Astanga Sangraha, Kalpasthana IV: Translation and Notes

[By Kenneth Gregory Zysk]

1 2 3-4 5 6-7 8-11 Thus [begins] the fourth chapter Henceforth we shall expound [the chapter called] enema-preparations. Thus indeed declared the great sages beginning with Atreya. One should boil in water [the following drugs] until there is a residue of one-fourth [the original quantity]: one pala each of bala, guduci, triphala, rasna, and the two pancamulas; [seeds of] eight [madana] fruits; and a half-tula of goat-meat. [That decoction should be] filtered and combined with the paste of yavani, [madana] fruit, bilva, kustha, vaca, satahva, ghana, and pippali, with treacle, honey and clarified butter, and finally adding oil. Mixed with rock-salt and gently warmed, this enema especially destroys all diseases, benefits the healthy, and provides life and nourishment. Whenever an enema[-recipe] omits paste, only that given here should be employed in every case. A decoction of the two pancamula drugs combined with goat's milk, mixed with fermented rice-water, with the addition of the paste of the previously [mentioned drugs beginning with yavani], and mixed with three [of the four] oily substances, is the best corrective enema (niruha), said to destroy all wind-disorders. One prastha-quantity of a well-cooked decoction of bala, patoli, small pancamula drugs, trayantika, eranda, and barley, combined with a half-prastha quantity of goat's [meat] broth, should be cooked until it is [reduced to] a quantity of one prastha. Combined with the paste of priyangu, krsna, and ghana, and finally adding oil, clarified butter, honey, and rock-salt, [this enema] is an appetiser (dipana), and it promotes muscle tone and strength, and at the same time, puts strength in the eyes. [The physician] should cook in a quantity of two adhakas of water *For the list of abbreviations and references, see pp. 320 f. of my translation of Chapter II in Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society 3, 1993, 319-351.

three palas of eranda-root, three palas of palasa, one pala each of the small pancamula drugs, rasna, bala, chinnaruha, asvagandha, punarnava, aragvadha, and devadaru, along with the [seeds] of eight [madana] fruits. When [only] one-eighth of this [decoction] remains, one should add a well-squeezed aksa-quantity of vaca, satahva, hapusa, priyangu, yasti, kana, vatsaka-seeds, and musta, combined with a [one-fourth] portion of rock-salt, and finally adding yellow oxide of mercury (tarksyasaila). Combined with honey, oil and [cow's] urine, this enema is abrasive (lekhana) and appetising (dipana), and it subdues piercing pains (sula) in the shanks, thighs, feet, sacrum, back, abdomen, chest, and pubic region, heaviness (guruta), obstruction [of "peccant" humours] (vibandha), internal tumours (gulma), stones (asman), hernia (vardhma), chronic diarrhoea (grahani), and haemorrhoids (gudottha), as well as all the phlegmatic and wind-caused diseases. A quantity of fifty palas of goat's [meat] broth cooked in four palas of oil and clarified butter, acidified with thick sour milk and dadima and combined with the powder [of the drugs beginning with yavani] is [an enema promoting] strength, complexion, muscle tone, semen, and digestive fire, and is recommended for dimness of vision (taimirya) and headache (siroruj). Milk cooked with eight palas of yasti combined with satahva, the [pith of the madana] fruit and pippali, and finally adding clarified butter and honey, [constitutes] a corrective enema beneficial for wind-blood (i.e., wind mixed with blood) (vatarakta), erysipelas (visarpa), and loss of voice (i.e., laryngitis) (vaisvarya). 14 The foremost milk (i.e., cow's milk) boiled with yasti, lodhra, abhaya, [white] candana, and with kamala and utpala, and finally adding candied sugar, honey and clarified butter, and the [paste of the] jivaniya group of drugs, and well-cooked, [constitutes a corrective enema which] destroys bilious disorders (pittamaya). 15-17 Milk boiled with a picu-quantity each of gopangana, candana, sitapaki, draksa, r(d)dhi, kasmarya, madhuka, sevya, the paste of sravani, mudgaparni, bala, svagupta and madhuyasti, and wheat-flour, mixed with the juice of sugar-cane and vidari, with oil boiled with yasti-

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 27 madhu, and with white lotus (sitopala), honey and clarified butter, and then cooled, [constitutes] a [corrective] enema recommended in the case of one suffering from internal tumours (gulma), diarrhoea (atisara), dizziness (bhrama), painful urination (mutrakrcchra), weakness caused by pulmonary lesions (ksinaksata), or in one whose vital fluid (ojas) and strength have completely disappeared, with the accompanying conditions of burning sensations all over the body (dehadaha) and piercing pain (sula) localised in the limbs. 18-20 After having boiled in water kosataka, aragvadha, devadaru, murva, svadamstra, kutaja, arka, patha, kulattha [seeds], and brhati, there should remain a quantity of ten prasrtas of that extract. [The physician] should administer to those suffering from phlegmatic disorders (kapharogin), weak digestive fire (mandagni), and aversion to food (i.e., loss of appetite) (asanavidvis), as a corrective enema that [extract] mixed with the paste of one aksa each of sarsapa, ela, madana [fruit], and kustha, and a prasrta-quantity [each] of honey, oil [cooked with the paste of the madana] fruits [and acids], a caustic [made from barley awns], and sarsapa oil. 21-24 [The physician] should gather together a pulverised pala-quantity of each of punarnava, eranda, vrsa, asmabheda, vrsciva, bhutika, bala, palasa, and the two pancamulas, along with the washed [seeds of] eight madana fruits, bilva, barley, and one prasrta-quantity of the fruits of the kola, kulattha and dhanya. This should be boiled in two adhakas of water until only milk remains. [It should then be] purified by straining through a clean white cloth and mixed with the paste of vaca, satahva, amaradaru, kustha, yastyahva, siddarthaka, pippali, yavani, and madana [fruit]. When neither too hot nor too cold, [it should be] smeared over with treacle and rock-salt, and mixed with three prasrtas each of honey, oil and fresh butter. [The physician] who knows the correct procedures should administer this corrective enema according to the proper procedures, for it removes all diseases caused from the combination [of two increased humours]. 25-27 Henceforth he (i.e., the author) will explain various enemas arranged in half-slokas. [The first four] cleanse the bowels and are mixed with the paste of their own [drugs] and rock-salt: [1] that consisting of the two kosatakis, iksvaku, madana [fruit], jimuta, and vatsaka; [2] that

