoke rising from Rama's cottage and cried out, "Here is Rama". But when he thought about the change of Rama's fortune, he swooned 250. Bharata requested his Guru to bring his mothers to Rama's cottage. He went proceeded with Satrugna. He saw faggots, flowers, dried cow dung cakes, and came to a conclusion that it was Rama's residence 251. MEETING WITH RAMA Bharata saw Rama who was shining brightly like the fire in the sacrificial altar, and also Laksmana, was feeling sad by their wearing matted hair and deer skin. He ran towards Rama crying, "Arya!" and fell at his feet. Rama lifted him and embraced him 252. Rama embraced him, seated him on his lap and talked to him affectionately. Then he broached upon the main issue, namely, the purpose of his visit to the forest. THE KACCHIT SARGA - RAMA QUESTIONS BHARATA You ^ Rama asked Bharata, "Why you had come to the forest leaving our father alone in the city? Is the king alive? Are you protecting the kingdom without any rival? Do you attend dutifully upon our father, the man of true valour?"254. Rama further asked, "Does the king perform 110

all important sacrifices like Rajasuya, Asvamedha? Do you treat with due respect and honour your chief priest? Are Kausalya and Sumitra well? Is the noble lady Kaikeyi happy? 255". "Have you appointed as ministers, who are resolute, well versed in polity, self controlled and tactful? I trust you do not allow yourself to be overpowered by sleep. Do you follow strictly the rules of good governance? O, the scion of Raghus, I hope you do not take counsel with one man alone or with too manya 256". "Oh, the wise Bharata, I trust nobody can guess or infer the result of your deliberations. Do your subjects come to know of your e plans only when they have been excuted or are in the process of A 0 execution? If a king relies on numerous unwise advisers, he will gain nothing by it" 257. "Do you entrust the most important work to the best of your servants, the less to those who rank next? Do the wise ministers prevent you from inflicting punishment to good people? Have you appointed, as the commander of your forces, a capable man who is contented, of outstanding prowess, spotless in character and of gentle birth? 258". "Do you pay the armed forces promptly, when they are due, according to their worth? Do you reward suitably your armed foreces, who are noted for their prowess? Do you have a good messenger who is ready to carry out your order? Hope you do not "Oh child! Do not attend on wicked disgrace the weak enemy 259' 111

people who are materialists. Do you guard against enemies, so as to justify its name, Ayodhya, which was ruled by our heroic ancestors? (for, it is the duty of the king to protect people by righteous means. Do the people live happily in that prosperous Kosala country, which our ancestors looked after so well?"260. "Do you make yourself agreeable to your woman folk? You should not share secrets with them nor trust them. Are your elephant reserves well guarded? Do you make the people see you every day? 261". "I trust you are neither too familiar with your servants, nor avoiding contacts with them altogether. Are all your defences kept well supplied with money, and corn, weapons and water, engines of war, artisans and bowmen? Is your revenue abundant and your expenditure less than the income?"262. O, Scion of the Raghus 'I trust your money is not wasted on the unworthy. Do you spend on the worship of the gods, the propitiation of the manes, on Brahmins and invited guests, on the military force, and support of your friends? If a man of gentle birth, happens to be charged by theft, I hope he is not punished, nor is a thief who has been apprehended having been caught, let off freely" 263. "Are your ministers receiving bribes? Are they doing work honestly? Do the poor people who are punished for no and fault of them, destroy the sons and cattle, wealth of the ruler? Do you make the physicians happy?"264. The granter of all menas wishes! Do i 112

you make your obeisance to respected seniors, to ascetics, to the gods, and to Brahmins? I trust you do not seek material gains detrimental to Dharma, Artha and Kama. Do Brahmins well versed in the sastras, pray for your welfare? Do you avoid anger which is the great fault of a king?265. "The Vedas you have studied, the objects you have enjoyed, 4 the gifts you have given, the wives you have wedded, and the knowledge you have acquired been of service to you? Do you tread upon the same wise path that our father and forefathers, have trod on? 266". Having heard Rama's words, Bharata was feeling sad and replied, "What is the use of this science of policy, when I am not a the king? When there is an elder brother, younger shall not become king. Return to Ayodhya, for the greater glory of our race". Bharata thus requested Rama to come to Ayodhya and accept the kingship, which is described as god like²67. DASARATHA'S DEATH CONVEYED a "O Brother! When I was in the kekeya country and you had gone to the forest, the noble king went to heaven. Get up, and offer water libations to our father. We two have done it already. You are the most favoured son of Dasaratha. Wisemen say that what is offered by one who is greatly loved, becomes inexhaustible in the world of the 113

