Verse 8.3

Medhātithi Manubhāṣya

pūrveṇārdhena nirṇayahetavaḥ kathyante | uttareṇa vivādapadasaṃkhyānirdeśaḥ | “paśyet” iti pūrvaślokād anuṣajyate, “kāryāṇi” iti ca | pratyahaṃ paśyet kāryāṇi pratidivasagamane vyavahāranirṇayaḥ kartavyaḥ | hetubhir iti | hetur nirṇayasādhanam | sa ca dvividhaḥ | pramāṇarūpo vyavasthārūpaś ca | tatra pramāṇarūpo'rthanirṇayahetuḥ sākṣyādiḥ | vyavasthārūpo yato'satye vārthaniścaye vyavahāraḥ saṃtiṣṭhate | yathā satyaśapatha ubhayānumata ekaḥ sākṣī yady arthipratyarthibhyām abhyupagatapramāṇabhāvaḥ sabhyair aparīkṣito'pi nirṇayahetutāṃ pratipadyate | na tv aparīkṣitasya puṃso vacanād asaty āptatvavedane'rthaniścayaḥ | prāśnikānām abhyupagame'pi vyavasthā hetur bhavati |

• sā ca vyavasthā dvividhā—sādhāraṇy asādhāraṇī ca | deśabhedāśrayabhedāt sāpi dvividhā—aviruddhā viruddhā ca | aviruddhā — yathā keṣāṃcid dākṣiṇātyānām aputrā strī bhartary uparate sabhāsthāṇum upārohati, tam upārūḍhā adhikṛtair parīkṣitā kṛtalakṣaṇā tatkṣaṇāntaraṃ sapiṇḍeṣu ṛkthaṃ labhate | tathodīcāṃ labhyamānāṃ kanyāṃ yācamānāya bhojanaṃ yadi dīyate, tata “iyaṃ tubhyaṃ dattā” ity anukte'pi pratiśrutā bhavati | viruddhā ca — kvacid deśe vasante dhānyaṃ yujyate śaradi dviguṇaṃ pratyādīyate | tathānujñātabhoga ādhir dviguṇe'pi tadutthadhane praviṣṭa ā mūlahiraṇyadānād bhujyata eva | eṣā hi “aśītibhāgaṃ gṛhṇīyāt” (Manusmṛti or Mānava-dharmaśāstra 8.140) “kusīdavṛddhir dvaiguṇyaṃ nātyeti” (Manusmṛti or Mānava-dharmaśāstra 8.151) iti viruddhā |

• tatra bhedāśrayā deśadṛṣṭahetuśabdenābhihitāḥ | śāstradṛṣṭās tu hetavaḥ śāstre paṭhitāḥ | te ca kecana śāstrakāraiḥ kalpitavyavasthāḥ, kecid yathāvastvavasthitā anūditāḥ | tatra kalpitavyavasthā yathā—lekhyaṃ, yathopabhogaḥ, sākṣiṇaś ca | anumānaṃ tu vastuniyataṃ “yathā nayaty asṛkpātair mṛgasya mṛgayuḥ padam” (Manusmṛti or Mānava-dharmaśāstra 8.44) iti | yady api sarvaṃ laukikaṃ na śāstrakāravacanāt prāmāṇyaṃ labhate, tathāpi laukikam eva, tasmin kvacic chāstram āśrayitavyam | yā ca yadīdṛśe cāparādha idaṃ divyaṃ iyatā ca kālena bhogaḥ pramāṇam iti, laukikam api tac chāstradṛṣṭam ity uktam | tasyāṃ ca vyavasthāyāṃ śāstrakārāṇāṃ mūle saṃbhavati sā pramāṇam | yā tv asaṃbhavatanmūlā sā nādaraṇīyā | yathā lekhyakarmapāṭhaḥ-