consisting of the root of both syama and trivrta, and [the roots] of danti and dravanti; [3] that consisting of both prakirya and udkirya, ksirini, and the fruit of nilini; and [4] that consisting of saptala, sankhini, lodhra, and the fruit of kampillaka. 28-29 [The second four] are considered to be constipating (sangrahika): [1] that consisting of the dhataki blossoms, tarkari and jivanti roots, and vatsaka; [2] that consisting of pragraha, khadira, kustha, sami, pinditaka, and barley; [3] that consisting of priyangu, arkamuli, taruni, jati, and yuthika; [4] that consisting of the vata drugs, kimsuka, and lodhra. 30 31 32 That [considered to be] constipating (grahin) [is prepared] according to the proper sequence with a decoction of the priyangu group of drugs and the paste of the ambastha group of drugs. That [considered to be] abrasive (lekhana) [consists of] a decoction of triphala with the admixture of the usaka group of drugs; [and] that [considered] roborant (brmhana) [is prepared with] the decoction [of roborant drugs combined with] the paste of the sweet drugs (madhura) and mixed with [meat] broth and clarified butter. The young sprouts of each of badari, airavani, selu, salmali, and dhanvana, boiled in milk, with the addition of honey and then blood, [make up] a "slimy" (picchila) [enema]. [An enema] that removes burning sensations in the body (dahaghna) [is prepared] either with kolankataka, kandeksu, darbha, pota, iksupali, or with the candana group of drugs; both require the addition of clarified butter and milk. 33 In the case of dysentery (pravahana), a musti-quantity of the peduncles of salmali, boiled with milk [and] mixed with clarified butter, is a beneficial [enema]; likewise, [a musti-quantity of] the peduncles of salmalaka[, boiled with milk and mixed with clarified butter, is a beneficial enema]. 34 34 In the case of cutting pains in the rectum (parikarta), [an enema prepared] with karbudara, adhaki, nipa, and vidula boiled in milk, or [prepared] with the peduncles of sriparni and kovidara[, boiled in milk, is beneficial].

35 36 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 29 In the case of continuous discharge [from the rectum] (parisrava), milk boiled with vrsciva and punarnava, or else [boiled] with akhukarnika combined with tanduliyaka[, is a beneficial enema]. In the case of over-action of evacuatives [causing excessive discharge] (atiyoga), [enemas] should be prepared with asvavarohaka, kakanasa, and rajakaseruka boiled in milk [and] mixed with honey, collyrium (anjana), and clarified butter. And by the very same medical procedure, another [enema] with the four plants beginning with nyagrodha [should be prepared for the same problem]. 37-38 In the case of loss of life-blood (jivadana) [caused by over-action of evacuatives], a physician should administer two cold enemas, one with brhati, ksirakakoli, prsniparni and satavari, and the other with kasmarya, badari, murva, usira and priyangu, both boiled in milk e po combined with clarified butter, collyrium (anjana) and finally the addition of honey and candied sugar. [An enema prepared] with the milk of cows, sheep, goats or buffaloes, combined with drugs of the jivaniya group [is also recommend in the case of loss of life-blood]. An enema [prepared] with freshly squeezed out blood of a hare, deer, cock, feline, buffalo, sheep or goat, is [likewise] recommended in the case of loss of life-blood (jivadana) [caused by the over-action of evacuatives]. 39 40 41 42 43 Now I shall describe separately the oily and mild corrective enemas (niruha), using prasrta-quantities, for those with very delicate constitutions and for those suffering from misapplications of evacuative procedures. Two prasrtas of milk should be prepared by combining three prasrtas[, one each] of honey, oil and clarified butter. Then stirred with a ladle, this [corrective] enema destroys wind and promotes physical strength and complexion. One prasrta each of oil, prasanna, honey and clarified butter, two [prasrtas] of the decoction of the [five big] roots beginning with bilva, [and] two [prasrtas] of a decoction of kulattha[, stirred with a ladle, constitute] a wind-conquering [enema]. A [corrective] enema [consisting of] one prasrta each of the liquefied

portions (i.e., decoctions) of patola, nimba, putika, rasna, and saptacchada, and one prasrta of clarified butter, with the addition of the paste of sarsapa and the five bitter drugs (pancatikta), removes a body moistened [internally by the "peccant" humours] (abhisyanda), worms [in the bowels] (krmi), skin affliction (kustha) and urinary disorders (prameha). Having blended together five prasrtas of a decoction made from vidanga, triphala, sigru, [madana] fruit, musta, and akhukarni, and one prasrta of oil, and then combining it with the paste of vella and pippali, there is a corrective enema which destroys worms [in the bowels] (krmi). A [corrective] enema consisting of one prasrta each of the extracts of payasya, iksu, sthira, rasna, and vidari, along with honey and clarified butter, [combined with] the paste of krsna, promotes the production of semen (i.e., virility). A corrective enema consisting of] four prasrtas of oil, cow's urine, whey, and sour fermented rice water (amlakanjika), combined with the paste of sarsapa, alleviates retention of faeces (i.e., constipation) (vitsanga) and obstructive abdominal swelling (anaha). [A mixture of] five prasrtas of decoctions of [one prasrta each of] svadamstra, asmabhid, and eranda, and [one prasrta each of] oil and sura-liquor, combined with the paste of capala, kaunti, and yastyahva, and used with warm water, [constitutes a corrective] enema considered best in the case of painful urination (mutrakrcchra) accompanied by obstructive abdominal swelling (anaha). In the case of [the "peccant" humours] becoming motionless [in the bowels] by the action of an enema with mild [drugs], another enema with harsh [drugs] is recommended [to follow]; and in the case of the out-pouring [of "peccant" humours] by the action of an enema with harsh [drugs], [another] mild [enema] with unctuous, sweet, and cooling [drugs is recommended to follow]. 49 When appropriate, sharpness [of a mild enema] is accomplished by adding [cow's] urine, bilva, agni, salt, caustics [from barley awns (i.e., potash)], and sarsapa; on the other hand, mildness [of a sharp enema]

