Chapter 1: Translation and notes

prathamah ahnah 1 [tata iti capam dhanuh saram vananca hastena padaya mrgamanusaran raja rathena pravisati tasya sarathisva ] | sutah | [ rajanam mrgacca drstva ] payuh prasastam vidyate yasya sa ayubhan tat sambodhane, "srayugman rathinam sutah " iti niyamat | krsnasare - iti, anvayah - krsnasare adhijyakarmuke tvayi ca caksuh dadat aham mrganusarinam sacat pina- kinamiva pasyami | krsnah ca sarah savalah vividhavarnayeti krsnasarah varno varneneti samasah tasmin mrge adhirudha़ा vya yena tat athava jyam adhigatam iti sradhijyam bharopita saubbom ke

NOTES-ACT I. II karmane yuddhaya ityarthah prabhavati yat tat ityarthah prabhavati yat tat karmukam dhanuh ( karmanah . ukan ) yasya tasmin adhinyakarmuke tvayi ca catuh dadat nabhyastata saturnum ; arpayan aham tvam mrgancemam vilokayan ityarthah, mrgam mrgarupadharinam kratumityarthah anusarati yastam sacat murttimantam pinako'jagavam dhanuh sa vidyate yasya tam pinakinama sivam iva pasyami | ava utpreksalankarah | daksadhvare hantumudyatam pinakinam drdva kraturmrga- rupamasyaya palayamanah sivenanumase iti puranavartta | saksat iti sabdah avyayam pinakinamiti padam visinasti | mrgamanusarati iti sarateh ninih | mr lat sasara ; lun asarat sramarsit | Change of voice. - dadata mrganusari saksat drsyate iva pinaki | [ tahara para ratharurha raja dudhyasta nasara dhalu haste mrgera anusarana karata: prabesa karilena, narathi'o prabesa karila ] | suta| [ raja ebam mrgake abalokana kariya ] ayusman | krsnasara mrga'o sagunabanasanadhari apani e'i ubhayera prati drstipata kariya ami bena mrganusari murttiman pinakike abalokana karitechi| [Then enter chasing an antelope, king Dushyanta with a bow and arrow in hand, in a chariot, and his charioteer.] Long-lived Charioteer. [ Looking at the king and the deer ]. Prince, casting my eye on you whose bow is strung, and on the dark-spotted deer, I see, as it were, the God Pinaki-( having the Pinaka-the name of Siva's bow) in bodily form, chasing the deere of raja | he sarathe vayamanena mrgena duram viprakrstamadhvanam ityarthah nita srayam punaradhuna api-griveti bhanvayah | anupatati syandane grivabhangabhiramam muhuh dattadrstih sarapatanabhavat bhuyasa pasca na purvakayam pravistah sramavidyatamukha bhramsibhih srarddhavalidha़h darbheh kirnavartma pravam udragraplutatvat viyati vahutaram uाm stokam prayati | pasya | 6 anupatati pascat dhavati syandane rathe grivayah kanvarayah bhangena paravarttanena srabhiramam manoharam yatha tatha mumhah varam varam datta nyasta drstih locanam yena sah, kiyati dure ratho varttate ityasayena asakrt parinrtya vilokayan ityarthah sarasya vanasya patanat bhayam tasmat hetoh bhuyasa vahutarena aparah arddhah sarirasya amsah iti pascarddhah (aparamya pascadesah vaktavyah ) yadda pascat ardah iti pascaih prsodaraditvat sadhuh | tena pascardena pascadbhagena, purvvam kayasya iti purvakayah ( ekadesisamasah "paravallingam dvandvatatpurusayo " riti pumlingasa ) tam pravistah , asminnevasi sarah pati

I 2 ABHIJNANA SA KUNTALAM. pyati iti bhayena sankucitapascadbhagah ityarthah ; sramena degena gamanajanyaklesena vitrtam vyaptam mukham srananam tammat bhramsibhih galitairityarthah addham yatha tatha avalodhah carcitah taih darbheh kusaih kirnam vyaptam vartma margah yena yasya va tathoktah srayam mrgah udagram plutam yasya tasya bhavah udagraplutatva tammat viyati akase vahutaram uba prthivyam tu stikam alpameva prayati, pasya vilokaya | prayasah atyutkatalamphena gamanat srakase eva bahutam gacchati, prthivyantu alpacanameveti satpayyam | vayamityava ammado dayoriti vahuvacanam | vipurvat yameh kvip viyat | aparah arddha iti vigrahe aparasya pascadesah ; ava karane trtiya | cinoteh ghani kayasabdo nispannah dhanesu pradesa kah | avalodha़h liha lat ledha़ि, lad aleta, lit lileha, upasamadhanam rasikaranam | lodha़ | yana lelihyate | nivasa citisariropasama- sravapurvvat lihadhatoh : lun alicat, alicata, syandadhatoh bhauvadikat atmanepadinah karttari yuc ( anova ) syandanah calana- sabdarthadakarmakadr yuc | ayamityatra katham prathama vibhaktih, pasyetyasya karmatvam katham napnoti iti vitakem " srapadana sampradana karanadharakarmmanam karttuscanyonyasandehe paramekam pravarttate " iti vacanat karttrtvam | yaha iti sabdasya adhyaharena samava- datam | Where there arises any doubt as to what case should be used, that which follows has the prior claim. Mark the order. Change of voice.- dattadrstina ... pravistena ... ko vartmana ... pravayate | tadesa mrgah katham anupatatah pascat dhavatah eva me prayavena avasena preksaniyah darsaniyah samvrttah jatah katham me duravarti bhutah ityarthah | me ityava krtyanam karttari va iti sasti | raja| sarathi, amara e'i mrgakartrka bahu dure anita ha'iyachi| e'i mrga ekhana'o pascat dhabita rathe barambara griba phira'iya sundarabhabe drsti niksepa kariteche| banapatana bhaye ihara pascadabhagera adhikansa sarirera purbbard'dhe yena prabista ha'iyache | druta gamanajya parisramabasata: unmukta anana ha'ite patita, ard'dha cabbita kusa dbara ihara patha akirna ha'iyache ; ebam dekha ati utkata laksa diya gamana karate e adhikaksana sun'ye gamana kariteche, bhuprsthe ati alpaksana ya'iteche| ami ihara pascat anusarana karile'o ihake dekhibara jan'ya amake kena ayasa ba yatna karite ha'iteche| (arthat ami anusarana karile'o, e ama ha'ite eta dure kirupe gamana karila ) ? King.-Charioteer, this antelope has drawn us far, ( brought us

NOTES - ACT I. 13. to a great distance.) Even now at the pursuing car he repeatedly casts his glance gracefully by bending the neck; and, in fear of the fall of the arrow, has entered, as it were, with the hinder part of his body into the forepart. His path is strewn with half-chewed kusagrass falling from his mouth gasping on account of labour. And, behold! by reason of high leaps he treads greatly on the sky. and very little on the earth. Pursuing though I am, how has he become hardly visible? ( that is to say, he has to be seen with effort or difficulty). mutaih | ayusman bhumih udrghatini, ayam bhumibhagah kvacidunnatah kvacidavanatah | utpurvat hanteh ghan udrghatah, tavah matvarthiya inih | 'matvarthiya inih | srataeva vegena gamanasyasu- karatvat maya rasminam pragrahanam (kiranapragrahau rasmi ityamarah ) samyamanat akarsanat rathasya vegah rayah mandikrtah laghuktatah | tena ca hetuna mrgo'yam viprakrstam antaram yasya sah viprakrstantarah samvrttah | asya mrgasya bhavato vyavadhanam atimahat samvrttam| mrgo'yamatiduram prayat ityarthah | samprati idanom same uddatarahite dese varttate yastasya tava tryam durasadah durlabhah na bhavisyati | dur purvvat sranapurvanca saudateh karmmani khalna khalarthanamiti sasthinisedhat srava sese sasthi | raja | tena tasmat hetoh abhisavah rasmayah mucyantam | sithikhikriyantam | bhuyopi rathasya vegam varddhaya ityarthah | srabhisuh pragrahe rasmau iti medinyamarau | srabhi purvvat is dhatoh kuh | muncatah karmani anujnayam lot | sthata| ayusman, e'i bhubhaga unnatabanata e'ijan'ya rasmi taniya rathera bega manda kariyachi ; se'i nimitta'i e'i mrga ati durabartti ha'iyache| eksane samatala pradesabartti apanara pakse e durlabha ha'ibe na | raja| tabe rasmi chariya da'o | Charioteer.-Long-lived prince, the ground here is "up and "down"'; I'have, therefore, drawing in the reins checked the speed of the car. Hence the distance of the deer (from us) has become very great. Now that you are passing over level ground, it will not be difficult to overtake him. King.-Slacken, then, the reins. sutah| [ rathasya vegam nirupya laksayitva ] muktesu iti - anvayah

rasmisu muktesu nirayatapurvakayah niskampacamarasikhah nibhrtoi karnah, atmoddhateh rajobhirapi alanghaniyah, sramo rathyah mrgajavaksamaya iva dhavanti | ta rasmisu pragrahesu muktesu sithilikrtesu satsu, yasya ca bhavena bhavalacanamiti saptami, nihsesena payatah vistaritah purvakayah purvam kayasya prati vigrahe purva- kayah ( "purvvaparadharottara mekadesinaikadhikarane " iti ekadesina saha tatpurusah, sasthisamasapavadah ) yesam te nirayatapurvakayah niskampah sthirah camaranam ( camarasabdat an ) ghamarakhyanam mrgavisesanam pucchalomabhirnirmitanam vyajana bhedana, bhusanartham asvanam sirasi vaddhanam sikhah pragrani yesam te tadrsah nibhrti nispando urdo unnamito karnau yesam te tathoktah sratmabhih khaih uda़tani utciptani taih sratmoddhataih khakharotciptah rajobhih pamsubhih api alanghaniyah, anatikramaniyah tesamapi purvvagaminah sramo ratham vahanti iti rathasabdat yat tad vahati rathayugaprasangam (striyantu prasasti rajamargah ) rathyah vahah mrgasya palayamanasya harinasya navasya vegasya aksamaya iva, sodha़ masakkataya iva iti hetutpreca dhavanti | svabhavoktiriyam | - " Change of voice. - nirayatapurvakayaih niskampacamarasikheh nibhrtorddha karneh ...sralanghaniyaih amaubhih rathyaih dhavyate | hata | ayusman yerupa adesa karena| [ rathabega nirupana kariya] ayusman, dekhuna, dekhuna- rasmi sikhila kariya de'oyaya, niscalacamara sikha, nispandonnatakarna, sbiya khurotksipta dhuli'o yahadigake langhana karite pariteche na idrsa, niscalapurbbakara, e'i asbagana mrgera bege gamana sahya karite na pariya'i yena dhabita ha'iteche | Charioteer - What the long-lived king orders (I obey). [Marking the speed of the car] Long-lived prince, behold ! The reins being loosened, the steeds, with the forepart of their body outstretched, with motionless plumes (made of the bushy tail of chamara) on their head, and with still and erect ears, unsurpassed even by the dust raised by themselves, run, as if, jealous of the speed of the antelope. raja | satyam bhra ुvamityarthah utpreksadyotakamidam ; vajinah madiyah srasvah haritah suryyasvan haraun indrasvan ca atitya atikramya, ramhasa nyakkkrtya, varttante | tebhyo'bhi vegavattara ityarthah | atidrutam dhavantiti bhavah | harati tamah svabhasa iti harit iti yaskah "hrasrmahiyusibhya itih " hrdhatoh sraunadikah itih | " N, B.-Professor Max Muller is of opinion that the word

NOTES-ACT I. 15 harit is derived from a root , which is not in use now, but traces of which can still be found is words like af and a &c. vrta The root has succumbed to The fras correspond to the Greek charites. Literally the word fta nieans the shining; hence apart from mythology it means the rays of the sun. ( rasa haranasilah suryarasmayah iti sayanah But in the language of mythology it means the seven horses of the sun (the seven rays). tathahi yaditi- yat baloke suksmam tat sahasa vipulatam vrajati, yat antah -sandhanamiva bhavati, yat prakrtya vakram tadapi nayanayoh samarekham sarvvenanvayah ) kincit ksanamapi mama parsve na naca dure | - vicchinnam tat krta- rathanavat ( iti yat vastu balikedarsanavisaye suksmam krsam duratvat iti bhavah tat vastum sahasa hathat vipulatam sthulatvam vrajati prapnoti ; daviyastvat yadidanimapi krsam laksyate atimahata ratharayena canenaiva nikatipagamat tat vipula drsyate | yacca srantah - madhye vicchinnam vibhakta padarthantarena vyavahitatvaditi bhavah, tat krtam sandhanam samyogah milanamiti yavat yasya tat krtasandhanam iva sravibhaktamiva bhavati, ativegena ·gamanat ubhayaprantayoh yugapadeva darsanaditi bhavah | yacca prakrtya svabhavena varka kutilam bhugramiti yavat tadapi nayanayoh caksusoh sama tulya rekha yasya tat samarekham rju pratiyate | rathasya javat vegat kincitvastu ksanam muhartamapi mama parsve na tisthatti napi dure varttate | yat parsve sthitam tat duram vrajati, yacca dura- sthitam tat samipamayati | anurupoktih bhatti- | "atha purujavayogane dayahura samstham davayadatirayena praptamurdhvo vibhagam | " . Change of voice. - yena suksmena tena vipulata brajyate | yena antarvicchinna va • tena krtasandhanena bhuyate iti sesah | suta sarathe enam mrgam vyapadyamanam maya nihanyamanam pasya vanapathavartti ayam se- -naiva maya hanyate ityarthah | vyapadyamanah - vyanpurvvat nyantat padadhatoh sanac karmmani | - [ sarasya vanasya sandhanam samyogam natayati abhinayati ] raja| satya satya'i amara asbagana bege suryya o indrera arthadigake'o atikrama -karirache| karana-

yaha! dekhite suksma taha rupera yegahetu bipulata prapta ha'iteche, yaha! madhye bibhakta taha punah sammilita ha'iteche ; sbabhabatah yaha bakra taha rju ba samaretha bodha ha'iteche ; ebam kona bastu'i muhurtera jan'ya amara parsbe thakiteche na, ba dure [ dhamuke bana yojanara rahiteche na| sarathi dekha, ami ihake byapadana kari| abhinaya karilena ] King.-In sooth, the horses ( seem to ) outstrip the coursers of the Sun and Indra. For, what to the view appeared minute suddenly assumesmagnitude. What was severed in the middle (obstructed), seems to be joined together. What is really crooked appears straight to the eye. And because of the speed of the chariot, nothing is by my Charioteer, see the deer killed side for a moment or far from me. by me. [Acts the part of taking aim ] . bhi bha: i िpata- [ pa-- yavanikanta ] sa tih- "vivade vikhaye harse khede dainye'vadharane, prasadane sambhrame ca vistriruktam na ya ि| ta: | [ ka valaya ca ] vanaya sayakaya pa ya: taya, na- gocarasya krsnasarasya tava ca madhye kecana tapasah sampraptah | raja | [ sambhramena saha varttamanam tatha tatha sasambha mam, munigauravat vyagram thatha tatha ] tena hi vajinah asvah niragrhyantam nirudhyantam, nipurvvat grjnateh karmmani lot | sutah | tatha, yadajnapayasi tatkaromi ityarthah [ ratham sthapayati rasminam samyamanat srasvanam niropena ratham samyantrayati ] | nepathye- he rajana e'i asrama mrgake binasa karibena na | sthata | [srabana kariya ebam bilokana kariya] rajan ! apanara banera patha bartti e'i krsnasara ebam apanara madhye kayekajana tapasbi asiya upasthita ha'iyachena| raja| [byasta ha'iya!] asbadigake nirodha kara | srta | taha'i karitechi [ ratha thama'ila ] | Behind the Scenes. Don't, don't, O king, kill this deer of the hermitage. Charioteer. - [ Listening and looking about ] Long-lived king

