Chapter 6 - Shashtha-anka (sastho'nkah)

504 afanta-ngwasa [183 NOTES hermitage to the city and back, and for necessary preparations to receive the bride. This places the hermitage at a considerable distance from the king's capital. Besides this statement is also in quite consonance with the statement of the Maha, where the metropolis of Dusyanta (ie the city of 'pratisthana ' or 'hastiाpura ' is said to be 2 als (i.e. a little more than 18 miles) from the hermitage. (Cf. 'vanamalokayamasa nagarad yojanadvaye | Also 'asramattu * dvitiya yojane viprah pratisthanam pratisthitam ' | Also ' syad yojana krosa- catustayam ' - Lilavati. krosa = asta sahasra - hasta parimanam - (Ibid). Thus one Again -4000 yds.-2 miles+480 yds.). The Party arrived at the king's place when Dusyanta was taking rest in his inner-apartments, after finishing his mid-day duty (Read 'na garida qafaangfeqatar' &c.-Kancuki's speech]. This must be the sixth part of the day i.e. roughly 1. 30 P.M, to 3 P.M. (Cf. 'vyomamadhye sasthe kale tvamapi labhase deva visrantimahna - -Vikramorvasiya II. 1 ; Dr. Wilson's Hindu Theatre P. 209; Manu-Samhita VIII. 221 and Medhatithi and Govindaraja thereon. The scene perhaps ended a bit late in the afternoon.

sastho'nkah (tatah pravisati nagarikah syalah, pascadvahu-vaddham purusamadaya raksinau ca ) | raksinau ( purusam tadayitva ) -- ale kumbhilaa ! kahehi kahi tue ese mahamani- bhasule ukkinna-namakvale laakie amguliae samasadie [ are kumbhiraka ' ! kathaya kuva tvaya etat mahamani bhasuram ' utkirna - nama'ksaram rajakiyamanga ुliyakam samasaditam | ] ( Enter the king's brother-in-law, the Superintendent of the citypolice and two constables dragging a man with hands tied behind). Constables ( Beating the man ) - Say, you (rascally) thief', where you have got this royal ring, sparkling with a precious gem" and having the ( king's) name imprinted on (it). purusah ( bhitim natayitva ) -pasidantu, pasivantu bhavamisseh 'na hage ivisa- kammali ( prasidantu, prasidantu bhavamisrah " na'hamidrsa-karmakari ) | Man (Gesticulating fright) - Please, please, guv'nors", I am not the perpetrator of such an act. prathamah -- ki kyu sohane bamhanesi ti kalia lajja se paड़िmahe vis ( ki khalu sobhano brahmano'si iti krtva rajna te pratigraho 'dattah ) | First - Was it (fursooth) a present awarded by the king, consedering you to be an illustrious Brahmana ? purusah- gunasa bani | hame pasu sakkavavala-vasi ghimale ( srnutedanim | aham khalu sakavatara-vasi dhivarah ) | Man - Deign to listen to ( me ) now. I am really, a fisherman living at Sakravatara. dvitiyah- ale pauccala ! ki tumam amhehi varsadi jadi ca pucchimasi ( are pataccara * ! ki tvamasmabhih vasati ' jatinca prsthayase ) | Second You thief' are we asking you about ( your) caste and diggings (whereabouts ) ? ma nam antara pada़िbandhaha " ) | syalah--sujana, kahetu savvam anukkamena | ( sucaka, kathayatu sarvamanukramena ' | ma enamantara pratibadhana Superintendent-Sucaka, let him say all step by step. Don't stop him in the middle. 10 V. L. ~~ 'kumbhiraka ' - R. 'kumbhilakah ' -- B. V. M. S. 'mahamanibhasuram utkirnanamaksaram ' - B. P. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'manibandhanotkirna - namadheyam - R. V. M. -

2 abhijnana-sakuntalam [ 184 NOTES 'namadheyankitam ' - S.. 'bhiti natayitva ' --S.. 'bhitinatitakena ' - R. B. V. M. 'krtva ' --- B. V. M. S. 'kalayitva ' - R. 'sakravatara - B. S. 'sakravata- bhyantara ' - R. V. M. - tata iti | nagare (matvarthiyah rah | vah- 5|2|107 ) niyuktah, nagaram raksati va iti 'nagarika ' ('tatra niyuktah ' - 4 | 4 | 69 ; 1620 ) yadva, 'raksati ' 'syalah ' rajnah dusyantasya patnya prata syayate | syaina gatau | syaina gatau | bahula- 'sya ' sabdah | syam 'are ' (4)4/33 ; 1583 - iti thak ) | ( 'syalah syuh bhratarah patnya ' ityamarah | -kat kalan iti bhanujih | 'ucchista-madhuparkavaci lati | 'ato'nupasarge ( 3|2 /3 ) iti kah ' iti mukutah | " raja-syalakasya upasthapanam avadhena antahpura - pravesa pratipadanartham ) | raksinaviti | iti nica sambodhanam ( iti hemacandrah | 'ore ' iti bhasa ) 'kumbhirakah ' caurah ('kumbhirako gandapada staskarasca malimbuca iti dhananjaya - kavikrta- namamala ) 'mahan ' maharsah yo "manih " tena 'bhasuram ' ujjvalam ('bhanja - bhasa - mido ghurac ' 3|2|161 ) 'utkirna ' vyaktikrtam ksoditamiti yavat 'namaksaram ' dusyanta-nama- -dheyam yasmin tadrsam rajna idam 'rajakiyam ' nrpa-sambandhi ( " rasah ka ca " - 4 121140 ) iti cha : pratyayah | rajana - sabdasya nakara-sthane ka-karadesasca " iti prabha | 'anga ुliyakam samasaditam ' praptam | ( 'magadhi raksasadeh syat ' iti bharatah | ava adi-pada-grahanena sakara- dhivaradinamapi grahanadetesam magadhyuktih ) | purusa iti | 'prasasyah bhavah ' panditah ('bhavo vidvan ' ityamarah | apica 'senapati - ramatyasca syalo bhaveti bhasyate " iti ) | 'bhava - misrah ' ( asvapada-vigraha- nityasamasah - 2|1|66 ; 747 ) | ( 'hage ' aham | "vayamo hage " iti 'aham ' ityasya hage adesah || prathama iti | 'sobhanah ' sadacara-putah ataeva dasarhah 'brahmano'si ' iti krtva arthat manasi matva | 'rajna pratigraho datta ' iti sopahasoktiriyam | purusa iti | 'dhivara ': 'kaivartah ' ( sa tu vaisya garbhe ksatriyasya aurasajata iti brahmavaivarta puranam | 'kaivarta dasa dhivarom ' ityamarah ) | dvitiya iti | 'pataccarah ' corah ( 'dasyuh patambarah stena ' iti hemah ) | syala iti | 'sucaka ' iti raksinoh ekatarasya nama | 'anukramena ' yathakramam 'antara ' madhye ' ma pratibadhana ' vyaghatam ma janaya ( ' ma mana, etau nisedha''sankayoh ' iti tatvabodhini | ma-yoge lot ) | | of police; the 184 m. -- 1. nagarikah - The Superintendent City-inspector equivalent to Bengali 'sahara-kotoyala '; (Cf. nagarakah-- 153 n. 7.) 2. sure:-(Also smalah-- Ksirasvami) He is the brother of the king's concubine (manuda़ा ) | Read 'mada-murkhata-

184 NOTES] mimana- buskurutesvarya-samyuktah | so'yamanuड़ा-bhrata rasah syalah ityuktah || -Sahitya-Darpana III. 80; 'kaneli-matah ' - Son of an unmarried ladyMK VII. Born very low, he is raised to power by reason of his connexion with the king. He is also called '' for his using Sakari dialect. 'sakara - bhasa-prayatvat makaro rastriyah smrtah ' In Mricchakatika, 'sakara ' (syala ) plays a porminent part. 3. kumbhirakah- kumbhinam hastinam irayati ( anyatra prerayati ) iti kumbhin + ir +an kartari = - ('karmanyan - 3. 2. 1 ) - kumbhirah - Bhanuji Diksita Next svarthe kan | kumbhiraka originally means a crocodile that drives away an elephant, and next perhaps from the thievish nature of it, the word means a ' thief'. Or, 'ku ' means earth, hence secondarily an earthen wall'; 'bhid ' means to break, hence a burglar that enters a house after breaking the earthen wall Excepts R, others read 'kumbhirakah ' which also means the same. Cf. 'kumbhilah salamine ca caura-slokartha- caurayoh ' - Medini; Kali. has used the first hoice in Vikramorvasiya and the second also twice in Mala. Cf. 'kva gatah sa ratna kummiraka - Act. V. 'grhitasya kummirakasyasti ' - Act. II. 'karmagrhitena kumbhilakena ' - Act. II. 'aho kumbhilakaih kamukaisca '- -Act. IV. The fisherman here is speaking the 'ft' dialect (a variant of Sakari language) in which '' is replaced by 'la', and 'sa' or '' by 'sa' by the rule 'rasorlasi, ' and in the Nominative 'bha' (singular) by 'e' by the rule ideti luk va ') | 4. mahamani -bhasuram &c. - is preferable to 'mani bandhano tkirna - namadheyam ' for this means either (i) that the name was engr- , ('amta ' -aved on the the collet where usually the gem is set (M). This supposes the absence of any gem; or, (ii) the setting of the various gems ( ( maninam bandhanam ) was so skilfully done on the ring as to imprint the name of the king (i.e. the three letters geur) therein. This supposes the existence of many gems. The former contradicts the lines ** tavat etat maharatna- bhasuramanga liyakam ', &c. ( speech of purusa ) | * kathayati maharha-ratnena &c. (speech of januka ) which clearly state the existence of a precious gem. The second also is-condradictory to the line 'na tasmin maharharatnam bhartuh &c. which proves the existence of a single gem. Mark also that the word 'bhasura ' (B) is repeated in the speech of purusa (Cf. 'tasma

--- abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 184 NOTES chasca udarabhyantare etat ratna- bhasuram ' &c. 5. bhavamisrah -- (7 n. 1). A respectable person should be addressed as 'bhava ' | Cf. 'manyobhavastu vaktavyah ' -- Bharata. "atma bhavo, mano bhavo, bhavah satta bhavo'pi ca | bhavah pujyatamo loke, padartho bhava ucyate " - Gada-singha. 6. rajakiyam - rajan + cha~~Pertaining to a king. rajan = rajaka by 'rasah ka ca '- (4.2.140 ) - 8 iya ( 7. 1. 2 ) - 'rajnah kakara scantadeso bhavati, pratyaya | rajakiyam | adesamatramiha vidheyam, pratyayastu 'vrddhacchah ' - (4|2|141 ) ityeva simha - Vamuna. lajja rajna ( 'pyanyajnaksam jjah ' - R ). 7. pratigrahah - Gift. the receiving of which is one of the five duties of a brahmavapa Cf. " adhyapanamadhyayanam janam yajanam tatha | danam pratigrahascaiva patakarmanyagrajanmanah " - Manu-Samhita X.75; 1. BE ; 1. 118. Brhat Paratara. Ch. 1 V; (40 r. 1.) kaliya = krtva ( manasi ) CE. " parakiyamiti krtva " Mala, II; or, rulia = kalayitva - ( R ) -- Regarding. Cf. Gita-Govinda IV.7; SPR. VI. 54; IX_58. sunudha = srnuna ('iha horhasya ' iti dha : ) | 8. bibarah- dadhati matsyan iti dha + svarad ( 'chitvara-chatvah - dhivara ' -- U. 281 ) = 'dhovarah ======= - kaivartah | 9. bhiti - natikena - R. M. The 'ka' added to 'natita ', may possibly signify a poor, sorry, or ludicious gesture. It is often pleonastic, but in the plays it will sometimes be found affixed to the past passive participle to which it gives the sense of a verbal noun. Thus 'udbhantaka ' ('udbhantakena niskranta ' - Act. VI. Infra.), ('apadatika ' - Mricchakatika V), for 'udbhanti ' and 'apavarana '- M. Generally stageirection with tatva or lyap comes at the beginning of a speech. Cf. 'karna datva ', 'nipunam nirupya ', 'avatirya ' - Act I. and so on. Hence 'bhiti matayitva - (S) seems to be preferable. 10 patajvara-patayan carati yah sah - One who moves about by breaking walls. (ac - 3 1 134 ). prsodaraditvat ya- lopah - (6. 3. 109). Otherwise the, form would have been 'patayaccarah '| Cf. "varnagamau gavendradi, simhe varna viparyayah | sodasadi vikara ssyat varna nasat puvovaram " - Bhanuji Diksita Or, patayan vestita iva carati yah sah 'patakcarah ' -One that moves under cover (of darkness), hence a thief. Cf. 'caura-jirnapatayoh pataccarah ' iti namanusasanam | Vide also Trikanda-viveka of Ramanatha Vidyaodcaspati. Next patambara eva pataccarah | svarthe an | Cf. 'pacini-parimala'li - patakacareh ' - Bhaminivilasa. II. 75. -

184 NOTES ] sastho'nkah Remark:-The City - Superintendent is here speaking sauraseni dialect though according to Visvantaha Kaviraja he should speak 'daksinatya ' form of Prakyla (vaidarbhibhasa ) | Cf. " yodha-nagarikadinam baksinatya hi divyatam " | Text: -- ubhau --- avrte anavedi | labehi le ( yadavutta ' ajnapayati | Both - As Your Honour commands. lapa re ) | Say on . purusah-- so hage jalu - galavihim maccha bandhanobaehi kudumba-bhalanam kalemi (so'ham jalodgaladibhi ' mamtsya bandhanopayaih kutumba - bharanam karomi ) | Man-With nets, hooks and other³ contrivances of catching fish, I maintain my family. syalah (vihasya ) - visuddho dani ajibo (visuddha idanimajivah ' ) | Superintendent (Jesting)-A most refined profession* for sooth. purusah-- bhatta ! ma evvam bhaga ( bhartah ! ma evam bhana ) | sundari sahaje kila je vimindiye gahu ve kamma vivajjaniae | pasu - malana-kamma- dalane anukampa mitue bi sotie ||1|| sahajam kila yadvininditam na khalu tat karma vivarjaniyam ' | sabharalaga ) pasu-marana-karma-daruno 'nukampa muduko'pi srotriyah " ) || ( sasajaga Man-Don't say so, My Liege. They say, a craft in' which one is born', (though) despised is surely not to be abandoned. A 'Brahmin read in the Vedas', though soft with pity, is savage ( enough ) in the act of slaughtering the (sacrificial) beast. (1) V. I. - 'lapa re ' - B. Others have 'kathaya | jala-vadisa prabhrtibhih 'B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha jalodgaladibhih - R. M. V. Romits 'bhartah ' | 'na hi - B. V. 'na khalu ' - R. S. M. 'mrdurapi ' - V. 'mrduko'pi ' - B. 'mrdureva ' - R. M.S. - - - ubhaviti | 'avrttah bhaginipatih ('bhaginipati ravuttah ' ityamarah | apam ( 3|3|184 ) uttanoti iti 'anyebhyo'pi ' ( vah - 3 |2 1101 ) iti da: ) | 'lapa ' bruhi | purusa iti | 'jalani udgalah ' baड़िsani ca iti 'jalodgalam ('jatirapraninam ' iti ekatvam | ut-purvaka-gr-dhatoh parah 'ud-nyor nah- ( 3|3|29 ) iti karmani ghan | tatah 'aci vibhasa ' - ( 8/2/21 ) - iti ra- karasya latvam paksikam ) tat adiryesam tadrsaih matsyanam bandhanasya upayaih | syola iti 'visuddha ' ityadi solvunthanam vakyam | sahajamiti | 'vininditam " vigarhaniyama api yat 'karma ' kriya 'sahajam ' janmanah prabhrti utpannam, vamsa-parampara- 39

abhijnanasakuntalam [185 NOTES kramena agatam 'tat karma na hi ' iti niscaye 'vivarjaniyam ' parityajyam 'kila ' iti sruyate ( 'kila-sabdastu vartayam sambhavya'nunayarthayoh ' iti visvah ) | aparityage drstanta mudaharati | 'srotriyah ' vedabhyasa- ratah brahmanah ('anena niyata-veda-pathana- niratatvat himsa-rahitvam vyajyate | 'anukampaya ' dayaya 'mrdukah ' komalah api 'pasunam ' yajniya-pasunam 'marana- rupam yat 'karma ' ( tatha ca srutih " agnisomiyam pasu- malabheta ", " vayavyam svetacchagala malabheta " iti ) tena 'darunah ' bhayavahah ati- kathina iti yavat ('daruno rasabhede na, trisu tu syad bhayavahe ' iti visva - medinyau ) | ( arthantaranyasah | purvardhe dhovarasya matsyajive visese prastute samanya- muktamiti aprastuta - prasamsa | anukampa - mrdukat srotriyat darunatva-rupa-viparita- -gunotpatyah visamalankarasca | sundarivrttam | vaitaliyam vrttamiti kecit ) || 1 || - 185 n. - 1. 'ayuta ' - The epithet seems to have been used to please 'syala ' | Surely he was not a 'sister's husband' of the constable. "In Mricchakatika the word has been applied as a title of respect by a son to his father, but Dr. Boehtlingk conjectures that this may be an error for 'abuka ' -the regular theatrical term for father. According to Dr. Burkhard, avutta = Siddhanta-Kaumudi bhava -- An honourable sir', 'gentlemen'--M. hage - ahake aham ( " ahamartha ahake hage " ) | 2. jalodgala &c. - udgala means a fishing hook, ( vadisam ) - Option- -ally 'udgara ' (Com). 3. visuddhah &c. - This is said sarcastically. For the fisherman-caste (nisada ) is one of the lowest. Vide Manu-Samhita X. 46-48. Mark that himself is interrupting the fisherman in his speech, though a little before he ordered the first constable not to do like that.' ajivo jivika varta vrtirvartana- jivane ' - Amara-Kosa vani - idanim ( idanimo danim ) 4. sahajam &c. - 'saha ' ekatra jatam iti sahajam, ( ' sahajam karma kaunteya sadosamapi na tyajet ' ) --hence 'natural'. In the case of the fisherman, 'killing of Fish' is his natural profession, but for this nobody should accuse him of possessing natural cruelty or ask him to give up that occupation. f--So say the learned men. Cf. 'sahajam karma kaunteya sadosamapi na tyajet ' | - Gita. III. 35 XVIII. 47; Ibid. 41-46; Manu-Samhita X.97 Narasingha Purana XVIII. 48. 'sreyan svadharmo vigunah paradharmat svanusthitat | svadharme nidhanam sreyah paradharmo bhayavahah ' - III. 35. 'sreyan svadharmo vigunah paradharmat svanusthi- tat | svabhavaniyatam karma kurvannapnoti kilvisam ' - - XVIII. 47; Ibid 42 -

