Hitopadesha [sanskrit]

8,857 words

The Sanskrit edition of the Hitopadesha referencing the English translation and grammatical analysis. Written by Narayana in the 8th century, the Hitopadesha represents a collection of short stories involving human and animal characters, instructing the reader on basic ancient Indian moral values and ethical conduct. Alternative titles: हितोपदेशः, Hitopadeśa, Hitopadesa.

Verse 4.1

वृत्ते महति सङ्ग्रामे राज्ञोर् निहत-सेनयोः ।
स्थेयाभ्यां गृध्र-चक्राभ्यां वाचा सन्धिः कृतं क्षणत् ॥ १ ॥

vṛtte mahati saṅgrāme rājñor nihata-senayoḥ |
stheyābhyāṃ gṛdhra-cakrābhyāṃ vācā sandhiḥ kṛtaṃ kṣaṇat || 1 ||

The English translation of Hitopadesha Verse 4.1 is contained in the book The Hitopadesa of Sri Narayana Pandita by Satya Narayana dasa. This book is not available online so in order to read the full text and translation you should buy the book:

Buy now! English translation by Satya Narayana dasa (1997)

Glossary of Sanskrit terms

Note: This extracts Sanskrit terms and links to English definitions from the glossary, based on an experimental segmentation of verse (4.1). Some terms could be superfluous while some might not be mentioned. Click on the word to show English definitions.

Vritta, Vritti, Mahat, Mahati, Sangrama, Rajan, Nihata, Sena, Stheya, Gridhra, Cakra, Vaca, Vac, Sandhi, Krit, Krita,

Analysis of Sanskrit grammar

Note: this is an experimental feature and only shows the first possible analysis of the Sanskrit text (Hitopadesha Verse 4.1). If the system was successful in segmenting the sentence, you will see of which words it is made up of, generally consisting of Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles and Indeclinables. Click on the link to show all possible derivations of the word.

  • Line 1: “vṛtte mahati saṅgrāme rājñor nihata-senayoḥ
  • vṛtte -
  • vṛtta (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    vṛtta (noun, neuter)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [locative single]
    vṛttā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative dual], [vocative single], [vocative dual], [accusative dual]
    vṛtti (noun, feminine)
    [vocative single]
    vṛt -> vṛtta (participle, masculine)
    [locative single from √vṛt class 1 verb]
    vṛt -> vṛtta (participle, neuter)
    [nominative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb], [vocative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb], [accusative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb], [locative single from √vṛt class 1 verb]
    vṛt -> vṛttā (participle, feminine)
    [nominative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb], [vocative single from √vṛt class 1 verb], [vocative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb], [accusative dual from √vṛt class 1 verb]
  • mahati -
  • mahatī (noun, feminine)
    [adverb], [vocative single]
    mahat (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    mahat (noun, neuter)
    [locative single]
    mah (verb class 1)
    [present active third single]
  • saṅgrāme -
  • saṅgrāma (noun, masculine)
    [locative single]
    saṅgrāma (noun, neuter)
    [nominative dual], [vocative dual], [accusative dual], [locative single]
  • rājñor -
  • rājan (noun, masculine)
    [genitive dual], [locative dual]
  • nihata -
  • nihata (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    nihata (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • senayoḥ -
  • sena (noun, masculine)
    [genitive dual], [locative dual]
    sena (noun, neuter)
    [genitive dual], [locative dual]
    senā (noun, feminine)
    [genitive dual], [locative dual]
  • Line 2: “stheyābhyāṃ gṛdhra-cakrābhyāṃ vācā sandhiḥ kṛtaṃ kṣaṇat
  • stheyābhyām -
  • stheya (noun, masculine)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
    stheya (noun, neuter)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
    stheyā (noun, feminine)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
    sthā -> stheya (participle, masculine)
    [instrumental dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [dative dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [ablative dual from √sthā class 1 verb]
    sthā -> stheya (participle, neuter)
    [instrumental dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [dative dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [ablative dual from √sthā class 1 verb]
    sthā -> stheyā (participle, feminine)
    [instrumental dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [dative dual from √sthā class 1 verb], [ablative dual from √sthā class 1 verb]
  • gṛdhra -
  • gṛdhra (noun, masculine)
    [compound], [vocative single]
    gṛdhra (noun, neuter)
    [compound], [vocative single]
  • cakrābhyām -
  • cakra (noun, masculine)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
    cakra (noun, neuter)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
    cakrā (noun, feminine)
    [instrumental dual], [dative dual], [ablative dual]
  • vācā -
  • vācā (indeclinable adverb)
    [indeclinable adverb]
    vāc (noun, feminine)
    [instrumental single]
    vācā (noun, feminine)
    [nominative single]
  • sandhiḥ -
  • sandhi (noun, masculine)
    [nominative single]
    sandhi (noun, feminine)
    [nominative single]
  • kṛtam -
  • kṛta (noun, masculine)
    [adverb], [accusative single]
    kṛta (noun, neuter)
    [adverb], [nominative single], [accusative single]
    kṛtā (noun, feminine)
    [adverb]
    kṛt (noun, masculine)
    [accusative single]
    kṛ -> kṛta (participle, masculine)
    [accusative single from √kṛ class 1 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 2 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 5 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 8 verb]
    kṛ -> kṛta (participle, neuter)
    [nominative single from √kṛ class 1 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 1 verb], [nominative single from √kṛ class 2 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 2 verb], [nominative single from √kṛ class 5 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 5 verb], [nominative single from √kṛ class 8 verb], [accusative single from √kṛ class 8 verb]
    kṛ (verb class 2)
    [imperative active second dual]
  • Cannot analyse kṣaṇat

Other editions:

Also see the following editions of the Sanskrit text or (alternative) English translations of the Hitopadesha Verse 4.1

Cover of edition (2015)

The Hitopadesa of Narayana
by M. R. Kale (2015)

Edited with A Sanskrit Commentary "Marma-Prakasika" and Notes in English; 9788120806023; Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Buy now!
Cover of Gujarati edition

Hitopadesa (in Gujarati)
by Dr. Narayan M. Kansara (2007)

[હિતોપદેશ]—[ડો. નારાયણ એમ. કંસારા] Sanskrit Text With Gujarati Translation; Published by Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad

Buy now!

Preview of verse 4.1 in Gujarati sript:
વૃત્તે મહતિ સઙ્ગ્રામે રાજ્ઞોર્ નિહત-સેનયોઃ ।
સ્થેયાભ્યાં ગૃધ્ર-ચક્રાભ્યાં વાચા સન્ધિઃ કૃતં ક્ષણત્ ॥ ૧ ॥

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