manes 268 OFFERING LIBATION Rama was shocked to hear of the demise of his father. He fainted. After some time, he went to River Ganga along with Sita and Laksmana. He wept aloud. He performed the tarpana and all other rituals. The kind of pinda that Rama offered was Inguda and Badari to his departed father 269. The Queens of Dasaratha were led by Guru Vasista Bhagavan towards Rama. On the way they saw the remains of the oblations offered by Rama to Dasaratha and other manes. They proceeded towards the hermitage and met Laksmana and Sita. They also saw Rama. All were watching Bharata, because every thing depended upon Bharataas action 270. CONVERSATION BETWEEN RAMA AND BHARATA you Rama asked Bharata, "Why you have come here, clad in tree bark and and deer skin, and wearing your hair matted? Why do you come to this place leaving the kingdom?" When Rama repeatedly questioned him, Bharata spoke to him with folded hands, "Noble sir, our father has gone to heaven. My mother should be tormented by grief for a long time. I request you to fulfill my desire 271. Bharata requested " Rama to accept the Kingship of Ayodhya, because all the people wished 114

for it. But Rama did not accept Bharata's offer. Rama spoke at length, "I cannot find any fault in you. You should not blame your mother. Father has got absolute rights to give pleasure and pain to his sons 272. as The regard to mother is the same the regard to father. How could I act otherwise when bidden by my father and mother, Go to the forest". I would consider that as my supreme good, not even the paramount lordship of all the three worlds "273. "I have consoled my mother. I give the kingdom back to you. I am not capable of ruling over such a great 11 kingdom When Bharata pleaded thus, Rama the man of intellect consoled him 274. RAMA REFUTES BHARATA "O Bharata, No man can do just as he likes. We are not independent. Destiny drags him hither and thither. Bewail your fate. Time will not wait. You enjoy pleasure, before you attain old age" are ed 275 As the floating woods in a sea is joining together by the wafting of wind, the bondage of human beings are made by god. None can overcome the power of god. So you need not feel sad about Dasaratha who had attained "Brahmapada" like his ancestors. You carry out the orders of Dasaratha like me²76. 115

BHARATA BEGGING RAMA Bharata replied, "O Brother! Where can one find another man like you in this world? Grief cannot upset you, neither can joy make u you exultD. He stressed that tama was unperturbed in both pleasure and 4 pain. Oh the sinless one! I cannot bear your miseries. When I was away this ren 1 my mother did for my benefit. But I don t approve of her wish. Oh Lord! Be merciful to me "277. "I am constrained by the bonds of Dharma. That is the reason I could not punish my mother who deserves to be punished and blame our father. At the time of death, our father has transgressed the righteous path (Dharma). You should redress the wrong done by our father. By ruling the kingdom, wipe off the worldas censure of my mother and save our honoured father from blame "278. "O best of men! I beseech you with bowed head. Have compassion for me. But if you are bent upon going to the forest from here, I too shall go with you. All the people were very happy on learning of Bharata's sincerity. They were happy that Bharata was such a devoted brother. They also admired Rama for his stead fast, adherence to his father's orders. The people thus encountered joy and misery simultaneously 279. Rama replied in the midst of his kinsmen, "Long ago, when our father married your mother, he assured your grandfather and had promised the kingdom to the son born to Kaikeyi. And in the wars between the " 116