50 50 51 52 53 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV [is accomplished] by adding milk and clarified butter. 31 After proper consideration of [the patient's] physical strength, the time of day, the state of his humours, [his] disease, and [his] disposition, a [corrective] enema administered with the appropriate groups of drugs repels the corresponding diseases. After due consideration of the case, [the physician] should administer enemas prepared with drugs appropriate to the situation: cold [enemas] for those afflicted with heat, and tepid [enemas] for those suffering from cold. [A physician] should not give roborant enemas in diseases requiring purification therapy, nor [should they be given] to people who are fat, who require purification therapy, and who suffer skin affliction (kustha) or urinary disorders (meha). [A physician] should not administer a purificatory [enema] to those who are weakened by pulmonary lesions (ksinaksata), those who are weak (durbala), those feeling faint (mur<c> chita), those who are emaciated (krsa), those who are dehydrated (suska), and those whose bodies have [recently] been cleansed [by another purification therapy]; nor [should such an enema be administered] to those whose life depends on the "peccant" humours. Thus [ends] the fourth chapter called 'Preparation of Enemas'. Notes to Chapter IV Verse 1 Variants: AhKa 4(.1); cf. Mooss, 93; CaSi 3.1-2; cf. SuCi 38.1-2. Tarte omits iti ... maharsayah. Indu explains that the chapter concerns enematreatment by means of purification therapy. Ah has namadhyayam (var. omits). Ca: 'Henceforth we shall expound the success relating to the teachings of enema preparations. Thus indeed declared Lord Atreya.' The editor of Ah explains that information in this chapter occurs at SuCi 37 and 38, involving the curing by means of oily, urethral and vaginal enemas (37), and by corrective (non-oily) enemas (38). A explains that enema-therapy is generally for the removal of "peccant" humours, as is indicated by the variant to Ah, v.1:

athato dosaharanasakalpam basti .... Verse 2 Parallel: AhKa 4.1; cf. Mooss, 93-94. Variant: CaSi 3.13 b-14 a; cf. SuCi 38.47. Indu explains that this verse describes the preparation of a decoction from the boiling of drugs of the bala-group, and that the quantity of one pala applies to each of the ten roots. To Ah, he adds that the madana fruits are to be understood (so also A). A states that there is to be one pala each of bala, etc., that the [seeds] of eight madana-fruits generally equal one pala, and that there are to be twenty-five palas of goat's meat. H says that this section begins the discussion of the corrective (non-oily) enemas (niruha) and oily enemas (anuvasana), and that corrective enema preparations destroy wind. Ca has dve pancamule for dvipancamulam. Su: 'A pala each of guduci, triphala, rasna, dasamulas, and bala is decocted.' D explains that after having added water, these drugs are to be decocted and reduced to one-fourth part. On the two pancamulas see notes to AsKa 2.40-41. As and Ah derive largely from Ca. Verses 3-4 Parallel: AhKa 4.2-3; cf. Mooss, 93-96. Variant: CaSi 3.14 b-16; cf. SuCi 38.47 b-49. ...9 Tarte has gudaksaudryutaih (var. ghrtaih), and pranito for pathito (this is a var. to Ah, which also has kathito as var.). The translation follows Indu and A. In 3 a, Ah has variants putam (so also Ca) and pute. Ca: '[That decoction, first] filtered, [should then be] combined with the paste of yavani with treacle, honey and clarified butter, finally adding oil, and then slightly warmed in a quantity of a picu (= karsa). One should add [to it] a pala of treacle, two prasrtas of an oily substance, and honey and rock-salt. Having thrown [that substance] mixed with a stick into an enema-bag, and having deflated the well-tied [bag] free of wrinkles, after having closed its mouth with the middle of the thumb and after removing the pasty-plug situated at the end of the tube (i.e., nozzle) ....' Su: 'Mixing [that] decoction with (D: the paste of) priyangu, ghana, rock-salt, satapuspa, vaca, krsna, yavani, kustha, and bilva fruit, adding an aksa of treacle, a half-pala of madana fruit, honey, oil, clarified butter, verjuice (sukta), fermented rice-water (kanjika), and the scum of thick sour milk (mastu), [the physician] should administer this best corrective enema (asthapana) with [cow's] urine.' D explains the quantities as follows: two palas of milk, a half-pala each of verjuice, fermented rice-water, scum of thick sour milk, and cow's urine. As and Ah derive from Ca. Note that Ca's dis-