185 NOTES ] sastho'nkah | 46; 'varam svadharmo vigunah na parakyah svanusthitah | paradharmena jivan hi sadyah patati jatitah -- Manu-Samhita X. 97. - yo yasya vihito dharmah sa tajjatih prakirtitah | tasmat svadharmam kurvita dvijo nityamanapadi || 'rte svadharma na te yanti param gatim -- Narasingha Purana 'desanusistam kuladharmamavayam svagotradharma na hi samtyajet ' - Quoted by Suddhitattva; Kiratarjuniya XI. 78. 5. pasumarana &c. Our poet supports the Vedic rites. Read " daivatena pasu nanatvam "- asvalayana. III. 74 & V. 3. 3; 'baghnan prajapataye'svamajam tuparam go-mrgam &c. - Garga- Narayana on Ibid. III. 6.18; Katyayana Srauta Sutra. IX. 8.2.5; " agneyo'gnistoma aindraya ukthye dvitiya aindro vrsni sodasini trtiyah sarasvati mesyatirave caturthi " - Asvalayana V. 2.2. Mark also the sly insinuation against the Buddhists (In. 7). Hence R remarks 'vininditam iti bauddhadibhih | 6. motriyah - One vastly read in the Vedas. 'srotriyamschando'dhite ( 5. 2. 84) directs ghan after 'chandas ' which is replaced by 'srotra ' | Thus chandam + san = srotra + dha = srotriya ( gha iya - 7. 1. 2; 475) "dvitiyantat chandassabdat adhite ityarthe dhan, prakrteh srotra''desasca nipatyate " - Mammata Bhatta ; or, 'srotriyan ' is a substitute for the sentence 'chandah adhite ' without any affix by 'nipatana ' | 'srotriyan iti nipatyate chando'dhita ityasmin arthe | na-karah svararthah | srotriyamschandosita iti vakyarthe padavacanam - Kasika (Vrtti), which of course suggests the alternative also. "yaschando'dhite sah srotriyo bhavati | bhasye 'chando'dhite ' ityasya vakyasyarthe srotriya ityet padam nipatyate iti vakyarthe pada-vacana - paksah | chandaso va srota bhavo nipatyate 'tadadhite ' iti etasminnarthe dhamsca pratyayah ' iti paksantaram ca sthitam " -T. Note also ' janmana 'brahmano ' jneyah, samskarai 'dvija ' ucyate | vidyabhyasi bhavet 'viprah ', 'dhotriya ' 'stribhireva hi 'Padma-Purana (uttarakanda ). Ch. CXVI, 'ekam sakham sakalpam va sadbhirangairadhitya ca | sat karma - nirato viprah srotriyo nama dharmavit ' - Dana Kamalakara. The idea of the sentence is :- though extremely compassionate cannot give up the performance of the Vedic rites which has devolved upon him by nature, simply because these are despised by the pakhandi and others. Similar is the case with my profession of killing fish. Now read "The fisherman - "The fisherman belonged to his father's caste of profession. This calling was looked upon with contempt on the one hand because fisherman killed fish-a sin which was essential to their calling and caste, and on the other - -

abhijnana - sakuntalam [ 185 NOTES hand because they stank. But Fishermen have also their pride, and King's brother-in-law can find no agrument against his statement that he must carry on his father's calling.. How can he, therefore, be to blame ? Kalidasa was not alone in his defence of the poor, but it should be emphasised that a poet who preaches such thought is to be highly respected" -Dr. Ruben. Text : -- syalah- sado tado ( tatastatah ) | Superintendent - Then, what next ? purusah- ekkassim diase khandaso lohima-macche mae kappide | java tassa uvala-kabhantale pekkhami dava ese mahalavana-bhasule - amguliae pekkhide ( ekasmin divase khandaso rohita matsyo maya kalpitah | yavat tasya udara- bhyantare prekse, tavat etat maharatna-bhasuramanga ुliyaka praksitam ) paccha iha se vikkattham vamsamante ebba gahive bhava missehi (pascadiha anya vikrayartham darsayatreva grhito bhava-misrah ) | maleha va kutteha va ayam se abama-vutante ( marayata va kuttayata va ayamasya agama-vrttantah 2 ) | Man - One day I cut into bits a Rohita fish (Cyprinus Rohitas ) . Hardly had I looked into its maw, before I saw this rign sparkling with a precious gem. Afterwards (while ) showing (it round) for sale here I was seized by Your Honours. Kill me or chop me, this much ( is) the story of its turning up. syalah- ( anga ुriyakama ghraya ) janua, vissa-gandhi mohadi macchabandha evva jissamsaam | anga loaa-vamsanam se vimarisidavvam, ta esa, laa ulam evva gacchamo (januka, visra-gandhi ' godhadi ' matsya - visra-gandhi ' godhadi ' matsya bandha ' eva nihsamsayam | anga ुliyaka-darsanamasya vibhrastavyam | tadeta, raja- kulameva gacchamah ) | Superintendent (Smelling the ring)- Januka, (this feller)³ stinking of raw flesh³ is an iguana-eating* catch-fish no doubt. The finding of the ring by him must be investigated. So come, (we) will go even to the king's palace. raksini - taha 1 ( dhivaram prati ) gaccha le gasthi-bhedama | gaccha ( tatha gaccha re granthi-bhedaka ! gaccha ) | iti sarve parikramanti ) | Constables - As you say. (To the fisherman) Come on, you cut-purse, come. (This said, all turn round ). V. L. - 'prekse ' -- B. V. Others omit it. 'preksitam ' -- B. 'drstam ' M.V. 'drstva ' - R. S.; B. has 'maha ' before 'ratna ', others omit it.

186 NOTES ] sastho'ngah 'kuttayata ' -- B. H. S. 'muncata ' - R. V. M. S. 'ayamasya''gama - vrttantah- R. V. M. 'iyamasya''gatih ' -- S. 'etavan tavadetasya agamah -- B. Hs. 'jaluka ' is the reading of B for 'januka ' | M. 'gokhadi - S. Somits 'darsanam 'godhadi - B. R. V. ' godhati-- after 'anga ुliyaka ' | 'tad eta ' - B, Omitted by others. 'granthi- medaka ' - V. M. 'granthi - cchedaka ' - B. 'ganda- bhedaka ' - R. 'ganda - bhedika ' - S. --- ng purusa iti | 'rohita matsyah ' matsya bhedah ('rohitah satra- kodandam, rohito matsya- pungava ' iti gadasimhah ) khandam khandamiti 'khandasah ' ( vipsayam sas- 5 |4|47 ) | 'kalpita ' khanditah ( 'kalpam kartanam klrptau ' iti visvaprakasah ) | 'pascat ' ratna- valokananantaram | 'asya ' anga riyakasya ' darsayan ' gunan darsayan | mulyadhika- labhartham ratna - vanigbhyah ratna- gunadikam savistaram varnayan ityasayah | 'kuttayata ' khandasah kuruta | ('kutta chedana - bhartasanayoh ' - 2597 ) | syala iti | 'januka ' iti dvitiya-purusa nama | 'visrasya ' amagandhinah ('vistram syad amagandhi yat ' ityamarah ) 'gandhah asti yasya tadrsah 'godhadi ' nihaka - bhaksana - silah | ( ana godha ityasya jativacakatve'pi subantopapade ninih - ( 3|2|78 ) - karbovavaksavasat | matsyan badhnati iti 'matsya-bandhah ' ('karmanyan ' - 3|2|1 ) dhivara ityarthah ' evam ' ityavadharane | 'anga ुliyaka-darsanam ' anga ुliyaka-prapti-sambandho yo'yam udantah anena samprati varnitah sa ityasayah | 'vimrastavyam ' etat satyam mithya va iti nirnetavyam | 'tat ' tena hetuna 'eta ' agacchata | raksinaviti | 'granthi - ' vastradina dhanasya yat bandhanam tasya 'bhedakah ' chedakah ( bhideh kartari nvula ( 3|1|133 ); "pata - prantadi sthitam suvarnadikam granthi-moksanena ya scorayati sa granthi - bhedah " iti kullukabhattah ) | 186 n. -- 1. tatastatah -- (119. 5). ekasmin divase -- Proves that the fish was caught not on that very day ( adya ) -- Vide ( 188 n. 3). 2. rohita - - A variety of voracious carp (Cyprinus Rohitas) abounding in the rivers of Bengal. "krsna-salki sveta-kuksistu matsyo yah srestho'sau lohito vrttavaktrah | kosnam valyam rohitasyapi mamsam vatam hanti snigdhamrdhnati viryam " -- Raja-Nirghanta; Again 'rohitah sarvamatsyanam varo vrsyo'ditatijit | kasayanurasah svadu rvataghno natipittakrt || urdhvam janugatan rogan hanyadrohita-mundakam " | - - BhP. 3. vila - gandhi -- visra is a synonym of 'ama-gandhi ' - (Amara-Kosa). ie any thing having the smell of ama | Now what is 'amah ? 'amah apakvah malah ' -- Bhanuji Diksita 'idam cita - dhumadi-gandhe apakva - mamsa - gandhe'pi ' - Bharata. 'visram ' itself means 'amagandhi ', hence -

10 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 186 NOTES 'vimragandhi ' requires justification. 'visrasya ' amagandhinah 'gandha ' : visragandhah i. e. the smell of a thing which has the smell of 3 TH or in other words the smell of 'ama ' | Next matvarthe ini - ( 5. 2. 115 ). On account of this cumbrous process its genuineness is doubted Cf. the following reading which is found in (B ) - (anga ुliyakama ghraya ) jaluka, matsyo - darabhyantara- gatam iti nasti sandeho, yato'yam amisa - gandho vati | 4. gosadi - 'godha ' or 'nihaka ' is an iguana' ie a kind of big lizard. Cf. 'nihaka godhika samem - Amara-Kosa 'go-sapa iti bhasa | satu sthalaja - jalaja-bhedat dvividha ' - Kalpa. This is another instance of our poet's deviation from Panini's rule, for furf is not available after 'gosa ' which is indicative of genus. Read 'ajatau iti kim ? brahmananam mantrayitva ' -- Vamana (3. 2. 78). M, however, prefers the reading godhati and notes 'goghatin ' (cow-killer) is applied as a reproachful epithet to any rogue or low person. Thus in (Mricchakatika X), the 'Candala' is called 'moha ' or 'goghna ' | 5. vibhrastavyam Deserves to be investigated; optionally vimastavyam by 'anudattasya ca-dupadhasya'nyatarasyam ' - ( 6.1.59 ) ; "anudattopadesa- rkaropadha- dhatavo -(6. ; hi sat | yatha srpa-trpa-drpa, sprsa-bhusa- krsah | trptarpisyati tarpasyati | mrs lat mati trayati | luna anaksit amaksat amrksat " -- Prabha. 6. rajakulam &c. - For the ring belongs to the king and if the finding of the ring be reported to him, new things may turn up, which possibly will corroborate the statement of the fisher man. ('tadyavadetadvattam rajne nivedayavah - Mricchakatika X ) 7. pranthi - bhevaka - A cut-purse. Read 'anga lih granthi-bhedasya chedayet prathame grahe | dvitiye hasta-caranau trtiye vadhamarhati || - Manu-Samhita IX 277; 'utksepaka-pranthibhedau karasamdesa - hinako - Y. Quoted byKulluka Bhatta This epithet shows that the consta- -bles have disbelieved his story. According to them he must have had it from some other's pocket. Text:---syalah---sujaa, isa gopura-duare appamata paड़िvalaha mam, java imam amguliaam jaha-gamanam bhattino nivevia sado sasanam pada़िcchima nikkamami ( sucaka, iha gopura-dvare ' apramatti pratipalayatam mam yavadidam anga ुliyakam yathagamanam bharte nivedya tatah sasanam pratisya niskramami ) | Superintendent - Sucaka, here at the wicket of the city-gate, you two await' me without heedlessness until having inforined His

187 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 11 Majesty of this ring exactly as it turned up and having received (His) orders,³ (I) return. ubhau -- pavisatu abute sami-pasavassa ( pravisatu avrttah svami- prasadaya ) (niskrantah syalah ) | Both -Go in, Your Honour, to get our Lord's pleasure. [ Exit Superintendent ] sucakah -- janua, cilaadi kkhu abutte (januka, cirayati ' khalu abuttah ) | Sucaka-Januka, our master in indeed delaying .. janukah -- nam avasalo-basappaniya laano ( nanu avasaropasarpaniya rajanah ) | Januka-Why, kings are to be approached at (their) leisure'. sucakah -- janua phullanti me agga hattha imassa vahasa sumana pinadhum (januka, sphurato " me agra hasti ' asya vadhasya sumanasah pinaddham ) | | ( iti purusam nirdisati ) | Sucaka-Januka, the fore-part of my hands* tingles' to fasten" the ( garland of ) flowers for his execution. (This said, points to the man). purusah-- na aluhavi bhave a-alana - malane bhavidu ( narhati bhavah akarana - marano " bhavitum ) 1 Man-It does not behove Your Honour to be a murderer" without (any) cause. - - V. L. 'iha ' B. 'imam ' - - R. S. M. 'puradvare ' - V. M. 'gopuradvare 'B.R.S. 'mam ' - B ; Omitted by others' pratosya ' -- B.V.M. 'pratiksya 'R. 'pratigrhya ' - S. 'cirayate ' -- R. V.S. 'cirayati ' - - M 'cirayati ' -- B.. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'vadhasya sumanasah &c. - R. V. M. 'vadhyamumanasam &c ' -- S. 'vyapadayitum ' -- B ; Breads 'agrahastau for 'hastau ' | 'akarana - maranah ' -- B. V. M. S.. 'akarana - maranam bhavayituma ' -- R. 'akarana - marakah ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha syala iti | 'gopura-dvare puradvare ("puramatre'pi gopuram " iti ratnakosah ) 'apramattau ' - ( 3|2|57 ) avahitau mavadhani iti yavat, anyatha palayetam itya- sayah | mam 'pratipalayatam ' yuvam apeksetham | 'agamanam ' laksanaya agamana- vrttantam anatikramya yathagamanam ' | tatah matvarthiyah ac (arsa adih | vistarastu kaumudyam drastavyah - 676 ) yena upayena anga ri dhivara- hasta-gata, pascat ammabhih prapta, tat sarvam amlam ' bharte ' dusyantaya ' nivedya tatah ' dusyantat 'sasanam ' adesam 'pratisya ' labdhva pratyagacchami | sucaka iti | ciram karoti iti 'cirayati '