NOTES-ACT I. 17 some anchorites have come between the antilopes that is within the range of your arrow (and yourself). King.- [hastily ] Stop the horses, then. Charioteer.-What you command (I obey) (stops the car. ] [ tatah pravisati sasisyah vaikhanasah ; sisyaih saha varttamanah vaikhanasah, vikha- nasasabdat svarthe srana, vi + khan + u ; ana - asuna ( vacaspatih ) vanaprasthe tapasabhede vaikhanasasabdasya pravrttih ] vaikhanasah | [ hastam udyamya - uttolya- utpurvvat yameh lyap ] neti - - udyamya -uttolya- mrduni ammin mrgasarire tularasau sragniriva, vanah na khalu sannipatyah ; vata harinakanam atilolam jivitam kka, nisitanipatah vajrasarah nisitanipatah vajrasarah te saraya kva | 10 mrduni atikomale asmin mrgasya sarire dehe vanah sarah, tulanam rasau punje agnih analah iva, na khalu na khalu sannipatyah na prayoktavyah, khalu iti anunayarthika nisedhavakyalankarajijnasanunaye khalu ; ava sambhrame, prasadane va dviruktih | vataiti khede sravyayam, harinakanam anukampaniyanam mrganam atilolam lacanya atisukumaramityarthah jivitam pranah kka, nisitah, sacchoranyatarasyam iti ikaro'ntadesah patte nisatah | ugrah nipatah yesam te nisitanipatah vajasya asaneh sara iva sarah sthiramsi yesam te vajrasarah atikathinah te tava sarah sayakasca kva | anayo mahadu vaisamyam | nobhayam sanghatate | visamalankarah | tat sadhukkrtasandhanam sayakam pratisamhara vah sastra m artavanaya, anagasi praharttum na | 11 tammat mrge saranipatasya avaidhatvat sadhu samyak krtam sandhanam samyojanam yasya tam syati nasayati iti sayakah syate khul vanah tam pratisamharah punarapi isuvau nide- sya | vah yusmakamastra m arttanam vipannanam vanaya racanaya, tadarthe caturthi, tumarthaca bhavavacanaditi va, arttan vatumeva tava sastrasya upayogitvam | na santi agamsi aparadhah yasya tasmin anagasi niraparadhe prahartti na, praharateradharavivacaya saptami | praharttu ' na arhamiti gatarthatvat srarha sabdasya na prayogah tadarthe upapade harateh tumun | samnnipatyah samnipurvvit patayateh yat | nisitah so tanukarane iti dhatoh ktapratyayena siddham padamidam pace nisatah, vrate tu nityam yatha sasitavratam in + asun - agas, ina ago'paradheca| papaparadhayoragah ityamarah | Change of voice.- sadhukrtasandhanah sayakah pratisamkriyatam | sastrena bhuyate | 2

18 ABHIJNANA_SAKUNTATAM. so lat syati, lit sasau ; lun asat, asasit nic sayayati | srartah 'an purvvat rcchatah tah | [ tahara para sisyera sahita baithanasa prabesa karitechena ] khaianasa | [ ha'o uttolana kariya| ] rajan ! e'i asramabhr gake badha karibena na, badha karibena na | bhularasite agniksepera n'yaya, e'i komala mrgasarire bananiksepa karibena na, karibena na, harinasisudigera komala jibana'i ba kothaya, ebam ugranipata bajra- kathina apanara e'i sara'i ba kothaya | ata'eba namyakarupe sanyojita e'i bana pratisanhrta karuna; apanara astra bipanna- digake trana karibara jan'ya, niraparadhike prahara karibara jan'ya nahe | [Enter a hermit with disciples ].. Hermit. - [Raising his hand]. Don't don'to king, kill this deer of the hermitage. On the tender body of this fawn you should not let the arrow fall, like fire on a heap of cotton. Ah! Where is the frail ( delicate) body of young fawns, and where are your arrows having the hardness of the thunderbolt, falling sharply ? Restore , therefore, your well-aimed arrow to the quiver. Your weapon has to shield the oppressed and not to hurt the innocent. raja | esah ayam vanah pratisamhrtah tunire sthapitah | [yathoktam karoti ] | vaikhanasah | puroh vasah anvayah tasya pradipah, yasasa viryena ca pradipavat asmaddacoraksanam tava udbhasakah tasya puruvamsavatamsasya tava etat sadrsam yuktam | yogyam | yasya puroh vamse janma tasya tava idam yuktarupam evam gunopetam cakravarttinam putram prapnuhi | 12 yasya te purih tadakhyasya rajarseh vamse janma tasya tava idam asmatprarthanaparipuranam evam idrsah yuktarupam atisayena yuktam prasamsayam rupap iti utkarse rupapapratyayah | vinayadayah gunah taih upetam yuktam evamgunopetam ihaggunasalinam cakre nitisastri- jnanam dvadasavidhanam nrpanam mandale vartate utkarsena tisthati yastam cakravarttinam sarvabhaumam puvam prapnuhi labhakha | anurupoktau raghau - "bhavantamodya ' bhavatah piteva " | Change of voice.- anena yuktarupena ( bhuyate ) evamganopetah putrah cakravarti apyatam | raja | e'i pratisanhrta ha'ila [ pratisanharana karilena ]

NOTES-ACT I. baikhanasa | purubansera pradipatulya apanara iha upayukta | 19 e'i karya purubansajata apanara atisaya upayukta ha'iyache| apani e'irupa gunasali cakrabartti putra prapta ha'una | K.ng.-It is withdrawn [does as said ]. Hermit.-This is worthy of your Highness, the light of Puru's race. This is highly worthy of you who are sprung from Puru's race. May you have a son possessing such virtues, who will rule over the whole world. raja | [pranamena saha iti sapranamam pranamya ityarthah ] pratigrhitam, svikrtam | sirasi dhrtamityarthah bhavatah asivvakyamiti sesah | vaikhanasah | rajan samidham yajnakasthanam sraharanaya samidaharanaya " khadi- sva sarvvanamasthane " iti padasamjnayam "jhalam jaso'nte " iti dhasya dah | yajnakasthani ahartumityarthah tumarthaccabhavavacanaditi caturthi, tadarthyevam, prasthitah arambha ktah | kasyapasya govapatyam puman kasyapah tasya kulapateh-- munna dasasahasram yo'tra- danadiposanat sradhyapayati viprarsiraso kulapatih smrtah | yathoktalaksanopetasya kanvasya malinyah nadyah tore iti anumalinotoram vibhaktyarthe sravyayibhavah samipye va | ubhayavapi trtiyasaptamyorbahulam iti patte ambhavo na syat tava patte anu- malinitire itvevam syat | asramah tapovanam drsyate | cet yadi anyasya kayryasya atipatah atikramah pratyaya iti yavat na bhavet tarhi srava srasrame pravisya, atithaye sadhuh iti atitheyah sratithiyogyah satkarah apacitih pratigtahyatam svikriyatam | samidh - invo diptau iti dhatoh kvip - kastham dabindhanam tvedhah imamedhah samit striyam ; lat indhe, lit idhe indhancakre ......lun ainvista ; ta; ivah | sratitheyah - sratati satatyena gacchati iti atithih sratadhatoh unadih ithimpratyayah | yaha nasti dvitiya tithiryasya sah atithih tava hitah iti prati- theyah pathyatithivasatisvapate rdhan ( neya pratyayah ) | sat iti adararthe avyayam tatpurvvat karoteh ghan satkarah | srapica ramya iti- anvayah - pratihatavighnah ramyah tapodhananam kriyah samavalokya maurvikinangah me bhujah kliyat racati iti jnasyati | 13 pratihatah nivaritah vighnah antarayah yasam tah pratihatavighnah nirvighnah

tapodhananam tapasanam kriyah ijyah samavalokya muvi trnavisesah tannimita jya maurvi mojyasincina gunah ityamarah | tasyah kinah sa eva angah cihna yasya sah jya gharsanajanyacingasanathah, visesanenanena rajni mahaviratvam sucitam, me bhujah vahuh kiyat raksati palayati iti jnasyasi | kimsabdat parimane vatup kiyibhyam vodhah iti vatupo vasyaghah | tavaiva bhujavalena raksita munayo nispratyuhamijyadikamanutisthantitibhavah | ramyah angavaikalyarahitah yathasastramanusthitatvaditi bhavah | Change of voice. - jasyate kiyadbhujena me raksyate mauvakinangena iti | raja| [ pranama kariya| ] apanara asibacana prati'ehana karilama| baikhanasa| rajan amara yajnakastha aharanera jan'ya prasthana karitechi| ai malini- tire kulapati kasyapera asrama drsta ha'iteche ; yadi an'ya karyyera byaghata na haya taha ebam tapodhanadigera ha'ile asrame prabesa kariya atithiyogya puja grahana karuna | nirbbinna ramaniya yajnadi abalokana kariya, dhanugunasangharsajanitakrsnacihnanbita tbadiya bahu ki parimana raksa| kariteche iha janite paribena | King.- [with a bozu] I accept it (benediction.) Herm t.-We are going. o king, to collect sacrificial woods. Here on the bank of the Malini, the hermitage of Kasyapa (a descendant of Kasyapa', the teacher and supporter of the thousand disciples, is seen. If other duties are not transgressed (or negleced), (be pleased to) enter and accept (the hermit's) bospitality. 1 And, beholding the charming sacrifices performed without impediment by hermits whose riches is devotion, you will know what your arm scarred by the bow-string guards. raja | api prasne, gardasamuccayapravasankasambhavanasvapi ityamarah tatrabhavan kanvah asrame varttate kim ? sannihita iti dadhateh avivaksite karmani karttari ktah | vaikhanasah | duhitara kanyam sakuntalam atithisatkaraya, abhyagatanam pujartham sandisya sradisya abhyah sakuntalayah pratikulam ananukulam pratipaparinamam ityarthah daivam bhagyam dista bhagadheyamityamarah samayitum pratikarttum nivarayitumitiyavat momakhyam tirtham punyacevam gatah | atithisatkaraya iti tadarthe caturthi | anupasrstat samaghatah nicilate samayati, samayati iti padaddayam bhavati upasrstattu nitya hakhah prasamayati | When the root d is prefixed by any c, it has always the vowel short in the causal form; otherwise its vowel becomes long alternately.

• NOTES -ACT I. raja| kulapati asrame achena ki ? 21 baikhanasa| kan'ya sakuntalake atithisatkarera jan'ya adesa kariya, sakuntalara pratikula daibera santi karibara jan'ya samprati nomatirthe giyachena | King - Is the chief of the Rishis at home ? Hermit. Having asked his daughter Sakuntala to entertain guests with hospitality, he has gone to Somatirtha to avert her unfavourable fate. raja | bhavatu iti spastam - sa . sakuntala vidita bhaktih kanve anuragah yasya tam viditabhaktim bhavavihitabhaktisabdena saha samase na pumdadubhavapratisedhah ; priyadi- gane pathitasya bhaktisabdasya visesanatva, sahacaryyat kammavihitatvamucyam tenaiva samase pumvadbhavapratisedhah | ya viditamiti samanye napumsakam tena saha samasah kayah | mama bhaktim viditva ityarthah maharseh kakhasya, vivacaya sasthi maharsaye iti samyak, kathayisyati, vijnapayisyati | In a compound of the vahuvrihi kind, if bhakti ( formed by the suffix kti in the bhavavacya ) becomes the last member of the compound, then the rule prohibiting the masculine form of the first member of the compound does not apply. vaikhanasah | saksyamah gacchamah | prayena nyantakah sadhigamah sthane prayujyate ( natakadau ) | raja | sarathe asvan vajinah nodaya preraya pukhah pavivah srasramah tasya darsa- nena atmanam punimahe, pavivo kummahe | pudhatoh krayadikat latirupam - lit - pupava, pupuve ; lun apavit, apa vistah tah putah, pavita, nage tu punah | raja | bhala, tahara'i sahita saksat kari ; tini amara bhakti abagata ha'iya maharsira nikata bijnapana karibena | baikhanasa| amara ya'i [ sisyera sahita niskranta ] raja| sarathi, asbaganake cala'o, pabitra asrama darsana kariya atmake pabitra kari | King -Well, I will visit her. She knowing my reverence (for the hermit), will tell the sage of me. Hermit.-We will depart. [Exit with disciples]. King.-Charioteer, urge on the horses; we will purify ourselves by a sight of the holy hermitage.

mutah | [ bhrayah punarapi rathasya vegam nirupayati, lacayati, karoti ityarthah ] | raja | [ samantat avyayamidam sarvvasu dicu ityarthah vilokya ] spastamanyat | mutah | kathamiva kena prakarena jnayate ivava vakyalankare | raja | bhaterdavatupratyayena bhavacchandah siddhah sapovane ; idam sabdasya saptamyam siddham nipatanat | idamsavdasya nauvara iti | yusmadarthe prayujyate | iha ava hi ava avadharane | anvayah | sukagarbhakotaramukhabhrastah nauvarah tarunam adhah ; kvacit prasnigdhah upalah inguliphalabhidanva sucyante | visvasopagamat srabhinnagatayah mrgah sabdam sahante | toyadharapathaya valkalasikhanisyandarekhankitah | 14 suka garbhe abhyantare yesam tani sukagarbhani "gaddadeh para saptami " iti saptamyantasya paranipatah | ( srakrtigano'yam gaddadih ) yadda sukah garbhah abhyantarastha padartha ityarthah yesam taniti samanadhikarano vahuvrihih | kotarani tesam mukhebhyah agrabhagebhyah bhrastah patita novarah tarunam vrcanam adhah tale drsyante iti sesah | kvacit kutracidabhage pranigdhah snehasadbhavat cikkanah masrna iti yavat upala drsatkhandah ingalinam ( tapasatarunam ) vrksavisesanam phalani bhindanti tailarthamitibhavah ( bhideh kvip ) iti ingulauphalabhidah eva sucyante jnapyante | visvasasya upagamat himsavrtterabhavat visvastavat ityarthah tathaca bhattau "visasvase paciganaih samantat " bharavavapi, "ihavitabhayastapo'nubhavajjahati vyalammrgah paresuvrttim "; abhinna avyakula yathabhyastamityarthah gatih sancarah yesam te mrgah sabda ' rathasya ghargharadhvanim srutapurvvamapi sahante ; tacchravanena bhita napayanti ityarthah toyasya nalasya adharah tesam toyadharanam jalasayanam panthanah iti toyadharapathah "rkpuravadhurpathamanate " iti samasantah ah | valkalanam paridheyabhutanam tarutvacam sikhabhyah antebhyah nisyandanam anuvipayyaibhinibhyah syandate- rapranisu iti satvapratisedhah pacikah | prasutajalanam rekhabhih ankitah cihnita drsyante iti sesah ; nanat uttirnanam muninam valkalantebhyah nihsrtanam tadraga- raktanam salilanam dharabhirlanchita ityarthah | esam linganam tapovane eva sadbhavat tapovanamidamityunniyate iti bhavah | svabhavoktih | prasnigdhan ... Change of voice.-- nivaran ... bhrastan ... ( lacayami ) | sucayati ( idam ) ... upalan | abhinnagatibhih mrgaih sabdah sahyate toyadharapathe ... rekhangitaih ( bhuyate ) | suta| yaha ajna karitechena [ punarbbara bege ratha cala'ite lagila ] |