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 33 cussion of transferring the decoction to the enema bag and preparing the bag for use is wanting in As and Ah which focus on the recipe. Verse 5 Parallels: AhKa 4.4; cf. Mooss, 96-98; CaSi 3.35 b-36 a. Tarte notes that the decoction should be 'combined with the paste of the previously [mentioned drugs] (purvakalkasahitah)'. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. The three oily substances are clarified butter, marrow and fat (A, H); a fourth, excluded here, is oil. Indu claims that any of the three oily substances can be used in accordance with the excited humour, etc., and that some (including Cakra) say that the three include clarified butter, fat and oil, excluding the fourth, marrow. Most gloss amla as kanjika 'fermented ricewater'. As and Ah derive from Ca. Verses 6-7 Parallel: AhKa 4.5-6; cf. Mooss, 98-99. Variant: CaSi 3.36 b-38 a. The translation follows Indu, A and H. Ca: 'One prastha-quantity of a wellcooked decoction of the sthira group of drugs (= the small pancamula drugs) combined with bala, patola, trayantika, erannda and barley, mixed with a half-prastha-quantity of goat's [meat] broth.... Combined with the paste of priyangu..., this enema (basti)... gives strength to the eyes' (var. dadati sadyah for dadati bastih). As and Ah derive from Ca. Verses 8-11 Parallel: AhKa 4.9-10; cf. Mooss, 99-101. Variant: CaSi 3.38 b-42; cf. SuCi 38.43-46. The translation follows Indu and A. Ca: '[The physician should boil] in two kamsas of water three palas of eranda-root, one pala each of the five small roots, of rasna, asvagandha, atibala, guduci, punarnava, aragvadha and devadaru, combined with one-pala portion of [the seeds of] eight madana fruits. When one eighth of this decoction remains, [he should add] a crushed aksa of satahva, hapusa, priyangu, pippalika, madhuka, and bala (var. vaca), rasanjana, seeds of vatsaka and musta, combined with a portion of [rock-]salt. When employed, the castor-enema (erandabasti) should alleviate piercing pain in the shanks and back, enclosing by phlegm (kaphavrti), restraint of wind (marutanigraha), retention of faeces, urine, and wind (vinmutravatagrahana), piercing pain (sula), tympanitis (adhmana), and both stones (asmari) and gravel (sarkara), obstructive abdominal swelling (anaha), haemorrhoids ...

(arsas), and disorders involving chronic diarrhoea (grahani).' Su: '[The physician should prepare] a decoction with one pala each of sampaka, uruvu, varsabhu, vajigandha, nisacchada, the five small roots, bala, rasna, guduci, and suradaru, combined with [a pala of the seeds] of eight madana fruits. [To this he should add] the paste (kalka) of magadhika, ambhoda, hapusa, misi, rock-salt, vatsa, priyangu, ugra, yasti, and rasanjana. This corrective enema, completed with honey, etc., and lightly heated, should be administered for piercing pain in the back, thighs, and sacrum, stones (asman), retention of faeces, urine, and wind (vinmutranilasangin), alleviation of chronic diarrhoea, wind, and haemorrhoids (grahanimarutarsoghna), and for restoring blood, muscle-tone and strength.' As and Ah derive from Ca. Su has a similar recipe. Verse 12 Variant: CaSi 3.43; cf. SuCi 38.47-50. Tarte and H (var.) have chagac chatahvadadhidadimamlah 'goat['s meatbroth]... acidified with satahva, thick sour milk and dadima'. H (vars.) has chagacchavarddho (chagacchabaddho) gudadadimamlah 'acidified with treacle and dadima'. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca has a slightly different reading in b: '[is an enema] promoting strength, muscle-tone, complexion, semen, and digestive fire, and is recommended for blindness and headache (andhyasiro'rtisasta, var.: andhyasirorujaghna 'destroys dimness of vision and headache')'. In Su, a different recipe cures similar ailments (see above, notes to AsKa 4.3-4). As derives from Ca whose variant uses terminology close to As. The verse is wanting in Ah. Verses 13-14 Parallel: CaSi 3.46. Variants: AhKa 4.11; cf. Mooss, 102; CaSi 3.47; cf. SuCi 38.55-59. The variants to H produce the following in 14 b: ...vaivarnyaharo niruhah 'a corrective enema removing... loss of colour (i.e., pale complexion)', and raktapitta....niruhah 'a corrective enema beneficial for haemorrhagic disorders ...'. The translation follows the commentaries. Indu points out that the use of water is understood because, he says, 'one should remember that drugs do not give up their essences without water'. H understands the foremost milk to be cow's milk. Ca 46 a has the variant: 'with eight palas of the root of yasti'; Ca 47 and Ah have sasarkaram ksaudrayuktam 'with the addition of candied sugar, combined with honey' (var. as As, and so read by A). On the drugs of the jivaniya group, see above, AsKa 1.29, notes (sometimes this group is equated to the madhura or sweet group of drugs; see above AsKa 2.5, notes);

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 35 and on the disease vatarakta, see CaCi 29, SuNi 1.40-50; and AsNi 16.1-17. Su has a somewhat different recipe which is effective, among others, against bilious disorders. As 13 corresponds to Ca 46, and As 14 to Ah 11 and Ca 47. As thus has a verse found in Ca, but not in Ah. Both As and Ah derive from Ca, but As includes one verse omitted by Ah. When compared to Ca, the text of As beginning with yastyahva is more complete than is that of Ah, suggesting that the latter was pruned, perhaps metri causa. Verses 15-17 Variants: CaSi 3.53-55; cf. AhKa 4.12-16; cf. Mooss, 103-107. For balasvagupta, H has tugasvagupta, with the following variants: tugasvagandha, tugasvagupta, and tugatmagupta; for rasena, H (var.) has svarase; for ghrtais ca sitah, H (var.) has yutais ca siddhah; for dehadahe, H (var.) has dehe dahe; for sasule 'vayavasrite va, H (var.) has sasule jatharasrite ca 'piercing pain localised in the abdomen', and for ...ksineksata..., H (var.) has the preferred reading...ksinaksata.... H concludes with verses corresponding to AsKa 4.12-13. Ca: '[The physician] should prepare a bile-destroying enema consisting of milk boiled with an aksa each of draksa, rddhi, kasmarya (draksadikasmarya, a misprint?), madhuka, and sevya, with the addition of sariva, candana, sitapaki, and of paste of sravani, mudgaparni, tuga, atmagupta, madhuyasti, and wheat flour, finally adding honey, clarified butter, and oil boiled with madhuyasti (Cakra), and vidari, iksu, and treacle. It is recommended in the case of people suffereing from burning sensation in the chest, navel, sides, and head (uttama), and burning sensation situated internally, with the accompanying condition of difficult urination, also in the case of people weakened by pulmonary lesions and whose semen has disappeared, and in the case of diarrhoea' (vars.: pathya for tatha, and udara 'abdomen', for uttama, which Cakra reads and glosses as mastaka 'head, skull'). Based on the similarities in the readings, tuga appears to be equivalent to bala. Ah has a recipe containing some of the same ingredients, but the preparation varies considerably from that in As and Ca. As has no close parallel, but is clearly based on Ca; nevertheless, it has been simplified in terms of the diseases that the recipe can cure and in one case seems to have included a reading (i.e., tailena yastimadhusadhitena) also specified in Cakra's commentary, suggesting that Cakra knew of As. In general, As clarifies the ambiguities found in Ca. Verses 18-20 Parallel: AhKa 4.17-19 a; cf. Mooss, 107-108. Variant: CaSi 3.56-58 a; cf. SuCi 38.60-63.