12 abhijnanasakuntalam ' [187 NOTES (' tatkaroti tadacaste ' - iti ganasutrat nic ) vilambate ( saviragoktiriyam ) | [ cirayati ' iti pathastu cintyah ]| januka iti | 'nanu ' iti paramata''ksepe | 'avasare ' yogye kale, na tu yathecchaya sarvadaiva tesam vividha-karya-vyasaktatvat | 'upasarpaniyah ' upagamyah | sucaka iti | 'vadhasya sumanasah ' vadhakale yani karaviradini puspani vadhyasya kanthe diyante tah 'pinaddha ' paridhapayitum ( 'amuktah pratimuktasca pinaddhascapinaddhavat ' ityamarah ) | 'mama agrahasto ' hastayo ragrabhagau manga ुlya ityarthah | ( 'hastagra'grahastadayah guna-gunino bheda'bhedabhyam ' iti vamanah | caturtha vistarena vyakhyatah ) 'sphuratah ' ityanena tvara vyajyate | purusa iti | marayati yah sa 'maranah ' hanta ( 'nyantat mr-dhatoh kartari lyut bahulakat ) 'akarane ' karanam vina 'maranah ' ( bahulakat kartari lyut ) hanta | ( 'tatah pravisati ' ityadyetadantena vidravana-namakamangamupaksiptam | "vidravah vadha - bandhadih " iti dasarupaka- laksanat ) | to ratnakosa, 'gopura ' is a 187 n. - 1. gopura-dvare -- According synonym of 'pura ' (Com.), while Amara-Kosa has 'puradvarantu gopurama ' (i.e. citygate) ; 'gopurani pramathya ca " - Ram. VI. 42.18; 75.6; 38; Kiratarjuniya V. - --- 35. 2. apramatta - pramatta ( pra + mad + kta ) - Heedless, 'negligent' Cf. 'mattam pramattamunmattam suptam valam striyam jadham | prapatram vivasam bhitam na ripum hanti dharmavit ' - Bhagabata. 1. 7, where Sridhara Svami remarks- 'pramattam anavahitam ', hence 'apramatta ' is careful. 'da' is not changed into 'na'- (Vide 116 n. 8); Cf. 'svesu sthanesu apramattah bhavadbhi mamktivyam 'Mricchakatika IV; 'apramattah svesu gulma-sthanesu bhavata ' - - VI; 'apramattaih pravesta- vyam ' - Ram. IV. 43. 25; 3. yathagamanam -- Exactly as it turned up to us. 4. mam pratipalayatam - prati + pa (ni ) means to 'to await. Cf. 'yavadena mavalokanamarge sthitah pratipalayami - Vikramorvasiya III. 'chayamasritya pratipalayami " -- Act I; * 'bhavantam * pratipalayati madhukari - VI. 19; 'kva purnamam bhavatah pratipalayisyanti ' - Vikramorvasiya I; 'tvamiha asthita pratipalayisyati Rat. III. 'tatyuktam kalam pratipalayitum ' -- Sakuntala VII; ( 53.4). prati + pali ' meanig 'lo guard' is Un-Kalidasian 5. pratisya -- prati + is + lyap - Having taken or received ( 128 n. 1 ) ; Read - " icchati brahmaneh " mangam, anvisyati satam gatim | isnati dharmakaryesu -- - yah sadonnatimivate " || - Kavi-Rahasya 36. prasadaya -- Because Syala is expected to get reward from me King for the recovery of the Royal ring. 6. cirayati - (To dealy ), is preferable. Cf.

187 NOTES ] vastho'nkah 13 - 'katham cirayati pancali - Vairagya-Sataka ; I; 'maya tvam cirayasi - Mala III. 'sanketa cirayati pravaro vinodah -- Mricchakatika III; 'katham cirayati vasantakah ' Rat III. 7. nanu -Implies disapproval 'nanviti paramataksepanusesana- prsta-prativacanesu ' - Dandanatha 'Don't you know that the kings cannot be approached whenever you like' ? One must bide the proper opportunity. Cf. 'pratipalyavasarah - ( 240 n. 4 ) " tvadiya- seva'vasara - pratiksaih - Kumara-sambhava IX, 9 ; "pranamavasaram praticchan "--Ibid XII. 26. 8. phullanti me agrahastau vasasya sumanasah &c. -- agrahasto-- ( Fingers). (118 n. 3: 212 n.4.). At the time of Kali. the penalty for stealing gems was an extreme one. Cf. 'atmano vadhamarhata kvasau vihaga - taskarah ' - Vik V. 1. This sort of Capital punishment was in vogue at the time of manu and apastamba | yasa valkya docs not prescribe any rigid rules and opines that death sentence may be inflicted, but in awarding such punishment, due consideration must always be given apropos of time and place of theft, and age and health of the culprit. brhaspati ( 1 st century Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary ) recommends that a fine shall be imposed either equal to or double the value of the property stolen, or the offender may be executed for the prevention of recurrent offence. Thus with the progress of time and civilization there is a gradual tendency towards the reducement of punishment from death to fine. --This certainly proves the antiquity of our poet. It may be noted that Dr. Keith and his supporters could not produce a single instance to show that a thief was stentenced to death in the Gupta Period for mere stealing a jewelled ring. Read also the statement of FA Hsien. ( Introduction ). Read. "purusanam kuli- nanam narinam ca visesatah | mukhyanam caiva ratnanam harane vadhamarhati " ||-- Manu-Samhita VIII 323; IX, 235-7; XI. 58. 'cauram pradayyapahrtam ghatayet vividhairvadhah- 1. II 270; 'etacca uttama - sahasa- danda prapti-yogyo-tama-sravya-visayakam '- vijnanesvarah | Also ( 188. 1.) Note also that in ancient times a person about to be executed was garlanded with flowers. Read 'tasyeyam mama mrtyuloka-padavi badhya-strag avadhyatam ' -- Mudra-Raksasa VII. 4; 'datta -karavivama grhita avabhyam vadhyapurusabhyam ' -- Mricchakatika X. 2; 'pitrvana- sumanobhirvestitam me sariram ' - 4. 3; X. 21; 'nyastalaktaka- raktamalya- vasana - X. pasanda - candalayoh ' - Malati-Madhava V. 24. 9. akarana &c. - ' maranah ' with lyut

14 abhijnana-sakuntalam [ 187 NOTES in the active voice (Cf. lobhaniya ) means 'a killer'. 'akarane ' maranah ' - ( sahasupeti samasah ) - A killer without any cause. Text:- janukah ( vilokya ) ese amhanam issale pasahatthe laa-sasanam paricchina idomuho vekkhiadi | giddha-balo bhavissasi, suno muham va dekkhissasi ( esah asmakamisvarah pattrahastah raja-sasanam pratisya itomukho drsyate | grdhra- vali 'bhavisyasi, sunomukham va draksyasi ) | Januka (Looking)-Here our master, with a paper in hand, having received the royal mandate, is seen turning this way. ( Now ) you will be an oblation' to the vultures, or see the mouth" of a (hungry) cur². ( pravisya ) syalah -- sigdham, sigdham evam (sighram sighram etam ) (ityardhokte ) | (Entering ). Superintendent - Quickly, quickly, let this - (This being half-uttered) . purusah-- ha hadonhi ( ha hato'smi ) ( iti visadam natayati ) | Man -Ah! I am done for. (This said, acts sadness ) . - syalah-- suaa, muncedu eso jaloajivi | ubabanno kkhu se amguliaassa amamo | ( sucaka, mucyatamesa jalopajivi ' | upapannam khalu asya anga ुriyakasya agamah ) | Superintendent-Sucaka, let go (this) liver-by-nets* His finding of the ring is quite consistent*. sucakah--jaha avutte bhanadi ( yathavattobhanati ) | Sucaka - As Your Honour commands. januka -- jama-sadanam pavisia padiniuse kkhu ese ( yama- sadanam pravisya prati- nivrttah khalvesah ) | ( iti purusam mukta bandhanam karoti ) | Januka -- This ( feller) getting into the houses of Yama' is come back (This said, unlooses the fetters of the man). purusah-- bhatta ! aha kilise me ajivam (bhartah, atha kidrso me ajivah ) | ( iti padayoh patati ) | Man --- Now, My Liege, what is the means of my livelihood (to-day ) ? (This said, falls on his feet). syalah-- utthe hi, eso bhattina amguliaa - mulla- sammido palidosio de ppasadikido | ta gehu evam [ uttistha, esa bharta anga ुliyaka-mulya- sammitam ' paritosikante prasadikrtam, tat grhana idam ] | ( iti purusaya artham prayacchati ) | Superintendent--Get up, (get up). Here is a token of pleasure (i. e. a present ), equal to the value of the ring', has been kindly given to you by His Majesty. So take it. (This said, gives money to the man).

187 NOTES] sastho'nkah 15 purusah ( saharsam sapranamanca pratigrhya ) - bhatta ! anuggahida mhi (bhartah anugrhito'smi ) | Man - (Gladly accepting with a bow ) - I am favoured, My Liege. sucakah- ese nama anuggahe je sulabo avadalia hatthi- kandhe paridvavive ( esa nama anugrahah yat suladavatarya ' hastikandhe pratisthapitah " ) | Sucaka--This surely is a favour, that taken down from the death-stake, you are put on the shoulders of an elephant. janukah -- abuta, palivosie kahedi mahaliha-lavanena tena anga loaena samino bahumadena hodavvam ti ( avrtta, paritosikam kathayati maharha - ratnena tena anga ुliyakena svamino bahumatena bhavitavyamiti ) | -- Januka-Your Honour, the reward shows that the ring with its precious jewel must have been highly valued by our Lord. V. L. Breads - 'isvara ' for 'svami ' 'pattrahaste rajasasanam pratisya 'R. B. V. M. 'pate grhitva ' &c. - B. 'lekhapatre grhitva ' &c. - S. 'pratisya R.V.M.S. 'pratiksya ' - R. 'syalah -- sighrametam ' &c. and the following speech of purusa occur only in B. P. Dr. 'kidrso me ajivah ' - R. B. V.M. 'sampratam tava kritakam me jivitam - B. S. Ryder. 'uttistha ' - B; Omitted by others. 'paritosikante prasadikrtam ' -- B. 'prasado'pi dapitah R. V. M. 'dattah ' S. 'bharti ' - R. B. V. S. ' bhartta ' - M 'paritosikam kathayati ' - B. V. M. 'paritosam kathaya ' - R. 'rasah paritosam kathaya - S. 'maharatnena ' - B. Omitted by others. - ' bahumatena ' - B. V. 'sammatena ' R. M.-'sarmadena ' -- S. 'bhavitavyam iti ' - B. Others - 'iti ' | - - - januka iti | 'rajnah sasanam ' adesam 'pratisya ' grhitva 'itah ' asyam disi 'mukham ' yasya tadrsah, anagamane pravrtta ityarthah | ' grdhebhyah balih ' upaharah ('bali- daityo- paharayoh ' iti haimah | 'caturthi tadarthartham balih-- ' ( 2|1|36,697 ) - iti 4rthi samasah ) 'bhavisyasi jivanneva tvam baddha-hasta-padah san grdhrah khadyase | 'ba ' iti paksantare | 'sunah ' alarkasya vattam 'mukham ' draksyasi | baddha- hasta padah san kukkuraih khadyase iti gudha़ाrthah | syala iti | 'sighram ' iti tvarayam dviruktih | 'asya dhivarasya ( kartari sasthi ) anga ुliyakasya ' (karmani sasthi | kvacit kartari karmani ca yugapat sasthi syat ) agamah ' praptih 'upapannah ' yuktah | 'atha ' iti prasne | 'me ajivah ' jivika ('ajivo jivika varta vrtti vartana- jivane ' ityamarah ) 'kidrsah ' 'purva gato matsyo, gatasca'nga ुriyakam, tadadya kenopayena jivikam karomi iti vidyasagaracaranah | naitat sollunthana-vakyam ) | purusa iti |

16 abhijnana-sakuntalam | [187 NOTES syala iti | 'anga ुliyakasya mulyena 'sammitam ' tulyam | 'prasadikrtam ' prasannataya 'pratisthapitah ' aropitah [ 'upasargat sunoti - ' dattam | sucaka iti | ( 8|3|65 ) iti satvam ] | 188 a. -- 1. grdhrabali &c. - In old times a culprit condemned to death, was impaled and his body was allowed to stand on the stake, until it was devoured by vulture and other birds. Some times the body of the culprit was cut to pieces and offered to the vultures. Cf. " ayam balaghati punah svarnasteyi ca amum satakhandam krtva asya mamsena grdhranam balih datavyah " --Dvatrimsat Puttalika, story IV. 'agham kalevaram prativrttam karsanti dirgha - gomayavah | ardhamapi sula-lagnam vesa ivatta-hasasya Mricchakatika X. 35. Sometimes the criminal was buried in the ground up to the shoulder and the upper-half was allowed to be eaten by hungry dogs. sunah mukham &c. - " akarsantu subaddhanam svabhih samkha- dyatamatha | sule va tisthatamesa pathyatam krakacena va || " - Mricchakatika X. 53; "tahi svabhih khadyatam " -- Mricchakatika X; Cf. "Let vulture gripe thy grotto"-Merry Wives of Windsor.-I. 3. "Let vultures vile seize in his lungs also"-Henry IV. part 2; V. 3. "I will rend an oak And peg thee in his knotty entrails"-Tempest. 1. 2; "I will have thee hanged to feed the crow"-Lay of the Last Ministrel. III. I 249. "Dr. Boehtlingk has adopted an amendation 'sisuno muham ' i.c. ( sisormukham ) and translated or thou will see the face of (thy) child (once more )'. He has supported the interpretation by a reference to two other passages, one in Act VII of this play (putra- mukha darsanena ), another in Mricchakatika (P. 303, 1. 4. Cu. Ed.). Doubtless 'putramukha drs ' is a common phrase, but the whole point of this passage seems to me to lie in the Indicrons substitution of 'sunah ' for 'putrasya ' - M. 2. asya anga liva- -kasya agamah - (asya ) has 'kartari sasthi ', while ('anga ुliyakasya ') has 'karmani 'sasthi in connection with the krt in 'agamah ', in spite of ('ubhaya- prapti, karmani - 2. 3. 66. ). Read 'vicitra jagatah krtih hareh harina va " | " kecid (Vamana) avisesena vibhasam icchanti | sabdanam anusasanam acaryena ayaryasya va " - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 624. yama- savanam-- The house of Hindu Pluto, .or Minos. -- - -- 3. kidrsi me ajivah - The idea is :--I am but a poor fisherman living from hand to mouth by catching and selling fish. The other day (186 n. 1) I had caught a big carp

188 NOTES ] sastho'ngah 17 The fish I sold in the market - -and got a ring in its maw. and with its price I lived for some days. Then with the valuable ring in possession I did not want to go to fish for a few days, as it would bring me a large sum in exchange. Now that the ring is taken by the king, I am at a loss for the maintenance of my family today-(V). M and his followers take it as a return-taunt of the fisherman to 'syala ' for his remark - 'visuddha idanimajivah ' | But this does not harmonize with the previous and the following speeches of the fisherman and 'syala ' | With the other reading (B), translate " You've ransomed me life" Robi Datta. 4. anga liyaka-mulya &c. - Equal to the value of the ring. sammita -- Similar, equal. Cf. 'sadyah paranirvrttaye kanta- sambhitatayo- - padesayu je " -- KPY. 'kumarajanmamrta - sammitaksaram -- Raghuvamsha III. 16. 'mulena anabhyam iti mulyam | 'nau-vayo - dharma - ( 4|4|11 ) iti yat - Bhanuji Diksita 'ana- myam ' means 'abhibhavaniyam ' - What ought to be overpowered, hence' mulyam ' means 'the price, worth, cost', because articles like 'cloth's &c are produced by the outlay of stock or capital (mula ), 'price' being a thing which, because it is capital plus profit, is superior to capital, and thus by 'price' or 'mulyam ' the 'capital' or 'mula ' is overpowered' - S. C. Vasu (Siddhanta-Kaumudi). "mulam nama patadinamutpattyartham vanigbhi viniyuktam dravyam | tena svasmadatiriktam labhakhyam yaddravyam atmana prati sesikriyate, atmana upakarakam kriyate tat anamyam | tatha canamyam abhibhavaniyam atmanam prati sesikartavya sa ca labhalyo bhaga eva | lokesu yavata dravyena patadikam vikriyate tatraiva samudaye mulyasabdah prasiddhah, na tu mulatirikta-bhagamatre vyutpaditah | " -- 75 hastiskandhe - Mounting on an elephant' (also on horse, Cf. 'gaja -skandhe 'svaprsthe ca - Ram.) denotes elevation to high dignity, elephants being used in triumphal processions - M. 6. paritosikam -- ( Masculine and Neuter ). paritosa + thana by 'prayojanam - ( 5. 1. 109 ). Cf. 'grhyata paritosikamidamanga liyakam ' -- Mricchakatika V. 'ahamapi candrasekhara-sarasanaropana- prathamavadinah paritosikam dharayami ' - Murari | | Text :---syalah--na tassim mahavaham ravanam bhattino bahumadam ti takkemi | tassa damsanena bhattino koni abhimado jano sumaravido | jado muhattaam pakidi - gambhiro bi pajjassu-naano asi ( na tasmin maharham ratnam bhartuh bahumatamiti '