NOTES ACT I. 23 raja | [ caturdika abalokana kariya ] sarathi, yadi o-keha baliya diteche na, tathapi iha tapodhanera asrama iha bujhite paritechi| ta| kirupe? raja| tumi ki dekhitecha na e'i sthane nibaradhan'ya sukasanatha brksakotarera muga ha'ite bhrasta ha'iya| tarutale patata rahayache| konasthale snehalipta masrna prastarakhanda inguliphalabhedaka sucita ha'iteche| bisbastabhabapanna ha'oyaya mrgagana rathasabda sahya kari- teche| jalasayera patha nakala (munidigera paridheya) balkala prapta ha'ite bigalita jaladharaya ankita | Charioteer.- What the long-lived king commands (I obey). [Drives the car again with velocity]. King. - [Looking around], charioteer, that this is the hermitage of the sage whose riches is devotion is known (by me), even without being told. Charioteer. How so ? King.-Don't you see? Here-grains of rice fallen from the hollows of trees, within which are parrots, (lie scattered) beneath the trees. In some places smooth and polished slabs of stones are seen and known to be cleavers of the fruit of Inguli. The deer, from trust (in man), with unaltered pace, hear the ( rumbling) noise (of the car). The paths of tanks (reservoirs of water) are marked with drops of water trickling down the ends of barks (used as vests . mutah | sarvvamupapannam - sarvvameva yujate ; yatbhavan sraha tat yuktiyuktamityarthah | raja | [ stokam alpa duram gatva ] tapasah vanam tava nivasanti ye tesam uparodhah pauda़ा ma bhut iti hetoh etavati eva avaiva ratham sthapaya yavat sravatarami sravaro- hami | Cf. mabhudasramapida़ेti raghuh | uparodhah -upapurvvita, rutreh ghan ; rudh lat runaddhi, rundhe ; lit rurodha, rurudhe ; lan arautsit, arudhata, aruddha | avatarabhi-trdhatoh latirupam | lita satara, lun atarit ; tah tirthah | ma bhudityava man yogat lun ; ada़ाgamasvana bhavati | mutah | pragrahah rasmayah dhrtah akrsya avalambita mayeti sesah bhavan rathada- varohatu | raja | [ avatirya ] muta, vinitah anuddhatah vesah yasya tena tadrsena sata

tapovanani srasramapadani pravestavyani nama | nama kope'bhyupagame vismaye mbharane 'pica sambhavyakutsaprakasya vikalpesvapi drsyate iti medini | abhyupagamah svikarah ; nava "saha sangikara " ; asminnarthe namasando'va prayuktah yaha abhyastasya sracarasya smaranat ava namasabdah smaranarthavarttate | idam srayudhadikam grhyatam [ sutaya- sarathaye, sampradanavivacaya caturthi, arpayati ] suta yavadaham asramavasinah tapasan pratapraveksya vilokya upavarte pratapragacchami tavat vajinah asvah srardram nalasiktam prstham yesam te ardraprsthah kriyantam | prsthe jalasekena angamarddanadina ca asvanam parisramavinodah kriyatamitarthah | suta| sakala'i yathartha | raja | [ alpadura gamana kariya| ] tapobanabasiganera klesa na haya e'i jan'ya e'i sthane'i ratharaksa kara, ami abatarana kari | suta| ami rasmi (rasa) dhariyachi, apani ratha ha'ite abatarana karuna | ranga| [ abataranapurbbaka ] sarathi, binitabese tapobane prabesa kara kartabya| e'iguli grahana kara [ saranike alankara o dhanu aniya dilena ] hata, ami asrama- basidigake dekhiya yataksana pratyagata na ha'i tataksana asbadigera prstha jalasikta kara | Charioteer. All this is true (or right). King. - [ Advancing a little]. Let there be no disturbance of the hermitage. Stay the chariot here that I may descend. Charioteer.- The reins are drawn in (Be pleased to get down. King.-[Alighting] Charioteer, hermitages should be entered in humble attire. Take this. [Del.vers his ornaments and bow to the charioteer ]. Charioteer, while I come back from visiting the inhabitants of the hermitage, let the horses be watered. (Literally, let the horses have their back wet with water.) raja | [ parikrama gatva avalokya drstvaca ] idam srasramasya tapovanasya dvaram pravesamargam pravisami [ pravisya nimittam sakunam laksana vahusphuranarupam sucayan abhi nayan ] santamiti idam srasramapadam santam vahusvasphurati iha asya phala kutah | athava bhavitavyanam dvarani savrvvava bhavanti | 15 idam asramapadam srasramasthanam padamvyavasitavanasthanalaksmanghivastusu ityamarah santam samarasapradhanam ; taponiratah rsayah ava vidyante itarthah, vahah savyetarah bhujah ca sphurati spandate | ava casabdah samucayavacanah virodhavacanasca ; tathaca ravau, lakha- ntara savarane'pigehe yogaprabhavo na ca drsyate te | asya vahuspandanasya phalam divyastri- labharupam iha srasrame kutah sambhavati na kuto'pi itarthah athava pacantare bhavitavyanam

NOTES - ACT I. 25 avasyambhavinam padarthanam darani upayah sarvvavaiva bhavitumarhanti na tesam srasrame kascit vyaghatah | "konama pakabhimukhasya janturani devasya pidhatumiste " | bhavabhutih | Change of voice.-sranena srasramapadena santena ( bhuyate ) ; sphuyryyateca · vahana ; ... phalena [ bhuyate ]... haraih - [ bhuyate ] | raja | [ gamana kariya ebam abalokana kariya ] e'i asramera dbara, prabesa kari| [ prabesa kariya ebam bahuspandanarupa nirmitta anubhaba karilena e'irupa abhinaya kariya ] santa e'i asrama, athaca amara daksina bahu spandana kariteche, esthane (dibya strilabharupa) ihara phala kirupe sambhaba haya| athaba abasyambhabi bisayera upaya sarbbasthane'i ha'iya thake | King.-[Walking and looking about]. This is the entrance to the hermitage. I will enter (it). [ Entering and feeling a sen sation of throbbing in his arm]-Calm is this hermitage; and yet my right arm throbs; how could its consequence be (or take place) here? Or the means of what are destined to be are possible everywhere. raja | [ ka datva [ ka datva - srakarnya ityarthah ] sraye iti sramantrana padam srava raja atmanamevamantrayate ; vrksanam vatika iti vrttavatika tam puspodyanamityarthah daksinena vrttavatikayah daksine bhage daksinena iti avyayam daksinasabdata enap navanyatarasyamadure'pancamyah | iti samice uttaradharadaksinasabdebhyah enapa va | pace sratasuc sratisra daksinatah, daksinat | enapadditiya iti vrttavatika- mityava dvitiya, sasti api sambhavati | puspodyanasya daksine bhage sambhasanam va sruyate, tarhi tatraiva gantumucitam | [ parikramya avalokya ca ] etah tapasakumayryah svasam pramanasya anurupaih svapramananurupaih svasaktyanurupaih vrttimatre sarvvanamnah iti pumbadbhavah | secanarthah ghatah meghanaghatah sakaparthivadivatsamasah, taih karanaih ksudrebhyah vrksebhyah nalam datum itaeva abhivarttanta sravaivagacchanti | [ nipunam sravadhanena saha, nirupya drstva ] aho iti vismayasucakamavyayam asam kanyakanam darsanam madhuram pritikaram nevasubhagamityarthah | anuktapumskat kanyasabdat kapratyaye kanyaka, kanyaka, kandhika iti padavayam -bhavati | "abhasitapumskanca, " at sracayyanam iti svaddayamacyanusandheyam | srddhanteti, yadi asramavasinah nanasya idam vapuh guhantadurlabham udyanalatah nanalatabhih gunaih duraॊkkrtah khalu | 16

yadi yatah ityarthah asrame vasati yah tasya asramavasinah aranyasadah janasya idam vapuh sariram suddhanta rajnah antahpure api durlabham ; aranyavasinah asamskrtamapi etat kantimat sariram naisargika saundaryena rajantah purastrivargasya bhusanadibhirutkarsa- mapaditamapi rupam yadi nyakkaroti ityarthah | tatah udyanasya latah yatnena paripalita api iti bhavah vanasya latabhih gunaih saukumayya madhuryyadibhih karanaih durikrtah tiraskrtah khalu khatvitiniscaye, vakyalankare va nisedhavakyalankaranijnasanunaye svalu ityamarah | suddhantadurlabhatvasya, udyanalatanam tiraskaranasya ca aikarupyat ava prativastupamalankarah | prativastupama samyat vakyayorgamya samyayoh eko'pidharmah samanyah yava niddisyate prthak iti laksanam | yavadimam chayam anatapam asritya pratipalayami apekse [ vilokayan sthitah ] nepathye - sakhidbaya edike edike- raja | [ karna diya ] brksabatikara daksinadike alapera n'yaya suna ya'iteche ; e'i dike'i ya'i (kichudura gamana kariya ebam abalokana kariya! ) tapasbikan'yara apana apana saktyanurupa jalakalasa la'iya ksudra ksudra brkse jala dibara jan'ya e'idike asiteche ( bisesarupe darsana kariya) aha, ihadigera darsana ki madhura | yadi e'i asramabasijanera deha ( saundaryya ) rajantahpure'o durlabha taha ha'ile banalata (sbiya) gune udyanalatake parabhuta kariyache | e'i chayaya dara'iya apeksa kari (damra'iya dekhite lagilena) | Behind the scenes. This way friends, this way. Kng.-[Listening ] Hark ! Voices are heard to the right of the garden. I will go there. [ Walking and looking about] Ah! the maidens of the hermits are coming in this direction to water the plants (small trees) with watering-pots proportioned to their size (strength). [Looking attentively athem] Oh! How graceful is their appearance! If the beauty (body) of an inhabitant of the hermitage is rare in the king's harem, surely do the wood-land : creepers outdo in virtues the creepers of the garden. I will wait here, betaking myself to this shade. [Stands looking at them]. [ tatah uktamanatikramya iti yathoktam, vyaparah karmma yasyah sa yathoktavyapa jalasecanartham ghatahasta, sakuntala, sakhibhyam saha pravisati ) |

NOTES-ACT I. 27 handa, hanje, halahvane nicam cetaum sakhimprati ityamaravacanat ileti mukhya 'amantranapadam | ayi sakuntale esu asramapadapesu pituh kanvasya yavan snehah tvayi tu tavanneti sanke, kuta etaditi cet tarhi bravimi yatah sah nava- mallikapuspavat sukumarangimapi tvamesam vrksanamadhandhasya jalaih paripurane niyuktavan | ambhasam yava dharanam | - syadalavalamavalamavapah ityamarah srasamantat lavam ( jalavindu ) lati iti alavalam | ( a + lava + a + la - ka ) tvattah ityatra pancami vibhakte- iti pancami | Where distinction is intended that from which something is distinguished takes the fifth caseending. sakuntala | piturajnaya kevalametan na sincami kintu bhratrsu yah snehah sa mama etesu asti | tatsnehaparavasyat api sincami | samane udare sayitah sah sodaryya, pate samanodaryyah bahuvrihau samanasya paksa sadesah - "vibhasa udare " [ navyena sincati jalasekam natayati ] | In a compound of the bahubrihi kind, the word samana is optionally changed into , when compounded with 3 having the affix yat added to it. But the word tax is derived from and udara ; where saha means sadrsa | Later grammarians derive sodara from samana and udara ; they hold that samana is changed into sa when udara follows it in a bahubrihi compound. (tahara para purbbokta byaparate sakuntala sangidbayera sahita prabesa karilena) sakuntala| sangidbaya edike esa, edike ela | anasuya| sathi sakuntale, amara bodha ha'iteche asrana-brksaguli toma apeksa o tata kanera priyatara | yehetu nabamallika| kusumera n'yaya komalangi tomake'o tini ihadera alabalapurane niyukta kariyachena | sakuntala! | kebala pitara adesa emana nahe, ihadera prati amara bhratrsneha o ache| [ jalasecana abhinaya karilena ] [Then enter Sakuntala with her two friends, employed in the aforesaid manner]. Sakuntala.-This way, my friends, this way. Anasuya.-Dear Sakuntala, methinks, these trees of the harmitage are more dear to father Kanwa than you. Because you

delicate as the jasmine flower, have been employed in filling the trenches round them. Sakuntala. - Not that is my father's command alone ; but I have affection for them as for a brother. [Act the part of watering the plants]. raja | kathamiyam sa kakhasya duhita | sabhavan iti tatrabhavan sahasupa iti samasah, itarabhyo'pi drsyate iti prathamayah vapratyayah | In vibhakti s other than the saptami the suffix a is seen (to be used). sravabhavan, tavabhavan pujye | pujyah sa kasyapah kakhah na sadhu samaka pasyati yah sah asadhudarsi yah imam sakuntalam asramasya dharme tapasrarana ityarthah niyunkte raudhadikat yujeh latirupama - kharadya- topasargaditi vaktavyam iti atmanepadam | With prefixes ( upasarga ) beginning with or ending in vowels, the root takes the atmanepada| "yaktavdasya uttaravakya gatatvam nopadane samarthyat purvvavakye tacchabda- syarthatva " ataevava purvvavako tacchabdasya na prthak grahanam | idamiti - avyajamanohara idam vapuh tapah ksamam sadhayitu ' ye icchati sa rsih dhruvam nilotpalapatradharaya samilatam cchettum vyavasyati 1 avyajena vyajah kulam antare- naiva srahayryasobham vineva ityarthah manoharam iti sravyajamanoharam nisargasundaram idam vapuh sariram camate iti ksamam ( pacadyac iti srat ) yogyam tapasah camam tapah klesa- sahanasamartham sadhayitum karttum yah icchati abhilasati, sa rsih munih kakhah dhruvam niscitameva naulamutpalam tasya patra m tasya dhara tatha samilatam same sakhalate ityamara- vacanat samivratasya sastram chettum karttitum vyavasyati udacchate | komalotpaladalena samosakhacchedanamiva sakuntalaya "sukumarangaya tapascaranamativa duskaram kartumihate ato nayam samiksyakariti bhavah | asambhavan vastusambandhah upamaparikalpakah iti laksanat ava nidarsanalankarah | Change of voice - yena isyate tena rsina vyavasiyate | bhavatu iti, padapaih padaih mulaih pivanti rasamakarsanti ye te padapah taih vacaih antaritah pracchannavigrahah eva visravva svasyah chandatah varttamanam enam sakuntalam pasyami | [tathakaroti ] | N. B.-This act of the king was rather unbecoming. The poet, however, is not to blame for it. He has drawn the picture of a noble king; but he never forgets that his hero is a human being. Like other men, the hero. has his shortcomings," CC-O, Gurukul Kangri Collection, Haridwar. Digitized By Siddhanta eGangotri Gyaan Kosha

NOTES-ACT I. 29 and obeys the impulses of his youthful nature, when the worm is already working within him. raja| ini ki se'i kana,duhita| sakuntala ? pujaniya kakhapera bibecana na'i, tini ihake asramadharm'me niyukta kariyachena | e'i prakrta sundara dehake tapasyara yogya karite yini iccha karena, niscaya ne'i rsi nilotpalera patradbara samibrksera sakhacchedane udyukta | bhala, brksera antarale luka'iya sbacchandabhabe bicaranasila ihake bilokana kari| ( se'irupa karilena ) | King-Can this be the daughter of Kanwa?; This respectable descendant of Kasyapa, Kanwa, must be wanting ( literally, not good) in judgment, who lays on her the practices of the hermitage, (literally, who employs her in the practices of the hermitage). The sage who wishes to make this artlessly graceful form capable of penance, surely attempts to cut a branch of the Samitree with the edge of a blue lotus-leaf. .Well, concealed by the trees, I will see her free from all formalities (stood upon in the presence of a stranger ). [ Does the same]. sakuntala | sakhi anasuye, atyartham pinaddhena hada baddhena valkalena karanena priyam- vadaya niyantrita pida़िta ammi, atah etanavalkalam sithilam kuru | srapipurvvat nahadhatoh ktah pinaddhah, vasti bhagurirallipamavapyorupasargayoriti akaralopah paksikah | nah lat nahyati, nahyate ; lit nanai, nehe ; luna anatsit, anadya| Bhaguri, a grammarian. wishes the elision of the a of srapi and ava | niyantrita - yantrasabdat tat karoti vadacaste iti nic, tatah karmmani ktah | yameh stran iti yantram | sithilaya - sithilasabdat nic tatah lotirupam | anasuya | [ sithilayati ] priyamvada | vipuvat strdhatoh nici tanpratyaye klauverupam | yunah bhavah iti yauvanam yuvaditvat sran | upalabhakha, tiraskuru, bhatt saya iti yavat | sakuntala | sakhi anasuye, priyambada ati drrharupe balkala bandhiya diyache e'ijan'ya yantrana pa'itechi, balkala sithila kariya da'o | anasuya| accha ( sithila kariya dilena ) | priyambada| e bisaye stanera bistrti sampadaka apanara yaubanake tiraskara kara|