The translation follows Indu, A and Cakra. Ca 56 a: 'kosataka, ... sarngesta, murva, ...' (var. as As, Ah); 57 b: '[a prasrta-quantity each] of oil [cooked with the paste of madana] fruits [and acids] (phalahvataila), of honey (maksika) (var. as As, Ah) ...'; 58 a: 'The one who knows (jna) [should administer] ...'. Indu glosses asanavidvis as arocakin 'one suffering from loss of appetite'. As and Ah derive from Ca. As continues to follow Ca closely, while Ah begins again after a lacuna. As demonstrates unbroken adaptation from Ca, Ah does not. Su offers a recipe for a corrective enema used in phlegmatic disorders and other ailments, and contains many of the same ingredients as the others, but it cannot be considered as a basis for either As or Ah. Verses 21-24 Variant: CaSi 3.65-68. Tarte and H (var.) have dhanyam phalani; and Tarte and H have vidhijnas tam sasarva...., which is the reading we follow. H: palasah; ... prasrtatrayena; H (var.): palasat, yavah kola... (and yavakola...). H (var.) further has sadhitam tu ksiravasistam, amalakais in the place of madanais; yuktair; and vidhivad vidhijnas sa .... The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca 65 a has vrscira; 65 b (var.) has palani for phalani; 66 a has yavan kola...;, 66 b has payojaladvyadhakavac chrtam (vars.: ...dvyadhakapacitim; ...ardhadhakapacitam 'boiled in a half adhaka ...'; ...dvyadhakayoh srtam); and sitavastram ...; at 67 a (var.), bilva replaces kustha; 68 a: tathaiva replaces navasya; and prasrtair tribhis ca (var. as As). As derives from Ca and continues to follow closely the presentation of information in Ca. Beginning with this verse, variants or parallels in Ah are wanting. Verses 25-27 Variant: CaSi 10.18, 25-27; cf. SuCi 38.81. Tarte and H (var.) have pracaksyate for pravaksyate; Tarte and H separate nilini and phalam, giving the possible rendering '... nilini and [madana] fruit'; and H has sakalka... for svakalka.... The translation follows Indu who states that various enemas are explained according to the arrangement of the half-slokas beginning with kosataki. Ca begins by stating that enemas successful in various illnesses are described in half-slokas (ardhasloka). In other verses of Ca, dhamargava replaces the two kosatakis; a variant adds ksveda to the list (Cakra glosses it as krtavedhana), replaces triphala with trivrta; and adds sthira to the second list. Ca adds that the four are boiled in cow's urine, and that they cleanse the bowels and can be used singly or collectively. Su has a much abbreviated recipe for the 'cleansing enema (sodhana-

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 37 basti)': cleansing enemas are prepared by stirring with a ladle a decoction and paste of cleansing drugs (D: purgative and emetic drugs) mixed with oily substances and rock-salt. As derives from Ca and Su. Verses 28-29 Variant: CaSi 10.30-31. Tarte has kadhiri; Tarte and H (var.) have priyanguraktamule 'priyangu and raktamula'; H has priyangu raktamuli; Tarte and H (var.) have bharani for taruni; H (var.) has taruniyati (?) and tarunijata; Tarte: rodhram; and H has kimsuko. The translation follows Indu. In Ca, agnimantha replaces tarkari, raktamuli replaces arkamuli (cf. variants to As); and svarnayuthika replaces jati and yuthika. The group of vata drugs is the same as the nyagrodha drugs (see SuSu 38.48-49, AsSu 16.33-34, AhSu 15.41-42, and AsKa 3.10 and notes). As derives from Ca. Verse 30 Variant: cf. SuCi 38.82,83,87. H has tu for ca; H (vars.) has triphalarase, and dehinah for brmhanah. The translation follows Indu. At Su 87, grahin enemas consist of the decoction of priyangu drugs and (paste) of ambastha drugs mixed with honey and clarified butter (D cites As !); at Su 82, lekhana enemas consist of the decoction of triphala with an admixture of the usaka group of drugs and mixed with (cow's) urine, honey, and caustics [made from barley awns (i.e., potash, D)]; and at Su 83, brmhana enemas (consist of) a decoction of roborant drugs (D: vidari and gandha), combined with the paste of sweet drugs (D: drugs of the kakoli group) and mixed with clarified butter and meat broth. According to D the last two recipes also include rock-salt. For the priyangu and ambastha groups of drugs, see SuSu 38.45-46, AsSu 16.29-31, and AhSu 15.37, for usaka drugs, see Assu 16.15, and AhSu 15.23, and for the sweet drugs, see AsSu 18.19, and Ahsu 10.22-25 a, and notes to AsKa 2.5 above. As appears to derive from Su. The added parts explaining the roborant enemas are based on Su. Verse 31 Variant: SuCi 38.85. Tarte has sailu and H has selu for selu. Tarte has sasrjah; and Atrideva has picchilasmrtah. The translation follows Indu who provides another list of the plants: godhapati, airavani, syama, and khatvanamika, which are probably regional synonyms. Su has airavati for airavani, and states that the young sprouts are 'boiled with milk (ksirasiddhah), combined with honey (ksaudra-

