Astanga Sangraha, Kalpasthana II: Translation and Notes

[By Kenneth G. Zysk]

It is fitting that this contribution be included in a collection of papers in honour of G.J. Meulenbeld, who has unselfishly taken the time to read over and to make critical comments on this and all parts of the entire project entailing a translation of the Astangasangraha's Kalpasthana. I first met Jan in 1979 when he travelled to Canberra, Australia, to participate as an honoured speaker at the first International Conference on Traditional Asian Medicine (ICTAM). I was completing my Ph.D. at the Australian National University and served as host to foreign delegates. Jan impressed me with his keen interest in the local flora and fauna. I recall our trip to Tidbinbilla, a nature reserve near Canberra. As we walked, looking for the elusive koalas, feeding the kangaroos, and marvelling at the variety of birds and the unattractive yet wonderful flightless emus, we began to develop a warm friendship that has remained, despite the great distance that separates us. Jan has a genuineness of character that distinguishes him as both a person and a scholar. He is truly a leading light in contemporary ayurvedic studies. Introduction This translation and annotation of the second chapter, on the medical preparation of purgatives (virecanakalpa) in the Book of Medical Preparations (kalpasthana) of the Astangasangraha (As), is the second part of a project that entails the translation of the entire Kalpasthana of the As. A translation and annotation of the first chapter on emetics (vamanakalpa) of this book has already appeared in Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference, Vol. VII: Medical Literature from India, Sri Lanka and Tibet, edited by G.J. Meulenbeld (Leiden: E.J. Brill 1991, pp. 113-136), and it is anticipated that the remaining six chapters of the Kalpasthana will appear in due course. The As is particularly important for several reasons. Along with the Astangahrdayasamhita (Ah), it represents a second level in the compilation of medical material, which is based ultimately on the first level compilations of the Carakasamhita (Ca) and the Susrutasamhita (Su). As a secondary collection, it provides insights into the development of ayurveda. Secondly, the As has never been subjected to critical translation and study. This scholarly investigation will hopefully provide the basis for determining the proper relationship between the As and Ah, a problem in Indian medical history that has plagued scholars of ayurvedic literature for nearly a century. I wish not to deal with this issue in general until more work is completed, and better evaluations can be made,

A but I have addressed the connections and relationships between the As, Ah, Ca, Su on a verse-by-verse basis in the notes. Although the shortest book in the treatise, the Kalpasthana poses many difficulties. It presupposes the entire theoretical epistemology of the ayurvedic system and focusses on specific therapeutic measures for various ailments. The cures take the form of recipes with a technical vocabulary that includes terms which cannot at present be successfully defined, and a specialised syntax that cannot always be easily deciphered. The entire book forms the nuts and bolts of ayurvedic practical therapy which eventually gave rise to the curative procedures of pancakarman. Moreover, it bears a stylistical resemblance to the medicinal material offered in the early Buddhist texts and to the earlier medical recipe-books and enchiridions of the Bower Manuscript's Navanitaka, Nagarjuna's Yogasataka, Ravigupta's Siddhasara and the Jivakapustaka. At least in form, the Kalpasthana indicates a degree of antiquity. In the translation, I have utilised all available editions of As. The "vulgate" edition is that of Athavale (see below). All parallels and variants, found in Ca, Su, and Ah, have been examined and analysed. The technical terminology pertaining to diseases, drugs and medical preparations has been addressed largely in the notes. A glossary of diseases, a materia medica, and a list of weights and measures for the Kalpasthana is planned at the end of the translation project. In the present and subsequent chapters, diseases have been rendered into English with the original Sanskrit in parentheses, and uncertain plant names have been left in their original Sanskrit. It seems pointless to offer translations of technical terms, when definitive identifications for many of them are still wanting. Although found in the aforementioned translation of chapter one, the following list of sources and the abbreviations used in the translation and notes is repeated here with minor alterations: Ah: As: Vagbhata's Astangahrdaya, with the commentaries (Sarvangasundara) of Aru- nadatta (henceforth: A) and (Ayurvedarasayana) of Hemadri (henceforth: H). Collated by Anna Moresvara Kunte and Krsnasastri Navare, and edited by Harisastri Paradkar. 1939; rpt. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia 1982. Vagbhata's Astangahrdayasamhita, with the Vakyapradipika commentary of Paramesvara. Pts.1-2. Edited by Vayaskara N.S. Mooss. Kottayam: Vaidyasarathy Press 1950, 1963. Vagbhata's Astangahrdayasamhita, with the Sasilekha commentary of Indu. Pts.1-6. Edited by Vayaskara N.S. Mooss. Kottayam: Vaidyasarathy Press 1956-81. Viddhavagbhata's Astangasangraha, with Indu's commentary [Sasilekha]. Edi-

(80 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 321 ted by Ananta Damodara Athavale. Puna: Mahesa Ananta Athavale 1980. Vagbhata's Astangasangraha, with Indu's commentary [Sasilekha]. 3 Pts. Edited by Ti. Rudraparasava. Trichur. Mangalodayam Press 1913-26. Vagbhata's Astangasangraha, with the Hindi translation and commentary of Atrideva Gupta. Pts.1-2. Bombay: Nirnaya Sagar Press 1951 (Pt.1) and Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University Press 1962 (Pt.2). Vagbhata's Astangasangraha. Edited by Ganesa Sakharama Tarte. Mumbapura: Ganapatakrsnajimudranalaya 1888 (Henceforth: Tarte). Ca: The Carakasamhita of Agnivesa, with the Ayurvedadipika commentary of Cakrapanidatta (henceforth: Cakra). Edited by Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acarya. 1941; rpt. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1981. Carakasamhita. Agnivesa's treatise refined and annotated by Caraka and redacted by Drdhabala. 3 Vols. Edited and translated by Priyavrat Sharma. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia 1981-85. Jaikrishnadas Ayurvedic Series, 36. Carakasamhita. English translation with notes by Avinash Chandra Kaviratna and Pareshnatha Sharma Kavibhusan. Calcutta 1888-1925. Cikitsasthana. Ci: Ka: Kalpa(siddhi)sthana. MadhNi: The Madhavanidana and its chief commentary, chapters 1-10. Introduction, translation and notes by G.J. Meulenbeld. Leiden: E.J. Brill 1976. Mooss: Vahata's Astangahrdayasamhita. Kalpasthana. Edited and translated by Vayaskara N.S. Mooss. Kottayam: Vaidyasarathy Press (P) Ltd. 1984. Nidanasthana. Ni: Sa: Si: Su: Su: Ut: Vi: Sarirasthana. Siddhisthana. Susrutasamhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha commentary of Dalha- nacarya (henceforth: D) and the Nyayacandrika Panjika of Gayadasa on Nidanasthana. Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acarya and Narayana Rama Acarya 'Kavyatirtha'. 1938; rpt. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia 1980. Sutrasthana. Uttarasthana (Ah, As), Uttaratantra (Su). Vimanasthana. Translation of Chapter II [Thus (begins) the second chapter.] 1 Henceforth we shall expound the preparation of purgatives. So indeed declared the great sages beginning with Atreya. 2 Of the drugs for purgation, trivrt is chief among the roots, tilvaka, among the barks, snuhi, among the milky saps, [and] haritaki, among the fruits. Now, the root of the trivrt is twofold: reddish and blackish. With regard to this [distinction], the

red [variety] is astringent, sweet, pungent in digestion, [and] rough. It destroys phlegm and bile. Moreover, because of the specific characteristics of its processing, it alleviates all diseases. Because of its being a pleasant purgative, it is prescribed for children, the elderly, those who are delicate, and those with soft bowels. And [this] is meant by the word trivrt. Different from the former [and] somewhat inferior [to it] in its qualities [is the blackish variety], which is harsh, torments (karsana) the throat and the chest [and] causes fainting (murccha) and stupor (sammoha). But because of its quick removal of the "peccant" humours, it is prescribed in cases of those having a great amount of "peccant" humours, those capable of enduring pain, and those with hard bowels. And [this] is meant by the word syama. Then one should gather the root of both [varieties]. [It must] not [be] growing crosswise; [it must be] penetrated deeply [into the ground]; and [it must be] smooth. Thereupon, after having dried [its removed] bark, one should store it, completely concealed. The note In the case of wind-disorders (vatamaya), one should consume the powder of that [trivrt-root], combined with dry ginger (sunthi) and rock-salt, with sour liquids or with meat-broth. In the case of bilious [disorders] (pittottha), [one should consume its powder] with milk, honey, natural juices of draksa, sugarcane (iksu), kasmarya, clarified butter, and decoctions of sweet drugs, along with brown sugar. In the case of phlegmatic [disorders] (kaphaja), [one should consume its powder] with [cow's] urine, honey, with the juices of draksa, the arista-plant, and the pilu-tree, and with a decoction of triphala and the five spices (pancakola), mixed with the powder of the three pungents (vyosa). And with these very drugs, one should prepare, in accordance with the "peccant" humours, a linctus, a bolus, medicated balls, and foods requiring and not requiring mastication. [These should be] sweetened by means of clarified butter, brown sunogar, the [natural] juices of draksa, sugarcane (iksu), and tugaksiri; made sour by means of citron, pomegranate (dadima),

