Part 7-9 - Deities of Rigveda I.164-165; The three Agnis; The year

7. Deities of Rigveda I.164; The three Agnis; The year—31. There is here also mention of the goat (chaga) a (and) praise at the same time of Indra-Pusan b. " The hymn which (begins) Of this benignant' (asya vamasya: i. 164) c is stated to be addressed to the All-gods. chagasya hm'rbfkrº, bhagasya r. - saha stutih m 1, saha srutih h, ca kirtanam fkr' r', fkr²r³, ca prakirtanam b. - caca indra ° ], catrendra ° MSS. - 31 46 is omitted in d, 31 ed in f. ab * The goat is mentioned three times in this hymn, twice as aja (2, 4), and once as chaga (3). b In i. 162. 2 along with the goat. * The term asyavamiyam (suktam) is also used in Rgvidhana ii. 26. 2 and Manu xi. 251. 32. In it are various sayings (pravadah) and here (too) mention of the gods. B In the stanza 'Of this' (asya: i. 164. 1) in the hymn, three brothers a are spoken of in the third person (paroksa)-I will explain (them).

134 tatra b, tvatra r, vatra h d. - catra kirtanam hm' r, canukirtanam b. - 32 ab omitted in fk.- vaksyami bm', vacya fk - catarastrayah m', satarastrayah bfk. The next sloka and the contents of Rg-veda i. 164. I make the emendation certain.-32 cd wanting in hdr. a Another instance of the nom. being loosely used for the acc.; cp. i. 28 and Meyer, Rgvidhana, p. ix. 33. Now the benignant, grey-haired one is Agni, while the middle brother is Vayu. The third here is butter-backed (ghrtaprstha) a (his) seven rays are praised b. bhrata tu hdr, bhra tu m', bhrata ca bfk. - trtiyo'tra hm'1, trtiyoktah r', trtiyoktam bfk.-stutah hm`r, sutah bfk. a Cp. Rg-veda i. 164. 1: trtiyo bhrata ghrtaprsthah, explained by Yaska, Nirukta iv. 26, as the terrestrial Agni: ayam agnih. b The expression saptaputram in Rg-veda i. 164. 1 is explained by Yaska (ibid.) as the seven rays of the sun. 34. But the following (stanzas) tell of Agni, how he rains and protects a; and of days and nights (ahoratra), of days (dina), of months, and of revolving seasons b. pati hm`r, vati bfk, vani rr - ahoratran r', ahoratra hbfk, ahoratra ° m'r.- dinan hm'r°fk, divan b. - rtumsca hm`r, rahusva f, santaharya b, paksamsca ... parivartinah b, parivarttih fk, parivartanam hmir, parikirttanam r' - 34' = vii. 246. a b b Especially in Rg-veda i. 164. 7. The same expressions are used of Surya in vii. 24. b Yaska, Nirukta iv. 27, explains trinabhi (Rg-veda i. 164. 2) as referring to the seasons, dvadasara (RV.i. 164.11) as referring to the months, sapta satani vimsatis ca (ibid.) as referring to the days and nights in the year. Yaska does not, in his comment, use the expression dina, which, however, is here probably meant as an explanation of the three hundred and sixty spokes in the wheel of the year (i. 164. 48). 35. With the following (stanzas) a the seer celebrates the year (samvatsara) like a wheel (as) fivefold, and threefold, sixfold and twelvefold b; - ca tridha br±r", ca trbha, trividha hr. - dvadasadhaiva ca hm`r, dvadasa vapi ca bfk, dvadasadhapi va 15. • 35 ab has the following form in Sayana : tridha dvadasadha sodha pancadha saptadha tatha . - kirttayatyrsih bs, kirttayannrsih hr (fo h), kirttayatrsih f. - The end of the varga is here marked by in hdbfk, not in m¹. aThat is, Rg-veda i. 164. 12-16. b This sloka is quoted by Sayana on Atharva-veda xix. 53. 2, being introduced with the words tatha ca saunako'py aha.