yutah), and then provided with blood (sasrah)'. In the next verse (86), Su explains that the blood of swine, buffalo, ram, feline, deer, hen, or goat should be used. As derives from Su. Verse 32 Variant: CaSi 10.33. Tarte has kolam katakakandeksudarbhapatheksuvalubhih ... dvitiyas cotpaladibhih; H:... darbhapaundreksuvalubhih ... cotpaladibhih; H (vars.): kalankataka...., darbhapatheksu..., darbhapoteksupalibhih, dosaghnah, yas canjanadibhih, and yas candanadibhih. Indu glosses iksupali with iksu (sugarcane). Ca: ... [is prepared] either with kalankataka, potagala, and iksu (var.: pota, iksuvali), or with the utpala group of drugs...'. Cakra explains that the utpala drugs are types of water flowers, beginning with nalina and saugandhika. On the candana drugs, see the dahaghnagana (AsSu 15.37); on the utpala drugs, see SuSu 38.52-53; and on the anjana drugs, see AsSu 16.6, and SuSu 38.41-42. The rendering is quite uncertain. The large number of variant readings suggests that the precise content of this recipe was unkown or lost; nevertheless, As clearly derives from Ca. Verse 33 Variant: CaCi 10.36. ... H has salmalikasya; H (vars.): mustim, mustisalmali, bastih, ghrtanvitaih, hitaih, and tadvad vestaih (cf. Ca below). The translation follows Indu. Ca: 'An enema (basti) [prepared with] the peduncles of salmali or likewise with the exudations (vesta) of salmali, is beneficial in the case of dysentery.' The reading basti in Ca is in keeping with the subject matter of the chapter, whereas musti adds the notion of quantity previously not mentioned in this set of verses; vesta refers to different products of the same plant (salmali), while vrnta in As, occurring again in line two, requires another plant (salmalaka) in order to remove repetition. Both commentators are faithful to their respective texts. The problem does not lie with reading two different recipes, but with the textual transmission of one recipe, that of Ca, which was obviously corrupted some time before Indu. Variants testify to this difficulty, but As derives from Ca. Verse 34 Variant: CaSi 10.34-35. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca has an expanded version of the recipe: 'A cold enema [prepared] with karbudara..., or with the peduncles of

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 39 sriparni and kovidara [boiled in milk], and supplied with honey and sugar, should be administered by a physician. [Indeed the enema is to be properly administered by an excellent physician versed in the correct medical procedures].' The last line, says the editor, is not read in the hand-written manuscripts. As regards parikarta, it is the same as parikartika which refers to a sharp or cutting wind-caused pain in the rectum (see CaSu 15.13 and Assa 11.2 and Indu; cf. CaCi 26.7 where the synonym vikartika occurs). As derives from Ca, but has condensed Ca's two verses into one by combining Ca 34 and 35 a. Verse 35 Variant: CaSi 10.32. H (var.) has akhuparnikaya. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca has parisrave for parisrave, vrscira for vrsciva, and vapi for tadvat, with the following variant to its first line: payah srtam parisrave, which does not alter the meaning. As derives from Ca. Verse 36 Variant: CaSi 10.37-38 a. H (var.) and Ca combine plants in the first line into a single dvandva compound, and Ca has vidhina parah. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. The four plants beginning with nyagrodha are enumerated by Cakra as nyagrodha, udumbara, asvattha, and plaksa, and by Indu as nyagrodha, pippala, sadaphala, and lodhra. As derives from Ca. Verses 37-38 Variant: CaSi 10.38 b-40. Tarte and H have srte for srtau; H (vars.): prsthiparni... tatha ksiram . . priyangavah (or ksirapriyangavah) ... gavyajamahisiksirair The translation follows Indu and Cakra who understand jivadana to be a condition of the loss of life-blood (jivarakta or jivasonita) caused by the over-action (atiyoga) of an emetic or purgative (cf. also CaSu 15.13 and 20.14; and on jivadana, see above, AsKa 3.26 and notes). Ca has tatha for api. On the plants of the jivaniya group, see above, notes to AsKa 4.13-14. As derives from Ca. Verse 39 Parallel: CaSi 10.41. Tarte and H have...mahisi... 'the female buffalo...'. The translation follows Indu who states that in conformity with the physician's standard authority, the blood is squeezed onto the patient's chest, in the region of the heart. This

implies that the treatment is not an enema, but a form of magico-religious healing involving associative magic and utilising perhaps enema equipment. On the meaning of daksa as cock (kukkuta), see Cakra at CaCi 11.26 (gosthakukkuta 'cow-house cock', or 'barn-yard cock'), and H at AhSu 7.16 (kukkuta). As derives from Ca. Verses 40-41 Parallels: AhKa.20; cf. Mooss, 109-110; CaSi 8.2-3. Variant: AhKa 19 cd; cf. Mooss, 108-109. Ca (var.) has sodhanan for snehanan; and Ah (var.) has tu for ca. AhKa 4.19 cd is similar in content to Aska 40: 'I shall describe separately mild and oily correcitve enemas, using prasrta quantities, for those accustomed to the easy life.' Since repetition would result, the parallel to v.40 is omitted in the edition of the Ah with Indu's commentary (presumably it was not in the mss.), but receives a mention in the editor's note. It does however occur in the Bombay edition (as v.20) and receives comment from A and H. The translation is based on the remarks of the commentators who state that a prasrta is equal to two palas. For v.41, Indu (at Ah) and A maintain that a paste (kalka), composed of the bala drugs (see AsKa 4.2), should be added; Cakra however claims that, according to the prescribed procedures for enemas, if no paste (kalka) is mentioned in the recipe, none is to be added. Both As and Ah derive from Ca. The ommission of AsKa 4.40 in Ah with Indu's commentary indicates that it was considered redundant by Indu and previous compilers. Ah's v.19 cd is wanting in As and Ca, suggesting that it was a later insertion into the text which had the same material as As and Ca, and served to complete Ah 19 in a single metre before beginning a new section with a different metre. There is a total of seven enemas in this section beginning with Aska 4.41. Verse 42 Parallels: AhKa 4.21; cf. Mooss, 110-111; CaSi 8.5. The translation follows the commentaries. Indu (to Ah) has savatajit, which he understands to mean the enema which conquers wind combined with another dosa. This explanation, however, is wanting in As, where the text is quite clear: sa (bastih) vatajit, and is understood as such by Indu who explains this as the second enema in the group. Indu and A consider the roots beginning with bilva to be the five big roots (mahapancamula); Cakra states that it refers to the ten roots (dasamula). On the groups of roots, see notes to Aska 2.41. The alcoholic beverage prasanna is often equated with madira and varuni and