gods and Asuras, the king granted the boons to your mother, who was b pleased with her services. By conferring the rulership of the kingdom 2 upon you and sending me into exile. I have resolved to uphold fatheras , vows. You too likewise uphold your fatheras reputation. Therefore you must go back along with your brother and rule the kingdom and relieve 11 our father from his debt 280. RATIONALIST VIEW OF JABALI As Rama was thus consoling Bharata, Jabali, the great Brahmin, the who knew Dharma said to him these words, contrary to accepted Dharma. "Oh Rama! The man who clings to father and mother must be an regarded as insane person. Just as a man coming to a village, stops ren somewhere for rest and leaves the place, a manas father, mother and house are mere resting places. Good men do not cling to these "281. "Oh Rama! obtain the kingdom and enjoy pleasure. What benefit does your father get by your terrible exile? By performing Sraddha for the manes, men waste food. Does the dead man actually eat the food?""282 RAMA'S RAGE Rama was very angry with Jabali and said, "Though you have much affection towards me, your words are totally censurable. No one would accept your views. I will be looked down by all the good people 117

of the world, if I agree to your words. The man who transgresses the 11 " norms of Dhrama, is not honoured by good men 283. "If I follow your preachings, how shall I reach heaven? All will follow me. As the kings do, so do their subjects. The world is anchored in truth. Why should I fail in my duty to implement my fatheras promise?" 284. There is no sin equal to falsehood in this world. Great people enjoyed innumerable pleasures by their good deeds. I blame my fatheras action in having accepted you as his minister. When Rama thus spoke in anger, Jabali said to him, "Only to plead with you to return, I spoke this Carvaka philosophy"285 H VASISTAS CONSOLATION h L Seeing that Rama was angry, Vasista told him, "The minister Jabali who was Virtuous, resorted to Carvaka philosophy only to bring you back to Ayodhya. O king, Among the Iksvakus, it has always been the rule that the first born becomes king. You should not violate the age I long tradition of your family. You must rule like your own father 3/4. Thus the preceptor Vasista consoled Rama"?286 L RAMA'S REFUSAL The preceptor Vasista, Kausalya and Bharata could not succeed in making Rama accept the kingdom. Rama said that he will first fulfill 118

the order of his father and then he will satisfy their desire. After returning from the forest, I shall become the ruler of the kingdom. He a also said that Ksatriya need not torture his body by means of fasting 287. to By this time the great sages, gods, Siddhas, other celestial beings 1 mingled with the crowd. They were very eager that Rama should stay in the forest, because he would put an end to evil demons like Ravana. e They told Bharata to go back to Ayodhya. Therby, they both could free ren Dasaratha from debt 288. "Oh Rama! Accede to my prayer. I shall not be able to protect this huge kingdom. For, our relations and well wishers 4 want you alone as their king. Accept the kingdom. Thus Bharata requested Rama again and again. Taking his brother on his lap, Rama said to him, "You are quite capable of ruling the kingdom. There are able ministers and Gurus. So attend to state matters yourself. I must be allowed to carry out the work assigned to me by my father"289. RECEIVING SANDALS Rama ordered Bharata, "Be respectful towards your mother Kaikeyi. You should not scold her". Then Rama produced his gold-embossed sandals which shall provide for the welfare of all the worlds and gave them to Bharata and blessed him who inturn saluted.him. 1 After receiving the padukas, Bharata made a request to Rama 290 119

BHARATA'S VOW 66 I shall be waiting and staying away from the kingdom for fourteen years, by wearing deer skin and matted hair. The kingdom will be ruled by your padukas. If you do not return at the completion of 29!! fourteen years, I will enter the fire and kill myself 291 BHARATA'S RETURN Rama agreed to Bharata's request and said, "Take care of your mother Kaikeyi". Then Bharata placed the padukas on the head of an elephant and started towards Ayodhya. Rama bid farewell to Bharata and the people. He returned to his hermitage along with Laksmana 292. Bharata met the great Sage Bharadvaja on his way to Ayodhya. The sage said, "O Bharata! You are a noble person. Like water in a depression, you are the foremost among people of noble conduct and character. He also met Guha. The other returned to Ayodhya 293. " 0 Travelling in his chariot which m/ved with a deep and pleasing sound, Bharata entered Ayodhya. It had lost its glory. Owls and cats had begun Were to wander about the city freely. But men and women are not seen. The d was beauty of this city has departed because Rama is away. Bharata returned to his father's palace 294. 120