, Sakuntala.-Dear Anasuya, I have been pained by Priyambada, having drawn this piece of bark (used as vest) too tightly about me. Loosen it. Anasuya. - I will, [loosens it]. Priyambada - In this matter, blame rather your :youthfulness which has rendered your bosom full (literally, expanded your breast). N. B, Observe, the skilful dramatist lets the characters speak for themselves. Anasuya, a meek maid, does what she is requested to do. But Priyambada would not let matters pass in this smooth way. She retorts the charge laid at her door with a ready wit. With one stroke of the pen the masterly hand has revealed the difference between the two companions of the heroine. raja | kamamiti - asyah sakuntalaya vayasah tarunyasya kamam atya ananurupam sarvvatha asadrsamapi dadam valkalam alankarasya bhusanasya sriyam sobham na pusyati, na varddhayati iti na apitu varddhayatyeva | sambhavya nisedhanivarttane navyamiti vamanah | kutah - sarasijamiti | - saiklenapi anuvinam sarasinam ramam | malina mapi laksma himamsih laksmom tanoti iyam tanvo valkalenapi adhikamanoja, madhu- ranakrtinam kimiva mandanam na | 92 sevalena jalajatena trnabhedena 'anuvii antara antara grathitam samsaktam va sarasi | kasare nayate yat tat sarasijam kamalam ramamtra manoharam | malinamapi laksma cihna kalanga iti yavat himah tuhinah asavah kiranah yasya tasya himamsih candrasya laksmim sobham tanoti vistarayati iyam tanvi krsangi sakuntala valkalenapi, anu- padayena iti aperarthah vrksatvagupapariveyena adhikam manojna iti adhikamanojna saha supeti samasah adhika sundari | madhuranam svabhavatah sundarinam akrtinam kimiva mandanam bhusanam na | apitu sarvvameva bhusanatam prapadyate vacyatecagre aho sarvvasvavastha suramaniyatvamakrtivisesanam iti | visesena samanya samarthanam srarthantaranyasah | ava ' sloke dvitiyacaranasya racanayam kramo na raksitah iti kecinmanyante tesam mate sah anyatha, ghatayitavyah | tadyatha-vidhurapi paribhinno -laksmana lobhaniyah | Change of voice. - sarasijena anuviddhena ...ramena (bhuyate ) malinenapi ...

NOTES-ACT I. 31 - laksmana laksmih tayate tanyateva | anaya adhikamanojaya ... tanva bhuyate kena mandanena na bhuyate iti sesah | anuviddham - sranupurkhat vyadhadhatoh tah ; vyadha lat vidhyati, lit vivyadha ; lun avyatjhaut | sarasi jayate iti satamayam janerdah tatpuruse krtibahulam iti saptamyah vaibhasikah aluk | The root takes the affix 3, when it is jan preceded by a noun in the seventh case. In such compounds of the aag kinds as favour the taking place of suffixes, the vibhakti of the epapada noun is sometimes elided, sometimes retained and sometimes optionally elided. raja| e'i balkala ihara bayanera atyanta ayogya ha'ile'o alankarera sobha sampadana kariteche na emana nahe| yehetu-saibalera sahita grathita kamala o ramaniya dekhaya, malina o kalanka himansura sobha bard'dhana kare; e'i tanbangi balkale'o adhika sundari| sbabhabatah sundara akrtira pakse kon padartha bhusana na haya ? King.-That this bark, though quite ill-suited to her age, does not display the beauty of an ornament, is not (true ). Because, the lotus entwined even with the Saivala is beautiful, the black spots enhance, the beauty of the cold-rayed moon. limbs in her dress of bark is all the lovelier. is not an ornament to forms really graceful? This maiden of slim What there is that V. B.-This is an instance of Poetic Induction. stanza is an illustration of the Law of Relativity. This sakuntala vatena iritah sancalitah pallava eva angulyah tabhih kesara vrcakah kharthe kan vakulavrksah mam tvarayati, satvaram yatu srahvayativa, enam vrksam sambhavayami manayami jalena sincami ityarthah angali sancalanenahvanam prasiddham | iradhatoh ktah iritah ; ira lat irayati, lit irayamasa ... lun airirat | tvara nic tvarayati ghataditvat hrakhah | tvar lat tvarate, lit tatvare, lun avarista ; ta; turnah tvaritah | priyamvada | sakuntale canamava vakulatale tistha tvaya milito'yam kesarah lataya asritah iva sobhate ityarthah | lataya sanathah iti trtiyatatpurusah | sakuntala | priyam madhuram vadati ya sa, iti vadeh khac | priyavase vadah khac | sakuntala | [ agrabhage drstipata kariya ] e'i ksudra bakula brksati bayunancalita drstipatakariya

pallabarupa anguli dbara amake tbarita ya'ibara jan'ya yena ahbana kariteche ; ihake sam'manita kari [ gamana karilena ] | priyambada | sakuntale e'isthane muhurttakala apeksa kara ; tumi samagata ha'oyaya e'i bakula brksa lata dbara bestitera n'yaya sobha pa'iteche | sakuntala| e'i jan'ya'i tumi priyambada | Sakuntala.-(Looking forwards). - Yonder Kesara tree with its finger-like twigs waved by the breeze, urges me, as it were, for-ward. I will honour it (attend to it ) [rvalks]. Pr yambada. - Dear Sakuntala, stay here for a moment ; for you being here, the tree seems to be wedded, as it were, to a creeper . Sakuntala-And for this reason you are (named) Priyambada,. (speaker of sweet and flattering things). raja| priyamvada sakuntalom madhuramapi tathyam satyamaha | hitam manohari ca durlabha vacah ityukteh prayena priyavacanasya asatyatvasiddheh priyena tathyasya virodhah api karena dyityate | tatha anapetamiti tatha yat tathya ' | asyah khalu 'adharah kisalaya - ragah, vaha komala vitapanukarinau, kusumamiva lobhaniya yauvanam srangesu sannaddham | asyah sakuntalayah adharah kisalayasya navapallavasya iva ragah raktima yasya sah kisalayamiva sradharah ityarthah | vaha bhujau komalau lalitau vitapausakhe dhanu kurutah iti komalavitapanukarinau supyajatau tacchilye gini, sukumarasatau ; kusumamiva lobhaniyam cittakarsaka, ramaniyadivat karttari anauyapratyayena nipatanat siddham lobhaniyamiti padam, yauvanam tarunya angesu gavesu sannam unnatim sravibhartamityarthah | ato lataya saha yatsakuna laya prativimvana " priyamvadaya krta tanayuktamiti-tanpasyam | upamalankarah | 18 raja| priyambada sakuntalake priya athaca satyakatha baliyache-ihara adhara acirod‌gata pallabera yaya atamra, bahudbaya komalasakhasadrsa, ebam kusumera n'yaya manohara yaubana sarbbange bikasa pa'iteche | King. Priyambada has told Sakuntala a truth though a com pliment. Her lip has the ruddiness of a fresh, grown sprig; the arms imitate tender boughs, and youth alluring as flower has pervaded her body. anasuya | svayam vrnute ya sa svayamvara, samjnayam bhrtrta ityadina khac striyamap svayamvara casau vadhuceti svayamvaravadhuh sahakarasya amrasya - vanasya - "

NOTES-ACT I. 33 aranyasya jyotsra jyotsratamikhetyadina jyotisaupadhalopah natha pratyayah bana- jyotsra iti tvaya krtam namadheyam yasyah sa navamalika lata kimenam vismrtami vismrtavati bhavasi ; jnanarthasyapigatyarthe payryavasanat karttari ktah yahava adi- karmmani kaktari ktah | asya api sambhavanam nyayyamiti bhavah | | sadeti sratmanah vismaranamitra vanajyotsrayah vismaranam duskaram catmani iba asyam me pritiriti bhavah | vyatikarah samagamah milanamiti yavat | mithunam inda ' ; stripumsayugalamityarthah | navam kusumameva yauvanam yasyah sa navakusumayauvana | auvaneneva kusumenalankrta vanajyotsna | vrddhah sabhyatah ityarthah pallava yatha tasya bhavah tatta taya, sanjatakisalayatava ; upabhogasya camah samarthah | angeriva pallavaih paripustataya bhoga samarthah sahakarah | [ sobhasandarsanena vismayarasaluta padapa mithunam vilokayanti tisthati ] | The sentiments breathed in this speech show that. Sakuntala was not a girl; she was fast advancing to be a youthful woman. anasuya| sagi sakuntale tumi yahara banajyotsna nama diyachile, - sahakara brksera sbayambarabadhu se'i e'i nabamalika lata; ihake ki bhuliyacha ? sakuntala| taha ha'ile apanake'o bhuliya ya'ira | [latara nikata gamana kariya ebam abalokana kariya] sakhi ati sundara samaye e'i latapadapayugalera samagama ha'iyache, banajyotsna nabakusumarupayaubane sobhita ; ebam sahakarapallasobhita ha'oyaya upabhoga samartha | Anasuya.-Dear Sakuntala, here is the jasmine, named by you, "Vanajyotsna," the Moonlight of the grove, the self-elected wife of the mango tree. Have you forgotten it ? Sakuntala.-Then I will forget myself [going to the plant and seeing it.] The union of this couple, the jasmine and the mango tree, has taken place in a delightful season. The blossoms of the Moonlight of the grove is her blooming youth; and the mango tree, with its newly put-forth. sprouts, is capable of enjoying. [Stands looking at it.] priyamvada | kimnimittam sakuntala cutasangatam navamalikam autsukyena saha yasyati tadavadharayasi kim ? anasuya | na khalu vibhavayami kathaya | naham hetumavadharayagi | priyamvada | anurupam yogyam ; varam vodha़ाram svaminamiti yavat | prasna ; dvitiyah samuccaye | nama sambhavanayam linapi | adyah apih 3

sakuntala | srayam te mamadhikrtya svakiyah abhilasah na mama | [ avarjayati secanayem avanamayati ] | priyambada | anasuye, sakuttala| banajyotsnake agrahera sahita kena dekhiteche jana ki ? anasbaya| ami sthira karite paritechi na ; tumi bala| priyambada|| banajyotsna| yerupa yogyapadapera sahita milita ha'iyache ami'o se'irupa upayukta bara prapta ha'iba ki ? ( e'i bhabiya ) | sakuntala| niscaya'i e tomara nijamanoratha [jala dhalibara jan'ya kalasa nata karilena ] | Priyambada. Anasuya, do you know why Sakuntala looks so intently at the jasmine. Anasuya - No, I cannot imagine it. Tell it. Priyambada.-"As the jasmine is united with a suitable tree, so may I too get a husband becoming me"? Sakuntala. Surely this is your own wish. [Bends the pitcher dozon.] raja | iyam sakuntala kulapateh kakhasya samanah varnah yasya tat sava, jyotirjanapadaravinabhinamagi varupasthanavarna vayovacanavandhusu iti bahuvrihau samasasya Bाdesah, tatrabhavati iti asavarnam cevam pani tammat sambhavah utpattih yasyah sa asavarnacetrasambhava, brahmanetaravarnastrisambhuta bhavet kim athava samsayena krtam alam, krtamiti nisedhe avyayam gamyamanasadhanakriyapeksaya karanatvat trtiya samsayena ityava | cevam sarire kedare siddhasthana kalavayoriti medinivisvaprakasau | asamsayamiti - srasamsayam ( iyam ) cavaparigrahaksama, yattrartham me manah asyam abhilasi sandehapadesu vastusu sata antahkaranapravrttayah pramanam hi | 20 samsayasya srabhavah iti srasamsayam ( arthabhave'pyavyayaubhavah ) yaha nasti samsayah sandehah yasmin karmani tat yatha tatha iyam sakuntala ksattrasya catah nasat vayate iti cattah tasya parigrahah "parigrahah kalaveca mula khokarayorapi sapathe- parivaram ca rahuvaktrasyabhaskarem " ityajayah | panau tasya ksama yogya nunamiyam ca capani bhavitum arhati | yat yasmat hetoh praryam suddhasilam kadapi notyapravrttamityarthah me manah asyam sakuntalayam abhilasi sabhilasam enam vodha़ ु micchu ityarthah | manasah bhavya parigrahatamatvacamatvanirnaye pramanamityaha satamiti sandehasya padani sthanani tesu sandehapadesu samsayasritesu vastusu karyyam srakavyam veti samsayabhajanesu visayesu ityarthah satam sadhana karttavyanisthanam mahatam antahkaranasya cetasah pravrttayah