24 7 8 9 10 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 323 amalaka, jujube (kola), karamarda, the juice of kapittha, and buttermilk; made salty by means of rock-salt; made sharp by the three pungents (vyosa); completed with the addition of various sorts of seasonings; and made fragrant by means of the juice of the mango-fruit (sahakara), the three aromatics (trijata (ka)), nagakesara, and camphor (karpura). And on this subject, there exist [the following verses:] A linctus prepared with a decoction of the paste of trivrt [root], along with white sugar, cooled [and] combined with honey and the three spices (trijata) [is] a savoury purgative. Ajagandha, tugaksiri, vidari, brown sugar, trivrt[-root], made into a powder and combined with honey and clarified butter, when licked, the one afflicted with fever caused by a combination of the three "peccant" humours (sannipatajvara), stiffness (stambha), thirst (pipasa) and burning sensation [in the body] (daha), is properly purged. Having split in two a stalk of sugarcane (iksu), one should smear the inside [parts] with trivrta. And having made it one (i.e., joined the two parts together), [the physician] should make [the patient] eat (i.e., chew) that [stem] which has been sweated by the method of cooking of wrapped [substances] (putapaka). Equal parts of tvac and ela, nili [in equal part to these two], trivrt [in equal part] to these [three], and brown sugar [in equal part] to these [four]. One should drink as a satisfying beverage (tarpana) the powder [made from these] with fruit ni (boau juices, honey and coarsely ground flour. 29 11 12-13 In the case of diseases caused by wind, bile and phlegm, and in the case of a delicate person whose digestive power is weak, [this drug] is a safe purgative. A linctus [made from the powder] of trivrt with half the quantity of the decorticated seeds of vidanga, tandula-rice, vara, barley straw-potash (yavasuka), and kana, thoroughly mixed together [and combined] with honey and clarified butter or with treacle, eliminates internal tumours (gulma), enlargement of of svits the spleen (plihodara), cough (kasa), halimaka-morbid pallor

324 14-16 Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society 3 (1993) and loss of appetite (arocaka), as well as many other phlegmatic and wind-caused diseases. After having boiled on a low fire, a karsa-quantity of powder of each of vidanga, roots of pippali, triphala, dhanya, citraka, marica, indrayava, ajaji, pippali, hastipippali, dipyaka, the five salts (pancalavana), a quantity of eight palas of sesamum-oil and the powder of trivrt, a quantity of three prasthas of the juice of the fruit of dhatri, combined with a half-tula-quantity of treacle, one should then eat a proper dose [of this] without restriction [to diet and regimen]. 17-18 a It destroys skin affliction (kustha), haemorrhoids (arsas), kamala-morbid pallor, internal tumours (gulma), urinary disorders (meha), dropsical disorders (udara), rectal fistulas (bhagandara), chronic diarrhoea (grahani), and morbid pallor (panduroga), and produces male offspring. It is called 'efficacious treacle (guda)' and is useful in all seasons. 18 b-19 Boluses of trivrt in equal [quantity] with all [of the following:] the three pungents (vyosa), the three spices (trijataka), ambhoda, krmigha, and amalaka, and with as much white sugar as [trivrt], prepared with honey, are beneficial in the cases of painful urination (mutrakrcchra), fever (jvara), vomiting (chardi), cough (kasa), consumption (sosa), dizziness (bhrama), emaciation (ksaya), [excessive bodily] heat (tapa), affliction of morbid pallor (pandvamaya), weak digestive fire and all kinds of poisons. 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 Trivrta, kutaja-seeds, pippali and visvabhesaja, combined with honey and the juice of draksa, is a purgative [to be used] in the rainy season. Trivrt, duralambha, musta, brown sugar, udicya and candana, followed by the addition of yasstyahva and satala, along with a watery solution (i.e., juice or decoction) of draksa, [is a purgative to be used] in the autumn season. In the winter, one should consume with warm water the powder of trivrta, citraka, patha, ajaji, sarala, vaca, and svarnaksiri. Trivrta in equal [quantity] with brown sugar is a purgative [to

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II be used] in the summer season. 325 24 After having ground to a powder trivrt, trayanti, hapusa, satala, 25 26-27 katurohini and svarnaksiri, one should soak [this powder] in cow's urine for three days. This recipe [can be used] yeararound; [and] it removes the corrupted humours of those whose bodies are oily. Blackish trivrt (syama), trivrt, duralambha, hastipippali, vatsaka, combined with nilini, katuka, musta and srestha, finely powdered [and] consumed with [meat-]broth, clarified butter or warm water, is beneficial at all times, especially for those whose bodies are dry. A karsa-quantity each of the three pungents (tryusana), triphala and hingu, a pala-quantity of trivrt, a half-karsa-quantity (baw of sauvarcala (black) salt, and a half-pala-quantity of amlavetasa. One should consume the powder [made] of these [and] an equal quantity of brown sugar with the scum of boiled rice or with sour gruel. [It is] successful against internal tumours (gulma) and pain along the sides (parsvarti); and when this has been digested, [one should consume] rice with meat-broth. After having prepared a powder with trivrta, triphala, danti, satala, the three pungents (vyosa) and rock-salt, it should be soaked for seven days in the juice [made] from amalaka [and] should be used in cream with barley groats (tarpana), in a soup, in meat preparations, [and] in raga-preparations. 28 28 29 29 blog Clarified butter, boiled with the paste of trivrta, [and] an equal [quantity] of sour gruel, destroys internal tumours (gulma). [Likewise,] clarified butter or milk, boiled with a decoction of syama and trivrt [destroys internal tumours]. 30-31 One should boil eight tightly clenched fistfuls of trivrt in a drona-quantity of water. A fourth remaining after decoction, purified [and] combined with a tula-quantity of treacle, is to be kept in an oiled jug smeared with honey, pippali-fruit and citraka. When it is consumed after a month's passage, it removes morbid pallor (pandu), oedema (svayathu) and internal tumours (gulma). ads noup TO

Or, sura-liquor [made] from a fourth of leaven to which trivrta has been added, combined with a decoction of that [trivrt] [removes morbid pallor, oedema and internal tumours]. [Or,] one should consume sauviraka-barley-wine prepared [thus]: Halfboiled masa-beans (kulmasa), with barley boiled with a decoction of syama and trivrt, [should be] fermented with water for six days in a pile of grains. Or, one should drink tusodaka-barley-wine prepared thus: Dried barley-grains with their chaffs, baked [and] combined with the powder of that [trivrt], [should be] fermented with water [for six days in a pile of grains]. Rajavrksa, being mild, sweet and cooling, is especially beneficial in cases of diseases beginning with fever (jvara), chest afflictions (hrdroga), wind-blood (i.e., blood mixed with wind) (vatasrj) and udavarta. Caturangula, because of its mild action and its harmlessness, is particularly beneficial for children and an elderly person, in the case of one who is weakened by pulmonary lesions (ksataksina), and one who is very delicate. At the proper fruiting period, one should collect the mature fruit of that [rajavrksa]. One should place a bhara-quantity of the best quality of them in sand. Having extracted [them from the sand] after seven days, one should then dry [them] in the heat [of the sun]. Thereupon, after having removed their inner piths, one should store [them] in a clean vessel. One should administer that pleasant [purgative] with the juice of draksa in the case of one afflicted with burning sensation [in the body] (daha), in the case of udavarta, and in the case of [a sick] child from four to twelve years old. Or, [the physician] should make [the patient] consume a cold decoction of the pith of caturangula, combined with either the clear part of thick sour milk or the clear part of sura-liquor, with the juice of the dhatri-fruit, with sauviraka-barley-wine, or with trivrt-paste.

