Hitopadesha [sanskrit]

8,857 words

The Sanskrit edition of the Hitopadesha referencing the English translation and grammatical analysis. Written by Narayana in the 8th century, the Hitopadesha represents a collection of short stories involving human and animal characters, instructing the reader on basic ancient Indian moral values and ethical conduct. Alternative titles: हितोपदेशः, Hitopadeśa, Hitopadesa.

Verse 4.132

परस्परोपकारस् तु मैत्री सम्बन्धकस् तथा ।
उपहारश् च विज्ञेयाश् चत्वारश् चैव सन्धयः ॥ १३२ ॥

parasparopakāras tu maitrī sambandhakas tathā |
upahāraś ca vijñeyāś catvāraś caiva sandhayaḥ || 132 ||

The English translation of Hitopadesha Verse 4.132 is contained in the book The Hitopadesa of Sri Narayana Pandita by Satya Narayana dasa. This book is not available online so in order to read the full text and translation you should buy the book:

Buy now! English translation by Satya Narayana dasa (1997)

Glossary of Sanskrit terms

Note: This extracts Sanskrit terms and links to English definitions from the glossary, based on an experimental segmentation of verse (4.132). Some terms could be superfluous while some might not be mentioned. Click on the word to show English definitions.

Parasparopakara, Maitri, Maitrin, Sambandhaka, Tatha, Upahara, Vijneya, Catu, Ara, Sandhi,

Analysis of Sanskrit grammar

Note: this is an experimental feature and only shows the first possible analysis of the Sanskrit text (Hitopadesha Verse 4.132). If the system was successful in segmenting the sentence, you will see of which words it is made up of, generally consisting of Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles and Indeclinables. Click on the link to show all possible derivations of the word.

  • Line 1: “parasparopakāras tu maitrī sambandhakas tathā
  • parasparopakāras -
  • parasparopakāra (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
  • tu -
  • tu (indeclinable particle)
    [indeclinable particle]
  • maitrī -
  • maitrī (noun, feminine)
    [compound], [nominative single]
    maitri (noun, masculine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
    maitrin (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
  • sambandhakas -
  • sambandhaka (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
  • tathā -
  • tathā (indeclinable correlative)
    [indeclinable correlative]
    tathā (indeclinable)
    [indeclinable]
    tathā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative single]
  • Line 2: “upahāraś ca vijñeyāś catvāraś caiva sandhayaḥ
  • upahāraś -
  • upahāra (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
  • ca -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • vijñeyāś -
  • vijñeya (noun, masculine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural]
    vijñeyā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural], [accusative plural]
  • catvā -
  • catu (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [adverb], [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
    catu (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [adverb], [nominative single], [vocative single], [accusative single]
    catu (noun, feminine)
    [compound], [adverb], [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [instrumental single]
  • āraś -
  • āra (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
    (noun, feminine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural]
    (noun, masculine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural]
    (verb class 1)
    [aorist active second single]
    (verb class 3)
    [aorist active second single]
    (verb class 5)
    [aorist active second single]
  • cai -
  • ca (indeclinable conjunction)
    [indeclinable conjunction]
    ca (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    ca (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    (noun, feminine)
    [nominative single]
  • aiva -
  • i (verb class 2)
    [imperfect active first dual]
  • sandhayaḥ -
  • sandhi (noun, masculine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural]
    sandhi (noun, feminine)
    [nominative plural], [vocative plural]

Other editions:

Also see the following editions of the Sanskrit text or (alternative) English translations of the Hitopadesha Verse 4.132

Cover of edition (2015)

The Hitopadesa of Narayana
by M. R. Kale (2015)

Edited with A Sanskrit Commentary "Marma-Prakasika" and Notes in English; 9788120806023; Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Buy now!
Cover of Gujarati edition

Hitopadesa (in Gujarati)
by Dr. Narayan M. Kansara (2007)

[હિતોપદેશ]—[ડો. નારાયણ એમ. કંસારા] Sanskrit Text With Gujarati Translation; Published by Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad

Buy now!

Preview of verse 4.132 in Gujarati sript:
પરસ્પરોપકારસ્ તુ મૈત્રી સમ્બન્ધકસ્ તથા ।
ઉપહારશ્ ચ વિજ્ઞેયાશ્ ચત્વારશ્ ચૈવ સન્ધયઃ ॥ ૧૩૨ ॥

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