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 41 is the clear upper part of sura-liquor. It is sometimes mentioned as a liquor distilled from rice, and combined with medicinal herbs (see MadhNi 485,497,515; SuSu 45.177 b-178 a and D; and notes to AsKa 2.58). Beginning with this verse, note the use of ablatives in a genitive sense with numbers. Verse 43 Parallel: AhKa 4.22-23 a; cf. Mooss, 111-112. Variant: CaSi 8.8-9 a. Tarte has bhutika for putika. Variants to Ah have bhutika for putika; ...saptacchadambhasam; prasrtah ...; and ...pramohaha. The translation follows Indu and A. Ca has a slightly different reading: 'A quantity of four prasrtas of a decoction of patola, nimba, bhunimba, rasna, and saptacchada, and one prasrta of clarified butter, with the addition of the paste of sarsapa - this is the "five bitter drug" (pancatikta) corrective enema (niruha), which removes urinary disorders (meha) (var. moha, 'mental confusion'), a body moistened [internally by the "peccant" humours] (abhisyanda) and skin disease (kustha).' Cakra states that the quantity of the paste of sarsapa should be five-sixths of a pala. Indu (at Ah) explains that pancatikta could either be five bitter drugs or the name of the corrective enema, but opts for the former and enumerates the five bitters as follows: nimba, amrta, vrsa, patola, and nidigdhika, while at As, guduci replaces amrta in his list. H says that the recipe is for a corrective enema (niruha) called pancatikta. The difficulty lies with sapancatikta in As and Ah, which indicates that the five bitter drugs are to be added last. However, according to Ca the five drugs beginning with patola are the five bitter drugs giving the enema its name. Clearly Ca appears to be the more original reading, for As and Ah provide a recipe which includes the repetition of drugs like patola and nimba. It is possible that during the transmission of this recipe corruptions occurred and were incorporated into the texts of As and Ah. Thus As and Ah are corruptions of Ca. On abhisyanda and prameha, see Aska 2.62 and notes. Verse 44 Variant: CaSi 8.9 b-10. Tarte and H (var.) have ... karnijah; kasayah; H (var.): ... mustakhuparnijat... vimathyam; and H has vailla... for vella.... The last line is inserted in H's comments. The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca has vidangapippalikalko niruhah kriminasanah. As derives from Ca and follows closely Ca's order of verses in this section. Ah deviates from Ca by omitting this verse.

Verse 45 Parallel: CaSi 8.11. Variant: AhKa 4.24 b-25 a; cf. Mooss, 114. ... Tarte and Ah have sarpisah. The translation follows the commentaries which in turn follow Cakra who understands that the enema consists of prasrta quantities of the decocted juices of each of the plants beginning with payasya. Cakra, A and Indu take vrsatvakrt 'promoting virility', to mean sukravrddhikrt 'promoting the increase of semen'. As and Ah derive from Ca; As closely follows Ca. With this verse, Ah ends the discussion of enemas with ingredients measured in prasrta quantities, and begins to describe the siddha enemas. Verse 46 Parallel: AhKa 4.23 b-24 a; cf. Mooss, 113-114. Variant: CaSi 8.12. Tarte omits the entire second line. The translation follows the commentaries. Ca has kalkair for pistair, which is a variant reading in Ca. Ah (vars.): bhedinah (and bhedanah). The literal meaning of line two is, according to Indu, that the enema breaks up the bound together faeces (vidbandha) which occurs without abdominal swelling. As and Ah derive form Ca. As closely follows Ca's sequence of verses, while Ah reverses this and the previous verse. Verse 47 Variant: CaSi 8.13-14. Tarte omits the first two lines, and in the printed edition of H, they are inserted. In line three, Tarte and H have paro for varo, and H (var.) has sanahamutrakrcchraharo varo.... The translation follows Indu and Cakra. Ca 13-14 a have the following variants: ... yastyahvakauntimagadhikasitah; kalkah syan mutrakrcchre tu sanahe bastir uttamah (var. kalko bastir tu sanahe mutrakrcchre paro matah]... [combined with] the paste of yastyahva, kaunti, magadhika, and gound sugar (sita), should be (var. is indeed considered to be) the best enema indeed in the case of painful urination (mutrakrcchra) accompanied by obstructive abdominal swelling (anaha).' Ca 14 adds the following: ete salavanah kosna niruhah prasrtair nava 'These, used with warm water and the addition of salt, [constitute] a corrective enema consisting of nine prasrtas'. Clearly this indicates that in addition to five prasrtas consisting of the decoctions, oil and sura-liquor, four additional prasrtas constitute each of the ingredients of the paste (i.e., one prasrta each of yastyahva, kaunti, magadhika, and ground sugar). As modified Ca by compressing the information and by omitting the fourth ingredient, sita, to fit into a recipe of three