i. 164 8. Account of the contents of Rg-veda i. 164 (continued). 36. and knowledge of the soul (ksetra-jnana) a and the cow (dhenu)b, the buffalo (gauri) c, Vacd, Sarasvatie, and the ordinance (dharma) of former ages, the Sadhyas, and the troops of the gods f; - ksetrajnanam hdrb, ksetram jnanamh ', ksatrajnanam m' fkr. - gaurim hdr, gauri ml bfk - dharma purvayugiyam ca m'r, dharma purvayugau pamca hdr', dharmapurvayuganam ca bfkr' r' - sadhyan hdm'r, sadhyam b, sadhya fk.- devaganamsa hdm' r, devagana f, devaranam b, devarana k. aThis appears to be an abbreviated expression for ksetrajna-jnana; see below, iv. 40 and cp. ksetra-jna in the St. Petersburg Dictionary. The reference in the text is to i. 164. 16 ff., e. g. 18: manah kuto adhi prajatam? b Referred to by this name in i. 164. 26. • i. 164. 49. fi. 164. 50: devah ... dharmani prathamani.. purve sadhyah. ° i. 164. 41. d i. 164. 45. 37. and the various activities of Agni, Vayu, and Vivasvat (the Sun) a, and the mighty power (vibhuti) of Agni and Vayu in the stationary and moving world b; karmani ami ° bfk, karmani tvagni o hdr. - jagati bfkr' r', jagati hm' r. - sthastu0 br±r', sthasru ° fk, sthana ° hdm'r. b a In i. 164. 44: vapata ekah. . visvam eko abhi caste. . dhrajir ekasya dadrse na rupam. It is not clear what passage is here regarded as describing the powers of the two gods, Agni and Vayu, in contrast with those of the three, Agni, Vayu, and Vivasvat, in i. 164. 44; perhaps 47 is meant. 38. the taking (haranam) a of water (var) by the (Sun's) rays and its discharge again b. There is here also glorification of the activities of Parjanya, Agnic, and Vivasvat d (the Sun). rasmibhirviro bfkr±, rasmibhirviram r', rasmibhiscaiva hm`r. - visarga m' r, visargah hd, visarga b, visarpa fkr 2. - catra hdm' br, casya fkr 2 rr 7. a Cp. above, i. 68 b In i. 164. 51 ab: samanam etad udakam uc caity ava cahabhih. and ii. 19. (C) In i. 164. 51 cd. d In i. 164. 52. Prana is (meant 39. Now mother and son are Vac (Speech) and Prana (Breath): the mother is Vac, the son is the other (Prana). by) 'Sarasvata, while Vac they call Sarasvati b. k.-39 d= ii. 51 d. vakpranau hm`r, vakyanau bfk - prano hrrrrm', prana bfr, prana k. - 392 =

136 Cp. a In ii. 51 Sarasvat is one of the names of the Middle Agni or Indra. Sarasvantam is here a quotation from the text of Rg-veda i. 164. 52 d: sarasvantam avase johavimi. ii. 51, where Sarasvati is identified with Vac in the same words. 40. The body joined with the organs of sense is designated ksetra. Prana alone knows it: hence he (Prana) is spoken of as 'he who knows the body' (ksetra-jna). ksetram hrbfk, ksatram m ' . - ksetrajna bfkr, ksetra hd. - The end of the varga is here marked by in hdm¹bfk. 9. Rg-veda i. 164 (concluded). Rg-veda i. 165: Indra and the Maruts. B 41. Saka is (used) in (the sense of) cloud a; its dhuma is water b or garment c. The bull d is Soma; and the three lords e (adhipa) are his purifiers f. * Cp. c That is, as the e That meghe m'kr', medhe f, megha b, meghah 1. - dhumah 1, dhuma b, dhume m 2 fkr 2. - vasa, yasa f, Pra b, a k-f: m¹br, ofcT fk.-41 and 42 are not found in hdr¹r² (r³ ?)rr 6. a This is meant as an explanation of sakamayam dhumam in Rg-veda i. 164. 43. Meghaduta 5: dhuma-jyotih-salila-marutam samnipatah meghah. envelope of the cloud; cp. op. cit. 61. d That is, in Rg-veda i. 164. 43°. is, the trayah kesinah in Rg-veda i. 164. 44. As the present varga contains eight slokas, the presumption is that three of them are later additions. That 41 is one of these is highly probable, because in the first place it has the general appearance of a gloss, and, secondly, because, after the consideration of the individual stanzas of Rg-veda i. 164 has been concluded, it refers back to an earlier stanza. B 42. That (part of i. 164) which ends with (the stanza) 'The buffalo' (gaurih: i. 164. 41) is addressed to the All-gods a; afterwards there may be (said to be) separate praise (prthak-stuti). The two (stanzas: 46, 47), 'Indra, Mitra' (indram mitram: i. 164. 46), are addressed to Surya b; the last (stanza) to Sarasvat (i. 164.52). may optionally (va) be addressed to Surya c. syat m'r, sya bfk.° stutih mbr, sruti, sruti k- me sauryo ', imau sauryo r, ime sauryo b, ame sauryo fk - sauri vantya mb, sauri cantya, sori caratya f, sauram caratya k. a Cp. Sarvanukramani: gaurir iti. . etad-antam vaisvadevam. kramani: indram mitram sauryau. s b Cp. SarvanuCp. Sarvanukramani: antya sarasvate suryaya va. This and the two preceding quotations show that this sloka was known to the author of the Sarvanukramani, and it must therefore belong to the original text of the Brihaddevata