• ubhayābhyarthitenaivaṃ mayā hy amukasūnunā |

• likhitaṃ hy amukenaiva lekhakas tattvato likhet || iti | (ydh 2.91 )

yasyādāv eva lekhakaḥ svanāma niveśayed “idaṃ nāmāham amuṣyaputro likhāmīdam” iti, na kaścid doṣaḥ syat | sa hy evamarthaṃ nāma niveśayati “anenedaṃ likhitam” iti lekhaka upalakṣito yathā syād | yadi hy asau lekhakaḥ pramāṇāntareṇa pratyayito bhavati tatas tallikhitaṃ pramāṇam | yadi cāsāv ātmānaṃ svagotranāmnā nopalakṣayet, tataḥ kasya pratyayitatā pramāṇāntarād anviṣyatām | atha tu lekhyāntaradarśanenānyena vā hetunā viśiṣṭalekhaka iti pratyabhijñānaṃ syād anupalakṣito'pi na kaścid doṣaḥ | tatra yadi lekhako na likhet “mayedaṃ likhitam” iti, bhaved eva tādṛśaṃ lekhyaṃ paripūrṇalakṣaṇam | eṣā ca lekhakaparīkṣā tatropayujyate | atra lekhakasya sākṣitvāntarbhāvo'nyeṣāṃ sākṣiṇām alpatvāt | yatra tv anye bahavaḥ pratyayitāḥ sākṣiṇaḥ svahastārūḍhāḥ santi tatra lekhakasaṃbandhinī pratyayitatā nopayujyate | tatheyam aparā vyavasthā |

• likhitaṃ likhitenaiva sākṣimac caiva sākṣibhiḥ |

• sākṣibhyo likhitaṃ śreyo likhitena tu sākṣiṇaḥ || (Nārada Smṛti 1.125)

nāsyām api vyavasthāyāṃ kiṃcin nibandhanam asti | tathā hi dvividhaṃ lekhyam—svahastakṛtaṃ parahastakṛtaṃ ca | parahastakṛtam api dvividham—svahastalekhakalikhitam adhikṛtalekhakalikhitam | tad etat parahastakṛtaṃ sarvaprakāraṃ sākṣyātmakam eva, tatra “sākṣibhyo likhitam” iti bhedānupapatteḥ | idaṃ hi tasya lakṣaṇam-

• sākṣiṇaḥ svasvahastena pitṛnāmādipūrvakam |

• tatrāham amukaḥ sākṣī likheyur iti te samam || (ydh 2.89) iti |

nāpy ekahastalikhitasya prāmāṇyam iṣyate, yathaikasya sākṣitve | athāyaṃ bhedahetuḥ sākṣiṇo hastārūḍhās ta eva lekhyam iti, nānena viśeṣeṇa śreyastvaṃ bhavati | pratyayitatā hi śreyastve hetuḥ | sā cobhayatrāpi parīkṣyā | tasmād īdṛśe lekhye sākṣidvaidhyanyāyaḥ—“bahutvaṃ parigṛhṇīyāt” (Manusmṛti or Mānava-dharmaśāstra 8.73) iti | adhikṛtatvam api na viśeṣaḥ | parīkṣito'dhikriyata ity etat tatrādhikyam | na ca sarve rājādhikṛtāḥ suparīkṣitā bhavanti | yadi tu nirupadhis tādṛsaś ced atyantaguṇayogāt syād upeyād evāsau eka eva saṃvādakatvam | tathā hi rājāgrahāraśāsanāny ekakāyasthahastalikhitāny eva pramāṇībhavanti | dātuḥ svāhastakyaṃ svayam abhyupagamaḥ “iyad asmān mayā gṛhītam itdaṃ cāsmai dātavyam” iti | tatra yadi paścāt brūte “na gṛhītam” iti tadā pūrvanibaddhaṃ bruvāṇair jīyate | tatra sākṣiṇām avasara eva nāsti |

• nanu ca yadīyāl lekhyād abhyupagatam etad anenety avagamyate, uttarakālaṃ ca sa evāha “na gṛhītam” iti, tatrobhayor abhyupagamayoḥ kena hetunā pūrveṇottaro bādhyeta na punar uttareṇa pūrvaḥ | tulyatvād viruddhatvasaṃśayaḥ | tataś ca pramāṇāntaravyāpāraṇam eva yuktam |