18 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 189 NOTEt tarkayami | tasya darsanena bhartuh ko'pi abhimato ' janah smaritah | yato muhurta prakrti- gambhiro'pi paryasru-nayana ' asit ) | Superintendent - Methinks (it is) not the precious jewel there on, that was much valued by His Majesty. At the sight of it, our Lord was reminded' of some beloved' person. Since though naturally grave', for a time his eyes were flowing with tears'. sucakah-- sevidam nama avatana (sevitam nama avrttena ) | Sucaka-Surely (great ) service has been done (to His Majesty ) by Your Honour. januka . -- nam bhanahi | imassa kae maccha-vasatunoti | nanu bhana | asya krte matsya sanoriti ) | - ( iti purusamasuyaya pasyati ) | Januka - Better say, to this fish-killer (This said, sees the man with spite). purusah-- bhattalaka ! ivo addham tumhanam sumano-mullam hotu | ( bhattaraka, itah ardham yusmakam sumano-mulyam bhavatu ) | Man-Sir, let half from this be the price of flowers for you. janukah -- ettake jujjaha ( etavad yujyate ) | Januka - That's what should be. syalah-- dhivara, mahattaro tumam pia-vaassao dani me sambuso | kadambari- sakliyam amhanam padha़ma-sohivam icchiavi | ta sondaavanam evva gacchamo | ( dhivara, mahattarastvam priyavayasyaka idanim me samvrttah | kadambari saksikamasmakam 'prathama - sohrdamisyate | tat saundika''panameva gacchamah ) | Superintendent--Fisher-man, noble as you are, you have become a beloved friend of mine. Let us seal our first friendship over (a peg) of brandy'. So let's go along to a vintner's shop. sarve - taha (tatha ) | (niskrantah sarve ) | All Right ho ! (Exeunt Omnes) || pravesakah || | (End of the Induction) - - V. L. - ' bharturabhimatah janah smaritah ' - R. B. V. ' smrtah ' - M. 'kimapi abhimatam bhartuh smrtam ' - S. 'payamsrunayanah ' - V. K. 'paryutsuka - manah ' --M.S.B. 'paryutsukanayanah ' - R. 'matsya - satroh ' - K. B. P . ' matr sika bharnuh ' - M. 'sumanomulyam ' -- R. V.M.S. 'suramulyam ' saksikam ' -- B. V. M. S. 'kadamri sakhitvam ' - R. S. 'sobhitam ' -- R. 'saundika - panam ' - R. M. V. - bharnuh - R . ' matsika- -- B.P.Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'kadambari- 'sohrdam - B. V. M. 'saundika-layam ' - B. - - --

189 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 19 'sundika - bhavanam ' --S 'sarve - tatha ' - only M., 'ankavatarah ' for 'pravesakah- B. Sahitya-Darpana Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'trtiyah pravesakah ' -- Rs. Com. ---- syala iti | 'abhimatah janah ' priyo vyaktih | 'prakrtya ' svabhavena 'gambhiro- 'pi parigatani asruni ' yayoh te 'payamsruni ' baspakulite ityarthah, 'nayane ' yasya tathabhutah | prakrti - gambhirasya sabaspatvat sokatisayo vyajyate | sucaka iti | 'nama ' iti abhyupagame | 'sevitam ' priyajanasya smaranam vidhaya santositah | januka iti | 'nanu ' iti paramataksepe | ('nanviti paramataksera'nusesanaprsta-prativacanesu ' iti dandanathah ) | 'matsya-satroh ' dhivarasya 'krte ' nimitte | tasya upakaraya ca avrttena sevitam | dhana-labhastu etannistha iti sevananca etadarthameva jatam ityasayah | idanim paritosikasya kincidamsam dattva asman paritosaya iti bodhayitum 'asuyaya pasyati ' | purana iti | 'sumano-mulyam ' iti vinayoktih ( adya bhavan eva me pranaraksaka ataeva pujyah | puspani ca pujaniyasya mukhyopakarana-sadha- nani | tesam ca iha samavayo na vidyate | atah raja-prasada-labdha-dhanasyam yusmat- pujarthanam puspanam mulyam bhavatu | pujadikale hi pujopakaranesu yasya kasyacid asadbhavo bhavati rajata - kancanadikam tanmulyataya parikalpyate | yatha gomulyam kancanam iti vidyasagaracaranah ) | syala iti | 'priyavayasyaka ' ityatra svarthe kan | 'prathamam sauhrdam ' sakhya-sthapanam (sauhrdamiti etattu vistarena vyakhyanam prak ) | 'kadambari ' madya-visesah 'saksi ' ('samanye napumsakam ', vah - 821 ) yasmin tadrsam ( tatah svarthe kan ) | 'mamtradi agni- saksikam kriyate iti prasiddhih | pana- saktanam tu madira-saksikam ' iti vidyambudhipadah | 'sunda ' sura panyamasyeti "saundikah " ('tadasya panyamiti thak - 414151, " sunda pana - grhe mata | ambu- - hastini vesyasu hastihasta - surasu ca " iti medini || 'saundika''panam ' madyapana- grham | pravesaka iti | pravesaka-laksanam yatha-- ' tadvadeva'nudattoktya nica patra- prayojitah | pravesako'dvayantah sesarthasyopasucakah | hinabhyameva pavabhyam ankada yah pravartate | pravasekah sa vijneyah saurasenyadi bhasaya " | anka-drayanta iti prathamankasya adau antimankasya ante ca asya pratisedhah | - 189 n.-1. na tasmin mahaham &c. - Cf. 'ratnamiti na me tasmin mani prayamo vihangamaksipte | priyaya tenammi makhe sangamaniyena sangamitah ' - Vik.V.3. parya - A very common expression. Cf. 'paryasrunayano duhkhat '-Rm. II. 90. 14; Kiratarjuniya III. 37. Mhi Sinti. 6; Vana. 151. 2. asuyaya &c. - The envious eying of the police officer, suggests that as their master has done good to the fisherman, so he also in his turn should please them by giving a portion from the king's gift. This practice amongst the

20 abhijnana- sakuntalam - [ 189 NOTES policemen is seen even in these days. The man understands the insinuation of Januka, and at once proposes to give something out of fear. 3. matsya-satroh - Most of the Devanagara Mss. read matsika- ( bhartuh ) which does not occur in any lexicon. R's 'matsyika bhartuh ' means 'for the sake of the chief of the fisherman'. 'thak ' comes in by 'paksi - matsya - mrgan hanti ' (4. 4. 35). 4. sumanomulyam - (97 n. 3). The idea is You have saved my life. I ought to worship you with flowers ("puspaphalena canye pranarcuh " -BK. II. 20). But these being not at hand, let me give you something as the price of flowers (Com). M takes this speech ironically alluding to the flowers of death which the constables wanted to tie round his neck before taking him to the gallows. This seems to be absurd in this situation. N's 'sura-mulyam ' is also equally good, as almost immediately after this they all went to a grog shop. "Take half of it, masters, to pay for something to drink" - Ryder. 5. mahattara &c. -Mark the change of tone of the Police-Superintendent who is now actuated by self-interest. This is the peculiar trait of police officers almost everywhere. 6. kadambari &c. - ' kadambara ' or 'kadambari ' is a spirituous liquor distilled from Kadamba flowers. 'kadambaram kabamba-puspodbhava - madyam - Kalpa. Here it means wine in general Read 'kadambari-sarkarajadi-madyam susitalam vrsyakaram madadhyam -- Raja-Nirghanta kutsitam ambaram [2. 2. 18. ] kadambaram [ ku = kad ( 6. 3. 101 ) ]. kadambaram ( nilambaram ) asya asti iti kadambara + ac ('arsa adibhyo'c ' - (5.2. 127 ) . ] = kavambarah i.e. Bala-Rama who wore blue robes. kasmbarasya iyam iti kadambara + an " [ 4. 3. 120] - kadambari -- [ nip 4.1.15] . Or, kavambe jatah rasah | 'tatra jatah ' [4. 3. 25] iti an | kadambam rati iti kah -- [3. 2. 3]| gauraditvat nis [4. 1. 53] -- Bhanuji Diksita saksat + ini nipatane saksin [ 'saksat drastari samjnayam 5. 2.91] -a witness, as in 'phalam tapah saksisu ' - Kumara-sambhava V. 60 ; VIII. 83, ( Now Com. ). Cf. 'agni-saksika ivatisrstavan ' -- Raghuvamsha XI. 48. 'pancavanagni- saksikam ' - Mala. IV. 12. 7. saundika-panam -- sunda madira (Medini) asya panyam iti sunda + thak == saundikah [ 'tadasya panyam ' 4.4.51] -a vintner ( 'suड़ी ' iti bhasa ) - Kalpa). "tato gandhika- kanyayam - - -- -- --

189 NOTES ] sastho'nkah ---- - 21 kaivartad eva saundikah | kaivartasya ca kanyaya saundikadeva saucikah " || - Parasara-padhati. a samantat panayante atra, panante atra va | pana vyavahare| a +pan + gha = apanah by [ ' gocara - samcara ' - &c. ( 3. 3. 119 ) ] A shop --- Bhanuji Diksita 8. pravesakah According to S and K, there is no difference between 'pravesaka ' and 'viskambhaka ' ( 82 n. 11). Cf. ' viska- mbhaka iti suvyaktah pravesaka iti smrtah " - K. 'pravesaka eva viskambhakah 'But the authorities on Dramaturgy make always S. an interlude and never a prelude, and thus it cannot come in the beginning of the 1 st Act or at the end of the last Act. Besides must have one or more characters, while viskambhaka has madhyama characters only. -~ Remark-The above dialogue has been termed 'ankavatara ' (Descent of an Act) by (B), supported by an authority like Vishvanatha Kaviraja Read "atha ankavatarah | ankante sucitah patram stadankasyavibhagatah | yatranko'vataratyeso'nkavatara iti smrtah || yatha abhijnane pancamanke patrah sucitah | sasthanka snadankasyanga - visesa ivavatirnah "Sahitya-Darpana VI. "When an Act, hinted by persons at the end of the preceding Act, is brought in continuity with the latter is called Descent of an Act"-Ballan- -tyne. Also Dasa-Rupaka of Dr. Haas. The present dialogue gives an insight into the social condition of the days of Kali. The then police, the high officers even not being exempted, were mostly uneducated and they generally used to belabour the accused, exactly as is done by the present-day police, for extracting the required confession. Bribe was frequently offered to hush up the police. Men of low classes were addicted to drink and they frequented the dram-shops. The penalty for theft was an extreme one, and the condemned man was impaled or eaten up by vultures or hungry curs. Buddhism was slowly progressing in the country denouncing the animal sacrifices performed by the followers of Vedic religion. (Now cf. Fa Hsien's account of the Gupta period - Introduction p. XXXV). Text:: --- (tatah pravisatyakasa-yanena sanumati namapsarah ) | - sanumati -- nivyattivam mae pajjaa - nigvattanijjam acchara tittha-sanijjham java sahu-janassa abhisea-kalo, tti sampadam imasta raesino udantam pancakkhokarissam (nirvartitam maya paryaya nirvartaniyam ' apsara- stirtha sannidhyam yavat sadhu-janasya- 'bhiseka-kala, iti sampratamasya rajarseh udantam pratyaksikarisyami ) | mejaa- 40

22 abhijnana- sakuntalam [190 NOTES sambandhena sarira-bhuda banom me saundala | tae a duhidu-nimitam sandittha-punva- mhi ( menaka sambandhena sarira - bhuta ' idanim me sakuntala taya ca duhitr-nimittam, sandista - purvasmi ) | ( samantadavalokya ) kim nu kkhu uducchave bi nirucchava - rambha via rama-ulam bosaha | atthi me vihavo panidhasena savvam parinnadu | kimtu sahie adaro mae manaidabbo (kim nu khalu rtutsave'pi nirutsava''rambhamiva ' raja- kulam drsyate | asti me vibhavah pranidhanena ' sarvam parijnatum | kintu sakhya adarom maya manayitavyah " ) | hodu | imanam evva ujjana - palianam tira- bakharini- paricchanna passa-parivattini bhavia ubalahissam ( bhavatu | anayoreva udyana - palikayoh tiraskarini- praticchanna " parsva - parivartini bhutva upalapsye ")| | ( iti natayena'vatiyam sthita ) || (Enter a nymph named Sanumat in an aerial car.) Sanumati~~(Close ) - attendance' at the Nymphs' shrine, which has' to be observed in regular rotation', while holy men's ablutiontime lasts, has been performed by me. So at present, this Royalsage's action', (I) will ascertain with (my) own eyes. Owing to her relations with Menaki, now one' with my (own) body' (is) Sakuntala ( 7 ) have already been asked by her (to do someting) for her daughter's sake. (Looking around) Why indeed is it that even in the (vernal) festival, no preparation (for celebrating the ) festivities' appear in the royal mansion ? I have the (mystic) power ' to ascertain all by means of meditation'. But my friend's ( earnest ) request" has to be honoured" by me. Well, even out of these garden-tending-maids, myself concealed" by the veil of invisibility¹¹, (constantly) keeping near them, I'll know" (everything). (Having acted descent, stands ). V. L. - ' sarirabhuta ' - R. B. V. sarirabhutedanim ' - M. S. 'upasthito- tsave ' - B. 'rtutsave ' -- R. V. M. 'utsave ' --S ; Sir Jones, P, Ryder following (B), read 'misrakesi ' for 'sanumati ' | 'aksamala ' -- Dr. - sanumatiti | 'paryayena ' vara- kramena paripataya iti yavat | [ 'paryayastu prakare syat nirmane'vasare krame ' iti visvah ] 'apsara- stirthasya ' tannamaka prasiddhasya- tirthasya 'sannidhyam ' tanopasthitih 'nirvatrtaniyam ' sampadaniyam | tata sadhunam snana- samaye ekaikasmin divase ekekaya apsarasa sthatavyam iti niyamah asti | sa tvadya maya sampaditah arthat matparyayah samaptah | 'iti ' asmad hetoh 'sampratam ' idanim 'rajarseh dusyantasya 'udantam ' varta ( ' udantah sadhu- vartayoh ' iti bhanuji - ghrta- kosah ) 'pratyaksikarisyami ' svaksibhyam draksyami | 'menaka sambandhena ' menakayah

190 NOTES] vastho'nkah | 23 duhitrtvat ityarthah | 'sakuntala me ' mama asariram sariram bhuta iti 'sarira-bhuta ' [' srenyadayah krtadibhih ' (2|1159 ; 738 ) iti samasah | srenyavisu dhvagha- pam . vacanam kartavyam ' iti katyayanah | 'sresyadi rakrtiganah " iti sakatayanah | vistarastu caturthanke drastavyah ) 'duhitr-nimittam ' sakuntalartham, purvam sandista 'samdista- purvi ( iti sahasupeti samasah | 'bhutapurve carat ' ( 5| 3 53 ) iti nirdesat purva- sabdasya para- nipatah paksikah | 'ki nu ' iti vitarka - garbhah prasnah | ' khalu ' iti niscaye | 'rtau ' prakaranat vasanta- kale ya 'utsava ' kama devamuddisya sa 'rtu- tsavah ' madanotsavah tasmin agate api ( 664 ) 'nirgatah 'utsavasya arambhah ' yasmat tathabhutam utsava - sunyam 'rajakulam ' nrpabhavanam [ "kulam janapade gove sajatiya- gana'pi ja | bhavane ca tano klivam " iti medini ]| 'pranidhanena ' cittaikagraghena [ iti raghutikayam (1|74 ; 8|15 ) mallinathapadah | 'pranidhanam prayatne syat samadhau ca pravesane ' iti medini ]' 'vibhavah ' samarthyam | 'sakhya h ' sakuntalayah ( kartari sasthi ) 'adarah ' pranayena krtah anurodhah 'maya manayitavyah ' raksaniyah | tasyah anurodhena evaham rajnah vrttantam svayam gatva pratyaksatah na tu pranidhanena jnasyami ityasayah | 'tiraskarinya vidyaya ' yat prabhavena aparaih alaksita vigrahah san sarvam aveksitum sakto bhavati janah, tadrsya adrsyata -janikaya vidyaya 'praticchanna ' alaksita - deha sati | 'parsva parivartini ' nikatastha bhutva 'upalapsye rajavrttantam sasyami | natayeneti | 'avatirya ' arthat gangavataranena | tallaksanam yatha- "angha, rutksepa- niksepavanupronnata - sannatau | bhajetam vipatakau cedavameva sirastada || gangavataranamiti ' | ( 'nirvartitam ' ityadina etadantena sanumatya''tmaslaghayah krtatvat 'vicalana ' - namanga-mupaksiptam | tallaksanamuktam dhananjayena yatha- 'vikatthanam vicalanam ' iti ) | - ' 190 n.- 1. akasa yanena -- yati anena ya + lyut karane yanam - A passage or a vehicle; 'yanam syad vahane gatau - Medini; Cf. 'devayana '' 'pitryana ' | akasasya akase va yanam -- A heavenly path or a passage through the celestial region. The nymphs had the power of flying though the sky. Cf. 'tatah pravisati akasa-yanena urvasi citralekha ca '; 'siddhamargam avagah ' &c. - Vikramorvasiya 1. 2. paryaya &c. -- pari + i +ghan - paryaya - Regular order, succession.- 'parau anupatyaya inah - ( 3.3.38) iti ghan 'paryayena prasuptasca mamanke bharatagraja ' - Ram. V. 38.21. 'vyatikramarthe ' ---- - jaya viparyayah | 'kala- viparyayah ' - Prabha. The celestial nymphs who were the Guardian Deities of the Nymphs' shrine, had to be here by rotation so long as it was the bathing time for the