1 NOTES - ACT I. 35 gatayah pramanam - sandehanirasaya prakalpante ityarthah | sadhunam gheto yatra balate tadeva karyyamiti tatparyam | srarthantaranyasah alankarah | ava manuh - vedo'khili dhammammulam smrtisole ca tadvidam | sracaracaiva sadhunamatmanastustirevaca || || ekenaiva pramanena mandehasya samyanivrtterabhavat pramanantaranusandhitasa eva samoksyakaritvamiti jnapayitumaha tathapiti - srasyah satyapi tattvatah anjasa yatharthenetiyavat pranam upalasa matparigrahatamatve nirneta jnasyami | brahmanetara - varnastri sambhuta inaveti nirupayisyami tattvatah ityatva trtiyayah tamih, prakrtyadibhyasceti trtiya | abhilasi - srabhilasah vidyate yasya tat matvarthiyah inih | raja| ini kulapatira kona asampurna patni ha'ite utpanna ha'iyachena ki : ta'athaba sandehe prayojana na'i | niscaya'i ini ksatriya kartrka bibahera yogya| yehetu sud'dhasila amara mana ihara prati sabhilasa ha'iyache| sandehasrita bisaye sadhudigera cittabrtti'i pramana | tathapi yathartharupe ihara bisaya abagata ha'iba | King.-May she be sprung from a wife of a different caste of the chief of the hermitage ? Or away with doubt. Undoubtedly she is fit to be married by a Kshatria (of the warrior caste); because my noble mind has a desire for her. In doubtful matters the propensities of good men's minds are decisive proof. Nevertheless I will know the truth about her. sakuntala | [ sasambhramam - vyagram yatha tatha ] salilasya sekena yah sambhramah vegah sancalanamiti yavat tena udgatah madhukarah bhramarah navamalikam ujjhitva vihaya me vadanam abhivarttate, abhilaksya dhavati | ujjh lat-ujajhati, lit ujjhamasa ; luna bhojjhot | srabhivarttate ityava trterabhipurvvasya sakarmakattvam ; yadda abhirabhage iti karmapravacaniyasamjna-, tadyoge vadanamityava dvitiya | sakuntala|| [byasta ha'iya1] (oma|), nalilaseke lata kampita ha'oyaya utpatita ekati madhukara nabamalika| parityaga kariya| amara mukhera dike asiteche| [bhramara kartrka pira abhinaya karilena] | Sakuntala. - [In a flurry] Ah ! by reason of the motion caused

by the pouring of water, a bee has flown.up and leaving the jasmine is flying at my face [Acts as if teased by a bee]. raja | [ sprhaya saha varttamanam iti masprksam satrnam vilokya ] caleti | cilapanga vepathumatom drstim bahusah sprsasi ; rahasyakhyayova karnantikacarah mrdu svanasi karau vyadhunvatyah asyah ratisarvvasvamadharam pivasi vayam tatvanvesat hatah he madhukara tvam krtau khalu | 21 calah cancalah apana prantah yasyah tam calapangam cancalamalam, vepathuh kampah ( dvito'thuc iti vepadhatoh athuc bhave ) vidyate yasyah tam vepathumato kampamanam . drstim bahusah vahuvaran sprsasi cumbasi ityasayah | rahasibhavam iti rahasyam gopyam tasya akhyayi iti rahasyakhyayi iva, kimapigopya kathayitumiva ityarthah karnasya sruteh antike samipe carati iti karnantikacarah karnamule ityarthah mrdu mandam khanasi gunjasi | karau hasto vyadhunvatyah kumprayantyah bhramaranirasaya utksipantyah srasyah rateh sarvvasvam sarabhutam sradharam pivasi dharyasa, kaminamadharakhadah muratadatiricyate itibhavah | vayam tattvasya kimiyam satuparigrahya naveti kharupasya anvesat hatah ; he madhukara tvam krti krtakah khalu | sikharinivrttam | rasaih rudrai hinna yamana sabhalagah sikharini iti laksanam | sranyo'pi kamukah priyayah lolam drsti cumbati punah kapolatale lapitu kimapi srutimule carucumbati dayitam pulakairanu- kule | kinca mama manada iti ksamaksarollapinim sarabhasamalinga adharam dhayati iti hrdayam | atra madhukare nayakavyavaharasamaropat samasoktih saca upamaya angangibhavena sanghiyyete | 21 samasoktih samairyava kayyalingavisesanaih | vyavaharasamaropah prastute'nyasya vastunah || iti laksanam | bahusah bahusabdat sasa tattvanvesat, tattvanvesam avalamva vyavalope karmanya- dhikarane iti pancami hetvarthe va | srakhyatum saulamasya iti akhyayi supyajati pinistacchilye iti ninih rahasyasya srakhyayi iti rahasyakhyayo | Change of voice. - calapanga drstih vepathumatau sprsyate | rahasyakhyayineva asmabhih hataih tvaya svanyate karnantikacarena ... rati sarvvakha adharah piyate | krtina bhuyate | raja| [sprhara sahita niriksana kariya ] he bhramara, tumi ihara kampamana, cancalaprapta nayana bahubara sparsa karitecha, kona gopaniya katha balibe e'i hetu yena karnera nikata uriya uriya mrdubhabe gun gun karitecha ; hastasancalana kariya

NOTES-ACT I. 37 nibarana karile'o ratira sarabhuta ihara adhara pana karitecha | amara tattbanbesana karite giya hata ha'ilama ( gelama ): tumi'i krti | King.- [Looking wistfully at her ]. - Many a time you kiss her trembling eye with rolling corner; as if to tell some secrets, hovering near her ear, softly do you hum. While she waves her hands, you kiss her lip, the highest essence of sexual pleasure. We are done for in ascertaining the fact or truth; you must be very lucky. sakuntala | nayam dhrstah dustah vrsnaka iti yavat prste bhagaviyataya ityamarah | vrsisasavaijatye iti sravinaye srarye nrsih nisthayam manit, anyava dharsitah | viratobhavati sranyasmin sthane gamisyami [ katicit padani gatva viloka ] katham sravapi sragacchati, sakhi anasuye, sakhi priyambade duratmana anena bhramarena paudda- manam mam racatam | vyanaparibhyah ramah iti vipurvvat rameh parasmaipadam srabhibhavateh sakarmakatvat karmani sanac | kimasabdat itipratyayena katisabdah siddhah | "datiya " iti itipratyayantasya sabdasya sata samjnayam " sada़bhyo luk " iti sbholuki kati iti padam tatascita pratyayah anisyayem | ubhe [ smitena ( isaddhasena ) saha varttamanam yathatatha ] yatah khalu asramapadani rajnah visayasthitani ato rajna srasramavasinam pida़ाharana bhavyam | vamidana sratmavanaya prthivipatim dusyantamahaya | sakulo| e'i dusta birata ha'iteche na ; ami an'ya sthane ya'i [ kayeka pada, gamana karata drstiniksepa kariya ] esthane'o asiteche; sakhigana ! e'i duhsila bhramara amake pira diteche, tomara paritrana kara | sangidbaya | (isat hasya kariya) amara trana karibara ke ? dudhyantake ahbana kara, raja tapobana raksana karena | Sakuntala. - This impertinent bee will not desist. I will go elsewhere [going a few steps and glancing around]. How now here also it comes. My friends, deliver me from the attack of this ill-behaved bee. Both the companions. -[Smiling] Who are we to deliver you ? Call Dushyanta (to your aid). The groves of penance are to be protected by the King. raja | atmanam prakasayitum darsayitu ' ayam avasarah avakasah samaya iti na bhetavyamiti [ bhakta yavatle "kalasamayavelasu ' tumun | iti tumun | svagatam sraimuccayyam sratmagatam ] adhuna gaccheyam cet mama rajabhavah nrpatitva - - aham dusyanta iti - abhijnatah parijnatah bhavet |

raja | [ tvaraya saha upamrtya gatva ] ka iti sranvayah - durvinitanam sasitari paurave vasumatim sasati kah ayam mugdhasu tapakhikanyasa avinayam bhacarati ? - 23 durvinitanam dustanam sasitari niyantari paugve, puruvamsiye dusyante vasumatim prthivim sasati palayati sati, yasya ca bhavena bhavalaksanamiti saptami ; ko'yam mugdhasu ramyasu yaha srapravuddhamanahsu valasu ityarthah tapasvikanyasu avinayam dauratmamtra sracarati | durvinitanamityava sese sastho na tadvayogamlaksana ; sasitari ityava silarthatan- prayogat | Change of voice.- avinayah sracaryyate kena bhanena | bhaya na'i [ ard'dha uccarana kariya bhala e'irupa baliba | raja| nijake prakasa karibara e'i samaya | sbagata ] ihate ami raja iha janite paribe| sagula1 | [ kayekapada gamana kariya drstiniksepa karata: ] esthane'o amara anusarana kariteche| raja| | [ satbara gamana kariya ] dustadigera sasanakarta purubansiya dusyanta yakhana prthibi palana karitechena, takhana kon ( duratma) sundari tapasa kan'yadigera prati abinaya acarana kariteche| King. This is the opportunity for showing myself. Don't fear, don't fear ; [half uttering ; aside] that I am king ( literally my king-ship) will be known. Well ! Thus I shall speak (to them). Sakuntala. [Moving a few steps further and glancing around]. What? It still follows me. King.-[Advancing hastily.] When the descendant of Puru, (Dushyanta), a chastiser of the ill-behaved, rules the earth, who is it that behaves rudely towards pretty young maidens of the hermits ? anasuya | atyahitam mahan anarthah, atyantam sradhiyate, tannivaranartham mano doyate asmin iti sratyahitam, atyanpurvvat dadhateh adhikarane ktah | katara bhuta iti kataribhuta katarasabdat srabhutatadbhave cih | akatara raja | srayi iti komalamantranapadam | apiti pathe apih praye | sakuntala | [ sadhvasam bhayam tasmat hetoh sravacana trnom tisthati | sadhu samyak asthati vicipati cittam yat tat sadhvasam bhayam | sadhu + as + ac ] anasuya | atidhivisesasya bhavadrsasya visistasya patitheh, labhena tapah idana

NOTES - ACT I. 39 varddhate | sakuntale utaja parnasalam gaccha ; phalena misram tat phalamisram "purva sattasa- saminartha kalaham nipuna misra slaksnah " iti trtiyatatpurusah | phalasahitam adhyem acana- dravya upahara ammam dehi | idam secanayem kalasasthitam jalam padodakam padyam pada- pracalanartham jalamityarthah bhavisyati | padyena arvyena ca atithih sampujyate itya- carah | mulya pujavidhi arthah ityamarah | atraya idam parthyam padarghabhyanceti yat pratyayah | apah tiram kusagranca dadhi sarpih satandulam | yatah siddharthakayaiva astango'rvah prakalpitah || [ sakale rajake dekhiya kincit santrasta ha'ilena ] 4 anasuya| arya ! kona atyahita nahe| amadera e'i priyanathi bhramara kartrka pirita ha'iya katara ha'iyachena | [ sakuntalake dekha'iya dilena .] raja! [ sakugulara dike kiriya! ] ayi tapastha| brd'dhi pa'iteche ki ? sakuntala|| { bhaye maunabhabe rahilena| ] | anasuya| bisista atithilabhe eksana tapastara brd'dhi| sakuntale, parnasalaya gamana kara ebam phalasahita artha anayana kara| e'i kalasasthita jala pada praksalanera upayogi ha'ibe | All the maidens, on seeing the king, became a littlenstantled]. Anasuya.-No.great calamity, sir ! This friend of ours , teased by a bee, has been a little frightened. (Points to Sakuntala ]. King.-[Turning to Sakuntala] Do the devotional rites, good maiden, prosper ? Sakuntala.-[Stands silent and confused]. Anasuya. - (Yes, they prosper), now that we have got a distinguished guest. Dear Sakuntala, go and bring from the cottage a respectful offering of (rice, fruit &c.... ) This (water in the waterpot) will do as water for the feet. raja | bhavatinam sunrta satyaya priyaya ca gira vaca pratithyam sratithi- matkarah krtam | arghyadina sralamitibhavah | pratithaye idam iti syan | susobhanam nrtyati bhanena iti nrtdhatoh karane gharthe kah | bahulakat upasargadirghatvam | sunrtam satyam ; taddati trisu | yadda susthu janayati prinayati iti mun janayateh kvip | suna ca rta ca iti sunrta, satyapriya cetyarthah | priyamvada | prakrsta chaya yatva sa pracchaya, saca sitalaca iti pracchayasitala karmmadharaye purvvapadasyapumbadrbhavah ; tasyam sapta parnani parvvasu yasya sah saptaparnah

, (tivisaye samkhyasabdasya vausarthatva vo sarthatvam jneyam | | saptaparnovisalatvak sarado visamacchadah ityamarah ) tasya vedikayam muhatte upavisya parisramasya adhvavilanghana- janyakhedasya vinodah, apanayanam tam karotu | raja | yuyamapi anana jalasecanarupena karmana niscitameva parisrantah | yuyamapi sravopavisya lamapagamam kartumarhatha ityabhiprayah | anasuya | paryyupasanam - samipe upavesanadina srabhiprayasyanuvarttanam | savva ' - [ upavisanti ] sarvvasca sarvvasva iti sarvve puman striya iti inde pumlingaikasesah | I compounds of the ekasesa kind the masculine remains, the feminine is elided. raja| apanadera sata mistabakye'i atithya kara ha'iyache | priyambada | tabe atichayayukta sitala, e'i saptaparna brksera bedite muhurtta kala upabesana kariya klanti dura karuna| raja'| apanara'o era karyyadbara parisranta ha'iyachena | anasuya| sakuntale atithira upasana kara amadigera ucita : esa e'isthane upabesana kari| sale| [ upabesana karilena| ] King. The rites of hospitality have been performed by your true and sweet words. Priyambada. Then, Kood sir, be pleased to sit for a while on the elevated ground (round thesSaptapana tree, and rest yourself. King -Surely you, too, must have been fatigued by this em ployment, (action or task). Anasuya. Dear Sakuntala, we ought to sit by the side of our Let us sit down here. guest. All - [Sit down together ]. sakuntala | [sratmagatam ] tapovanavirodhinah srasramaviruddhasya, vikaramya cetasah anyathabhavasya, madanabhavasya ityartha . ; gamaniya asrayaniya, visayibhuta ityarthah | raja | [ sarvvah vilokya ] sraho ityascarye avyayam, vayasca rupancaiti vayorupe same tumnye vayorupe tabhyam ramaniyam sobhanam bhavatinam sauharddam pranayah | suhrdayasya bhavah iti mauharddama patte sauhrdayyam "va sokasyatrogesa - iti patehradayamya hrdadesah | hrdadesa pace "hadabhagasivante purvapadasya ca " ityubhayapada vrddhi ti kasika | The forms sauharddam, soharddama and sauhrdayyam ( this last form is

NOTES-ACT I. 4 I rarely used) are all used by writers in the sense of friendship. But with due deference to grammar they can not be used in the sense of friendship. The authors of the Kasika and, in their wake, Bhattoji derive them from the base suhrdayah . But suhrdaya does not mean a friend. For it has been laid down by Panini that in the sense of a friend the form suhrda and not muhradaya is available. ("suhrdrdurhrdau mivamivayoh ") | Under this rule the Kasika observes that suhrdayah means karunikah, (a kind-hearted_man). Hence sauharddan &c. should, strictly speaking, be used to connote kind-heartedness and not friendship. Mallinatha in explaining 'canabhinnasauhrdah in the Kumarsambhavam, Canto IV. seems to be inclined to derive sauhrda from suhrdaya and sauharda from suhrda | And -the authority he quotes there is indisputable. (sauhrdadirha dasabdavani hrdbhavat vamanasuvavrttih ) | From a logical point of view also the form suhrda should yield the derivatives mauhadyam and sauharddham | For the rule "hradrubhaganivante purvapadasya ca " requires that the compound should end in hrd and not hrdaya | hold that the two rules "hrdayasya hallekhabadanlasesu- " hrdabhagasindhante purvapadasya ca " will operate simultaneously in the instance suhrdayasya bhavah sauharddam, seems to be expecting too much. It is perverse logic to maintain that with should yield sauhrdam though the rule explicitly lays down that compounds ending in will have the vowels of both the members of the compound prolonged in the presence of afga affixes having an indicatory,, or Padmanabha, the author of the Supadma, simplifies the matter by saying sauhrdamiti padam vahulakat siddham | To " and priyamvada | [ janantikam ] madhura manohara pritikari iti yavat gambhiraca duradhigamantarabhavaca akrtih srakarah yasya sah caturam nipunam priyam sundaram ca anupasrstat bhuvi alapan- ayam prabhavah pratapa vidyatam yasya sah iva laksyate | ghan vidhanata prakrstobhavah iti prabhavah sa vidyate asya iti prabhavavan avapatte na karmmadharaya|nmatvarthiyah ityasya anusasanasya vadhah kathancit sodha़vyah |

anasuya | yat tva m jijnasase tajjnane, mamapiccha varttate ... [ prakasam rajanam pratityarthah ] bhavatah madhurena alapena janitah utpaditah visvasa mam mantrayate mukharayati | katama iti kasmin rajavamse janma parigrhitam bhavata ityarthah | virahena bhavata viyogena pathyutsukah dunayamanah jana yasmina sah virahaparyut suka- janah ; kuva bhavato nivasa ityarthah | sukumaratarah sratikomalah api atma dehah "atma deham dhrtau jauve svabhave paramatmani " tapovanaparisramasya asramagamana janya- svedasya padam sthanam upanitah prapitah | tapovanagamanaprayajanam kimiti tatpayyam | mantrayate ityatra cauradikasya dhatoh hetumati nici rupam | N. B. This courteous address of Anasuya reflects great credit upon the woman of the time of Kalidasa. sakuntala| [ atmagata ] ihake dethiya kena asramabirud'dhabhabera bisaya ha'ila (arthat asramabirud'dhabhaba kena abirbhuta ha'iteche ? ) raja| [ sakalake abalokana kariya ] aha, bayasa ebam rupa tulya ha'oya apanadera sauhardda atisaya manojna ha'iyache | priyambada | [ janantike:] anasuye, madhuragambhirakrti e'i byakti sundara ebam nipunabhabe alapa karitechena ebam imhake prabhabasampanna baliya bodha ha'iteche ; ini ke ? anasuya| sagi amara'o e bisaye kautuhala ha'iyache| ihake jijnasa kari| [ prakasye rajara prati ] apanara madhura alapajanita bisbase ( sahase ) amake balibara jan'ya pranodita kariteche | mahasaya kon rajadhi bansa alankrta kariyachena ; kon desera loka apanara birahe utkanthita ha'iyache ? ebam ki nimitta'i ba e'i sukumara dehake tapobanagamanera parisrama sbikara kara'i yachena ! Sakuntala. How is it that at the sight of this man I have become accessible to emotions inconsistent with penance or religious. vows? King.-[Looking at them all] Ah! Sweet is your friendship on account of your age and your appearance being equal. Priyambada. - [Aside] Anasuya, who is this person of sweet and solemn appearance, of clever and charming address, and seeming to have majestic power? Anasuya. - Mine, too, my friend, is the same curiosity. I will ask him. [Aloud] Your kind words have begotten (a kind of) confidence which prompts me to speak. What royal family has been adorned (ornamented) by your honour? The people of what coun