• bhaved evaṃ yadi tulyatā syāt | “na gṛhītam” iti hy abhyupagamo lobhādināpi saṃbhavati | na tv agṛhītvānunmatto “gṛhītam” iti brūyāt | tatrāpi yadi brūyāt “pratidattam” iti, lekhyaṃ tu na saṃpāditam, asaṃnidhānāt pratilekhyaṃ ca na gṛhītaṃ lekhakāsaṃnidhānāt kāryāntare'tipātini tvarāvatvān nātrāsty eva pramāṇāntarasya sākṣyāder avasaraḥ |

• yad api “likhitaṃ likhitena” iti naiṣā paribhāṣā vastusāmarthyāyātām avagatiṃ bādhituṃ śaknoti | dṛśyante hi dhanikahastagatalekhyaṃ krameṇa saṃśodhayanto na ca pṛṣṭhe saṃśodhitaṃ dhanam abhilikhanti—“adya tāvad idaṃ dattam, prātar anyad ānīyaikīkṛtyopary āropayiṣyāmi, sarvaṃ vā katipayair ahobhiḥ saṃśodhya lekhyaṃ pāṭayiṣyāmi” iti | nānyavastuto saṃbandhaḥ | dhanikena coparuddhasyāsaṃbhavaty aṃśamūlalābhadhane saṃśuddhibhāgamātre dīyamāne kuta ayaṃ tat prabhavati “na dadāti yāvat pratilekhyaṃ na dattam” iti | yadi caiṣā paribhāṣā “likhitaṃ likhitenaiva” iti tadā balopadhikṛtatvaṃ kathaṃ vicāryatām | na hi tatra lekhyāntarasaṃbhavaḥ | tena yathātra saty eva lekhye tanniścayārthaṃ pramāṇāntaraṃ vyāpāryate tadvad anyatrāpi vyāpāraṇīyam | yathā kaścid āvedayet—“asya prayayaṃ gatvā lekhyaṃ mayā kṛtam anenoktaḥ sadyaḥ puṇyāhakāraṇam imāṃ ca dhanamātrāṃ gṛhāṇa, śvas te sarvaṃ dātāsmīty uktvā saiva dhanamātrā dattā pariśiṣṭaṃ na dattam” iti, tadāsty eva sādhakāntaravyāpāraṇāvasaraḥ | tatra yady adhamarṇasyāsmin prakāre sākṣiṇaḥ santi tadābhihite lekhya ābhāsīkṛte śvodānam uttamarṇena sādhanīyam | atha tayor api rahasi paribhāṣeyam abhūt tadā daivyāḥ kriyāyā avasaraḥ | atha tu tasyām api vyabhicaritvād anāśvāsaḥ satyaśapathena vyavasthā kāryā |

• nanu evaṃ sati svahastalekhyaṃ pramāṇāntarasaṃvedasāpekṣatvād apramāṇam eva | tatra “vināpi sākṣibhiḥ sidhyet” (ydh 2.92) “svahastaparicihnitam” (ydh 2.96) iti virodhaḥ | anenaiva nyāyena pratyakṣaṃ dīyamānaṃ dravyaṃ na paśyati | kevalaṃ tatsamakṣaṃ gṛhītvā paribhāṣyate “iyad idam asmān mayā gṛhītam” iti | te'pi sākṣiṇaḥ syuḥ | tatrāpi śakyate vaktum “asya pratyayaṃ gatvā prapanno'ham” iti |

• uktam atra na smṛtivirodhād vastusthitir āhantuṃ śakyate | api ca yatrāsya vacanasyāvasaro nāsti tatra pramāṇaṃ bhaviṣyati | kvacin nāsti | yatra cirakālaṃ tiṣṭhati dhanikahaste lekhyaṃ yadi hi tena dhanaṃ dattam, tadā katham anena vā nāma na mārgitaṃ lekhyaṃ na tyājitam iti | na hi cirakālam upekṣā vastunīdṛśe saṃbhavati | mithyāvāditā tv asyānumīyate | tathā coktam-