24 abhijnanasakuntalam [190 NOTES sages, or (for Kuvera - 'sadhu-janasya devaloke vardhusika rupasya kuberasya '-HIS ). yavat-- is indicative of limit inclusive. sannidhyam-- Here denotes 'presence', 'close attendance' Cf. 'anujivina sannidhyam avasyam karaniyam ' - Hitopadesa 'parikalpita - sannidhya -- Raghuvamsha IV. 6; VII. 3. Kumara-sambhava VII. 33. In Vikramorvasiya the word 'upasthana ' occurs exactly in the same sense. Cf. 'citralekha - sakhi, apsaro - vara-paryayena iha bhagavatah suryasya pada-mulopasthane vartamana ' &c. - Vikramorvasiya IV. 3. iti - asmad hetoh | Now that I have observed my duty and am free from occupation. 4. menaka sambadhena - - Either because `Sakuntala is related to Menaka, an apsara, or because of my friendhship with menaka | sambandha-- Either relation or friendship. For the latter sense, Cf. 'sambandha-mabhasana - purvamahurvrttah sa sa nau nau sangatayorvanante ' -- Raghuvamsha II. 58; 'sariramasti me '-- ; 'sambandham sakhyam ' - -M.N 5. sarira bhuta -- Cf. 3; 82 n. 9 ) 6. kim nu &c. - As to the pre- + Mala; (66 n. 6; 141 n. paration of rtutsava ( madhutsava - Vide 193 n. 2), I am sure ( khalu ) there in none, but what may be the cause of it (kim nu ) -- (45 n 1). 7. asti me &c. - By pranidhana (Deep Concentration) the sages can know the past or the future - sona| pranidhanena santatyah 1 stambha - karanam ' -- Raghuvamsha 1.74; "pranidhanat * * vijajnivan " -- VIII. 75. Ram. III. 13. 12; Patanjali's Yogas tra, Ch. 111 50. The celestial nymphs were also endowed with that power. Read 'maya pranidhana sthitaya atyahitam upalabdha makhyah ' -- Vikramorvasiya IV; 'jane szfurentaa Frat'--Raghuvamsha XIV. 72. 8. : &c.-Refers to the request of sakuntala -- (Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha), and not of menaka - - (R) ; for throughout Act VI, Sanumati refers to Sakuntala as sakhi | Cf. 'asasayam priyasakhimeva ' ; yo yo pradesah priyasakhyah ' &c. -- infia 9. tiraskarini &c. - tiraskaroti iti tirasa + kr + nini kartari striyam [by 'nandi-grahi-pacadibhyah &c. ' ( 3|1|134 ) -- - tiraskarini | The vrddhi ( 7.3.115 ) is barred by samjnapurvako vidhih anityah ' - (2547 ) - Bhanuji Diksita nipatanadva || "tiraskriyate'naya iti karane lyut - ( 3|1|117 ) - ' tiraso'nyatarasyam ' ( 8|3|42h 156 ) iti satvam-- Mallinatha]. Ordinarily 'tiraskarini ' means a veil or curtain. Also "tiraskarini " -- Siddhanta-Kaumudi Cf. 'dari - grha-dvara - bilambi-vimbah tiraskarinyo jalada bhavanti -- Kumara-sambhava, 1. 14. 'vyavasitamiva me 14. 'vyavasitamiva me tiraskarinim -- Mala. II.

190 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 25 1. According to M tiraskarini ' means a sort of magic veil by wearing which one can be invisible. Cf. 'tatheti tiraskarinim apaniya rajanam upetya ' -- Vikramorvasiya; Kuttanimatam of Damodara Gupta 910; or it means a secret science by which one can make oneself invisible. Cr. 'bhostiraskarini-gavita madiyamastram tam draksyati 'Sakuntala VI. 'tiraskarinipraticchanna parsvavartini bhutva -- srosyam tavat parsva- vartina vayasyena saha vijane kim mantrayan tisthati ? - Vikramorvasiya II (see next ). 10. upalapsye -- Cf. 'tattvatta enam upalapsye ' - - Act. I. pp. 78. praticchanna- Hidden, concealed i.e. Sanumati though invisible, will of course, be visible to the audience. Cf. 'anaya ca samalabdham na mam draksyanti raksinah ' -- Mricchakatika III [Read - "Being visible to the audience, and invisible to the individuals on the stage is a contrivance familiar to the plays of various peoples especially our own, as the Ghost of Hamlet, that of Banquo, Ariel in the Tempest and Angino in the Virgin Martyr, who repeatedly enter invisible. The wardrobe of some of our old comedians comprised a robe to walk invisible which Gifford supposes was a dress of light, gauzy texture. Something of this kind is used here apparently, as the stage directions are "covered with a veil", and "throwing aside the veil"-Dr. Willson. Text: -- (tatah pravisati cuta'nka ramavalokayanti ceti | apara ca prsthata- stamyah ) | arya [12, 18 12, 15] prathama-- aamba - haria - pandura ! vasanta-masasya jia -savvassa ! ditthasi cua-koraa ! udu-mangala ! tumam pasaemi ||2|| [ atamra harita pandura ! vasanta-masasya jiva - sarvasva ' ! drsto'si cuta koraka ! rtu mangala ! tvam prasadayami || ) rtu-mangala (Enter, a maid-servant gazing at the mango-sprout, and behind her, a second). First-O lightly-coppered, pale green mango-blossom, the t be all of the life' of the vernal month, thou art seen (by me). O auspicious herbinger of the season, ( 7 ) propitiate thee. (2) dvitiya -parahudie ! ki eaini mantesi [ parabhrtike, kimekakini mantrayase | ] Second-Parabhrtika, what art thou chirping about to thyself ?

26 prathama - mahuarie ! abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 191 NOTES khuba-kaliam peksia, ummattia parahadia hodi [ madhukarike ! cuta-kalikam preksya unmatta khalu parabhrtika bhavati ] | First--Madhukarika, Parabhrtika (the cuckoo ) indeed goes crazy (with delight) at the sight of the mango-blossom. dvitiya -- ( saharsam tvaraya upagamya ) ( kathamupasthito madhumasah ) ? -kaham ubatthido mahu-maso Second (Hastily approaching with transport) - What ! has the spring month ( really ) arrived ? prathama -- mahu-arie ! tava dani kalo eso mada- vibbhama-govanam (madhu- karike ! taba idanim kala esa mada-vibhrama-gitanam ) | First--Madhukarika (0 bee), now this is time for your amorous ditties through intoxication dvitiya -- sahi ! avalamba mam java agga-padatthia bhavia cuा-kaliam gevhiya sampademi kama-devassa accanam [ sakhi ! avalambasva mam yavadava-pada- sthita bhutva cuta - kalikam grhitva sampadayami kamadevasya arcanam ) | Secondd -- Hold me, dear, while standing on tip-toe, (1) cull the mango-blossom and perform the worship unto the God of Love. V. L. - ucchasita miva vasantamasasya ' -- B. - B. 'jauvasarvasva ' - V. M. R's Com. 'jivitasarvam - S. R's Com. 'jivitasatyam vasantamasayoh 'R. 'drstah '--R.V.M. 'drstam ' -- B. 'distaya ' -- S; B reads' ksanamangalam ' for 'rtumangalam ' | 'cutakoraka ' - R. V. M. 'cutanka ुra ' - S. B. prasadayami '-R. V. M. 'khalu pasyami ' - 'S. niyacchami ' -- B. 'mada - vibhrama- gitanam 'R. V. M. 'visramodgitanam - S. B. -- -- - -- tata iti | 'ceti ' dasi ( iti hemacandrah ) | atasreti | 'tamrah lohitah, 'haritah ' haridvarnah pandurah ' sukla-pitakah ( 'pandurah sukla-pitaka ' iti sabdika - narasimhah ) iti 'tamra- harita - pandurah ' varna-vaya-yuta ityarthah ('varnom varnena ' ( 2/1/69 ) iti samasah ] 'a' isat 'tamra- harita - pandurah ' [ iti sahasupeti samasah | tat sambuddhau ] 'vasanta-masasya ' prathamasya madhumasasya caitasya ityarthah, natu phalgunasya [ 'madhuh madhavasca vasantikavrtu ' iti malamasa tattva-dhuta srutih ] jivasya ' prananam 'sarvasva ' sarabhuta ! satsu api anyesu vividhesu puspesu tada rena eva rtoh ucchvasita meva gamyate | 'rtoh ' vasantasya 'mangala ' ! prathamam parijrmbha- manatvat sarvesu rtusu vasantasya utkrstatvam tvayaiva krtam ityasayah | he 'cuta- koraka ' amrakalike [ 'kalika korakah puman ' ityamarah ) 'maya tvam drsto'si

191 NOTES] sastho'nkah 27 asmadeva hetoh 'tvam prasadayami ' prasannam karisyami | kamadevaya samapyam ityasayah | arya jatih ] || 2 || dvitiyeti | 'parabhrtika ' iti prathama ceti- nama | 'ekakini ' maya virahita | prathameti | 'madhurika ' iti dvitiya - cetinama | amrakalikam drstva parabhrtika ( kokila ) unmatta bhavati | mannamapi parabhutika | atah mamapi svayam jalpanam na vicitram | dvitiyeti | 'madhu - namadheyah masah 'madhumasah ' caitra ityarthah ('madhuscaite ca daitye ca, madye pusparase madhu ' iti hattacandrah ) | 'kathamiti harse [ iti medini ] | prathameti | he 'madhukarike ' chalat bhramari ityarthah | 'madena ' 'puspamadhu - panena janitaya mattataya yani 'vibhrama ' - yuktani 'gitani, yadva 'madah ' harsah ca, 'vibhramah ' itastatah paribhramanam ca, 'gitam ' ganam ca tesam 'kalah ' vela samayatah | dvitiyeti | 'avalambasva ' anyatha bhumau patisyami | 'agro ' ca tau 'padi ' ca iti 'agrapadi ' tayoh 'sthita ' ava avayava'vayavinoh abheda-vivaksaya anga losu padatvaropah | tathacoktam vamanena "hastagra'hastadayo guna- guninorbheda'rbhedabhyam " ( 5|1|60 ) iti vistarastu caturtha drastavyah ] | -- , === 191 n.-1. atamra &c. - tamyatiti tam + rak == tamram ; 'dirgha ' by 'ami-tamyoh dirghasca ' (u:- 183) tamrah gunah asti asya iti tamra + matup tamrah-- Having the colour of copper. matup is elided by the Varttika 'guna-vacanebhyo matup lugistah ' -- 1896 ( 10 n, 7 ). Similarly in the case with harita | Amara-Kosa, however, does not seem to like this sort of convention. He says 'gune ' sukladayah 'pumsi, gunalingastu tadvati trisuh . 0. when sukla, tamra &c. mean 'one possessing that colour they assume the gender of the noun they qualify. 'n' means for and goes with all the three colours. Cf. Raghuvamsha VI. (17-18). 2. cuta &c. - korakah (m) means 'bud' - Amara-Kosa But 'korako'stri kudmale'pi - Medini. Also 'samupaharan vicakara korakani -- Shishupala-badha - (Raya-Mukuta-Mani) 3. parabhutika & madhukarika -- Are the names of two friends very happlily chosen, as the cuckoo and the bee are closely associated with spring. These also occur in Carudatta of Bhasa (speech of ganika ) | The first is vivacious and jolly while the latter is of simple nature. Kali is fond of contrastive characters (24 n, Remark ). 4. unmatta &c. -The second maid asks the first one ( parabhrtika ) as to the reason of her muttering alone. Then fan using pun says that the cuckoo ( parabhrtika ) is intoxicated at the sight of the mango-buds and 30 also she ( parabhrtika ) is, and hence it is but quite natural for

28 = abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 191 NOTES her, maddened as she is, to talk to herself. 5. madhukarike - Here is another play on words. It means also 'O bee' --- (Com. ). [ Cf. Skt. madhu - (Greek. Methu - Lithunian Medus - Eng. Mead]. 6. mava-vibhrama &c. (i) mada = Intoxication, hilarity; vibhrama - gita - Amorous ditty. Or (ii) vibhrama Wandering about. "This is the time for your (applied to the maid) amorous song through intoxication", or "This is the time for your (applied to the bee) hilarity, wandering and humming". ( Now this is the time for mirth, gaiety and song' - Roby Datta ). 7. agrapada &c. -- ( 118 n. 3 ) - Standing on tip-toe. Text:--prathama--ai mama vi kkhu addham acvana-phalassa [ yadi mamapi khalu ardham arcana - phalasya ] | First Provided mine too would be half the merit of the worship. dvitiya -- sahi ! abhanide vi evam sampajjai | jado ekkam evva no jivida budha-dvidam sariram [abhanite'pi etat sampadyate | yat ekameva nau jivitam dvidha- sthitam sariram ] | ( sakhimavalambya cuta - prasavam grhitva ) aye, appabuddho'bi cuda-ppasavo bandhana-bhanga-surabhi hodi (adhe, aprabuddho'pi cuta prasavo bandhana-bhanga- murabhi vati ) || ( iti karota - hastakam krtva ) || | Second So it will be, my friend, even' though unsaid'. For, one only is our life, (though) divided in body. ( Leaning on her friend and plucking the mango-sprout.) Lo, though not (yet) fullblown the mango-sprout gets' fragrant at the breaking of the stalk'. (Folding the hands so as to form a hollow). arya (12, 18 12, 15) tumsi mae cadamkura ! dinno kamassa gahida - ghanuassa | pahia jana juvai-lakkho pancanbhahio saro hohi ||3|| ( tvamasi maya cutanka ुra ! dattah kamaya grhita- dhanuse | pathika jana yuvati- laksyah pancabhyadhika ' saro bhava || ) || ( iti cunanka ुram ksipati ) || O mango-sprout! thou hast been offered by mc, unto Cupid, who has taken up his bow. Be thou the most splendid arrow of his five, having for thy mark, the young wives of men journeying (abroad). (3) (This said, throws the mango-sprout). - -V. L. - ' kapota hastakam ' - R. B. V.M. 'kapotam ' - S; Bhas 'arhasi me ', for 'tvamasi maya '; 'kamasya grhita capasya ' for 'kamaya grhita dhanuse ' and 'bhavitum ' for 'bhava ' | 'abhyadhikah ' - K. R. S. M . ' antaritah -- B. P.