40 40 41 42 43-44 45 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 327 Or, one should consume that clarified butter, which would rise from the milk cooked with caturangula, boiled with the paste of its pith in the juice of dhatris. Or else, one should consume that clarified butter boiled with the paste of those plants beginning with syama in a decoction of the ten roots, kulatthas, or barley. One should put the piths of that [caturangula] and old treacle in a decoction of danti. [The physician] should make [the patient] consume that arista-liquor which has stood a (lunar) month or just half-a-month. After having completely dried and made into a powder the bark of the root of the tilvaka which has its inner part removed, one should then dissolve two parts [of the three into which the powder was divided] in a decoction of the same lodhra[-bark]. One should saturate the third [part] with that [decoction in which the first two parts were dissolved]. The latter part should again be soaked in a decoction of the ten roots. After having again prepared a dried powder [from it], one should thereupon consume a palmful [of it] with whey, [cow's] urine, the clear part of sura-liquor, or the watery part of either jujube-fruits (kola) or dhatri-fruits. 46 One should ferment barley (maruja)-grains in water decocted with mesasrngi, abhaya, krsna, and citraka. And when that sauviraka-barley-wine is produced, one should consume [an aksaquantity of] lodhra-paste with an anjali-quantity of that [sauviraka-barley-wine]. 47 48-49 One should consume sura-liquor prepared with a lodhra-decoction, after it has stood for half-a-(lunar)-month. A linctus made with a decoction and paste of tilvaka, followed by the addition of brown sugar and clarified butter, is an excellent purgative. Sudha breaks apart (i.e., loosens) very quickly even a great accumulation of the "peccant" humours. [It is however] dangerous if used improperly. Hence, one should never prepare it in the case of one having soft bowels, one who is weak, a [sick]

328 50-52 10 Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society 3 (1993) child, one who is old, [and] one who has a protracted illness. It is recommended in the case of internal tumours (gulma), dropsical disorders (udara), artificial poison (gara), skin diseases (tvagroga), honey-urine (i.e., diabetes) (madhumehin), morbid pallor (pandu), latent poison (dusivisa), morbid swellings (sopha), [and] in one whose mind is confused because of the "peccant" humours. And that [sudha] covered with many sharp spines [is] best. After having split open with a knife that two or three year-old [sudha-plant], one should then, especially at the end of the cool season, extract [its] milky sap. Then, after having mixed the milky sap of the sudha equal in quantity to one of the decoctions [prepared from] each of the drugs of the bilva-group or [each] of the two brhatis, one should dry [it] over charcoals. Indeed, after having made [it] into boluses, one should consume [them] with [any of the liquids] beginning with whey, [cow's] urine, or sura-liquor. 53 One should consume with meat-broth or clarified butter the nine [plants] beginning with trivrt, soaked for seven days in the milky sap of snuh, in vara, [and] in svarnaksiri, followed by the addition of satala. Similarly, [one should consume] with treacle-water the three pungents (vyosa), uttama, kumbha, nikumbha, and agni, [soaked for seven days in the milky sap of snuh]. 54 55 56 One should eat a decoction of syama and trivrt with the milky sap of snuh, clarified butter, and treacle. Or, one should consume the milky sap of snuh combined with any of kasari, meat-broth or vegetable-broth, etc. It is known (iti) that one should let the powder of nikumbha, kumbha, samyaka, sankhini and saptala, remain in [cow's] urine at night [and] in the sunshine by day. And then [one should let the powder, after it has been dried, remain] in the milky sap of snuh [for seven days]. Smelling a garland and dressing oneself in cloths dusted with that [powder], one with a mild constitution is purged. 57 The fruit of sankhini should be collected when it is not over

58 59 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 329 dry and should be decorticated. In a similar manner, the root of the saptala [should be collected and decorticated]. But these two are sharp and promote relaxation (vikasin). One should prepare them [for use] in the case of those afflictions beginning with phlegmatic disorders (slesmamaya), dropsical disorders (udara), artificial poison (gara) and oedema (svayathu). In the case of wind-caused or phlegmatic disorders in the chest (hrdroga), and likewise, in the case of internal tumours (gulma), one should use an aksa-quantity of the paste of those two (i.e., sankhini and saptala), mixed with madira-liquor and salt. Two parts of the powder of sankhini and one [part] of sesamum-paste squeezed together. One should consume the oil of that with a decoction of haritaki. This method [may be used] also with linseed (atasi), mustard (sarsapa), castor (eranda), and karanja. 60 The root of the danti and dravanti [plants] is thick and firm like an elephant's tusk. [It is] reddish and dark-brownish, sharp and hot, quick-acting and promotes relaxation. 61 62 63 [It is] heavy, excites wind [and] liquefies both bile and phlegm. [After having wrapped] that [root], smeared with honey and pippali, in the midst of kusa-grass [plastered with] clay, one should make it sweat. And then one should dry it in the sun; for both fire and sun destroy its quality of promoting relaxation. One whose body is moistened [internally by the "peccant" humours], or who suffers from internal tumours (gulmin), from urinary disorders (pramehin), from ascites (jatharin), or from artificial poison (garin), should consume that [processed root] with whey, madira-liquor, buttermilk, or liquor made with the juice of pilu. One suffering from morbid pallor (pandu), worms in the bowels (krmikostha), or rectal fistula (bhagandara), [should consume it] with a broth of cow's, deer's, or goat's [meat]. Clarified butter, prepared with the decoction and paste of that [root] and with the juice (i.e., decoction) of the ten roots, conquers erysipelas (visarpa), abscesses (vidradhi), boils (alaji),

330 64 65 66 67 68 69-70 Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society 3 (1993) herpes (kaksya), and burning sensation [in the body] (daha). But sesamum-oil [prepared in the same way, conquers] internal tumours (gulma), urinary disorders (meha), haemorrhoids (arsas), suppression of the urge to evacuate (vibandha), and [disorders of] phlegm and wind. The great fats (i.e., four fats) [prepared in the same way, conquer] the suppression of faeces (i.e., constipation), of semen, of wind (i.e., flatus), and the agitation of wind. For the purpose of purgation, a linctus, prepared (i.e., boiled) in the juice (i.e. decoction) of both danti and ajasrngi [and] combined with treacle, honey, and clarified butter, removes burning sensation [in the body] (daha), excessive bodily heat (santapa), and urinary disorders (meha). In the case of windcaused thirst (vatatarsa) [and] bilious (paitta) fever (jvara), that same [linctus] should be [prepared] with ajagandha [rather than with ajasrngi]. One should boil the roots of both danti and dravanti in the juice of dhatri. Then one should fry three [equal portions of this decoction] and two [portions] of treacle either in sesamum-oil or in clarified butter. This linctus, combined with a paste of the [drugs] beginning with syama, is a prepared [or successful] purgative. Similarly [three] linctuses [should be prepared] separately with the juices (i.e., decoctions) of pathya, aksa, and the ten roots. The powder of those two [roots (i.e., danti and dravanti) combined with] an equal quantity of vida-salt, soaked in the very juice (i.e., decoction) of those [roots, and] combined with a sour liquid, is beneficial in the case of the suppression of the urge to evacuate (vibandha) and internal tumours (gulma) caused by wind. And one should make broths, etc. with their roots which have been prepared with mudga, etc. One should consume, with clarified butter, danti, dravanti, marica, svarnaksiri, yavasaka, sunthi, agnika and prthvika, made into a powder and soaked for seven days in [cow's] urine. And after [this] has been digested, [one should consume] cream with barley groats (tarpana). At all times, this is beneficial in

71 g 72 12 23 73 74 75 76 77 778 K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II the case of all diseases of both the young and the old. 331 It is prescribed in cases of difficulty in eating (?) (durbhukta), indigestion (ajirna), pain along the sides (parsvarti), internal tumours (gulma), and enlargement of the spleen (plihodara), as well as in cases of glandular swellings on the neck (gandamala), wind[-disorders], and morbid pallor (panduroga). Into [a quantity of] eight palas of treacle, one should add twenty pathya[-fruits], a pala-quantity each of danti and citraka, and a quantity of ten karsas each of pippali and trivrt. After having prepared (i.e., formed) this into medicated balls, one should consume one every tenth day, following it with a drink of warm water. [One should consume] all of them in this manner. They may be taken without restriction [to diet and regimen]; they remove all diseases; and they are especially beneficial [to those suffering from] chronic diarrhoea (grahani), morbid pallor (pandu), itches (kandu), skin rash (kotha) and haemorrhoids (arsas). Those nine [drugs] beginning with trivrt are the very best for purgation. Moreover, in the manner of trivrt, one should prepare haritaki which removes especially chronic diarrhoea (grahani), morbid swellings (sopha), morbid pallor (pandu), urinary disorders (meha), and dropsical disorders (udara). Or, one should consume with cow's urine either pathya, with the addition of rock-salt, vidanga, usana, and nagara, or haritaki, with a decoction of the [drugs] beginning with vatsaka. Or, one should consume with treacle the powder of pathya and nagara, mixed with the fruits of nilini. And afterward, one should drink tepid water. Boluses should be prepared with pathya and trivrt and soaked in the juice of draksa. One suffering from consumption (yaksmin), should lick a dried masa-quantity of them, dissolved in clarified butter and trivrt. Warm water with salt, pathya, and trivit is at all times a cherished purgative.