• sadyas tryahād vā kāryeṣu balaṃ rājño nivedayet | iti |

yatra vā bhogyabandho na ca bhoga āmnāto'pahārakālas tatra vipratipattau vināpi sākṣibhiḥ svahastalekhyaṃ na hy adhamarṇā vaktuṃ labhante “prītyā tvayaitad uktaṃ saṃprati tyaja” iti | na ca pūrvoktasya vacanasyāvasaraḥ | kṛtaṃ lekhyaṃ tato dāsyāmīty uktvā na dattam iti | yadi na dattaṃ kathaṃ bandhabhogo marṣitaḥ |

• nanu caivaṃ sati lekhyasahāyo bhogaḥ pramāṇaṃ syāt | kevalasya tu bhogasya prāmāṇyam āmananti | “likhitaṃ sākṣiṇo bhuktiḥ” (Nārada Smṛti 1.65) iti |

• kim idaṃ pratyuktaṃ paryanuyujyāmahe | viśiṣṭakālo bhogaḥ pramāṇaṃ na bhogamātram | evaṃ hi paṭhyate “yat kiṃcid daśavarṣāṇi” (Manusmṛti or Mānava-dharmaśāstra 8.147), tathā “paśyato'bruvato bhūmer hānir viṃśativārṣikī” (ydh 2.24) iti |

• kas tarhy asyārtho “likhitaṃ likhitenaiva” (Nārada Smṛti 1.125) iti |

• vyākhyātam anyaiḥ | kartṛviśeṣasaṃśaye'nenaital likhitaṃ na veti, likhitena niścitatatkartṛkeṇa niścīyate | yat tu sākṣisamakṣaṃ tatra kṛtākṛtasaṃdehaṃ sākṣibhir harati | ta eva tatra pramāṇam | na tatra tatkṛtalekhyāntaradarśanam upayujyate | buddhipūrveṣu ca ṛṇādānādiṣu kevalebhyaḥ sākṣibhyo likhitaṃ śreyaḥ | sākṣiṇo hi vismareyur anyatareṇa vā saṃbandhaṃ gaccheyur anyad vā pātakasyāsākṣitve hetum āsādayeyuḥ | lekhyaṃ tv abhiyogavata ātmādhīnatayā surakṣam iti sākṣibhyaḥ śreyastvaṃ tasya | etad evāha “likhitena tu sākṣiṇaḥ” (Nārada Smṛti 1.125) iti | svahastapratiṣṭhena vismṛtam apy arthaṃ vṛttam iti manyate | mṛtā vā sākṣiṇas taddhastapratyabhijñānena pramāṇībhavanti |

vyākhyānāntarāṇi bhartṛyajñenaiva samyak kṛtānīti tata evāvagantavyāni sarvathā pramāṇamūlāni | smṛtikāraṇavyavasthānuvartitavyeti | na ca smṛter eva pramāṇakalpanā yuktā | na hi vyavahārasmṛtir vedamūlā śakyate vaktum, siddhārtharūpatvāt pratyakṣādyavagamyatvāj jayaparājayaprakārāṇām | siddho hy ayam arthaḥ | evaṃ vyavahāre jīyata itaraḥ, itaro jayatīti | yad apy atra liṅgaśrutiḥ sāpi “harītakīṃ bhakṣayed ārogyakāmaḥ” itivad avaseyā | īdṛśeṣu vidhisvarūpeṣu pratyayeṣu dravyaśuddheḥ prasaṅgenārtho vivecita iti na punaḥ prayatāmahe |
aṣṭādaśasu mārgeṣu | mārgo viṣayo vivādasya | etān arthān uddiśya puruṣāḥ prāyeṇa vivadante | nibaddhāni kāryāṇi prayojanāny arthasiddhaya iti yāvat | tāny uttaratra darśayiṣyāmaḥ | pṛthak pṛthak, prādānyam eteṣām āha | etāni prayekaṃ prayojanāni na punaḥ parasparam antarbhavanti | yathānyāny anuṣaṅgādiṣv antarbhavanti | naivam etāni | anuṣaktāni tu sahasraśaḥ santi || 8.3 ||