NANDIGRAMA Leaving his Mothers in Ayodhya, Bharata told his elders, "I shall go to Nandigrama. Bereaved of Rama, I shall live there with my grief. I shall live in Nandigrama, looking forward to Rama's taking over of the kingdom 295. These gold-embossed sandals are the guardians of its welfare. Then holding the sandals on my head, staying in Nandigrama, I shall guard it till Rama's return from the forest. There upon, I shall quickly join the sandals to Raghava's feet'' 296. Having said thus, Bharata reached Nandigrama along with his ministers. On an auspicious day, he the placed the sandals on the throne and made the people hold umbrella he over it. Thus ruling over the state and reported the state business to the sandals and then did what was fitting 297. MEETING THE SAGES 0 Rama, on his part, saw the great sages in the forest. He was worried whether the sages were disturbed of their peaceful penance by the arrival of Bharata and his large enturage. Rama met the kulapathi of the sages and spoke to him in confidence 298. Then Rama learnt from the kulapathy that the wicked demons Khara, Dusana and others were creating a lot of trouble in that area, probably upset by the arrival of Rama to Chitrakuta 299. The demons took frightful forms and threw 121

water and dust on the sacrificial fires. They broke the vessels. Therefore the sages could not stay there in peace. They thought of going to some other place 300. REACHING ATRI'S HERMITAGE Rama, further, did not like to stay there because that place reminded him of Bharata. So Rama left the place and reached Atri's hermitage 301. Rama was very happy to meet the great Sage Atri. Atri's wife was the chaste Anasuya. She was a very great lady revered by all the worlds. Rama sent Sita to meet Anasuya and get her blessings. Sita paid her respects to Anasuya³02. ANASUYA PRAISES SITA'S FIDELITY Anasuya praised Sita for her rigid observance of the rules of pativratyam. She was happy that Sita accompanied Rama even when he had no kingdom. She was all praise for Sita's conduct 303. She said, "O Sita You are indeed sinless and blessed" 303. Sita spoke to Anasuya ! and told her of her mother-in-law's advice to her. She said that Anasuya had reminded her of all such advice which her mother had given her at the time of marriage. She also said that a wise woman would not abandon her virtuous husband 304. Anasuya was delighted her with what Sita said and wished to give the power of austerities. When 122

Sita said that Anasuya has done it already, then Anasuya kissed her on her crown, gave Sita beautiful clothes and ornaments and adorned her with these things 305. Receiving that gift of affection, splendid flowers, jewels, cosmetics, the virtuous Sita told Anasuya, "King Janaka had found her as an infant while ploughing the field for performing a sacrifice 306. Janaka was astonished on seeing me covered with dust. Being childless he took me on his lap. He was instructed by a divine voice to take the child with him and treat her as his own daughter. Janaka did accordingly. As I grew into a beautiful young girl, Janaka's concern for me also grew 307. Janaka arranged for my Svayamvara. He told all the princes who had assembled there that the bow that had been given to him by Lord Varuna would be the stake for gaining me 308. No princes in the world had the capacity to lift the bow. Janaka got off. tel frustrated in his attempt to marry off me. But at last Rama and Laksmana came there along with Visvamitra. Rama bent the bow, which broke into two 309. Rama did not consent to marry me even though it was so suggested by Janaka, because, Rama wanted to get the permission of Dasaratha for the marriage. Janaka arranged for the visit of Dasaratha and the others to Mithila. Dasaratha gave his consent. It was also decided to offer my sister Urmila in marriage to Laksmana ³10". Anasuya was very happy to listen to Sita's account of 123

her marriage. Anasuya embraced Sita and blessed her. She sent Sita to Rama's place with all these ornaments and holy things³11. Rama spent a day at the hermitage of Atri. The next day he left the hermitage and proceeded southwards towards Dandakaranya. On the way he met many sages, who told him about the mischievous deeds of the demons. Rama promised them that he would bring to an end to all the troubles created by the demons³12. This Ayodhya kanda which is capable of b bestowing gifts to dump persons, which is capable of bestowing the gift of speech which is so sweet comparable to the nectar, flowing speedily like the river, which is liked by the celestials, when read by one, he will enable him 313 attain fame,getting rid of the infamy like Bharata³¹³. In a couplet, he mentions his mother's name as Janaki and his father's name as Subrahmanya. Thus he completes the Ayodhya Kanda³14. 124