After the powder of pathya has been soaked in the milky sap of snuh, one should prepare medicated balls. And [the physician] should make those suffering from internal tumours (gulma), dropsical disorders (udara), disease of the liver (yakrt), disease of the spleen (plihan), piercing pain (sula), obstructive abdominal swelling (anaha), or suppression of the urge to evacuate (vibandha), lick, along with fresh butter, dried [medicated balls] equal in size to the jujube-fruit (kola). Along with the oil of castor (eranda), one should lick kustha, mixed with the three pungents; and afterwards, one should drink mild (i.e., tepid) water. This is a pleasant purgative. By the [proper] combination, reduction, timing, processing and [method] of application, one can produce a great result even from a meagre [quantity of drug] and a meagre result from a large [quantity of drug]. Purgatives, which are agreeable to the mind, may be administered with madya-liquor, and with various [other drugs when] combined with tvac, kesara, amrataka, pomegranate (dadima), ela, white-sugar, honey or matulunga [in order to give the proper recipe]. [Thus (ends) the second chapter called preparations of purgatives.] Notes to Chapter II Verse 1 Parallel: AhKa 2(.1); cf Mooss, 33. Variants: CaKa 7.1-2; SuSu 44.1-2. Tarte: iti... maharsayah is wanting. Ah adds namadhyayam 'the chapter called'. Ca begins with the chapter on the preparations of syama and trivrt as declared by atreya. Su begins with chapter treating the science of the preparations of purgative drugs, as spoken by the Lord Dhanvantari. Verse 2 Variants: AhKa 2.1-4 a; cf. Mooss, 33-35; CaKa 7.3-8 a; SuSu 44.3-4. Tarte: vyadhisamanam replaces vyadhiprasamanam. Indu explains that the specific characteristics of processing are produced by combination, preparation, etc. AhKa 2.3-4 a: 'Its root is twofold with two names:

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 333 blackish, syama, and reddish, trivrt. Of the two, that called trivTt is most preferable, not dangerous and pleasant. It is suitable for those who are delicate, for children, for the elderly, and for those with soft bowels' (cf. Ca, below); CaKa 7.5 b-8 a: 'It alleviates phlegm and bile, but irritates the wind because of its roughness. Now, combined with drugs which remove wind, bile and phlegm, and when it has attained specific characteristics of its processing, it should be the remover of all diseases. Its root is indeed twofold: blackish and reddish. Of the two, know the reddish root as most important and suitable for those who are delicate, for children, for the elderly, and for those with soft bowels' (following Cakra). Ah follows Ca. SuSu 44.3-4 a: 'Among the roots for purgation, the reddish type of the trivrt-root is best; among the barks, tilvaka is chief; among the fruits, haritaki; among the oils, the oil produced from castor (eranda); among the natural juices, karavellika; among the milky saps, the sap of sudha.' As combines Su and Ca. Verse 3 Variants: AhKa 2.4 b-5; cf. Mooss, 36-37; CaKa 7.8 b-9. Ah (following Indu and H): 'The blackish [root], because of its harshness and quick action, causes fainting, stupor, abrasion (kasana) on the chest and in the throat, and pain in the rectum (or, lesion in the throat <H>) (ksanana). And hence, it is suitable in cases of hard bowels, accumulation of "peccant" humours, and in a patient capable of enduring pain'; Ca: 'The blackish [root], because of its quick action, might cause stupefication (mohayed), emaciation (or decrease of one or more of the seven principal elements <Cakra>) (ksinvita), [and] fainting (murcchayet); because of its harshness, it torments the cardiac region and the throat, and quickly removes the "peccant" humours. It is suitable in case of those have a great amount of "peccant" humours and in those who have hard bowels.' As and Ah follow Ca. Verse 4 Variants: AhKa 2.6; cf. Mooss, 37; CaKa 7.11. Tarte: suguptam is wanting. Translation follows Indu (to As and Ah) who explains that the root must be sunken firmly in the ground and that 'One should dry [the bark of] both [types] of roots. [Then], after having completely concealed all of it, one should store it until the time of its use'; Ah: 'Having obtained [a root] which has penetrated deeply [in the ground], which is smooth and which has not grown crosswise, one should remove its inner part (var.: woody part) [and] preserve its dried bark

[for later use]'; Ca: 'Having torn open that [root] which has penetrated deeply [in the ground], which has not grown crosswise, and which is smooth, one should extract its womb (i.e., inner pith) [and] preserve its dried bark [for later use].' As and Ah follow Ca. Verse 5 Variants: AhKa 2.7-9 a; cf. Mooss, 37-39; SuSu 44.5-6; cf. CaKa 7.12-17 a,20-27, for similar information. Tarte has api for va, svadukvathaih for svadudravyakvathaih, ksara 'caustic' for draksa, and kolaka for kola. Ah: 'Then at the time [of purgation], one should in the case of wind-disorders consume with sour liquids the powder of that (Indu, A: trivrt-root) [combined] with some nagara and rock-salt. In the case of bilious disorders (paitta), [one should consume it] with clarified butter, white sugar, and honey, [mixed] with milk, the juices of draksa, iksu, kasmarya (var.: kasmarya), the drugs of the sweet group (i.e., see AhSu 10.22 b-25 a: madhuragana) or with vara. In phlegmatic disorders (kaphamaya), [one should consume it] with the sap of pilu, [cow's] urine, madya-liquor, sour liquids or with sour rice-gruel (kanjika, var.: kancika), combined strictly according to the prescribed rules (i.e., precisely in proper proportions), with the powder of the five spices, etc., [and] with [those drugs] which remove phlegm'; Su: 'The patient afflicted with wind-disorders (marutaroga) should consume fully mature and undiseased trivrt-root, made into a powder and soaked in the juice of purgative drugs, and combined with rock-salt, nagara and sour liquids. And in the case of bilious disorders (paitta), one should consume that [powdered trivrt-root] with derivatives of iksu, with the juices of the sweet [group], and combined with milk. In the case of phlegmatic [disorders], one should consume that [powdered trivrt-root] with the juice of guduci, arista-plant, and triphala, together with the three pungents (vyosa) and [cow's] urine.' On the sweet drugs, compare AsSu 18.19, where the enumeration of the madhuraskandha is given. This differs from the list of the madhuragana found at AhSu 10.22 b-25 a. Arista here is probably a plant; but on analogy with madya in Ah, it could also be a liquor prepared by fermentation after the liquid made from various drugs has been boiled (cf. CaSu 27.182; SuSu 25.194 b; see also notes to AsKa 3.13, below). On the five spices (pancakola), see notes to Aska 1.12. The three pungents (vyosa, trikatu, tryusana) are: marica, pippali and nagara (See Indu at AsSu 12.47; A, H at AhSu 6.164). As follows Su.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II Verse 6 Variant: H to Ahka 2.9 a. 335 H: yathamukham replaces yathasvam; Tarte: vesavara replaces vesavara; H and Tarte: ...ksodatavaksiri... '[made of] ... ksoda, tavaksiri ...'; ...karamardaka...puritani ... trijataka.... The three aromatics (trijata(ka)) are: tvac, ela and pat(t)ra (See AsSu 12.43 and AhSu 6.160). According to Indu, the various sorts of seasonings are made from meat (mamsa) and grains [or a plant] (dhanya). Translation follows Indu. Verse 7 Parallel: AhKa 2.9 b-10; cf. Mooss, 39-40. Variant: CaKa 7.21 b. Translation follows Indu. Ca: 'Or, one should lick [the decocted trivrtroot], combined with honey and clarified butter, followed by the addition of white sugar.' Cakra explains that this is the first of eight linctuses utilising trivrt. A (at Ah) says that this prescription occurs at AhCi 3.63 in a treatment for cough. Verse 8 Parallel: Ahka 2.10 b-11; cf. Mooss, 40. Variant: CaKa 7.22-23 a; cf. SuSu 44.16. Tarte has tavaksiri, and Atrideva has tukaksiri for tugaksiri; Ah has tukaksiri, and cites as variant the reading of Tarte. Ca: ...dahatrsnardito narah 'the man suffering from burning sensation and thirst (trsna)'. As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 9 Parallel: AhKa 2.12; cf. Mooss, 41-42. Variant: SuSu 44.15. Tarte has gandikam and notes that the remedy applies to the one afflicted by fever and the combination of the three "peccant" humours, etc. Variant to Ah has kandikam, which is a synonym of gandikam, the part of the stem between two joints. Trivrta is a variant of trivrt. Su states that the sugarcane should be split, filled with the paste of white trivrt, wrapped and tied, and cooked in a fire by the putapaka-process. The cooled juice of the paste is effective against bilious disorders. The method of cooking of a wrapped [substance] (putapaka) is a process requiring that the medical substance be reduced to a paste, wrapped with fresh leaves, covered with clay and cooked in a fire (see especially Mooss, 41-2; cf. notes to v.61, below).