192 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 29 dvitiyeti | 'abhanite'pi maya anivedite'pi tvam ardham pusyam prapsyasi iti bhavah | 'aprabuddho'pi na samyak prakatito'pi 'cutasya ' amrasya 'prasavah ' mukulah [ 'syadutpade phale puspe prasavo garbhamocane ' ityamarah ) ' bandhanasya ' brntasya 'bhangena ' chedena ( ' samdane ca tatha vrnte mayayam bandhanam smrtam " iti rudrah ), 'surabhih ' sugandhih | kapota- hastakamiti | hastayoh kapota'karamanjali krtva | (asya laksanam yatha sangita- ratnakare - 'kapato'sau karo yatra slista - mulagra parsvako, praname guru-sambhase " ] || ' tvamiti | 'grhitam dhanuh ' yena tasmai 'kamaya ' | ( samasantavidheh anityatvat, 'dhanusasca ' ( 5|4|132 ) iti na anana | anena sarvada sajjatvam dhvani- tam ) | 'pathika jananam ' prositanam panthanam ya 'yuvatayah ' kantah ta eva 'laksyam saravyam yasya tadrsah san 'pancanam ' aravindadinam 'saranam ' 'abhyadhikah sresthah [ 'yasmat nirdhayete, yasca ekadeso nirdharyate yasca nirdharana hetuh etat vitaya sannidhane eva'yam nisedha ' iti kaiyatokteh nirdharanasya apraptatvat atra sasthisamasah | pancabhyadhikatve sarasya'sambandhe sambandhalaksana atisayoktih | iyamarya ) ||3 -- -- 192 a. -- 1. ekameva &c. - Cf. 'avyatirikteyam asmat sarirat ' - --Kad. pp. 577. aprabuddha 'pra + budh means 'to awake from sleep' (198 n. 6), here 'not fully developed'. 2. bandhana &c. -- bandhana - Stalk. (Com). 'bandhana - kosa ' -- Sakuntala III. 4. 3. kapota- hastakam - - 'ka' vayuh 'potah ' nika iva yasya iti 'kapotah ' - A pigeon. The phrase technically means 'the folding of the palms from the wrists to the finger-end", so as to form a hollow inside and resemble a pigeon. This is used in supplication, fear, respect, saluting a deity, or in addressing a superior (Com). 'sarvaparsva- samaslesat kapotah marvasirsakah | bhito vijnapane caiva vinaye ca prayujyate || " - C. S reads 'sarpa - sirsakah " | Also 'ubhabhyamapi hastabhyamanyonyam parsva samgrahat | hastah kapotako nama karma casya nibodhata || vinayopagame caiva pranama - karane tatha, guru-sambhasane caiva kapotah parikirtitah || Bharata. 4. grhita dhanuse -- ' dhanu ' at the final in a bahubrihi always takes 'anana ' (Com.) unless it is a 'samjnasabda ( 5.4.132). Thus the form expected is 'grhita dhanvane ' but 'samasanta - vidhi ' is anitya ie not always obligatory. Read 'katham tarhi "sva lavanyasamsa dhutadhanusamahnaya trnavat " iti puspadanta-prayoga, iti cet | atrahuh | samasanta - vidheh anityatvat na ananupapattih | anityatve pramanam asvadi-gane ( 1.2.196) rajan-sabdapathah I. 870. "pratiraja " | samasantasya anityatvat na tac - Bhattoji Diksita on 6.2.196; - -

-- abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 192 NOTES " idam rajan - sabdasya patha eva jnapayati | samasanta anitya iti | anyatha 'rajaha - sakhibhyah tac ' iti tacah citvadeva siddham ' syat " -- JK on 3927. Also Vide Katika. Cf. "asatthama kara dhrta- dhanuh " -- Vairagya-Sataka III. 23. 'ghrta-dhanusam raghunandanam smarami - Uttara-rama-Charita V. 4. 'dhanuh is also u-karanta- ( Masculine "dhanusa ca dhanum vidu " ; -Bhoja D. 5. pathika - - &c. - panthanam gacchati iti pathin + skan ('pathah kan ' - 5.175) 'pathikah - A traveller. It is very curious that - both Mallinatha and Jaymangala remark on BK. II 43. 'pathi kusalan ' pathi- kan | "tatva kusalah pathah " ( 5.2. 63 ) iti thak | But the Sutra quoted gives vun ( ak ) and not thak, and consequently the form is pathakah and not 'pathikah ' 6. pancabhyadhikah - " pancanam abhyadhikah " -- ( 33 n, 2 ) . According to S this epithet means "a sixth arrow in addition to the five." Cf. " kimuta upavana- sahakarah &c. " - Vikramorvasiya II. He docs not seem to include mango in the list, but this is inaccurate, as cuna is included in the list ( Vide 84 n 2 ) ; Svapna-Vasavadatta IV. 1. It will be interesting to note that in the Mandasor inscription of Kumara-Gupta, Cupid's flowery-arrows consist of different stuffs:-"spastah asoka-tara- ketaka - sindhuvara-lolatimuktaka- latamavayantika - nam | puspodgamarabhinavairadhigamya nunamaikya vijrmbhitasare haradhrta- dehe " | abhyasikah - However may be safely explained as 'the most excellent", " the best", "of five most splendid' - Roby Datta. parikajana &c. Cf. 'preksisyante pathika - vanitah pratyayadasvasatyah ' - Parsvabhyudayam & Meghaduta 1. 8. Text: -- ( pravisya'patiksepena krpitah ) kancuki--ma tavadanatmajne ! devena pratisiddhe'pi maghutsave cuta -kalika bhangamarabhase ' | (Entering in anger with a toss of the curtain) Chamberlain-Not like that, self-forgetting' woman? (Do you dare) begin plucking the mango-bloom,* even though the Spiring-festival is fobidden by His Majesty ? ubhe ( bhite ) - sodavu, pasibabu, ajjo | aggahiba-svao vaam ( prasidatu, pramoda, aryah | agahinarthe ' avam ) | Both ( Afraid ) -- Pleased be Your Honour. We are ignorant' of the matter. ' kambuko -- na kila srutam bhavatimbam yadvasantikai stadabhirapi devasya sasanam " 'pramanikrtam tavasrayibhih ' patribhisca ' | tathahi--

193 NOTES ] sardula- vikridita ( masajasatataga ) sastho'nkah cutanam cira- nirgata'pi kalika badhnati na svam rajah ' 'sannaddham yadapi sthitam kuravakam tat koravasthaya " | kasthesu " skhalitam gate'pi sisire pumskokilanam rutam 31 "sanke samharati " smaro'pi cakita " stuna'rdha-krstam saram ||4|| Chamberlain-Was it not heard by you two, that even by the vernal trees His Majestry's fiat³ is observed', as also by their sheltered feathery' creatures' (i. e. birds)? For,The blossom of the mangoes, though' burst forth long since', does gather no "down" upon its (tender) crest, the Amarnath even though' protruded remains in its budding" state"; though the cold (season) is overpast, the note of the male-cuckoos falteringly slips in (their ) throats. (I) dreadth (that) even Cupid being dismayed", "arrests his shaft half-drawn from ( his ) quiver ( 4 ) 11 V. L. - "prasidatu prasidatu ' -- B ; the reduplication-- Omitted by others. 'yada '-- S. 'yat ' - R. B. V. M. 'kuravakam ' - R. S. 'kuruvakam ' -B. V. M. K; B omits 'patribhisca ' | -- | | pravisyeti | 'nasucitasya patrasya praveso nirgamo'pi ca ' ityukteh atra kancu- - kinah sucanabhavat 'patyah ksepanam ' uttolanam vinaiva pravesah | tava kupitatvam hetuh | etattu vistarena vyakhyatam prak (caturthanke ) | ' ma tavat evam kurusva ' iti vakyasesah | 'atmanam ' svakiya-svabhavam paradhinatvamityarthah, na janati ya sa 'anatmajna ' tatsambuddhau | 'devena ' prakaranat rajnah dusyantena | 'madhutsavah ' caitra purnima [ iti jatadharah ] | arthat tasya tithau ya utsavo vidhiyate sa . | ubhe iti | 'agrhitah ' aparijnatah 'arthah madhutsava - pratisedha-rupah visayah yabhyam tathabhute 'ava ' bhavavah | kancukoti | 'kila ' ityarucau [ 'vartayam aruci kila ' iti trikandasesah ] 'grhitarthe avam ' iti yaduktam tat na visvasaniyam ityarthah | 'vasantikamh ' vasantakala -samjata-puspaih [ chandaso'yam prayogah | 'vasantacca ' (4|3| 20 ; 3451 ) iti thanna ] acetanaih 'tarubhih api ' rajasasana 'pramanikrtam ' palitam ka katha cetananam iti api sabdarthah [ pramanikrtam iti gamyotpreksa | athava asambandhe sambandharupa atisayoktisca | rajajnayah tattvato'sambandhat ] | 'tapahi ' tamevartham janihi | [ loti rupam iti gopinathapadah ] | cutanamiti | 'cutanam ' amranam 'kalika ' manjari [ jatya'bhiprayena ekavacanam ] 'ciram bahukalat vikasita satyati 'sva ' sviyam 'rajah ' paragam 'na badhnati ' na drstam karoti ityarthah | ( yatha kacana balapraudha़taya rajodarsanam na yati iti samasoktih ) | 'kuravakam ' puspabhede (jatavekavacanam ) 'yadyapi sannaddham ' prasphutanaya sajjibhutam vikaso-

32 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 193 NOTES nmukham ityarthah | 'tat koraka-vasthayam ' kutmala-rupena sthitam parantu rajasasanat na vikasitam, 'pumamsah kokilah pikah tesam (anena madati- rekah dyotyate ) 'rutam kujitam [ 'tirascam vasitam rutam ' ityamarah ] 'sisire gate'pi ' vasantarambhe api 'kanthesu skhalitam ' pratiruddham, na tu kanthebhyo bahirgatam iti bhavah | 'sa' manye ( iti kriyotpreksa, tatha ca darpanoktam 'manye sate dhruvam prayo nunamityeva- - madayah, "utpreksa- vacakah ' iti | 'smaro'pi ' bhagavan kamadevo'pi [ 'karpura iva dagdho'pi saktiman yo jane jane | haratapi tanum yasya sambhuna na balam hrtam ', evam- vidhah saktidharo madano'pi iti api sabdarthah ] rajajnaya 'cakitah ' bhitah [ "cakitah sankita bhita " iti trikandasesah ] 'tunat " tunirat ' ardhakrsta ' amsatah niskasitam 'saram samharati ' punarapi tunire sthapayati [prathama-pada-vaye ciranirgatadeh karanasyokteh karyasya paragadenisedhat mala - visesoktih, svabhavoktih, kavyalinganca | sthistheti kurakoreti repumropiti cheka-sruti-vrttyanuprasah | sardulavikriditam chandah ] ||4|| - 193 n. - 1. anatmase - Cf. 'mayi vyavaharatyanatmajnah ' - Mala. :- 1. Have you fogotten that you are but servants? You must be silly enough to make preparations for vernal festivities which have been prohibited by the king. 2. utsava - Etymologically means 'merry-making' celebrated at the birth of a son, later on the meaning was extended to any festivity. any festivity. 'utsute harsamityesa utsavah parikirtita ."- (194 n. 5 ) . madhutsave - madhutsava of the Hindus may be identified with the Saturnalia or rather the Carnival of the Romans. It was in old times performed in celebration of the return of spring and in honour of Kamadeva (in modern times, in honour of his progenitor, Krsna) with great pomp ad eclat. Citizens both men and women, decorated with fine robes and oranaments, used to roam in the streets, dancing, singing and beating drums, scattering red powders and coloured water with the help of syringe upon the persons of their companions, Cf. 'madhu-matta kamini - jana-svayamgraha - grhita- srngaka- jalaprahara - nrtyan-nagarajana-janita - kautuhalasya samantatah svacchandamardalo- hamam carcari - sabdamukhara rathya-mukha- sobhinah prakirna- patavasa-punja-pinjarita dasa disamukhasya sasrikatam madana mahotsavasya ' - Rat 1; Ibid. I. 9 & 10. Some identify it with the Holi-festival called 'Nu-roz' by the Mahomedans (Vide Asiatic

193 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 33 Researches, Vol. II. P. 385.), Dola-yatra in Bengal, 'Hutas' ani or 'Shimga' in the Deccan, 'Kammannana Habba' in the Canarese province, and Fagua by the Mundas. Cf. The des- -cription of madanotsava - quoted above with that of dolotsava - 'visesatah kaliyoge dolotsavo vidhiyate | **pujayet vidhivad bhaktya phalgucurnaih catuvidhaih || sita- raktamh gaura-pitaih karpuradi - vimisritaih -- &c. -- Padma-Purana; Kuttanimatam of Damodara Gupta 882889. 3. basantikaih -- With kala-vacaka words the usual affix is (thana ) -- (38 n, 3, end) but in the case of rtu-vacaka words, a Special Sutra (viz. 'sandhivelady rtu - naksatrebhyo'n ' - - 4.3.16) bars the application of 'thanj '| ("than-pratyayasya vadha " - Prabha). Hence for 'vasante jana . we expect 'an ' giving the form 'vasantah ' -- ( Cf. ' vasanti sitala laghvi nikta dosatrayatrajit '- ' - BhP. 'vasanti jyotsna ' - Act. III; 'vasanti madhavi - lata '-- Amara-Kosa, and Bhanuji Diksita there on vasanti 'durga puja ) | Yet Kali. uses the form 'vasantika ' with 'thanna which is used only in the Vedic Literature and is formed by the Vedic Sutra 'asantanca ' (4. 3. 20) 'than syat chandasi | vamantikam ' -- Bhattoji Diksita 'rtvano 'pavadah | 'madhusca madhavasca vasantiko rtu ' - Sruti qld. Vamana The frequent use of Vedic words by our poet has already been noticed by us. Note also that vasantika sometimes means vidusaka | Cf. 'vasantikah kelikilo vaihasikah vidusaka ' - H. 4. authoritative, obeyed ; 'pramanikrtah panih ' - Uttara-rama-Charita pramanikrta -- (Held III. 7. The kings are supposed to be endowed with supernatural power over the advent or cessation of season, also over other objects of nature. Read 'jaladhara | samhara atra kopam maya ajnaptah * * prthvi bhraman yadi priyam preksisye tada yat yat karisye tattu sahisye ' -- Vikramorvasiya IV. II. 'yat ' munayo'pyevam vyaharanti "raja ' kalasya karanamiti " tat kimahamenam jaladharasamayam na prasthavisami " - - Ibid. IV. 12. 5. cutanam - &c. - Cf. isadvaddha - rajah kana'gra- kapisa cute nava manjari - Vikramorvasiya II. 7. Read the whole floka, also (53 n. 3) ; rajas is also akaranta | Cf. 'puspe vese gune caiva rajo'yam rajasa saha-- Utpalini. badhnati -- (forms) -- san - vibhantsati, yana babadhyate ; -- Raghuvamsha 1. 80; XII. 69; Kumara-sambhava V. 60. 6. pumskokilanam - puman kokilah -pumskokilah | Also (pumskokilah ) -- pumgrahanam pragalabhya - dyotanartham ' - Mallinatha in Kumara-sambhava III. 32; hence no apustarthatva dosah | 'ma' becomes 'ru ' by 'phumah khayi ampare '

4 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 193 NOTES 8. 3. 6; 139 ). Next apply the Varttika - 'samdhukanam so vaktavyah ',- (138); se- (Methinks ) - Cf. Ram. IV. 2. 21; V. 20. 26. 7. cakitah Frightened, Cf. 'priyane cakitam bhiterasthane'pi bhayam mahat ' - Ujvalanilamani 'paulastya cakitesvarah - Raghuvamsha X. 73; 'vyadhanusara- cakita hariniva yasi - Mricchakatika 1. 17. ' cakita - vilokita - sakaladisa ' - Gita-Govinda 2. samharati-- ( 14 n. 8 ) ; 'pratisamharan isu ' - Raghuvamsha III. 64 ; smarah -- ( smarayati ) utkanthayati iti 'smr adhyane ' | pacadyac ( 3.1.134) ) or smaryate anena iti va ' pumsi samjnayam ' - - iti ghah [3. 3. 111] - Bhanuji Diksita Contrast this with 'kusumajanma tato navapallavah ' &c. - Raghuvamsha IX.26. suna -- also tunira (m), tuni (F), mean quiver. "tuni nilaya nisange va na " -- Medini. "tuna " ca || 'striyam ; tune - budhi upasangah " -- Ratnakoga Quoted by Bhanuji Diksita Text: - sanumati -- natthi ettha sandeho | mahappahao kkhu raesi [ nastyatra samdehah | mahaprabhavah khalu rajarsih ] | Sanumati--There is no doubt ( of it). The royal sage ( is ) of great power. prathama -- ajja, kati diahai amhanam mittavasuna ratthiena bhattino paamulam - pesidanam [ arya, kati divasani avayomitravasuna rastriyena bhartuh pada-mulam presitayoh ] etya a no pamada-vanassa palana-kamma samappidam | ta aantuadae assuba-puvo amhahim eso vuttanto ( atra ca nau pramada-vanasya ' palana- karma samarpitam | tadagantukataya ' asrutapurva avabhya mesa vrttantah ) | First -- Revered Sir, (it is only a few days since we were sent to the feet of His Majesty by Mitravasu, the king's brother-inlaw. And here the duty of tending the pleasure-garden' was entrusted to us. Thus owing to our being strangers, the incident was not heard by two of us before, kancuki -- bhavatu | nahi punarevam pravartitavyam | Chamberlain All right, never again should you do this. ubhe--ajja ! kohalam no | jaha imina janena sovavvam, kahedu bhaam, ki gimitam bhattina vasantussavo pada़िsiddho tti [ arya, kautuhalam nau | yadi anena janena srotavyam kathayatu bhavan kim nimittam bhartra vasantotsavah pratisiddha iti ] | Both Revered Sir, we have a curiosity. If it may be heard by these persons, let Your Honour tell us why the (usual) springfestival is interdicted by His Majesty. sanumati --utsava-pia kkhu manussa | ta ettha guruna karanega hoba [ utsava - priyah khalu manusyah | tadana guruna karanena bhavitavyam ] |