NOTES- ACT 1. 43. try is now mourning your bonour's absence? and why has this delicate person been exposed to the fatigue of (coming to) this grove of penance ? sakuntala | [ atmagamama ] hrdaya ma uttamya esa tvaya cintitani anasuya mantrayate | uttamya khidyaskha ; daivadikat tanerlota | mantrayate, uccarathati, vadati ityarthah | raja | [ atmagatam ] kena prakarena sratmanah paricayam dasyami katham va atmanah rajabhavasya gopanam vidhasyami bhavatu anena prakarena enamabhidhasye [ prakasam ] pauravena raja dusyantena dhammadhikare dhamadinam aveksanartham yah niyuktah so'ham kascita rajapurusah ityarthah krtah | pacantare pauravena raja dusyantapiva yah lallaksanojanah dhanadhikare, dharmmapalanayem rajye ityarthah niyuktah abhisikta ityarthah so'ham na santi vighnah yasam tamam avighnanam kriyayam inyadinam upalambhaya jnanaya idam dharmmaranyam tapovanamayatah | bhavati iti samvodhanapadam yatra niyuktah bhavati ityanvayah | upapurvvat labheh ghan labheya iti tuma tumarthacca bhavavacanaditi caturthi tadarthe va | labh lat labhate ; lit lebhe ; lun alabdha ; san lim | dharmasya aranyam iti dharmmaranyam asvavasadivat sasthisamasah | vihanyate ebhih iti vighnah antarayah vipurvvat handhatoh ghanarthe kah | sakuntala | [ atmagata ] hrdaya udbigna ha'i'o na tumi yaha bhabitecha, anasuya taha'i baliteche | jijnasa kariteche ) | raja | [ atmagata ] kirupe apanara paricaya pradana kari, kirupe'i ba atma- gopana kari | bhala ihake e'irupa bali [ prakasye ] yahake purubansiya narapati sbarm'madhikare niyukta kariyachena ami se'i | ( munidigera ) yajnadi nirbbighne anusthita ha'iteche ki na janibara jan'ya e'i tapobane asiyachi| Sakuntala.-[Aside] Don't be distressed, my heart. Anasuya utters (asks) what you are thinking of. King.-[Aside] How shall I make myself known and shall (at the same time) disguise myself? Well ! Let me tell her in this way; "I am the person charged by his majesty, the descendant of Puru, with the administration of justice and religion; and am come to this sacred grove to know if the rites (of the hermits ) are performed without obstruction." anasuya | sanatha idanim dharmacarinah | sampratam bhavadagamanena dharmanusthana ratah tapasah nathavantah sahayavanta ityarthah |

sakuntala | [ srngaralajjam raji anuragajanyam lajjam rupayati natayati tava lajjanubhave nathasabdasya patiriti vyayo'rthah nimittam ] | sakhyau | [ ubhayoh sakuntalayah dusyantasyaca srakaram akrtim laksanaya akrti- gatam antaravikaralaksanam viditva jnatva janantikam ] | sakuntala | [ rosena krodhena sahavarttamanam yatha tatha ] ] | sakhyau | jivitasya sarvasvasvarupaya tvaya srapi ; tvamapi sampradaya ityabhiprayah sakuntala | apetam duribhavatam | ingatavitidhatoh loti madhyamapurusasya dvivacanam | sakhim gatamiti sukhogatam sritatitetyadina dvitiyatatpurusah | sakhi sambandhi kimapi vastu prcchamah | vayamiti vahuvacanam srammado hayoh iti sutrena | ava apih samuccaye | yatha tvam prcchasi tatha srahanca praksyami | sakhyau | anaya prarthanaya anugrhita vayamityarthah | anasuya| eksane dharm'macarigana sanatha| sakuntala| [ rajara prati anuraga basatah salajjabhaba abhinaya karilena ] | sagidbaya | [ubhayera akaragata bikaralaksana janiya janantike'] sakhi sakuntale yadi tata kanu adya esthane upasthita thakitena ? sakula| [ sakrodhe ] taha1 ha'ile ki ha'ita ? sangidbaya| e'i bisista atithike jibitasarbbasba'o diya krtartha karitena| sakukhala| tomara dura ha'o, kichu mane kariya balitecha, tomadera katha suniba na| raja| ami'o apanadera sakhi sanbandhe kichu jijnasa kariba | sagidbaya | mahasaya apanara e'i prarthana amadera prati anugrahasbarupa | Anasuya - The righteous, then, have now a guardian. Sakuntala.-[Acts the part of being bashful as manifested in the amour ] The two friends.-Perceiving the feeling as manifested in the appearance of Sakuntala and the king.] Dear Sakuntala, if father Kanwa were here to-day.Sakuntala.-[Angrily] What then ? (What if he were here)? The two companions -He would make this guest of distinction happy with all that is most dear to his life. Sakuntala. - Go to ! with some idea in your mind you speak (thus). I won't listen to your words.

NOTES -ACT I. 45 King.-I too will ask some thing regarding your friend ( Sakuntala). The tavo friends - Sir this request is a favour ( shown to us ). - raja | bhagavan kasyapah kakhah sasvat bhavam iti sasvatam tasmin sasvate nitye . brahmani tapasi naisthikatrahmacarthe sthitah | adarah san tapahparayana ityarthah iti iyanca yuvayoh sakho sakuntala prakasah iti prasiddhih, iti vayam janoma ityarthah | tasya atmaja kanya etat katham srakrtadarasya katham kanyotpattisambhavah | yadyapi ' kalat than iti sutrena sasvat sabdat thani krte sasvatikamityeva padam vyakaranasangatam ataeva mutrakaro'pi yesanca virodhah sasvatikah itagraha, vedastattvam tapo brahma pathapi prayogavasat sasvatamiti padam sadhu iti vamanah | itamarah | anasuya | kusikasya govapatamtra puman iti kausikah, raja casau rsiceti rajarsih ; jatapra catriyah tapahprabhavena brahmanah visvamivah, ato'sya rajarsiriti samjna| gova vamsah tasya ( tammat praptamitarthah ) namadheyam yasyah sah govanamadheyah | anvatragho'nvayavamsigotancabhijanah kulamityamarah | govah saile, gokam kulakhyayoriti medini | ap anasuya | prabhavati srasmat iti prabhavah karanam ( bhavaterapadane srala janakah itarthah | ujjhitayah pitrbhyam paritaktayah asyah sarirasya samvarddhanadibhih palanadibhih kakhah asyah pita | udbhita striyam ujjhita unmati, unjhamasa umambabhuva ... caujhot | uja ्majha + kta ( karmmani ) = raga ! bhagaban kasyapa nitya brahmacaryya abalambana kariyachena e'irupa prasid'dha| ini tamhara kan'ya iha kirupe haya ? ; : anasuya | mahasaya sununa : kausika yara gotranama, idrsa ekajana prabhabanampanna rajarsi gachena| raja|| achena suniyachi| tanasuya | tini amadera priyanagira pita janibena| ihake parityaga karile tata kasyapa ihara sarirera lalana palana karaya pita ha'iyachena| Kng - It is a noted fact that the holy sage Kanwa, a descendant of Kasyapa, has all along been observing celibacy; and this friend of yours is his daughter. How is it ? Anasuya. - Be pleased, sir, to hear. There is a sage of high powers sprung from the Kshatriya caste whose family name is Kusika.

King. - It is heard that there is (such a one ). Anasuya.-Know him to be the father of our dear friend.Father Kasyapa is her father by reason of bringing her up (when) deserted (by parents). 'raja | ujjhita iti sabdah tena me kautuhalam janitam utpaditam pitrbhyam duhita katham tyakta iti jnatu kautuhalam sambhavate va ya mulat samasasya vibhasi- tatvat na samasah, sramulam sarvvamanukramena itarthah srotumicchami | ; anasuya | kileti varttayam varttasambhavyayoh kila itamarah ugre kathore ; rajarseriti niyamapadena saha sambandhah niyamasya tapascaranasya vyaghatam karoti ya sa niyamavighnakarini | vipuvvamt hanadhatoh ghanarthe kapratayena vighna iti padam siddham | menakanamri asarabhede srapsarah sabdasya pravrttivasat ava ekatvam | ayenayam sabdah bhurdhni prayujate tathaca- thapah sumanaso varsah asarah sikatah samah | etah striyam bahutva yurekatve'pi kvacinmata || raja | urita e'i sabde amara kautuhala utpadita ha'ila| samasta amula sunite'iccha| kari| anasuya| mahasaya sununa| purbbe ati kathora tapasthanirata se'i rajarsira samadhira byaghata karibara nimitta santrasta debagana menaka name apsarake prerana kariyachilena| King.-My curiosity has been awakened by the word "deserted." I should like to hear it from the beginning. Anasuya.-Hear, sir. Some time ago while that sage of the Kshatriya caste had been performing a very severe penance, the gods alarmed sent a nymph named Menaka as an interruption of his devotions. raja | anyesam samadheh tapasah bhoravah iti anya samadhibhauravah tesam bhavah anyasamadhibhorutvam | devah anyesam kathoram tapo vilokya svapadavilopasankinah jayante | sam + srana + ki samadhi | upasarge dhih kih | samadhi rna samarthane | dhyananivakaniyame kavyasya ca gunantare | iti medini | vasantasya rtoh avatarah anasuya | vasantidara iti pathe vasantena udarah ramaniyah samayah tasmin | unmadayita yaddarsanena loka unmatta bhavanti tadrsam | utpuvvat madyate . nic tatah karttari trc | avirbhavah tasya samayah tasmin |

NOTES-ACT I. 47 raja | parastata itahparam yadadvrttam tadityarthah gamyate jayate | "vibhasa para- vargabhya " iti parasabdat astatih ; pakse paratah | amarasah menakayah sambhava utpattih yasyah sa asarah sambhava ; sravajjavyidhikarani bahuvrihinanmaduttarapadah | raja | upapadyate yujyate, anyatha kathamasyah idak rupamityarthah manusosu iti | manusisu srasya rupasya katham va sambhavah syat prabhataralam nyotih vasudhatalat na udeti | 24 manusisu manavogarbhasambhutasu narisu srasya idrsasya rupasya mambhavah utpattih katham va syat na kathamapi itaka saundaryasambhavah | prabhaya dipta taralam cancalam jyotih aciraprabha vasudhayah talam tasmat vasudhatalat ksauniprsthat na udeti atalat yatha vidyunnotpadyate tatha manavigarbhat etadrsam rupam na sambhavati ityarthah | prativastupamalankarah | manorjatavanyatau suk ca | manu + san ( suk is the augment) = manusa | It means the human kind; when the affix is used, the form is obtained. The feminine affix nopa is applied to manusa and the form manusau is obtained ; it means a female of the human kind. 1 Change of voice.- sambhavena katham bhuyate prabhataralena jyotisa udiyate | 24 raja | an'yera tapastha dekhiya debatadigera e'irupa bhaya pa'oya prasid'dha ache| anasuya | tahara para basantahetu barmaniya samaye tahara unmadana rupa abalokana kariya ( ard'dha uccarana kariya lajjaya birata ha'ilena ) | raja| tahara para yaha yaha ghatiyachila taha bujhite pariyachi| ini angarogarbhabastuta anaya|| ha| raja | iha yuktiyukta bate-manusite idrsa rupera sambhaba kirupe ha'ite pare ? ksanaprabhajyotih bhuprstha ha'ite ut'thita haya na | sakusula|| ( adhomui ha'iya| rahilena ) | King. That the gods are alarmed at the devotions of others is (a fact). Anasuya.-Then seeing her maddening beauty at that time, beautiful because of spring-(Half uttering, stops short on account of bashfulness). King.-What followed (i. e. the rest ) is understood. She is, then, born of a nymph.

lumpedavasyamah krtye tum kamamanasorapi | samo va hitatatayoh marasya ci vudchana " tatvabodhini 63108 para| avasyagantavya avasyatevyah | gantukamah | gantumanah| ABHIJNANA SAKUNTALAM. sahitah | sahitah | satatah | samtatah| masupavani| mamsapakah| Anasuya.-Yes. King.-It is quite proper. How could such beauty (as this ) spring from mortal women? The tremulously radiant lightning does not rise from the earth. Sakuntala.-[Sits with her face bent down]. raja | [sratmagatam ] me manorathah sakuntalagatah abhilasah labdhah avakasah . avasaro yena tadrsah | apsarah sambhutatvat iyam me parigrahayogya | kintu sakhya priyamvadaya parihasena narmana upahasa cha lena ityarthah srahamapi sratmanah anurupam varam labheya iti udahrtam ukta varasya boddhah prarthanam lisam srutva me manah citta dhrtahh dvaidhibhavo yena tat dhrtadvaidhibhavam kimiyam sranyammina kasmin saubhagyasalini puruse srasaktaceta iti cintakulam ataeva kataram viklavam samvrttam | visabdat prakare dhac pratayah, dvidha iti sravyayam | vidha eva iti khayem ani dvaidham yadva dvidhabhavah iti dvaidham ; advaidhasya dvaidhasya bhavah iti dhaubhavah abhutatadbhave cih asya cau iti srasya itvam | ghrtah vobhavi yena tat taccatat katarasceti iti visesanam visesaneneti samasah | isat tarati iti kataram korisadarthe iti kadesah | ku +tr + ac = katara | raja | ( atmagata) amara manorathera abakasa ha'iyache, kintu ihara sakhi ( priyambada } parihasacchale ye bara prarthanara katha baliyachilena taha suniya amara citta sansayakula ha'iyache | King. - [Aside] My desire has got room for its play, but my mind is distracted by doubts at hearing her wish for a husband as referred to in jest by her companion. priyamvada | [ sammitam sakuntalam vilokya, nayakasya rajnah srabhimukho bhutva abhigatam mukham yasyah sa srabhimukho pradibhyo dhatujasyeti bahuvrihih striyam nip | pace tap ] | vaktum kamo yasya sa vaktukamah tumah 'kamamanasoriti malopah | The ma of tumun is elided when it is compounded with kama and manas | sakuntala | [sakhaum priyamvadam angulya tarjayati tarjjanya bhayapradarsanam prasiddham ] | raja | bhavatya samyak yatharthamityarthah upalaksitam - sravavuddhama satacaritam tasya sravanam tasmin lobhah tasmat yaha satam caritam iti vigrahah, anyat kimapi prastavya- masti | anasuya | atra visaye vicikitsaya alam | tapakhinanah khecchaya simeva prcchate tava kacidapi vadha na varttate |

