Rig Veda (translation and commentary)

by H. H. Wilson | 1866 | 1,999,864 words | ISBN-10: 8171101380 | ISBN-13: 9788171101382

The Rig-Veda, English translation, including the commentary of Sayana and grammatical analysis. The hyms of the Rigveda Samhita represents some of the oldest and complex of Hindu Sanskrit literature. In ten books, these mantras form the core essence of rituals and ceremonies once widely performed throughout ancient India. This edition contains the...

Disclaimer: These are translations of Sanskrit texts and are not necessarily approved by everyone associated with the traditions connected to these texts. Consult the source and original scripture in case of doubt.

Rig Veda 3.31.1

Sanskrit text [Accents, Plain, Transliterated]:

शास॒द्वह्नि॑र्दुहि॒तुर्न॒प्त्यं॑ गाद्वि॒द्वाँ ऋ॒तस्य॒ दीधि॑तिं सप॒र्यन् । पि॒ता यत्र॑ दुहि॒तुः सेक॑मृ॒ञ्जन्त्सं श॒ग्म्ये॑न॒ मन॑सा दध॒न्वे ॥
शासद्वह्निर्दुहितुर्नप्त्यं गाद्विद्वाँ ऋतस्य दीधितिं सपर्यन् । पिता यत्र दुहितुः सेकमृञ्जन्त्सं शग्म्येन मनसा दधन्वे ॥
śāsad vahnir duhitur naptyaṃ gād vidvām̐ ṛtasya dīdhitiṃ saparyan | pitā yatra duhituḥ sekam ṛñjan saṃ śagmyena manasā dadhanve ||

English translation:

“The sonless father, regulating (the contract), refers to his grandson, (the son) of his daughter, and relying on the efficiency of the rite, honours (his son-in-law) with valuable gifts; the father, trusting to the impregnation of the daughter, supports himself with a tranquil mind.”

Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya

The sonless father: śāsadvahniḥ; the latter is said to be the father of a daughter only, not of a son, because he conveys away (vahati, prāpayati) his property through his married daughter into another family; śāsad, śāsti, he stipulates, that this daughter's son, his grandson, duhitur naptyam, shall be his son, a mode of affiliation recognized by law; and relying on an heir thus obtained, and one who can perform his funeral rites, he is satisfied

Details:

Ṛṣi (sage/seer): gāthino viśvāmitraḥ, aiṣīrathīḥ kuśiko vā [gāthina viśvāmitra, aiṣīrathīḥ kuśika vā];
Devatā (deity/subject-matter): indra:;
Chandas (meter): virāṭpaṅkti ;
Svara (tone/note): Swar;

Padapatha [Accents, Plain, Transliterated]:

शास॑त् । वह्निः॑ । दु॒हि॒तुः । न॒प्त्य॑म् । गा॒त् । वि॒द्वान् । ऋ॒तस्य॑ । दीधि॑तिम् । स॒प॒र्यन् । पि॒ता । यत्र॑ । दु॒हि॒तुः । सेक॑म् । ऋ॒ञ्जन् । सम् । श॒ग्म्ये॑न । मन॑सा । द॒ध॒न्वे ॥
शासत् । वह्निः । दुहितुः । नप्त्यम् । गात् । विद्वान् । ऋतस्य । दीधितिम् । सपर्यन् । पिता । यत्र । दुहितुः । सेकम् । ऋञ्जन् । सम् । शग्म्येन । मनसा । दधन्वे ॥
śāsat | vahniḥ | duhituḥ | naptyam | gāt | vidvān | ṛtasya | dīdhitim | saparyan | pitā | yatra | duhituḥ | sekam | ṛñjan | sam | śagmyena | manasā | dadhanve

Multi-layer Annotation of the Ṛgveda

[Rigveda 3.31.1 English analysis of grammar]

śāsad < śāsat < śās

[verb noun], nominative, singular

“teach; govern; command; order; control; tell; recommend; chastize; instruct.”

vahnir < vahniḥ < vahni

[noun], nominative, singular, masculine

“fire; digestion; Plumbago zeylanica; Agni; vahni; draft horse; three; sacrificial fire; Vahni; gold; southeast; citron; charioteer; leader.”

duhitur < duhituḥ < duhitṛ

[noun], genitive, singular, feminine

“daughter; duhitṛ [word].”

naptyaṃ < naptyam < naptī

[noun], accusative, singular, feminine

“daughter; granddaughter.”

gād < gāt <

[verb], singular, Aorist inj. (proh.)

“go; enter (a state); arrive.”

vidvāṃ < vid

[verb noun], nominative, singular

“know; diagnose; perceive; know; accord; notice; deem; mind; learn; specify; watch; recognize; detect; call.”

ṛtasya < ṛta

[noun], genitive, singular, neuter

“truth; order; fixed order; ṛta [word]; law; custom; custom.”

dīdhitiṃ < dīdhitim < dīdhiti

[noun], accusative, singular, feminine

“beam.”

saparyan < sapary

[verb noun], nominative, singular

“worship.”

pitā < pitṛ

[noun], nominative, singular, masculine

“father; Pitṛ; ancestor; parent; paternal ancestor; pitṛ [word]; forefather.”

yatra

[adverb]

“wherein; once [when].”

duhituḥ < duhitṛ

[noun], genitive, singular, feminine

“daughter; duhitṛ [word].”

sekam < seka

[noun], accusative, singular, masculine

“sprinkle; affusion.”

ṛñjan < ṛj

[verb noun], nominative, singular

saṃ < sam

[adverb]

“sam; together; together; saṃ.”

śagmyena < śagmya

[noun], instrumental, singular, neuter

manasā < manas

[noun], instrumental, singular, neuter

“mind; Manas; purpose; idea; attention; heart; decision; manas [word]; manas [indecl.]; spirit; temper; intelligence.”

dadhanve < dhanv

[verb], singular, Perfect indicative

“run.”

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