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 43 metrical lines. The text of the first two lines is wanting in Tarte's edition and H's commentary, and all three lines are omitted in Ah, indicating a corruption in the transmission of As before the time of Indu who comments on a standardised text. Verse 48 Parallel: AhKa 4.67 b-68 a (66 b-67 a); cf. Mooss, 142. Variant: CaSi 8.15; cf. SuCi 36.22. The translation follows the commentaries to As and Ah. Indu introduces this verse by stating that it concerns the use of mild enemas which are harmful to the bowels. A and Indu explain mrdubastijadibhuta as blockage in the bowels caused by the humour's non-issuance out of the bowels by the action of an enema with mild drugs (A: kosthad bahir anihsaranat; Indu: mrduna bastina jadibhute apravartamanadose dehe); and A describes vikarsita as the humours flowing out of the bowels. Both words are in the locative absolute construction. A further describes harsh enemas as those prepared with medicines beginning with cow's urine, and mild enemas as those consisting of drugs with unctuous, sweet and cooling properties (see next verse). Ah (var.) has mrdubastau jadibhute. Ca has tiksnair vikarsite svadu pratyasthapanam isyate (var. pratyasthapanam eva va'... in the case of the out-pouring [of "peccant" humours] by the action of an enema with harsh drugs, a corrective-like enema with sweet [drugs] is recommended'. Cakra explains that the enema with sweet drugs is prepared with drugs such as draksa. At Su, it is said that an enema that is (too) unctuous causes excessive stiffness (atijadya, which D glosses as 'causing the [humours] to flow abundantly'), and an enema that is (too) rough causes stiffness (stambha) and tympanitis (adhmana). Therefore, one should administer a rough enema in cases involving the use of too unctuous enemas, and an unctuous enema in cases involving the use of enemas that are too harsh. As and Ah derive from Ca. As maintains closeness to Ca by following the same sequence of verses. Ah introduces this verse after an interval of several unrelated verses. Verse 49 Parallel: AhKa 4.69; cf. Mooss, 142. Variant: CaSi 7.63. The translation follows the commentaries to As and Ah. Ah (var.) has mutrapilvagni... ksiradyais caiva mardavam. Ca replaces bilva with pilu which Cakra explains is a fruit from the north, but also states that some read bilva, and has ... ksiradyair mardavam tatha. Cakra's mention of bilva as a possible

variant reading suggests that it might indeed be quite early. As and Ah derive from Ca. As's close association with the readings in Ca is disrupted, as the variant comes from a different chapter (CaSi 7). As and Ah now begin to share a close connection from this verse to the end of the chapter. In addition to CaSi 7, both As and Ah derive their material from CaSi 10. Verse 50 Parallel: AhKa 4.70 (68); cf. Mooss, 142-143. Variant: CaSi 10.4. ... Tarte has balakaladesasatmyaprakrtih '[the patient's] physical strength, the time, the region, [his] suitability, and [his] disposition'. Ah has the following variants: balakaladesasatmyaprakrtih svan dosan nivartayati. Ca has yojitah samyak ... svan svan rogan (var. tan tan rogan) niyacchanti ... [enemas] properly administered... check the corresponding diseases'. The commentators are in general agreement that this verse expresses the fundamental principle that an enema (or any therapy) is efficacious only if it matches both the patient and his particular humouric disorder. All three factors, patient, treatment and malady, must be in agreement with each other. As and Ah derive from Ca. Verse 51 Parallel: AhKa 4.71(69); cf. Mooss, 143. Variant: CaSi 10.10. The translation follows the commentaries which, like H, emphasise the use of enemas with opposite qualities, which counteract the morbid bodily condition. Indu (to As and Ah) states that heat (usna) means drugs which have hot quality, and cold indicates drugs which have cold (sita) quality. Candranandana (10 th cent.), as quoted in the notes to Kunte's edition of the Ah, explains that heat (usna) refers to bile (pitta) or to hot foods (ahara) and amusements, and that cold (sita) refers to wind and phlegm (vataslesman), or to cold foods and amusements. Whatever the cause, the physical manifestation is either hot or cold. Ca has viniyujyat for yunjita, and the variant sarvatra 'in every case' for santarkya. As and Ah derive from Ca from whose context it is clear that this verse applies to all types of enemas (see CaSi 10.8-9). As and Ah may well have included this verse because it served to summarise the previous teachings on enemas occurring in Ca. Verse 52 Parallel: AhKa 4.72(70); cf. Mooss, 143. Variant: CaSi 10.11.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana IV 45 Tarte has medahsvino for medasvino. The translation follows Indu. Ah (var.) has... vyadhisu ca visodhaniyesu; and api for ca (so also Ca). Cakra explains that the people require evacuation therapy because of the preponderance of the "peccant" humours. Missing the na... api construction, P.V. Sharma mistranslates line b as 'the obese and those suffering from kustha and prameha require evacuation' (Vol. 2, 658). As and Ah derive from Ca. Verse 53 Parallel: AhKa 4.73(71); cf. Mooss, 144. Variant: CaSi 10.12. Tarte has murcchita for murchita, and iti bastikalpo nama caturtho 'dhyayah, which we read. Parisodhya has kalpasthane... 'dhyayah. Ah (var.) has hy ete for ye ca; and Ca has yunjad for dadyad. The translation follows the commentaries which, however, differ slightly in their explanations of dosanibaddhayus. Indu (at As) claims that because of the weakened state of their bodily elements (dhatu), these people remain alive by means of bodily excrements (purisa); therefore, they must not be given purificatory enemas. His explanation to Ah follows along the same lines, incorporating the reading hy ete, and adding that because of the destruction of the humours (by evacuative therapy), there would be danger to life. A's explanation is identical; however, he appears to understand dosa as the "peccant" humours' which, if evacuated by a purificatory enema, cause danger to the lives of those whose existence depends on the "peccant" humours. Cakra understands that those whose bodies depend on the various impurities (maladi) suffer from consumption (sosin) and excessive weakness (atidurbala). In support of this he cites CaCi 8.88: 'The one suffering from consumption (sosin) leaves his body (i.e., dies) even after simple purgation of excrements (purisa). How much more so he who is given a purgation in measure without regard to his physical strength.' Whether dosa in this verse refers to specific waste-products (purisa), as Indu claims, or simply to the "peccant" humours', as occurring in the texts and explained by A, the action of a purifying enema would completely remove all these impurities and therefore should be avoided in anyone whose life must be sustained by having quantities of them in their system. Such an individual, Cakra implies, is someone who suffers from any one of the afflictions mentioned in the first part of the verse. As and Ah derive from Ca.