NOTES-ACT I. 49 nasti niyantranam pratibandho yasmin sah aniyantranah 'sadrsah anuyogah prccha yasya yasmai va iti vigrahah | vicayrya ityava nisedharthalamyogena kvacah lyap | bhalam khantoh pracam kketi pratisedhayoh | In deference to the opinion of anterior grammarians lyap is substituted for kac in connection with alam and khalu having the import of negation. nameti sambhavanayam | vakyasobhavarddhane va | yameh srn =yantram | niyantra sabdat tat karoti tadacaste iti nic tatah lyut niyantranam | priyambada | [ isathasyera sahita sakuntalara dike drstipata karatah, nayakera abhimukhi ha'iya ] mahasayera ara'o kichu yena balibara iccha ache | sakuntala|| [ sathike angulidbara tarjana karila ] | raja| apani thika anumana kariyachena| saccaritra srabanalobhabasata: ami jara'o kichu jijnasa kariba | anasr ya|| bibecana karibara ( itasuta: karibara ) prayojana na'i: tapasbijanake abadhe jijnasa kara ya'ite pare | Priyambada.-[Looking at Sakuntala with a smile, and then turning towards the hero.] You seem to be desirous of asking some thing more. Sakuntala.-[Threatens her companion with her finger. ] King -You guess rightly. Because of a longing for hearing an account of the good, I have something more to ask. Anasuya. No use hesitating. Hermits may be asked without reserve and restraint. raja | te sakhaum iti jnatumicchami - tava sakhisambandhinam imam visayam jnatu- micchami | vaikhanasamiti | sranaya sramadanat madanasya vyapararodhi vaikhanasam vratam vinisevitavyam srahi mahasacanavallabhabhih harinamnganabhih samam atyantameva nivatsyati | 25| anaya sakuntala apradanat pradanaparyantam samasasya vibhasitatvadasamasah paksikah yavadasau kasmaicit gunavatam varaya na diyata tarvadityartha madanasya manobhavasya vyaparam karmma prasaramityartha runaddhi iti madanavyapararodhi ( rutaih ninih ) manmatha- bhavaprativandhakam vaikhanasanam vanaprasthanam idamiti vaikhanasam nam idamiti vaikhanasam punyamaranyakam parinivibhyahsevasitayasivusaha mutstu vratam kim nisevitavyam acaritavyam | svanjam iti satva m | ahi ( avyayam ) athava sadrsam ( samanapurvvat drseh kan ) iksanam nayanam yasam tah sadrseksanah ataeva vallabhah priyah tabhih harinanam 4

5° ABHIJNANA_SAKUNTATAM. anganabhih strobhih mrgaubhih samam saha ( samamiti avyayena yogat vatauya ) kimanaya bavivahamarasyakam vrata- atyantameva cirameva nisatsyati sthasyati | manusthasyate, utaho yavajjivanamiti saralarthah | Change of voice.- vratena nisevitavyena bhuyate vasa nivase iti dhatoh chuti rupam vatsyati | lun bhavatsit, tah usitah | anagha ... vatsyate | lat vasati, lit uvasa ; iti jnatumityavajnadhatuh prcchayem varttate dhatunamanekarthatvat | tena ca vikarma- prcchayah paramarthatah patram sakuntala katvam | tasa sakhaum iti prastumicchami | mukhaucavadaramatram | raja| apanadera sakhi sambandhe e'i bisaya janite iccha kari| ini ki yatadina bibaha na haya tata dina paryanta madanabyapara birud'dha banaprasthabrata abalambana karibena, athaba tulya ksibisista, pritibhajana mrgiganera sahita cirakala basa karibena ? King This I should like to know regarding your friend. Will the vow of a recluse, opposed to the operation of love , be observed by her till she is given away (in marriage) ? Or will she dwell for ever with her favourite does whose eyes equal hers? priyamvada | punastvarthe ; guroh pituh kanvasya | dharmasya srasramadharmasya carane anusthane ka katha vivaharupasya dvitiyasramocitasya vyaparasya iti aperarthah | raja | [ atmagatam ] iyam parthana sakuntalam vodha़ाhe ityayam manorathah, na duravapa ( avapnitah karmani khal ) ; asya manorathasya siddhirna duskara | bhaveti- anvayah - he hrdaya samprati sandeha nirnayah jatah, sabhilasam srasankhase tadidam sparsaksamam ranam | - bhava | yadagim he hrdaya samprati adhumi sandehasya kimiyam cattraparigrahanama na vetyakarasya samsayasya nirnayah nisvayah nirasa ityarthah jata ; sarvvatha iyam cattraparigrahameti nirnitam | atah tva ' abhilasena sprhaya saha varttamanam iti sabhilasam sakuntalam prati abhilasavata bhava | yatvastu, agnim bhasaddha se agnivat- daikamiti tarkayasi samdidam sparsasya camam yogyam kanthadharanayogya miti bhavah ratnam | rsitanayatvena, praciyena maya bhagniriveyam sprastumasakayeti ya sanka samutpanna sa apasta apsarah- sambhutatvat gnamalava kandavaranayogyeti bhavah | visese prastute samanyanirdesarupa prastutaprasamsa| ...... Change of voice.- sabhilasena bhuyatam yat agnih srasankayate tena anena sparsacamena rakhena bhuyate | priyambada | mahasaya ini ( e'i byakti ) dharm'macarana bisaye'o paradhina| ihara pitara kintu yogya bare sampradana karibara iccha |

NOTES - ACT I. raja| [ atmagata ] e'i prarthana durllabha nahe| he hrdaya eksane sandeha nirnaya 7 ha'iyache ; tumi ( sakuntalara prati ) sabhilasa ha'o| yahake agni baliya asanka karitechile, taha sparsayogya ratna| Priyambada. This person, good sir, is subject to another, even in the practice of religious duties; but the wish of her father is to give her away to a worthy husband. King . - [ Aside ] This wish (of mine) is not surely then imprac ticable. Be hopeful, O my heart, now the doubts have been resolved (removed). What you suspect to be fire is a gem that can be touched, anasuya| "nibhitapaya savasana " iti thama, ita bhatah sabhati | All the case-endings are generally seen to be used in connection with words meaning reason or fnamita | sakuntala | asambaddha m asamlagnam yatheccha mityarthah pralapati ya tam | anasuya | na krtah satkarah abhyarthanam yasya tam akrtasatkaram | chandah abhiprayah iti svacchandah vrttimatre sarvvamatrah iti pugvadbhavah | tena iti svacchandena prakrtyadigyah upasamkhyanam iti trtiya | tatah tasih | savibhaktikah tasih | atitheh anamakrtva khecchaya anyava gamanam na nyayyam | sakutala | [ ti ... thita ] | sakuntala| [yena krodhera sahita] anasuye ami caliya ya'iba | anasuya | kena ? sakuntala| e'i asambad'dhabhasini priyambadara bisaya aryya gautamira nikata baliya diba | anasuya| sakhi e'i bisista atithira abhyarthana na kariya ihake parityaga kariya icchanusare caliya ya'oya upayukta ha'iteche na| sakuntala| [ kichu na baliya'i calilena ] | Sakuntala. - [ As if angry.] Anasuya, I will go. Anasuya. Why ? Sakuntala.-I shall report of Priyambada, who talks impertinently and at random, to the venerable Gautami . Anasuya. - Friend, it is not proper to go away wilfully, quitting this distinguished guest to whom the rites of hospitality have not been done. Saluntala.-[Without saying a word, goes away.]

raja | [ grahitumicchan sratmanam nigtahya icchayah pratirodham krtva sratma- gatam ] yahi iti vimmaye avyayam kamijananam manasah vrttih vyaparah , cestah kayakkrtah vyaparah pratirupakam prativimbam yasyah sa | manaso yadrsi iccha pravarttate casta api tadanurupa bhavati | | the ideas have a tendency every act of volition there N. B. In an impulsive nature to become actualities. Although in is a nervous discharge through the motor nerves corresponding to every feelling or emotion in a nature ruled by impulses, instantly as the emotion if felt, the physical movements required for its fruition take place, leaving no room for deliberation to put in its claims. This was about to take place in the king Dushyanta. aham hi munitanayam anuyasyan sahasa vinayena varitaprasarah sthanat anuncalannapi gatva punah pratinivrtta iva | 'sakuntalam anugamisyan aham sahasa hathat vinayena saulena sadacarena iti yavat varitah nisiddhah prasari tasya tathoktah nedam sadacaranumoditam iti vivisya anugamanat virata ityarthah, srasmat sthanat anuccannapi sravaiva sthito'pi ityarthah utgrecalankarah | 27 gatva punah pratinivrttah iva punah pratyagata iva | Change of voice. - anuyasyata varitaprasarena anucalata .pratinivrttena bhuvate | raja | [ sakuntalake dharite iccha kariya, iccha pratirodhapurbbaka atmagata ] ki ascarya, kajinadigera cesta cittabrttira anurupa ha'iya| thake | ami e'i munikan'yara anugamana kariba; ( emana samayera ) hathat yi amara gati- rodha karila| yadi'o ami esthana ha'ite gamana kari na'i, tathapi yena bodha ha'iteche ami phiriya asiyachi| King.-[Wishing to catch hold of her, but checking himself, aside.] Ah! a lover's feelings have a counterpart in his movements. About to follow the daughter of the sage, but suddenly checked (arrested) by the sense of decorum, I seem to have come back after following her, though I have not moved from this place. priyamvada | [ sakuntalam nirudhya nivayya dhrtva ityarthah ] | sakuntala | [sabhubhedam ... bhrubhedena bhrubhangena saha bhrukutom krtva ityarthah ] priyamvada | [baladenam nivarttayeti ] me ityava dharah uttamargah iti caturtho | In

NOTES ACT I. 53 connection with the root aft, the creditor takes the fourth case-ending. priyambada | [ sakuntalake nirodha kariya ] nathi, tomara ya'oya ucita ha'iteche na | sakugula|| [ jabhangera sahita ] kena ? priyambada | tumi amara nikata du'ita brkse jala de'oya dhara ( artha tomara ye du'i brkse jala de'oya ucita chila, tahate ami jala diyachi)| ena apanake rnamukta kara ; tarapara ba'ibe ( balapurbbaka phira'ilena ) | Priyambada . - [Holding Sakuntala back.] Dear friend, it does not become you to go away. Sakuntala.-[With a frozen.] Why ? Priyambada.-You owe me the watering of two trees. Come, pay off your debts (literally, free yourself from debts), then go. [Brings her back forcibly ] - raja | bhadre, priyamvada sambodhanametat - sravabhavataum sakuntalam hanasecanat vanebhyah jaladanat parisrantam klantam laksaye tathahi srasyah vaha ghatotksepanat samtamsau, atima lohitatali ; pramanadhikah svasah adyapi stanavepathum janayati ; vadane karnasirisarodhi gharmmambhasam nalakam khatam ; vandhe saumsini ekahastayamitah muijah payyakulah | asyah sakuntalayah vaha karau ghatasya jalahitasya kalasasyam utatepata unnamanat sattau natau vislayau iti yavat ambho bahumule badhih to tathoktau, ati- mavam lohitam ghatasamgharsanat ativatanam talam yayoh tau tadrsau jatau | pramanat adhikah iti pramanadhikah ; atipramanah vasah nisvasamarutah sradyapi idanimapi, jalase katuimapi stanayoh baco nayoh vepathum kampam janayati | kinca vadane sranane karnayoh sravanayoh sirise bhusanartham parihite sirisapuspam runaddhi yat tat, karna sirosarodhi, yenacitam karnavatamsikrtam sirisapuspam gandasamlagnam hatasrikam bhavati tadityarthah, vanma- mbhasam svedajnalanam jalakam samuhah nalam samuhah sranayagavaksaksarakesvapi ityamarah | svarthe kan srastu vigalitam | bandhe, kavarobandhane, dhammille iti yavat sa 'sini vigalite . sati--ekena hastena, anyahastasya ghatadharane vyaprtatvat yamitah (yamernic tatah karmani ktah ), bhurddhi nayante ye te muina . saptamyam janerdah iti da pratyayah | 'siroruhah kesah itim yavat payyakulah itastatah viksitah | khansu ksaye iti dhatoh ktah srastah lat sramsate ; lit sase ; lan asa - sista, asrasat | yoh !

54. ABHIJNANA SAKUNTALAM. Change of voice- pramanadhikena svasena stanavepathuh nanyate | tasmat aham enam sakuntalam nasti rnam yasyah to anrnam rnamuktam karomi [ anguliyam datumicchati ] | raja| bhadre, imhake jalasecanahetu parisranta dekhitechi| ghatotksepana hetu i hara bahudbayera mula sithila ha'iya pariyache, ebam karatala atyanta lohita ha'iyache| ati dirghasbasabasatah eksana paryyanta'o imhara stanadbaya kampita ha'iteche| karnabhusanasirisapuspera rodhaka sbedangala bindusamuha anane bigalita ha'iteche; ebam kabaribandhana unmukta ha'oyaya eka haptera dbara nibad'dha kesapasa itastatah biksipta ha'iyache ata'eba ami ihake rnamukta kari | [ anguriya dite iccha karilena ] King. Good maiden, I see her already fatigued on account of watering the trees. / By reason_of_raising the pitcher, her arms, with drooping shoulders, have become deeply red in the palm. Even now her nordinate breath produces tremor in her heaving breast. And drops of perspiration obscuring the Sirisha in her ear are gathering in her face. The fillet of hair having given way, the locks of hair fastened by one hand hang disordered. Therefore let me free her from her debt. [Vishes to offer the ring.] ubhe | [namah rajnah namadheyasya mudraksarani, utkirnani aksarani anuvacya pathitva parasparamavalokayatah vidyayat anyonyam pasyatah ] | - "parasparam " - karmavyatihare sarvvanamnah he vacye iti parasabdasya virbhavah ; samasavacca bahulam " iti vahulakat vibhakteraluk ; bahulagrahanadanyaparayorna samasavadbhavah asamasavadbhave purvapadasyasya supah sursatavyah | kaskadisuca iti visarjjanoyasya sah | WWhen reciprocity of action is implied, pronominal bases are reduplicated, and the fauf of the first is sometimes elided and sometimes not; and when the faufa is not elided the case ending of the first member, whatever it may be, is replaced by the case-ending of the nominative singular. rana| amman - anya ya ayam dusyanta iti sambhavya vivicya alam - manami evam ma kurutam srayam rajnah dusyantat parigtahyate labhyate iti sajnah parigtahah rajasaka