194 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 35 Sanumati - Men are (naturally) fond of festive entertainments. There must be a grave cause here. (i.e. for the prohibition). kancuki - - bahuli - bhutametat ki na kathyate | kimatrabhavatyoh karna-payam nayatam sakuntala - pratyavesa-kaulinam | Chamberlain - This has been thoroughly public t; why (should it be) not told? Has not the scandal' (gossip-M) of Sakuntala's repudiation reached the range of your ears here ? - - -V. L. - 'manumati ' - B.S. 'ubhe ' - R.V.M. 'bhartuh padamulam ' - B.M. S. 'bhattini - padamulam ' - R. V. 'tra ' - B. S. 'ittham ' - M. R. V. 'palanakarma ' - R. V. M. 'sakalam pratikarma ' - S. 'citrakarma ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha - - prathameti | rastre adhikrta iti 'rastriyah ' tena ('rastra'vara -parat gha- khaum '-4|2|93 ; 1313 iti ghah ) nagarikena syalena | 'minavasu ' iti nagarika- nama | 'kati divasani ' svalpa divasah ('va tu klive divasa-vasari ' ityamarah ) 'pramada-vanasya ' 'antahpura-viharocita vanasya ' ( iti ramayana- tikayam ramapadah ) | 'agantukataya ' aharyataya navagatataya ityarthah ( ' syat agantukam aharyam ' iti vikandasesah ) 'esah vrttantah ' vasantotsava - pratisedha-varta | 'asrutapurvah ita purvam anakarnitah | kancukiti | 'bhavatu ' yajjatam tajjatam ityarthah | ubhe iti | 'srotavyam ' sravanayogyam, asmadrsah hinasya janasya sravane yadi doso na syadityarthah | sanumatiti | 'utsava - priyah ' ('va priyasya ', vah -- 898 iti priya sabdasya para-nipatah paksikah ) | kancukiti | 'bahulibhutam ' sarvatra prasiddhi praptam | 'sakuntalayah pratyadesah ' nirakrtih, pratyakhyanam iti yavat | tallaksanam yat 'kaulinam ' apavadah ('kaulinam pasubhiryuddhe kulinatvapavadayoh ' iti dharanih ) 'karna-patham ' sravana-visayam | ('rkpurabdhuh pathamanakse ' - ( 5|4|74- iti samasantah a: ) 'nayatam ' nagatam || 194. - 1. nastyatra &c. -- should be assigned to Sanumati and not to the two maids, as has been done by M. For the usual way of naming the king by the servants is 'bhatta ' or 'deva ' (62 n, 3), and not 'rajada ' as has been used by sanumati (Cf. 'sampratamasya rajarseh udantam pratyaksikarisyami ' (supra), also "rastriyena bhartuh padamulam "; "ki nimittam bhartra vasantotsavah pratisiddhah " (speeches of the maids). 2. kati divasani &c. - padamulam is indicative of humble servitude. 'mula ' here means 'antika ', "mulamadya sikayam syat me nikunje'ntike'pi ca " -- Visva. ' sasthi " after "-- 'gatani ' &c. expressing the lapse of time, is very common in

36 " abhijnanasakuntalam [194 NOTES Sanskrit. Cf. 'maso yatasya yasya ' - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 716. " adya dasamo masastasya upara- tasya " - Mudra-Raksasa " astapancasatam ratyah sayanasyadya me gatah --- Maha. XIII. 7732. 'bhattini- padamulam " (R) -- is rejected as our poet elsewhere mentions maids being presented to the King, and not to the Queen. Read ' deva, amatyo vijnapayati | tasmin vidarbhavisayopayane dve silpadarike marga parisramad alagha sarire iti purvam na pravesite | samprati devopasthana- yogye samvrnam -- Mala V. 'silpavarikabhuyistham parijanam ca upayanikrtya bhartah sakasam presitah ' -- Ibid. V. In Kad. citralekha also was presented to the king. 3. rastriyena -- By the City - superintendent, the king's brother-in-law (syalah ) mentioned in the Induction. Cf. 'raja-syalastu rastriyah '-- Amara-Kosa Or, Mitravasu is a person different from and probably acted as a kind of "Viceroy". Sometimes rastriya means a king. Cf. 'rastriya syalah " - Mricchakatika IX. Also 'rastriya '- (H). 4. pramada vanasya - pramadana vanam iti 'pramada-vanam ' | 'nayapoh, samjna- cchandaso bahulam ' ( 6. 3. 63) (iti hrasvah ' - - Bhanuji Diksita A pleasure-garden attached to the seraglio where the king takes his promenade with Vidusaka or with the inmaies of the harem. Cf. 'myade |deva pramada-vanama antah- purocitama " - Amara-Kosa Sometimes 'a' or 'i' is not shortened (3 n. 4). Cf. "hasvabhavo'pi | 'jahahi pramadavanama - BE XX. 10. - (Raya-Mukuta-Mani) (vabhaja pramada-banama ' - Ram. V. 4115; 20 5. kim nimittam -- ( 36 n. 3) 'nimitta- paryaya- prayaga sarvasa prayadarsanama - - iti prathama - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 608. utsava- priyah- Cf. 'priya- mandana ' - IV. 9. utsava - Is to be derived from 'su ' "to give birth to " ( su prasavaisvayam yo . ) Lit, the word means "the birth - of a son", which of course is the greatest occasion for joy, hence any festival. (193 n. 2). Note that our poet is a close observer of human nature. 6. bahuli - bhutam &c. - Is 'svagatam ' - according' to Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha Owing to its wide publicity the incident is almost known to all. Hence I don't think there will be any harm, if it is disclosed to these persons. 'bahuli bhu ' - Means 'to increase','spread'. Cf. 'bahulibhute kauline ' -- Ram. VI. 64. 30; 'pauresu so'ham bahulibhavanti '-Raghuvamsha XIV. 38; (198 n, 2, middle ). 7. sakuntala &c. -- pratyadesa - Repudiation. kula +kha kulinah - [ 'kulat kha : ' - - ( 4. 1. 139 ). kha ina - ( 7.1.2.) kulinasya karma bhavo va yuvadyan ( 5. 1. 130) iti kaulinam ] -- - - - --

194 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 37 Bhanuji Diksita . Primarily the word means 'nobility of birth'. Next it comes to mean 'something related to a big family which is to be kept secret', hence a family-scandal. Or, kule janamamuhe bhavam iti kulinam ie arising from a 'crowd of men hence a scandal; for people gathering together in a place generally speak ill of others. Or, 'ko ' prthivyam linam iti kaulinam .. which falls to the ground i. e. a scandal which generally has got no foundation, or what is fit to be buried under earth i.e. not to be given out. Read 'kaulina matmasrayamacacaksa ' -- Raghuvamsha XIV. 36; 'kaulina- bhitena ' - XIV. 84 'malavikagatam kimapi kaulinam sruyate ' - Mala. III. 'tadeva kaulinamiva pratibhati - Vikramorvasiya II: Meghaduta II. 51. 'janma kolinam - Vairagya-Sataka II. 11. Text : -- ubhe - ajja ! sudam ratthila-muhabo amgulia-damsanam java ( srutam rastriya mukhat amnga ुliyaka-darsanam yavat ) | Both - ( We ) have heard from the mouth of the king's brother-in-law as far as the finding of the ring. kancuki-tena hi svalpam kathayitavyam | yadaiva khalu svanga liyaka-darsanadanu- smrtam devena satyamudha-purva ' rahasi me tatrabhavati sakuntala mohat pratyavisteti tada- prabhrtyeva 'pascatapamupagato devah | tathahi- sardulavikrida़िta ramyam dvesti, ' yatha pura prakrtibhi nam pratyaham sevyate, sayya pranta-vivartanam vigamayatyunidra ' eva ksapah | (mamajamananaga ) " daksinyena dadati vacamucita mantahpurebhyo ' yava 'gotresu skhalitastada bhavati va "brida़ा-vilaksasciram ||5|| Chamberlain Then indeed very little remains to be told. When at the sight of his own ring, it was recollected by His Majesty, that Her Ladyship Sakuntala was, in sooth previously' 'wedded by him in private, and was rejected through infatuation even thence-forward His Majestry is struck³ with remorse". For -- He loathes' (everything) delightful; as before, he is not daily waited upon by his ministers'; he spends sleep-less* nights in rolling about on the edge of (his) couch. And when Tout of courtesy', he gives the wonted (or suitable) reply to the "inmates of the seraglio, then blundering in (their ) names', he remains disconcerted" with shame for a long time ( 5 ) 10 --V. L. - Breads 'svayam ' for 'alpa ' | 'udha़purva mem - R. V. 'upurva maya - M. S. B. 'yathapura ' - R. B. V. M. 'yathapuram ' - S. 'sayyapransam '-- -

38 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 194 NOTES R.V.M.S. 'sayyopante ' - B. 'vridavilaksah ' - R. V. M. 'vridavanamrah 'B. S. kancukiti | 'sakuntala satyam ' na tu bhranti-kalpitam 'mem ' maya ( tatha coktam vamanena -- 'te me sabdo nipatesu " iti ) 'purvam udha़ा ' parinita ( sahasupeti samasah ) | 'mohat ' mati bhramat | (anena pratyakhyana - janita 'paradhah nijasya ityuktam ) 'pascattapam ' anutapam ( ' pascatapo'nutapasca vipratisara ityapi ' ityamarah ) | 'upagatah ' praptah | 'tathahi ' tamevartham janihi | ramyamiti | 'deva iti gadyastham kartrpadamatra sambadhyate | ramayatiti 'ramyam ' ramaniyam sraka-candana- vanitadi-vastu 'dvesti ' na abhinandati | caksusa'pi na pasyati iti bhavah | 'yatha pura ' yatha purvavat prakrtibhih ' amatyadibhih 'pratyaham na sevyate ' svecchaya kadacit purvavat pratidinam amatyaimilitah san rajakaryam avalokayati iti bhavah | 'udgata nidra ' yasya sa 'unnidrah ' jagaritah 'eva sayyanam ' ( sayyate atra iti 'samjnayam samaja - - ( 3 | 3 |99 ) iti adhikaranavacye kyap | tatah " ayana yi knati " ( 7|4|22 ) iti ayana ) 'prantayoh ' na tu madhye, yani 'vivartanani ' na tu svapah, parantu itastatah parilunthanani, ksanam vame, ksanam daksine, ksanam prsthata ityasayah | 'ksapah ' nisah na tu ekam nisam | 'vigamayati ' yapayati, viruddham yatha syat 'yada daksinyena ' sarvasu purva- · tatha ativahayati, tah tu na svayam gacchanti | parigrahesu samaragitaya ( 'esu tvaneka mahilasu sama-rago daksinah kathita ' iti darpanah ) 'antahpurebhyah ' laksanaya antahpura-sthita- mahisibhyah 'ucita ' tatkala- yogyam na tu adhikam prasnatiriktam 'vaca dadati tada gotresu ' namasu ( 'gotam namni anvaye gotam, gotrasca dharanidhara ' iti gadasihah ) 'skhalitah ' bhrastah, tannama agrhitva arthat vasumati - namni uccarayitavye sakuntala - nama uccaritavan ityarthah, 'ciram ' dirghakalam 'vrida़ya ' lajjaya vilaksah ' vismayanvitah || ( ' iti - - kartavyata- sunya ' iti katayavemah || 'dainyamapana ' iti vidyambudhih ) || ('vilakso vismayanvita ' ityamarah | apica 'atmanascarite samyag jnate'nyai ryasya jayate | apattrapa'timahati sa vilaksa iti smrtah ) || 'bhavati va arthat daksinatvat vaimukhyam na gacchati | ana pascattapadike karane vaktavye yat karyasya ramya-dvesadervarnanam tat paryayoktam | kavyalinganca | anekasu kriyasu eka- kartrkatvat dipakabhedasca | anutapa - pratipadana karyam prati bahutara-karano-panyasat "prakrtibhih na sevyate " ityatra karmavacyatmanepadanta- -triyo-panyasat bhagna - prakramata- dosah | rudha़ि prayojanabhave'pi antahpura- sabdena tatstha- strisu laksana karanat neyarthatvadosah | " ramyam dvesti, yatha pura svavisayan no pasyati pratyaham " - iti prathama carana pathena, "antahpurebhya " ityatra 'simantinibhyah " samuccayalankarah | aa

195 NOTES ] - sastho'nkah -- 39 nibhyah " iti pathena ca tayoh samadhanam vidheyam - iti siddhantavagisapadah || purapreti prapreti ksaksiti chekavrtyanuprasau ca | sardulavikriditam chandah ) ||2|| 195 n. - 1. uda़-purva - - &c. - - me - 'maya ', - - ( 10 n 2 ). Cf. 'parinita- purva -- Sakuntala V. pascattapa - - Cf. "Dire was the tossing, deep the groans"-Milton. 2. ramyam &c. - Refers to the usual delightful objects such as garlands, annointing of the body with sandal and various other cosmetics, moon-beams, and the Malaya-wind &c. In fa delightful objects are considered to be undelightful. Cf. " tada ramya maramyani, priyah salyam tadasavah | tadaikaki sabandhuh sannistena rahito yada " - Kiratarjuniya XI. 28; Sakuntala III. 3; ( 84 n. 5); puspavana-vilasa-- 13; Vikramorvasiya III. 9; Raghuvamsha XIII. 27. 3. prakrtibhih &c. - Mark the krama bhanga-dosa in 'sevyate ' | Cf. Kamandaka. XV. 1; unnidrah-- Cf. 'itara tu muhurmuhurangavalanaih vilulita- kisalaya - sayana-tala nimilita-locanapi nabhajata nidram " -- Harshacharita I. 16; Also vide 'ratirahasya ' Quoted by Mallinatha on Meghaduta I. 30. 4. daksinyena - In spite of his earnest love for Sakuntala, he was courteous to his other wives. A fer hero is one who is kind - to his previous lovers. Read "eka''srito'nukula, samarago daksinastu sarvasu satha ekatraiva rato bahiranyata priyo'priyo manasi " || Also 'daksino'syam sahrdayah ' - - Dasa-Rupaka; 'daksinyam nama vimbosthi vaimbikanam kulavratam - - Mala. IV. 13; Kama-Sutra (of Vatsayana) IV. 2. 85; ( 81 n. 7 - End). 5. gotresu stvalitah - Erring in names due to latent attachment to another lady-love is very common with the poets of all countries in the world. Cf. - "gotra-skhalana manisam gopi te gopayisyan | radhanamnimakaravaham sarikama- ntikastham " - Uddhava-Dita; 'svapnagatam dadarsa tam jagada gotra skhalita ' &c. Naisadha-Carita I. 30; 'gotra skhalitesu bandhanam " - Kumara-sambhava VI. 8; Raghuvamsha XIX. 22 ; 24 ; - - ' gotra - skhalanaparadhinastasya | sakhyah smarabhi sahasa vilaksatam klistam gferrer 11-Kuttanimatam of Damodara Gupta 689. 'On one occasion while soliloquizing thus he called her "Sue" unconsciously'-Jude The Obscure, (Thomas Hardy). 'purusottameti bhanitavye pururava iti nirgata vani 'Vikramorvasiya III. 'arya, yannimittam bharta adya utkanthitam tasyah striyah namadheyena bhartra devi alapita ' - Ibid. 11. - - ( pravesaka ) | "rtavrata dhire dhire ora mathaya hata bulate thake | cokha duti bumje yaya avara | asphute bida़ bida़ kare bale - 'kamala, amara kamalamani ami jani se tomara aparadha naye | camake othe rekha .