Verse 10 Parallels: AhKa 2.13; cf Mooss, 42-43; CaKa 7.34. Variant: SuSu 44.22. Read tais (found in all other editions) for tas. Tarte has bhrngailabhyam (so also Ca and Ah) for tvagelabhyam and notes the synonym kalanjani for nili. Su: 'The powder of one part of nili, one part of tvac and ela, and trivrt equal to all these, along with white sugar, honey and sour fruit-juice (phalalma), is a satiating (drink) which removes the combination of the three "peccant" humours (sannipata).' The proportions of ingredients in recipe follows Indu (to As and Ah). A explains: 'Nili in equal part to tvac and ela, trivrt in equal part to these [three] and white sugar in equal part to all of [these].' Indu says that the fruit juice is 'the juice of the fruits of plants beginning with draksa' (so also H and Cakra). H glosses tarpana, as mantha (cf. AsKa 3.20); D glosses santarpana as prinana 'satisfying' and explains tarpana as saktu 'barley groats' (see also notes to wv. 28 and 69-71, below). Apparently, tarpana is a pleasant beverage or food that is variously concocted and has the quality of refreshing and satiating (cf. MadhNi, 467). As follows Ca. Verse 11 Parallels: AhKa 2.14; cf. Mooss, 42-43; CaKa 7.25. Translation follows Indu who explains that a safe purgative is one that is 'non-violent'. Verses 12-13 Parallel: AhKa 2.15-16; cf. Mooss, 43-44. Variants: CaKa 7.37-39; SuSu 44.87-89. In 12, Tarte has 'rddhena. Translation follows Indu and A. Yavasuka is the same as yavaksara, potash made from barley straw. Indu and H explain vilanga (var.: vidanga) as vilangasara (var.: vidangasara) 'the core (or pith) of the vilanga (vidanga) seeds'. Halimaka is a form of morbid pallor (panduroga) caused by the vitiation of bile and wind. The patient suffering from it has a greenish, blackish and yellowish complexion, looses strength and energy, becomes sleepy, has poor digestion, mild fever, body-ache, difficult breathing, thirst, loss of appetite, giddiness, and looses the desire for women (CaCi 16.132 b-134 a; cf. AsNi 13.19 b- 21, Ci 18.39-42, and MadhNi, 627). Ca: 'One should take as a linctus a quantity of three sanas of the powder of trivrt, a quantity of three sanas of the bark of triphala, [and] a quantity of three sanas of powdered vidanga, pippali, and barley-straw potash (ksara <= yavasuka>), com-

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 337 bined with clarified butter and honey, or as medicated balls (modaka) with treacle. One should enjoy this excellent evacuative (sodhana) without restriction [to diet and regimen]. It removes internal tumours, enlargement of the spleen, difficult breathing [or dyspnoea] (svasa), halimaka-morbid pallor, loss of appetite, as well as other phlegmatic and wind-caused disorders.' Su follows Ca, but has, in 88 b, srestham virecanam 'best purgative'. As and Ah are based on Ca and Su. Verses 14-18 a Parallel: AhKa 2.17-21 a; cf. Mooss, 45-46. Variant: CaKa 7.40-45; cf. SuSu 44.52-54 a. In 17, Tarte adds (following Ca): mandagnitvam jvaram murccham mutrakrcchram arocakam, kustha... '[It destroys] weak digestive fire, fever, fainting, painful urination, loss of appetite, skin affliction ....' Ca 41 a has '[the five] salts and ajamoda' and in 42 b-44 a: 'Having boiled [it] on a low fire, having made [it] into boluses resembling jujube-fruits or figs, one should eat [them] without restriction [to diet and regimen]. [They should destroy] weak digestive fire, fever (jvara), fainting (murccha), painful urination (mutrakrcchra), loss of appetite (arocaka), insomnia (asvapna), body ache (gatrasula), cough (kasa), difficult breathing (svasa), dizziness (bhrama), emaciation (ksaya), skin affliction The remedy is called 'efficacious treacle' (kalyanakaguda). The five salts (pancalavana) are: sauvarcala (= kalalavana, black salt), saindhava (rock-salt), vida (artifically prepared black or red salt), audbhida (saline efflorescence from reh lands), and samudra (sun-dried sea-salt) (CaSu 1.88 b-92 a, 27.300-04; SuSu 46.313-20; cf AsSu 12.26-32 a, AhSu 6.143-49, and MadhNi, 495-96). Su: 'In a quantity of eight palas of treacle, there should be [combined] a quantity of twenty palas of pathya, one pala each of danti and citraka, and a quantity of one karsa each of pippali and trivrt. Having made these into ten medicated balls (modaka), one should then eat one every ten days, following it with warm water. They are not subject to restriction [of diet and regimen]. They destroy the "peccant" humours and chronic diarrhoea, morbid pallor, haemorrhoids, and skin affliction.' Tarte: Verses 18 b-19 Variants: AhKa 2.21 b-23; cf. Mooss, 47-48; CaKa 7.46-49. kase sose bhrame ksaye. Translation follows Indu. Ca: 'The physician should administer with honey equal parts of the three pungents, tvac, patra, musta, ela, vidanga, amalaka and abhaya, two parts

600 mukulaka, eight parts trivrt, and six parts brown sugar, powdered and made into boluses measured in [doses of] a pala. One should consume it after rising at day-break and afterwards, one should drink cold water. It is not subject to restrictions [of diet and regimen] and is beneficial in cases of painful urination and weak digestive fire. And the recipe, administered by one who knows the correct procedures, is considered excellent among the purgatives for all types of poisoning and the disorders caused by urine.' Ah is the same as As, with the perhaps spurious addition of the following line in Ah(22 b): 'This, called (var.: recipe,) "non-destructive" (avipatti), is suitable for those sick from bilious disorders (pittarogin).' Indu (to Ah) gives two possible alternatives for the proportion of white sugar: 1. the sugar is in equal quantity to all drugs, including trivrt; or, 2. the sugar is in equal quantity only to trivrt. A and H hold the latter view and is thus the preferred reading. In modern-day Kerala, however, the former is more common (see Mooss, 48). As and Ah are based on Ca. Verses 20-21 Parallel: AhKa 2.24-25; cf. Mooss, 49-50. Variant: CaKa 7.56-57. In 21, Tarte has ...sitalam for...satalam. Ca is the same, except in 56 b it has varsasv etad virecanam 'This is a purgative [to be used] in the rainy seasons.' The autumn season is literally '[the time] when the rain-clouds have passed' (jaladatyaya). As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 22 Parallel: AhKa 2.26; cf. Mooss, 50. Variant: CaKa 7.58. Ca 58 b has hemante pistva tusnambuna pibet 'Having ground [trivrta, etc.], one should consume [it] with warm water in winter.' Verse 23 Parallel: AhKa 2.27 a; cf. Mooss, 50. Variant: CaKa 7.59 a. In Ca, trivrta and sarkara are reversed. Verse 24 Parallel: AhKa 2.27 b-28; cf. Mooss, 51. Variant: CaKa 7.59 b-60. In Ca, plant names are uncompounded. Indu (at As and Ah) glosses maladosahrt as 'disorders beginning with corrupted wind'.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II Verse 25 Parallel: AhKa 2.29-30 a, cf. Mooss, 51-52. Variants: CaKa 7.61-62; SuSu 44.26 b-27. 339 Tarte has pippali for pippali. Translation follows Indu. At Ca 61 a, plant names are uncompounded; 61 b has 'nilini, triphala, musta and katuka, finely powdered'; and 62: 'Then one should consume a quantity [of it] equal to the palm of the hand, combined with clarified butter, meatbroth or warm water. Indeed, it is a most pleasant [purgative and] is beneficial even for those whose bodies are dry.' Cakra states that it is a recipe for all seasons. Su: 'The powder of syama, trivrt, nili, kaTvi, musta, duralabha, cavya, indrabija and triphala, [combined] with clarified butter, meat-broth or warm water [is to be] consumed as a purgative. For it is beneficial even for those whose bodies are dry.' As and Ah are based on Ca and Su. Verses 26-27 Variant: CaKa 7.63-64; H to AhKa 2.31 a. In 26, Tarte and H have karsas ca. Translation follows Indu. Ca 64 a has madyena 'with spiritous liquor' for mandena, which Indu glosses as 'very clear rice gruel'. For amla 'sour gruel', Indu glosses 'that beginning with sour gruel and spiritous liquor (kanjikamadyadi)'. On sauvarcala-salt, see notes to verses 14-18 a, above. Clearly this as well as the following verses to 33 are based on the earlier traditions of Ca. Verse 28 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.31 a. Variant: CaKa 7.65-66 a. Variant to H has rasaih for rase. Here Indu glosses tarpana as saktu 'barley groats' (see also notes to wv.10,69-71), and explains the ragapreparations as 'those beginning with spiritous drinks made from the jujube-plant'. At AsSu 7.53, he states that raga-preparations are made from ingredients beginning with white sugar and honey. Cakra (at CaCi 20.36) says that it is 'a special type of condiment prepared with ingredients beginning with kapittha', and glossing ragasadava at CaSu 27.281, he explains that some say that it is 'decocted with treacle and the young sahakara-fruit, combined with sesamum-oil and nagara, or else it is prepared with rajika, combined with white sugar (sita), sonchal salt (rucaka), and rock salt (sindduttha; var.: siddhartha?), with the addition of vrksamla and parusaka, and finally combined with the juice of the fruit of the jambu'. Compare D (at SuSu 46.383 and 453) who explains