A NOTES-ACT I.'' '' 55 sat praptamidamanguliyakam iti detih rajnah purusam karmmacarinam kancit mam avah gacchatam | ityatmapaharah | ayam rajna dusyantapituh pariyahah parijanah ayam paha- mityarthah ; mam rajacasau purusasveti rajapurusah ( karmmadharayah ) tam bhavagacchatam srahameva raja iti nanotam, iti satmanivedanam | ubhaye | [ rajara namaksara patha kariya parasparera mukhera dike drsti niksepa kariba ] | raja| amake an'yarupa bibecana karibena na, iha rajara nikata ha'ite prapta amake rajapurusa baliya janibena | Both.-[Reading the king's name on the seal look at each other ]. King. Do not suspect me otherwise. This is but a favour of the king. Know me to be an officer of the king. priyamvada | rajasakasat yato labdham tasmat yasmai kasmaiciddatu m na yogyamida manguliyakam | dayaparavasena banena bhadramukhena athava maharajena tva ' rnamukta krta ; idanom svacchantatah gantu m sakyase | sakuntala | yadi gantu m me saktih syat tato gaccheyam | asmin cane khanu vigalitam me sratmanah upari prabhutvat | atmanah ityava caturthi api sambhavati | "prabhvadiyoge sasthayapi sadhuh " | m vipurdhvat srnateh tavyapratyayah bhave - visrastavyam - visarjanam ; mrn lat srjati, lit sasa ; lun asradhit | raja | [sakuntalam vilokya sratmagatam ] vayam yatha basyo anuraktah kimiyam adhaveti spastam - tatha mayi bhavet ; nu vitakem ; nu prcchayam vikalpeca ityamarah | vacamiti | yadyapi maddacobhih vacam na misrayati, mayi bhasamane sravahita karnam dadati ; kamam madananasammukhona na tisthati ; kintu srasyah drstih bhuyisthamanyavisaya na | yadyapi iyam sakuntala mama vacobhih vakyaih saha vacam na misrayati ( misra iti adantah curadih maya saha balapam na karoti ityarthah tathapi mayi bhasamane kathayati sati avahita (vivaksaya akarmmakatvat ghanah karttari ktah ) dattamanah samyoga matau karnam dadati akarnayati ityarthah | vikaro nevavakasya tadvakyasravanadarah | kicca kamam atyartham mama sramanasya anyavyajena taddoksa anuragengitam bhavet | sammukhauna sammukhabarttino ityarthah ( yathamukhasammukhasya darsanah iti khapratyayah ) na tisthati, kimiyam tarhi mayi udasima iti sankam nirasyannaha kinviti - kintu - asyah drstih bhuyistham yatha tatha anya padarthantaram visayah darsaniyah yasyah sa na

bhavati, antara antara mamavalokayati ityarthah | vahusabdadisthana pratyayah | kriya- visesanamidam | Change of voice. - ... va na ma ( naT ) : daya vata, • madananasammukhaunaya sa sthiyate | priyambada | se'i jan'ya e'i anguriyatake anguli ha'ite : biyukta kara upayukta ha'iteche na| mahasayera bakye'i ini mukta| ha'ilena | [ isat hasya kariya ] sakugule amukampa parabasa e'i mahasaya athaba maharaja tomake rnamukta kariyachena ; tumi eksane ya'ite para | sakuntala [ atmagata ] yadi nijera upara prabhutba thakita | [ prakasye ] tumi bidaya dibara ba nirodha karibara ke ? raja | [ sakuntalake dekhiya atmagata ] ami uhara prati yerupa asakta ini ki amara prati se'irupa ? athaba amara manaranera abakasa ha'iyache-karana- yadi'o ini amara bakyera sahita nija bakya misrita karitechena na| arthat amara sahita katha kahitechena na ), kintu ami katha kahile, manoyogapurbbaka sunitechena : ihara drsti adhakaksana jamara ananera sam'ma khabartini nahe bate, kintu bahuksana an'ya bisaye asikta naya | Priyambada.-Therefore this ring should not be parted from your finger. She is released from her debts by (or at) your word [Smiling.] Dear Sakuntala, you have been released by this kind gentleman or rather the king. Now you may go. Sakuntala-[Aside. If I had control over myself. [Aloud] Who are you to prevent me or to send me away? King-[Look ng at Saku.itala; aside.] Is she affected towards ine in the same way as I am towards her? Or, there is room for my wishes (to play.) BecauseThough she does not mingle her words with mine, yet she lends her ear attentively when I am speaking. Although her eye does not stand my gaze, yet it is not cast upon other objects for a long time. d ( vanikanta kayacit rseh : ) | moh bhih tapasah srayamasya praninam racartham yuyam tapovane prasanna bhavata ; yatah mrgayartham paribhraman raja dusyantah samupasthitah | mrgopapadata ya nanarthe kah striya | map mrgaya | yaduva mrga anvesane iti sradantasuradih tatah bhave sapratyayah nipatanat mrgayeti siddhama |

NOTES -- ACT I. 57 tathahi - turagakhuraitah parinatarunaprakasah renah salabhasamuha iva vitapa visakta- jalai valkalesu srasramadrumesu patati | 30 tvaraya turam va gacchanti ye te turaga ( tvara va turasabdah sighraryah tayoranya- taropapadat gameh damalytena nipatanat siddhah tuggasabdah ) asvah tesam kharemh hatah nispistah utaksipta ityarthah ; parinatah astacalonmukhah srarunah suryah sa iva prakasate iti parinatarunaprakasah alohitah ityarthah, gairikavahulasa parvatasatri- hitasu bhumisa sancaranat pasunam sonatvamanusandheyam | renuh pamsuh reguiyoh salabhanam patanganam samuha duva striyam dhulih pamsurnanahayo rajah ityamarah | vitapesa sakhasa visaktani visosanartham lambitani jalardrani valkalani muninam pariveyani yesam tesu vitapavisaktajalai valkalesu sakhavilambitardratarutvatu bhasrama - • dumesu tapovanavrtesu patati | apica, syandanalokabhitah tivraghatapratihatatamah skandhalagcaikadantah padakrsta- vratativalayasangasanjatapasah, bhinnasarangayuthah gajah nah tapasah murttah vighnah iva, dharmmaranyam pravisati | 31 syandanasya rathasya alokat darsanat bhitah santrastah adrstapurvatvaditibhavah | tivrena atipracandena sraghatena pratihatah virugnah bhaggra iti yavat taravo yena sah tadrsa, skandhe amsadese lagnah samsaktah parivatyavalokanena iti bhavah ; eka dantah visanam yasya sah tathoktah ; padena srakrstah yo vratatinam latanam valayah ( valayava ) tasya asangena samsargena sanjatah pasah rajjuh yasya sah padakrstavratativalayasanga- sanjatapasah, bhinnani sankaya begavarddhitagatoni ityarthah yada bhinnani bhavana itastato vidrutanityarthah saranganam saram savalam vicivamityarthah angam gavam yesam te sarangah mrganam harinah, sakandhaditvat pararupatvam ; sarangah pasupaksino tesam | yuthani dalani yasmata ma: ganah no'sakam tapasah dharmacaranasya murttah ( murcchadhatoh ktah ) sarori vighnah antarayah iva dhamarakham dharmmasya srarakham (ghasadivat tada purvam kadapi na vilokitasa rathasya darsanena bhitah sasthya samasah ) pravisati | palayamanah gamanasya saukaryam vidhatum puram patitana srasramasya tarun rayena virujan kiryata dure ratho varttate iti vilokayitum paravarttite skandhe svasya dantenaikenasajyamanah, vrksanasritanam latanam mandalasya padairakarsanena nigada़ेyara punivaddha iva laksyamanah harinanam yughani vivasayan gajo'yamasramam murcya sancaramanastapasah pratyuha iva -abhidhavati iti samasarahitaih padairvyakhya | Change of voice.- hatena ... prakasana renuna samuhena iva ... patyate || ...

58. ABHIJNANA SAKUNTALAM, bhauna ... ... datena ... pana ... yuna gana ... na vi dha pravisyate | nepathye-he tapasbigana tomara tapobanera jantuganera raksara nimitta sannihita ha'o mrgayabihari raja duyyanta samupasthita| yahadigera sakhaya ( paridheya ) ardra bahula bisosanartha lambita rahiyache se'i tasrimabrkse astonmukha suryyera n'yaya lohitabarna asbaksurotksipta dhulipatala, patanga- samudera n'yaya patita ha'iteche.-ebam rathadarsane bhita hasti, amadigera tapyara murttimana bighnera n'yaya dharm'maranye prabesa kariteche; ihara bhaye harinayatha itastatah palayana kariteche ; ebam gamana samaye ai hasti pracanda aghate asramera brksaguli bipatita kariya carana dbara latamandala akarsana karata: yena rajjubad'dhera hyaya drsta ha'iteche ; ( rana katadure ache dekhibara nimitta sbandha phira'iya dekhibara samaya) ihara sbandhera upara ekata danta sanlagna ha'iyache | Behind the Scenes. O hermits, be ready to protect the animals of the hermitage. King Dushyanta in a hunting excursion has come near at hand. Like a swarm of locusts, the dust, raised by the feet of the horses, red as the glow of the setting sun, falls on the trees of the hermitage, on the branches of which are hung barks wet with water. And,-shored by the sight of the chariot, an elephant, with one of his tusks stuck fast on his shoulder, breaking the trees with a furious onset and drawing a coil of creeper clinging round his feet like a tangled chain, and at whose sight the startled deer are flying away, enters our sacred grove like an embodied hindrance to our rites. raja | [ atmagatam ] ahodhik puravasinah madanuyayinah mam sranvisyantah ihagatastapovanasya pauda़ाm janayanti, bhavatu pratiyasyami | naya | aranya bhavah iti aranyakah aranyasabdat vun kan aranyaka - sabdenava vanyagajah abhipretah | "pathyadhyayanyaya vihara manusya hastisviti vacyam " iti vartikena hayadhem ava arasadana vu | The affix a is applied to aranya to mean pathina, sayaya, yaya, vihara, manusya and hasi | ya: trnebhyah jayate iti utajah parnasala tatra gamanam tasmai tadayem caturthi | raja| [asambhramam anuddinam yatha tatha virapurusatvat ] bhavatyah gacchantu

NOTES - ACT I. 59 yathaca asramasya uparodho na bhavati tatha cetiye| bhauvadikah yati ratmanepadi ta: yatah, yatatah iti ci | sakale | ( sakuntala prabhrti ) [ suniya kichu santrasta ha'ilena ]| raja | [ atmagata ] aha dhik purabasigana amara anbesanakrame asiya tatho- banera pira janma'iteche ; bhala ami pratigamana kari| anasuya| mahasaya, e'i ban'yagajera brttanta suniya amara udbigna ha'iyachi, ama- digake parnakutire ya'ibara anumati di'una | raja| [ anudbignabhabe ] apanara1 gamana karuna, ami'o yahate asramera pira na haya tadbisaye cesta kari| sakale| [ uthilena ] | All.-[Listening,-a little alarmed]. King.-[Aside.] Out upon it ! The inhabitants of the city com ing in quest of me are disturbing this grove of penance. Well, I must go back. Anasuya Sir, we are terrified by this matter of the wild elephant. Permit us to go back to the cottage. King. ~[Unperturbed. ] Go you please. I shall look to it that the hermitage is not disturbed. All. - [ Rise up]. ya | na sabhavitah क़tah atih satkarah jana yabhih : ya - punarapi asmabhyam darsanam dasyasi iti nivedayitum lajjita bhavamah | lajjadhatih lat lajna, li lalaje, na lata ; ta: lanah | raja | yubhakam avalokanenaiva srahamarcito'smi atah sratithisatkarah na krtah evam ma vadistam | satala | abhinava acirodgata kusasya suci agrabhagah tatha me caranam padam pariksatam viddham ; kuravakasya krksavisesasya sakhayam me valkalam uttariyabhutam lagna [ asaktam ; atah naham gantu m samartha ; yavaduttariyam sakhabhrastam karomi tavat yuvama peceyama [ vyajena chalena saha iti savyajam rajnah vilokanartham kula krtam| ] sangidbaya | mahasaya, amara apanara konarupa atithisatkara kari na'i| punarbbara amadigake dekha dibena erupa balite lajjita ha'itechi| raja| erupa balibena na, erupa balibena na, apanadera darsane'i ami puraskrta ha'iyachi | sakuntala | anasuye, tabhina kusagre amara carana bid'dha ha'iyache kurabaka sakhaya jamara bale sanyukta ha'iyache, ye paryyanta bahula mocana na kari, tataksana tomara

apeksa kara| [ chalapurbbaka bilamba kariya rajake dekhite sangidbayera sahita nikraata ha'ilena | ] The two companions of Sakuntala.-Sir, we have shown no hospitality to you, we are ashamed to request you to visit us again. King.-Don't don't say so, I have been honoured by the very sight of you. Sakuntala, - Anasuya, the new-grown blade of a Kusagrass has pricked my foot, and my bark has got entangled in the branch of a Kuravaka tree. Wait for me till I disentangle it. [Exit with her friend, making pretext for delay, - [and looking at the king.] raja | nagaragamanam prati mandam srautasukyam ( utsukasya bhavah iti syan ) yasya sah tadrsah samvrtto'smi | anu pascat yava gamanam prayojanamesam iti anuyavikah ( yavasabdat un ) anucarah tan tapovanasya natidurena samipe ityarthah nivesa ye- yam - sthapayeyam | sametya taih saha militva | sakuntala vyaparat sakuntalarupat vastunah atmanam nivarttayitum nivrttam karttum na saknoni | mamahi - sariram purah gacchati, amamsthitam cetah prativatam niyamanasya ketih cinamsukamiva pascat dhavati | sariram dehah purah agre gacchati kintu asamsthitam cancalam cetah, vatam abhilaksyo krtya iti prativatam lacanenabhiprati abhimukhye ityavyayibhavah | vatabhimukham niyamanasya udyamanasya ketih dhvajasya cinamsukamiva, cinadesodbhavam utakrstam dhvajavasanamiva pascat dhavati | sakuntalagatena cetasa vihoneneva sunyena dehena gacchami iti bhavah | upamalankarah | * "In the Mahabharata and elsewhere the Chinas are mentioned among the Dasyus or non-Aryan races in the North and in the East of India. King Bhagadatta is said to have had an army of Chinas and Kiratas, and the Pandavas are said to have reached the town of the king of the Kulindas, after having passed through the countries Chinas, Tukharas and Daradas. All this is as vague as ethnological indications generally are in the late epic poetry of India.........................Chinese scholars tell us that the name of China is of modern origin and only dates from the Thsin dynasty or from the fainous Emperor Shi-hoang-ti, 247 B. C. " Max Muller's India, what can it teach us

NOTES-ACT I. 61 "durantikarthebhyah dvitiyaca, ebhyo dvitiya syat pancamotrtiyeca " iti nati- durenetyava trtiya | "durantikaryaih sasthayanyatarasyam " iti tapovanasya iti sasthi ; - pascami api bhavati | Change of voice . - sarirena gamyate | samsthitena cetasa cinamsukeneva dhavyate | raja|| nagaragamanera prati amara autsukya sithila ha'iyache ; anucarabargera sahita milita ha'iya tapobanera anatidure sibira sannibesa kari| sakuntalabyapara ha'ite apanake nibrtta karite paritechi na | amara sarira sam'mukhadike ya'iteche, kintu cancalacitta batabhimukhe niyamana dhbaja - basanera n'yaya pascadadake dhabita ha'iteche| King-My eagerness for returning to the city has been slackened. I will go and encamp with my followers somewhere near (literally, not very far from ( this grove of penance. In sooth, I can not turn myself away from this matter touching Sakuntala. My body goes onward, but the restless heart runs back-ward like the silken cloth of a flag borne against the wind. [ Exeunt all]. atha navyiktayah - asravyam khalu yaddantu tadiha khagatam matam | sarvvasravya prakasam syat tadbhavedapavaritam || rahasyantu yadanyasya paranrtya prakasyatam | vipatakakarenanyanapavayyantara katham || anyonyamantranam yat syata janante tajjanantikam | kim bravositi yantradye vina pavam prayujyate || srutvevanuktamapyartham tat syadakasabhasitam | yah kascidartho yasmadgopaniyah tasyantaratah uisarvvanguli namitanamikam tripatakalaksanam karam krtva anyena saha yanmantrayate tajjanantikam ; paravrtya anyasya rahasyakathanamapavaritam | spastamanyat | akasa in the sense of khagatam, atmagatam, apavarya and nanantikam are all translated into English by "aside " ; prakasam by "aloud" "in the air" is used in dramas as a character on the stage asks questions stage direction when a to some one not on the stage, and listens to an imaginary speech supposed to be a reply, usually introduced by the words kim bravisi ityadi |