i. 165 : A 43. Now this hymn contains little praise a it lauds knowledge. And because it contains many statements, water (salila) b is (also) mentioned (in it) c. alpastavam tvetaj rr±1 air°m', alpastavamtyetaj _hd. - jnanameva r' r 2 r 4 r°m', jnanamevam hd. r² must in R's note on this line be a mistake for r³, for bfk, with which r² regularly agrees, omit this sloka, while hr¹rre, with which r³ otherwise agrees, have it. a The Sarvanukramani has the same words, alpastavam tv etat, adding atra prayena jnana-..-prasamsa ca. Hence 43 ab must have belonged to the original text. b Salilani occurs in i. 164. 41. The meaning is: it is not surprising that among its multifarious contents this statement should also occur. °43°d looks like a later addition. cd 44. (The hymn) 'With what?' (kaya: i. 165) is traditionally held to be the chief (parama) b dialogue of the Maruts and Indra. The odd (stanzas) are (the speech) of the Maruts c, all the even ones, including the last d, are Indra's, marutaindrastu fk, marutaivastu b, marutendrastu hdm' r. - paramah smrtah hm'r, paramastatah fkr²r³, q fa: b.- sarvah hmir, tatra bfkr". samhamtyaya b. - sahantyaya bm'r, sahatyaya dfk, b a Slokas 44-55 are translated by Sieg, Sagenstoffe, pp. 108 f. Sieg translates parama by 'following' ('das folgende Lied'); but para only (not parama) has this sense in the Brihaddevata, and, as far as I know, elsewhere also. The meaning appears to be that this is the most important dialogue in the Rg-veda between Indra and the Maruts, though there are other hymns of a similar character (e. g. i. 170). Cp. Sarvanukramani: trtiyadyayujo marutam vakyam. That is, the last of the dialogue, the twelfth stanza; the last three stanzas not being regarded as part of the dialogue, but as addressed by the seer to the Maruts (see next sloka). d C 45. (as well as) the eleventh and the first. The next triplet (i. 165. 13-15) is addressed to the Maruts. B But the authorship (kartrtvam) a of the triplet there b is attributed to anotherd. marutastrca hm`r, marutyastisra r' ', matyastisra b, marutastira fk.- uttarah hm±r 3, uttarah brºr 7, uttasah f, uttamah kr (ep. Sarvanukramani, antyastrcah ). a With kartrtvamarsakam cp. krtva= drstva in the obviously spurious line above, ii. 77 b At the end of Rg-veda i. 165. * The authority here vaguely indicated is probably the Arsanukramani, i. 25, 26, where the Rishi of the even stanzas is stated to be Indra, the seers of the odd ones (trtiyadyayujam) the Maruts, while Agastya is the seer II. T

That is, to one who is different of the last triplet (suktasyantye trce 'gastya rsih). from those of 1-12. I regard 45°d as a later supplementary addition, both on account of the wording (kartrtva) and because there was no special reason for mentioning the seer here in an index of deities. B 46. A story of ancient events (puravrtta) is (here) proclaimed by the seers a. Satakratu (Indra), while roaming in the sky, fell in with the Maruts b. - itihasa puravrtta b, itihasam puravrttam mfkr. Sieg, p. 108, note 8, gives itihasah as the reading of b. - parikirtyate m 'b, parikirttyaye f, parikirttaye k, parikathyate marudbhistu hm'r, marudbhisca bfkr 2 r". 1. * This line (46 ab), as an introduction to the story of the relation of Agastya to Indra and the Maruts in the series of hymns i. 165-178, may be a later addition, as the author of the Brihaddevata usually begins a story without any introduction, and, i. 165 having already been described as a dialogue, there is no special reason for any introduction. Thus four, or possibly five, lines (41, 43°, 45°, 46 ab) in this varga are, in all probability, later additions. With these deductions, the varga would still have a whole sloka, or half a sloka, beyond the normal number. b The text of 46 cd-54 has been printed by Oldenberg in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft xxxix (1885), pp. 63, 64. 47. On seeing them Indra praised them, and they as seers addressed Indra. By the aid of austerity Agastya became fully (tattvatah) aware of their dialogue. - te caindram r±rr॰r', te vaindram hdm', te vendram b, taccemdram fk - veda hdm 'r, bodhi fr²ror, af bk (the former is probably the better reading; cp. faf at below 59).-tatvatah hdk, tattatah f, tattvatah, na tu tah b. 48. He quickly went to them after having prepared (nirupya) an oblation to Indra, and he praised the Maruts a also with the three hymns (i. 166-168) 'Now that' (tan nu: i. 166. 1). - niruyaindram hm', nirupyendra dr, nirupaidra fk, nirunyami b. afafa hdm'r³r 1 r 4 r 6, taditi fkr, vaditi b. - ca tribhih bfkr, tu tribhih rrr", pancabhih hm`r (Sarvanukramani: HT : hi three). The latter reading was probably caused by the syllable f dropping out and being wrongly replaced by .-The end of the varga is here marked by e in hbfk, not in dm³. a That is, with the last triplet of 165 as well as with the following three hymns.