that 'raga is prepared with rajika combined white sugar (sita), sonchal salt (rucaka) and rock-salt (sindhuttha), with the addition of vTksamla and the fruit of parusaka, and finally combined with the juice of the fruit of the jambu'. It seems therefore that raga-preparations were types of sweet condiments, perhaps sweet relishes. P.V. Sharma translates it as 'pickles' at CaKa 7.65 (Vol 2, 561). Ca 65 a has the ingredients uncompounded in the accusative case; 65 b: amalakirase 'in the juice of amalaki'. Verse 29 Variant: CaKa 7.66 b-68; H to AhKa 2.31 a. H:... payo 'thava (var.: payo 'pi va). Indu explains that there is a debate over whether the paste of trivrt is also meant to be used in the second recipe. He considers it to be without the paste. Ca 67-68: 'One should boil the roots of both syama and trivrt with amalaka[-fruits]. A man should consume clarified butter after it has been boiled in water with this decoction. Likewise, one should consume clarified butter, cooked with a decoction of syama and trivrt; or [one should consume] milk, prepared with those two; whereby, he is pleasantly purged.' Verses 30-31 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.31 a. Variant: CaKa 7.69-71 a. Translation follows Indu. Ca 70 b-71 a: 'One should consume, after a month, [the decoction] ... in proper dose. It destroys chronic diarrhoea (grahani) and morbid pallor (panduroga), [and] removes internal tumours and oedema.' Verse 32 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.31 a. Variant: CaKa 7.71 b-72. Ca 71 b reads trivrtayogakinva 'made with leaven to which trivrta has been added'. Translation follows Indu and Cakra. Indu glosses kinva as 'the paste of sura' and kulmasa as 'half-boiled masa-beans'. Cakra glosses it as 'barley flour made by boiling'. At CaCi 20.28 he states that several varieties of beans are partly boiled and then ground; and D (at SuCi 10.5) explains that it is prepared by boiling plants beginning with srngata with sour juices and mixing it with barley flour. Indu says that sauviraka (barley-wine) is made with [barley grains] free of their chaffs.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 341 Detailed recipes for sura and sauviraka are given at SuSu 44.31-40 a. They are, however, different from those given in Ca and As. Verse 33 Variants: CaKa 7.73; H to AhKa 2.31 a. Tarte:...yutam; H:...siddhan 'prepared' (var.: suskan). Ca 73 a reads suddhan yavams 'cleansed grains' (var.: ksunnan yavams 'pulverised grains'). Translation follows Cakra and Indu. A detailed recipe of tusodaka-barley-wine is given at SuSu 44.40 b-45, which again is different. Verse 34 Parallels: AhKa 2.30 b-31 a; cf. Mooss, 52; CaKa 8.4. Translation follows Indu. The word vatasrj (= vatasonita) refers to a condition in which the blood is mixed with wind and usually occurs as a symptom, among other diseases, of fever (jvara). It may indicate 'rheumatism'. Udavarta refers to an entire class of disorders characterised, among other things, by retention of urine, constipation and retention of flatus (See CaCi 26.6-5; SuUt 55; cf. AsNi 7.14-20, Ci 10.50). As and Ah derive from Ca. Verse 35 Parallels: AhKa 2.31 b-32 a; cf. Mooss, 53; CaKa 8.5. Variant: cf. SuSu 44.76 b-77. Translation follows Indu. In a, Ah has a variant which reads: ksataksine 'in [a person] who is weakened by pulmonary lesions', which is the reading adopted in As (cf. Su; see also MadhNi, 328-50). Su states that the oil of castor (eranda), combined with a quantity of a decoction of triphala, with milk, or with meat-broth, is to be used as a purgative for children, the elderly, those weakened by pulmonary lesions (or the wounded and the weak), and those who are very delicate (balavrddhaksataksinakumara). As and Ah derive from Ca. Verses 36-38 Parallel: AhKa 2.32 b-34 a; cf. Mooss, 53-54. Variants: CaKa 8.6-9 a; SuSu 44.73-75 a. Translation follows Indu. Ca 6: 'One should store in sand the fruit of that [aragvadha], which has been collected at the proper fruiting period, which is mature, [and] which is possessed of good qualities'; 7 a: 'Having extracted [them] after seven days, the physician should dry [them] in the heat [of the sun]'; 8-9 a: 'He should administer either one or two handfuls of the pith of the caturangula[-fruit], combined with the juice of

draksa, in the case of .... Su states that the pith of the caturangula-fruit should be removed and its oil obtained by boiling in water or by squeezing as in the case of sesamum seeds. It is to be employed for children up to twelve years of age. As and Ah are based on Ca and Su. Verse 39 Parallel: AhKa 2.35 b-36; cf. Mooss, 54-55. Translation follows Indu. On the recipe of sura-wine as purgative and emetic, see SuSu 44.30 b-34; and on sura and wines in general, see SuSu 45.17-216. Verses 40-41 Parallel: CaKa 8.13-14. Translation follows Indu. The ten roots (dasamula) are the group of the five big roots (mahat (brhat) pancamula) and the group of the five small roots (laghupancamula). The five big roots are: bilva, kasmarya, tarkari, patala, and tuntuka (var.: tintuka). The five small roots are: the two brhatis, the two amsumatis, and goksura(ka) (see AsSu 12.50-51 <= AhSu 6.167-168>; cf. CaSu 3.19, Ci 12.50 and SuSu 38.66-69). On the plants beginning with syama, see the syamadi-group at AsSu 16.57. In the last three verses, it is important to note that 2.39 has a parallel at Ah but not at Ca, while 2.40-41 have parallels at Ca but not at Ah. This suggests that the compiler of As may have taken from Ah and added to it from Ca, rather than the compiler of Ah subtracting Ca from As to make up Ah. As, therefore, could be later than Ah, from which it borrowed some material. Verse 42 Parallel: AhKa 3.37; cf. Mooss, 55-56. Variant: CaKa 8.15. Tarte has majjam for majjno. Translation follows Indu. Ca (following Cakra): 'Having added two handfuls of sampaka and of treacle to a decoction of danti, [the physician] should make [the patient] consume that arista-liquor, which has stood for one and a half (lunar) months.' As and Ah deviate from Ca. Verses 43-45 Parallel: AhKa 2.38-40; cf. Mooss, 56-57. Variants: CaKa 9.3 b-6; SuSu 44.60-61. In 43, Tarte has rodhrasyaiva for lodhrasyaiva (initial r normally replaces 1 throughout Tarte's text), and in 45, tatah for punah. Translation fol-

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 343 lows commentaries which are based on Ca. On the ten roots, see notes to v.41, above. Ca 4 a states that after the barks are made into powder, they should be divided into three parts; 5 b adds that the powder, after again being dried, should henceforth be used; 6: 'One should then consume a handful [of it] with thick sour milk, buttermilk, the clear part of sura-liquor or [cow's] urine, with badara-liquor, or with amalaka-juice.' Su 60 b: 'One should dissolve two parts of a decoction of tilvaka'; 61: 'The third part should be saturated with that [decoction], dried, and again saturated with a decoction of the ten roots. One should use [it] like trivrt.' As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 46 Variants: CaKa 9.7-8 a; H to AhKa 2.41. Translation follows Indu and Tarte (note) who state that the marujagrains are 'barley-grains (yava)' (so also H). Cakra glosses maruja as 'washed barley grains (mrstayava)'. Ca 7 b has marujan; 8 a: sada for tada. H also has marujan, but tatra for tac ca (which is cited as a variant). Verse 47 Variants: AhKa 2.41; cf. Mooss, 57-58; CaKa 9.8 b, 13; H to AhKa 2.41. As 47 a has a parallel at Ca 8 b and H, but not in Ah. As 47 b-c has parallel at Ah and close variant at Ca 13 which reads virecane for virecanam. It would appear that the compiler of As inserted material from Ca into an already established text based on Ah. Translation follows Indu. Verses 48-49 Parallel: AhKa 42-44 a; cf. Mooss, 58-59. Variant: Cf. Caka 10.3-6. In 49, Tarte has mrdau kosthe for mrdukosthe. Translation follows Indu, A and H. On latent poison (dusivisa), see CaSu 21.45 (Cakra), Ci 23.31,140, and SuKa 2.25-33,50,53-54. Ca expresses the same meaning as As, but parallel and variant readings of text are wanting: 'Sudha is considered to be the most severe of all purgatives. Since it quickly loosens the cluster of "peccant" humours [and] produces complications which are injurious (i.e., difficult to cure <following Cakra>), therefore, it is never to be used in the case of one with a weak constitution (i.e., soft bowels), when there is a slight accumulation of the "peccant" humours, and when there is alternative course of treatment (following Cakra). After having ascertained that the patient, tormented the various disea-

ses, is strong (following Indu), one should administer mahavrksa in the case of morbid pallor, dropsical disorders, internal tumours, skin disease, one afflicted with latent poison, oedema (svayathu), honey-urine (i.e., diabetes), and in one whose mind is confused because of the "peccant" humours (Cakra: 'one who is insane' <unmada>). If it is applied properly, it immediately removes even a great accumulation of the "peccant" humours.' Note the irregular verse structure in As, which is normal in Ah. This suggests that As was standardised in Ah. Verses 50-52 Parallel: AhKa 2.44 b-47 a; cf. Mooss, 59-61. Variants: CaKa 10.7 a-12 a; SuSu 44.80 b-81. In 52, Tarte has ca gulikam for tu gutikam. Translation follows Indu who, at Ah, explains that there are two varieties of sudha: one with very sharp and numerous spines, and the other with not so sharp and fewer spines. The former is best, the latter inferior because of its sharpness in action. The cool season (sisira) is from the middle of January to the middle of March. The bilva-group of drugs is the group of the five big roots (mahapancamula); and the two brhatis are part of the group of the five small roots (laghupancamula) (see notes to vv.40-41, above). Ca gives the two varieties of sudha as those with many and those with fewer spines. The former is best. It also lists the different names of the plant (i.e., snuh, guda, nanda, sudha, nistrimsapatraka). It specifies that the physician (bhisaj) should carry out the preparation of the recipe. To the bilva-group and the two brhatis is added kantakari. A kola-quantity of the drug should be consumed with sauviraka-barley-wine, tusodakabarley-wine, the juice of jujube-fruit (kola) or of amalaka, sura-liquor, the clear part of thick sour milk, or with the juice (decoction) of matulunga. Following D, Su states that individual decoctions of the five big roots and the two brhatis should be prepared and mixed with a quantity of the milky sap of sehunda, equal to one of the decoctions (i.e., seven parts decoction and an eighth part sehunda <D>), and dried over charcoals. A kola-quantity of this should be given with acidic liquors (amla), etc., as in the case of trivrt. Su mentiones earlier that this is a severe purgative and warns that it can be fatal if used by one who is not prudent (Su 44.78 b-80 a). As and Ah are based on Ca and Su. Verse 53 Parallel: AhKa 2.47 b-48; cf. Mooss, 62-63. Variant: CaKa 10.12 b-14; cf. SuSu 44.82 b-86 a.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 345 Translation follows Indu and A and H to Ah. Indu explains that the nine beginning with trivrt are: trivrt, syama, rajavrksa, aragvadha, sudha, sankhini, dravanti, and danti (cf. Indu to AhKa 2.57 a). A replaces aragvadha with saptala, and H substitutes saptala for rajavrksa, and takes rajavrksa and aragvadha to be one drug. In Ca, satala, kancanaksiri, drugs beginning with syama, and the three pungents (katutrika) are mentioned. After being soaked in the milky sap of sudha for seven days, a kola-quantity is to be consumed with clarified butter or with meat-broth. As part of the second recipe, Ca mentions the three pungents, triphala, danti, citraka, trivrt, and the syrup of treacle (Cakra: 'a beverage prepared with treacle'). In Su, the drugs are to be soaked in the milky sap of sudha and taken with treacle. They are said to be purgatives. Su's passage does not constitute a variant. As and Ah are based on Ca. Note the irregular verse formulation, again perhaps standardised in Ah. Verse 54 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.48. Variant: cf. CaKa 10.18-19 a. Tarte: ...kvathasnuk...; variant to H:...kvathe.... The compound kasarirasayusadyair may be rendered '[combined] with [any of] those beginning with the juice of kasari or vegetable-broth'. Kasari has the synonym kasamarda (ka) which is sweet and bitter, removes the three "peccant" humours, and clears the throat (SuSu 46.236). A soup (yusa) made of its leaves removes hiccough (hikka) and difficult breathing (svasa) (CaCi 17.99), and the juice (rasa) of it as well of as other plants, along with honey, removes cough caused by phlegm (CaCi 18.117). The word kasari is wanting in Ah and the early medical treatises, but is found in the Dhanvantari Nighantu (4.53) as a synonym of kasamarda. Ca mentions a linctus (leha) for purgation, made of a decoction of syama and trivrt with the milky sap of snuh, clarified butter, and treacle, and states: [The physician] should make [the patient] consume the milky sap of sudha with vegetable soup (yusa), meat-broths (mamsarasa), and clarified butter.' Verses 55-56 Variants: H to AhKa 2.48; CaKa 10.15-17; SuSu 44.84 b-86 a. For iti, H has anu 'further' (var.: iti). For samyaka, Tarte reads syamarka 'syama and arka', but mentions in a note that the preferred reading is samyaka, and has ajighret (so also var. to H) 'one should smell' for ajighran 'smelling'. Translation follows Indu. Ca reads aragvadha for

samyaka and specifies that kings (naradhipa) with delicate constitutions receive an easy purge by this method. Su also has aragvadha in place of samyaka, but mention of the king is wanting. As is based on Ca and Su. Verse 57 Parallel: AhKa 2.49-50 a; cf. Mooss, 63-64. Variant: CaKa 11.4-5. Translation follows Indu. Ca includes 'rough' (ruksa) in the drugs' list of qualities and adds internal tumours (gulma), disorders in the region of the chest (hrdroga), and skin afflictions (kustha) to the enumeration of diseases the recipe mitigates. Ca also specifies that the fruits and roots are to be stored in pots (bhajana). On vikasin (var.: vikasin and vikasin), see AsSu 1.37 and Indu, SuSu 46.523 and D, Sarngadhara Samhita 1.20 b-21 a and MadhNi, 498. With this verse, parallels to Ah and variants to Ca again resume. As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 58 Parallel: AhKa 2.50 b-51 a (50); cf. Mooss, 64. Variant: CaKa 11.6. A glosses madira as sura. Ca has prasanna 'clear upper part of suraliquor', for madira. On madira, see CaSu 27.180. As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 59 Variant: CaKa 11.10 b-11; cf. SuSu 44.47 b. Translation follows Indu. Cakra suggests that one should consume the oil derived from two parts of the powder of sankhini and one of sesamum-paste, compressed with a decoction of haritaki. A close variant is found at Ca, from which the compiler of As derived the three line verse. The previous verse of As has a parallel in Ah and a close variant in Ca. This verse has no parallel in Ah, but a close variant occurs in Ca. This suggests that a compilation was made, using Ca as its basis. Note that neither a parallel nor a variant is found in H to AhKa 2.51 b. Verses 60-61 Parallels: AhKa 2.51 b-52; cf. Mooss, 64-65; Caka 12.5 Variants: AhKa 2.53; cf. Mooss, 65; CaKa 12.4,6; SuSu 44.46-47 a. In 60, Tarte has ... syavam tiksnosnam...; in 61, Atrideva has tato for hato. Translation follows Indu, Cakra and D. Indu (at Ah) states that danti is reddish; dravanti is dark-brown; or both are reddish and darkbrown. Cakra claims that danti is dark-brown and dravanti is reddish.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 347 Indu states that the sweating is like the putapaka-process 'cooking of wrapped [substance]' (see notes to v.9, above), which involved the wrapping of the drug in a type of grass (kusa), plastering it with earth and heating it in fire (see CaCi 19.64-65; cf. Sarngadhara Samhita, Uttarakhanda, 54-63, and D to SuSu 44.46). An exact parallel of As 60-61 a occurs at Ah 51 b-52, with a close variant at Ca 12.4,6. An exact parallel of As 61 bc occurs at Ca 12.5, with a close variant at Ah 53. As 60-61 is a variant of Su, which like As has mrtkusantare. As is based on Ca and Su, Ah on Ca. Verse 62 Parallel: Ahka 2.54-55 a; cf. Mooss, 65-66. Variant: CaKa 12.7-8. Tarte:...pandukrmi.... Translation follows Indu and H. Ca specifies that an aksa-quantity of paste of the two roots should be used. For abhisyannatanur 'one whose body is moistened [internally by the "peccant" humours]', Ca has dosair abhikhinnas 'one afflicted by the "peccant" humours', although it also has the variant: dosair abhisyannas 'oozing (or moistened) with the "peccant" humours'. Verse 63 Parallel: AhKa 2.55; cf. Mooss, 66-67. Variants: CaKa 12.9; SuSu 44.48. Translation follows Indu who defines alaji as 'a boil caused by urinary disease' and kaksya as the 'name of a swelling (granthi) mentioned at AsUt. 36.12'; Mooss renders it as 'herpes' (67). Ca states that the decoction of the ten roots is to be added. Both As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 64 Parallel: AsKa 22.56; cf. Mooss, 67. Variants: CaKa 12.10; SuSu 44.48-49. Translation follows Indu. The great fats or four fats are as follows: ghrta (clarified butter), taila (oil), vasa (tallow or animal fat), and majjan (marrow) (CaSu 1.75,86; AhSu 16.4). In Ca, udavarta and catuhsneha replace respectively arsovibandha and mahasneha. Both As and Ah are based on Ca. Verse 65 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.57 a. Variant: CaKa 12.11-12 a

Tarte and variant to H:...rase va srngyas; variant to H:...rasena srngyas ksaudrarasanvitah. snehah ... virekartham... vatavarse .... Translation follows Indu and Cakra. A very close variant occurs in Ca which has at 11 a: rase dantyajasrngyas ca. Verses 66-67 Variants: H to AhKa 2.57 a; CaKa 12.12 b-15. In 66 b, read, according to H, bhrjjet (var.: bhrstas). Tarte: bhajet 'one should divide', which is probably wrong for bharjet 'one should fry', found in Ca. Variant in H has tatha for 'thava. On the [drugs] beginning with syama (syamadi), see AsSu 16.37. Translation follows Indu who explains: 'After having combined the five parts, fried in sesamum oil or treacle, with a paste of the group [of drugs] beginning with syama, the linctus is a prepared purgative.' The word siddha, in 69 a, can also mean 'successful', thus 'a successful purgative'. H reads siddhah for siddham (which is a variant in H), in which case the translation would be: 'this prepared linctus, is a purgative'. This reading, along with Ca (below), points to the rendering 'prepared'. Ca 12 b: amalaki replaces dhatri; 14: 'One should fry (bharjet) three [parts] of that decoction and two parts of treacle in heated clarified butter or sesamum oil, and then one should mix in one after another the paste of danti and dravanti and of the [drugs] beginning with syama. One should eat (i.e., lick) that prepared linctus; whereby, one is easily purged.' 15: '[Likewise,] one should thus cook (i.e., prepare) [three] linctuses individually in the juice of the ten roots, in the juice of bibhitaka, and in the juice of haritaki.' ... Verse 68 Variants: H to AhKa 2.57 a; CaKa 12.16,18. Tarte has vibandhe visi (so also a variant in H); H: bilvasamam '[powder] equal in quantity to a bilva-fruit' (var.: bidasamam)... camlam yutam... vikalpayet (var.: prakalpayet). Translation follows Indu. Ca 16: 'The powder of those two [roots], equal in quantity to a bilva-fruit, soaked exactly in a decoction of those [roots], [and] combined with a sour liquid, is suitable in the case of faeces which has not passed, [and] internal tumours caused by wind'; 18: 'One should boil down along with mudgas the root of danti and dravanti, common quail (lava) and rainquail (vartiraka). These juices [or decoctions] should be [used] in purgation.' On vartiraka, cf. CaSu 27.47 and Cakra: 'a type of gregarious cataka-bird (e.g., sparrow)'. Like the previous two verses, this one appears to be the compilers reworking and synthesis of Ca.

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II Verses 69-71 Variants: H to AhKa 2.57 a, CaKa 12.23-26; SuSu 44.49 b-51. 349 In 69, Tarte and H: yavanakam (var. in H: yavanikam) for yavasakam (cf. Ca, below). In 71, durbhukta 'difficulty in eating', could be wrong for durbhakta, found in Ca 26 b and H (var.) and rendered by Sharma as 'dyspepsia' (II, 575); also H (var.): pandurogesu. In 71, gandamalasu vate could be read as Ca (26 b): gandamalasravate 'in the case of glandular swellings on the neck and wind in the blood (or blood mixed with blood)'. Translation follows Indu who states that tarpana is 'cream with barley groats (saktumanda)' (cf. notes to wv.10 and 28, above). Ca 23-26: 'One should soak powdered danti, dravanti, marica, yavani, upakuncika, nagara, hemadugdha, and citraka in cow's urine. Then with clarified butter one should consume the powder equal in quantity to the palm of the hand. And when purged, [one should consume] cream with barley groats. It is the principal destroyer of all diseases, applicable in all seasons. Because of its being free from complications, the powder is revered among the young and the old alike. It is recommended in the case of dyspepsia (?) (durbhakta), indigestion, pain along the sides, internal tumours, enlargement of the spleen, as well as in the case of glandular swellings on the neck, wind in the blood (or wind mixed with blood), and morbid pallor.' Su has kanakahva for svarnaksiri, visvabhesaja for sunthi, and mrdvika for prthvika. It specifies that the tarpana should be taken with honey and that the purgative drink cures bilious and phlegmatic diseases, indigestion, pain along the sides (parsvaruj), morbid pallor, and enlargement of the spleen. The wording of As is closer to Ca than to Su, and Ah is based on Ca and Su. Verses 72-74 Parallel: AhKa 2.57 b,58 b-61 a; cf. Mooss, 67,68-69. Variants: CaKa 12.27-29; SuSu 44.52-54 a. In 74, Tarte has pandukandu for pandukandu. Translation follows Indu and commentaries to Ah and Su. In 74, kotha is a type of skin rash, perhaps urticaria (see CaSu 28.13, where it says that it is caused by a morbid affliction of blood <raktapradosa> <cf.CaCi 3.108> and SuSu 42.10, where it is caused by an excessive intake of substances with a salty taste <lavanarasa>, cf. also AhSu 4.17, Ni 2.20, and MadhNi, 50). Ah 57 b and As 74 c are not found in either Ca or Su. In Su, the medicated balls remove the "peccant" humours (dosaghna), and kustha 'skin affliction', replaces kandukotha. D understands that twenty pathya-fruits

= should be added. The rationale for putting As 74 c last seems to be that danti is the final of the nine drugs beginning with trivrt. At Ah (57 b), it occurs first, because the following three verses (Ah 58 b-61 a As 72- 74 ab) constitute a new section devoted to recipes involving haritaki (or pathya). This is supported by the commentaries to Ah. It could also be numbered as 75 a, beginning the section on haritaki recipes. Indu seems to understand it in this way. Since it is wanting in the close variants of Ca and Su, it would appear to be a later addition, whose position was originally perhaps uncertain. The reading of As is generally closer to that of Su. Verses 75-77 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.61 a. Variant: SuSu 44.64-66; cf. Caka 7.14-16. In 75, Tarte and H (var.) have pandusosamohodarapaham 'removes morbid pallor, consumption, stupefication, and urinary disorder'; H has ...pandusopha...; another variant in H has sosapandumeha.... In 76, Tarte has vidangotpalanagaram (so also var. to H); H (var.): vidangoghananagaram. In 77, Tarte has phale for phalaih. Su 64: 'Haritaki, vidanga, rock-salt, nagara, trivrt, and marica all of them, with cow's urine, make a purgative'; 65: 'Haritaki, bhadradaru, kustha, fruit of puga, rocksalt and srngavera, with cow's urine, make a purgative'; 66: 'A person should lick with treacle the powder of the fruit of nilini, nagara and abhaya. Afterwards, he should drink warm water.' Ca presents some of the same notions. Like other groups of verses in this chapter, As is a reworking and synthesis of Su. Verse 78 Variant: H to AhKa 2. 61 a; cf SuSu 44.10, 87-89. In a, Tarte and H (var.) have karyah ksaudrarasaplutah '... soaked in the juice [decoction] of honey'; and H (var.) has ...rasaplutah. In b, H (var.) has karsapramanas 'karsa-quantity'; Tarte and H reverse the order of lihyad and yaksmi; and Tarte (note) and H have ghrtaplutah 'soaked in clarified butter'. In c, Tarte and H (var.) have kadusnambu 'tepid water'; Tarte notes the preferred reading patusnambu; Tarte (note) and H (var.): pathyatrivrdbhyam usnambu 'warm water with pathya and trivrt'; and H: sarvasrestham virecanam 'is the purgative best of all'. Translation follows Indu who explains that after having made into powder a masaquantity of dried boluses, which are prepared with the powder of both haritaki and trivrt mixed with the juice of draksa, the one suffering from

K.G. Zysk, Astangasangraha, Kalpasthana II 351 royal consumption (rajayaksmin) should lick it along with clarified butter. Su presents some of the same notions as found here, but does not seem to have served as the basis of As. Verse 79 Parallel: H to Ahka 2.61 a. Translation follows Indu who glosses kolasthimatra 'equal in size to the jujube-fruit', as badarasthipramana 'a measure (i.e., size) equal to the jujube-fruit'. With this verse, Indu states that the preparations involving haritaki (haritakikalpa) are completed. On sula 'piercing pain', see CaCi 28.33 and SuUt 42.76-145. The use of the locative absolute is unusual, and the mention of fresh butter (navanita) is unique in this context. Verse 80 Parallel: H to AhKa 2.61 a. Tarte has kust[h]atrikatukanvitam, which, accounting for the misprint of kustha, would be rendered '[With castor oil, one should lick (a linctus of pathya)] mixed with the three pungents and kustha.' The mention of the kustha-plant as a purgative in the dominant readings is unique (cf. CaSu 3.10,23,27; 4.9,12,13; SuSu 38.24;39.7). Verse 81 Parallels: AhKa 2.61 b-62 a; cf. Mooss, 69-70; Caka 12.48 b-49 a. Translation follows Indu to As and Ah. With this verse, parallels to As are again found in Ca and Ah. Verse 82 Parallel: AhKa 2.62; cf. Mooss, 70-71. Atrideva has dadima for dadima. Translation follows Indu at As and Ah, and A. In b, tais tais ... mano 'nukulair is glossed by Indu to Ah as 'other pleasant drugs (anyais ... priyair ausadhair)' and at As as 'various [drugs] having pleasant properties (tais tais ... priyair vastubhir)'.