40 abhijnana- sakuntalam [195 NOTES rekha mitirera sange naya, kona eka kamalamanira sanga katha balachila etaksana vikara-grasta rogi " - naimisaranya, p. 55. Text : sanumati -- piam me piam ( priyam me priyam ) | Sakuntala--Sweet ( news) to me. kancuki -- asman prabhakto ' vaimanasyadutsavah pratyakhyatah | Chamberlain-Owing to this over-whelming' mental depression', the festival has been prohibited. ubhe -- jujjai ( yujyate ) | Both -- That's right. nepathye -- edu edu bhavam - - ( etu etu bhavan ) | ( In the tiring room) Let Your Majesty advance. kancuki ( karna dattva ) - aye | sva-karmanusthiyatam | ita evabhivartate devah | Chamberlain (Leaning his ear) - Hark ! even hither tends His Majesty. Let your own duty be attended to (by you). ubhe - - taha (tatha ) | (niskrante ) | Both -As you command (Exewnt ambo). - | | ( tatah pravisati pascattapa sadrsa-vepo ' raja vidusaka pratihari tva ) || kancuki - - ( rajanamavalokya ) - aho ! sarvasvavasthasu 'ramaniyakamakrti- visesanam | evamutsuko'pi priyadarsano devah | tathahi-- -- pratyadista- visesa - mandana - vidhi vana-prakosthapitam sardulavikridita vibhrat kancanamekameva valayam, syamoparakta-dharah | ( masajasatataga ) cinta - jagarana- pratamra-nayana stejo-gunadatmanah 'samskaro - llikhito mahamaniriva ksino'pi nalaksyate || 6 || (Enter the king dressed in an attire indicative of remorse', the Vidi saka and portress). Chamberlain (Looking at the king)-Oh! the loveliness of the beautiful forms' under all (outward ) circumstances. - 5 Though so anxious, His Majestry (is) of charmning appearance. For, Discarding (all) forms of special embellishment, wearing but one bracelet of gold, fastened on his left fore-arm, with' (his) lower-lip distressed by (hot) sighs', and with eyes very red through wakefulness, (caused by ) carking thoughts. - he though attenua ted, is not noticed as such, by virtue of his own ( inherent) lustre, like a precious jewel polished' by the whet-stone*. (6) .. - Breads 'vaimanasya - paritah ' for 'utsukah ' | 'ramaniyakam ' -- B.P. 'ramana tvam ' - R. M. V. S. 'prakosthapitam ' -- R. B. M. S. 'prakosthe

195 NOTES ] sastho'nkah . 41 slatham '- ' -- B. 'svasoparakta ' - R. B. S. 'svasaparakta ' - M. V. 'pratanta ' R.V. 'pratamra '-- B. M. S. 'tejogunat ' -- R. V. S. M. 'tejogunaih ' -- B, kacuki | 'prabhavati ' satisayam sakti dhatte yat tat 'prabhavat ' pravalam, tasmat 'vaimanasyat ' udvegat [ 'pravisya'patiksepena ' ityadyetadantena dhuti-namaka- mangamupaksiptam | 'tarjanodvejane prokta dyutih ' iti darpana - laksanat ] | kacukiti | 'aho ' iti vismaye | ramaniyatva karanesu vesadisu asatsu api tatsatvam iti vismaya-hetuh | 'akrti- visesanam ' uttamakrtinam [ "viseso'vayave dravye drastavye uttama vastuni ' iti sabdarnavah ] 'ramaniyakam ' manoharitvam 'utsukah ' ista-viyogat utkanthitah [ 'autsukya-laksanam tu praguktam ] | pratyadisteti | 'pratyadistah ' nirakrtah parityaktah iti yavat 'visesena ' arthat utsava - kalo- cita-hara keyuradina 'mandanasya alankaranasya 'vidhi ': vyaparah anusthanamiti yavat yena tathabhutah [ anena "angani abhusitanyeva praksepadyaih vibhusanaih | yena bhusitavat bhanti tadrupamiti kathyate " || iti rupam dhvanitam ] | 'vame prakosthe arthat manibandhat isadurdhvabhage 'arpitam " nyastam 'ekameva [ anena dvitiyasya vahanasamathyam dyotyate ] 'kancanam ' haimam 'valayam ' vibhrat dharayan ('na'bhyastat satuh ' 7|1|79 - - iti numabhavah ) |] " atra vama - hasta-dharanam sakuntala- viraha-sambhranta- cittatvena " iti sankarapadah ) 'svasa ' nisvasa marutaih 'uparaktah ' vyasanartah, pida़ाmgatah iti yavat ( ' iti nyayapancananacaranah | enena svasanam dirghatvam usnatvam ca vyanjitam | 'uparaktah vyasanarte rahugrastendu-suryayoh ' iti medini ) 'adharah ' yasya tadrsah | 'cintaya ' sakuntala - visayinya utkanthaya yat 'jagaranam ' anidra, tena pratamre ' prakarsena tamravarna ' 'nayane ' yasya tadrsah maharajah ( esu svabhavoktih parikara'lankarasca ) 'ksino'pi ' anutapat krsah api ; mani-pakse gharsanat ksayam gato'pi [ 'ksiyo dirghat ' - ( 8|1|46 ) itinatvam ] 'samska- rena ' sanadina 'ullikhita ' tanukrtah ghrsta iti yavat ('syadullikhitamut- kirne tanukrte ca vacyavat ' iti medini ] yadva 'samskarartham ' anga-ragartham 'ullikhitah ' sanadina ghrstah 'mahamanih iva ' hirakadiriva [ 'maha-sabdena jatyatvam sarva-gunavisistatvam mahatvam ca dhvanitam ] yatha sano-llikhitah mahamanih 'atmanah ' svasya 'tejo-gunat ' prabhava''dhikyena 'na alaksyate ' krsatvena na pari- drsyate tadvat [ ityupamalankarah | prapeti prstheti ksiksyeti cheka-vrttisrutyanuprasah | atha cinteti 'samkalpa ' || jagareti 'nidracchedah ' ksina iti tanuta | disteti 'visaya- nivrttih || iti kamavastha api sucitah | atra madhurya nama ayatnajo'lankara uktah | "sarvavastha - visesesu madhuryam ramaniyata " - - iti darpana - laksanat | sardulavikriditam chandah ] || 6|| " pratya-

42 196. -- 1. Loveliness. Cf. abhijnana- sakuntalam prabhavat - ( Over-whelming). [ 196 NOTES vaimanasyam -- (Distrac - tion of mind ). But K & M supported by Che´ zy explain 'prabhavatah ' by " of the king ie of one who rules". Cf. 'nati prabhavatah aparadhah ' - Vikramorvasiya II. (end ). ( Now vide 107 n. 4) 2. pascattapa &c. Refers to the robes which one in those days was to wear in lovelorn condition, so that the audience might know one to be as such. Cf. 'vihita niyama-vesa rajamahisi ' - - Vikramorvasiya III. "kusala- viracita- 'nukula-vesah ' - - Raghuvamsha V. 76. 3. sarvasva-vasthasu &c. - The idea is differently expressed by our poet elsc-wherc. Cf. 'kimiva hi madhuram mandanam nakatinam ' -- ( 25 n. 8 ) . 'raja -- ( atmagatam ) aho sarvasvava- syasu anavadyata rupasya ' - - Mala. II. ramaniya + vuna = ramaniyakam -- 'sa ramaniyaka-nidhe radhidevata ' - Malati-Madhava 'taruni stana evam sobhate mani-haravali - ramaniyakam " -- Naisadha-Carita II. 44. Shishupala-badha I. 39. evamutsuko'pi &c. -- Cf. 'nirbharotkantha- pariksamamapi slaghaniya-lavanyam tanum samudvahan ' - Rat. IV. 4. pratyadista &c - mandana - vidhi - The act of donning. Cf. 'abharanasyabharana prasadhanavidhe prasadhana- visesah-- Vikramorvasiya II. 3. 5. vama- - prakostha &c. - Vide ( 96 n. 3. ) . 6. svasoparakta &c. -- ' uparakta ' sometimes mans 'tinged'. Cf. 'dvisa-dveso-parakta'nga sanginih sveda - viprusah Shishupala-badha II. 18, but here it may mean 'distressed, parched'. (Com). Cf. 'nisvasana - masisirataya bhinna- varnadharostham ' - Parsvabhyudayam & Meghaduta 83. 'nisvasenadhara- kisalaya- klesina ' - Ibid. 89. aparakta means 'rakta honah -- Bloodless". M, but "rakta " in the sense of blood is un-Kalidasian. Besides blood-less or pale lip cannot be stated to be beautiful by Kancuki, who is referring to the beauty of the king. Vide. Raghuvamsha IV. 60; XII. 64; Parsvabhyudayam& Meghaduta 36; 7. pratamra &c. - "dhumabhi tamraksam " Raghuvamsha XV. 49-The king's eyes have become 'deep red", owing to sleeplessness caused by anxiety about Sakuntala pratanta (R) --- means 'distressed', from tam ( - - to be distressed in body or mind). Cf. 'pravisati muhuh kunja ganjan mahu bahu tamyati ' - Gita-Govinda 5 gadhotkantha- lalita- lulitairangakam stamyatiti ' - Malati-Madhava I. 15. 8. samskaro &c. -samskara =. A polishing stone' 'ullikhitam ' -- Polished. Or, 'samskara -- (VI. I. 137) - Decoration'. 'svabhava - sundaram vastu na samskaramapaksate ' -- Drstanta Sataka, 49. 'yatte drstama-samskara- patalosta-putam mukham -- Sakuntala VII. 23. Mricchakatika --- " ---

196 NOTES] sastho'nkah 43 USCS II. 10; also 'mani ssanolidha, ssamara vijayi heti dalito, mada-ksinonaga, ssaradi saridasyana pulina | kalasesa scandra, ssurata- mrdita vala vanita tanimna sobhante, galita-vibhava sca'rthisu janah " || - Niti-Sataka 60 "paryaya- pitasya suraihimamso kalaksayah sladhyataro hi vrddheh "Raghuvamsha V. 16. Kali elsewhere samskara simply in the sense of 'polishing'. Cf. 'prayukta-samskara ivadhikam babhau -- Raghuvamsha III. 18. and Mallinatha thereon. The word has been used in various other senses by our poet. Vide (a ) Kumara-sambhava I. 28; Raghuvamsha XV.. 76~~ (refinement', 'grammatical purity); (b) Kumara-sambhava VII. 2. Raghuvamsha III. 35 - ('education 'training of the mind'); (c) Raghuvamsha 20-(merit of action'); (d) Raghuvamsha X. 79.---('purificatory ceremony). 9 na alaksyate &c. - Notwithstanding the fact that a stone when smartened or polished in a machine, becomes thinner by losing its weight, still its brilliance is doubly enhanced due to its intrinsic lustre. Exactly similar is the case with Dusyanta. Mental throe has, told upon his physique, but not upon his inherent magestic lustre. Cf. 'apacitamapi gatram vyayatatvad alaksyam ' - Sakuntala II. 4; VII. 10 ( last line). -Remark Here the various stages of love-lorn condition ( ananga - dasa ) have been described (Com. ). Read "nayanapritih prathamam cintasangastato'tha samkalpah | nidra ccheda stanuta visaya-nivrtti strapa-nasah | unmado murccha ityetah smara-dasa dasaiva syu rityacaksate - Ujjvalan lamani ; also Kavyalankara-Sutra-vrtti I. 5. " Text : --sanumati ( gajanam vilokya ) - thane paccavesa - vimanida bi imassa kive saundala kilissadi | [ sthane khalu pratyadesa vimanita'pi asya krte sakuntala klisyati ] | Sanumati - (Looking at the king ) - Rightly, indeed, although disdainfully rejected does Sakuntala pine, after (such a man). raja -- ( dhyana - mandam parikramya ) arya - prathamam sarangaksya priyaya ' pratibodhyamanamapi suptam | ( 12, 18 'anusaya - duhkhayevam hata-hrdayam samprati vibuddham ||7|| 12, 15) King - ( Walks about slowly, sunk in thought) - This accursed heart' (of mine) previously asleep though roused' by my fawn-eyed beloved, is now broad-awake (but to feel) the throe of remorse' (7)

v abhijnana- samkuntalam [ 197 NOTES V. L. - klisyati ' -- B. 'klamyati ' - - V. M. 'klasyatiti ' -R. sanumatiti | 'pratyadesena ' nirakrtya 'vimanita ' avajnata | 'krte ' iti nimirttartha-sucako nipatah [ artha krte avyaya tavat tadarthye vartate dvayam ' iti kosasarah ] 'sthane ' yuktam ( 'sthane tu karanarthe syat yukta-sadrsyayorapi ' iti medini ) 'khala ' ityavadharane | prathamamiti | 'prathama ' pratyakhyana - samaye 'sarangasya ' mrgasya aksini 'saranganksini ' iva 'aksini ' yasyah tadrsya [ uttarapada-lopi bahubrihih | sac - (5|4|113 ) ; nis (4|1|41 ) ; anena taddrsti-matrena pratibodha ucita iti dhvanyate ] tanapi 'priyaya ' sakuntalaya 'pratibodhyamanamapi ' smaryamanamapi ( svata eva pratibodha ucitah, sa nasti | tatrapi nanyasya kasyacit kintu priyaya prayatnenapi aperarthah ) 'suptam ' ( 6|1|15 ) nidritam ataeva 'idam ' mama 'hata-hrdayam ' dusta- hrdayam samprati anusayah pascattapa ' ('bhave danusayo dvese pascatapa- 'nubandhayoh ' iti visvah ) tena yat 'duhkham ' tasmai, tadanurbhavitumityarthah (karmani 4rthi 2|3|14 ) 'vibuddham ' jagaritam (anna purvardhe visesoktih | atra pratibodha'bhavah tadviruddhena supta - padenoktah | uttaradhe vibhavana'nuprasau ca ) | ' sarangaksya ' ityatra luptopama | arya jatih ) ||7|| 197 n. -- 1. sthane -- Justly [Vide 161 n. 1; 99 n. 1.] It is but quite meet that though insulted, she should be thinking of such a loving husband, as is now clearly corroborated by his present state of mind. For similar idea, Cf. 'sthane tapo duscarametadarthamapanaya pelavayapi taptam | ya dasya mapyasya labheta nari, sa myat krtartha kimutanka- sayyam ' - Kumara-sambhava VII. 65. 2. sarangaksya &c. - It is quite unnatural on the part of the king to be asleep i. e., to forget the fawneyed guile-less Sakuntala at all. Not to speak of his awakening out of his own accord, he was not roused even when her beloved came before him and tried to rouse him by reviving his memory by sundry ways ( Act. V. Sakuntala's speech. P. 472.) Cf. " se ye pane ese vasechi taba jagini | ki ghuma tore peyechila hatabhagini " -- RavindraNatha, Gitanjali. 3. hata- hrdayam -- ( Cf. 30 n. 6 ) is often used as a first member of the compound in the sense of 'zwretched'. 'miserable', worthless' - Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary The king accuses his heart, because it was dormant when it was necessary to be awake, and it awoke when there was no necessity. For this sense of 'hata ', Cf. 'kuryamupeksam hata - jivite'smin - Raghuvamsha XIV. 65; 'hata jivite tuccha jivite - Mallinatha 'hata- vidhi-vilasitanam hi vicitro vipakah ' - Shishupala-badha XI. 64. 'hatavidhi - vilasitanam -

197 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 45 dura-daiva cestitanam ' --Mallinatha Cf. the idea with "dayitam yadi tavadanvagat vinivrttam kimidam tvaya vina | sahatam hata-jovitam mama prabalamanmakrtena vedanam " ||-- Raghuvamsha VIII. 50; also 'sa luptasajna na viveda duhkham pratyagatasuh samatapyatantah | tasyah sumitra''tmaja yatna- labdho mohavabhut kastatarah pravodhah "--Raghuvamsha XIV. 56. | Text : -- sanumati --nam idisani tabassinie bhaaheani [ nanu idrsani tapasvinya bhagadheyani ] | Sanumati--Oh, such is the lot of (that) poor (creature ). --- vidusakah ( apavarya ) - hum, langhindo emo bhuo bi saunbala-vahina | na ane kaham cikicchivavvo bhavissadi ti [hu, langhina esa bhuyo'pi sakuntala- vyadhina | na jane katham cikitsitavyo bhavisyatiti ] | Vidusaka (Aside to the audience)-Ah! even again he is seized by "Sakuntala-malady". (I) don't know how (he) is, to be doctored. 3 kancuki ( upasrtya ) -- jayatu jayatu devah | deva, pratyaneksitah pramada-vana- bhumayah | yathakama madhyastam vinoda-sthanani devah | Chamberlain- (Approaching ) - May Your Majesty be victo rious. (My) Liege, the grounds of the peasure-grove have been (thoroughly ) * examined. May Your Majesty resort to the seats of amusement just as it pleases you. raja -- vetravati, madvacanat amatya mayampisunam bruhi -- cira-prabodhat ' na sambhavita masmabhi radya dharmasana madhyasitum | yat pratyaveksitam paura-karya- margena tat patramaropya prasthapyatamiti | King Vetravati, speak to my minister, the noble Pisuna at my bidding thus :-"I cannot occupy the judgment-scar to-day owing to my waking' late'. Whatever civic affairs may have been examined by His Worship, let them (all) be committed to paper' and forwarded ( to me). pratihari -- jam devo anavadi ( yat deva ajnapayati ) | ( iti niskranta ) | Portress--As Your Majesty commands. (This said, goes out). raja -- vatayana ! tvamapi svam niyoga masunyam kuru | King - Vatayana ! you also attend to your own task. kancuki - padajnapayati devah | ( iti niskrantah ) | Chamberlain - As Your Majesty commands. (Exit). V. L.-hum- B; Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha Omitted by others. 'cira-prabodhat ' -

46 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 198 NOTES B. M. V. S. 'cira-prabodhanat ' - R; B. reads 'prasthapyatam ' for 'diyatam ' | 'vatayana ' - R. V. M. 'parvatayana ' - B. P. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha idam = isa- 6 | 3 |90 ) ananu- 'hu vitarke prasne va ('hum vitarke sanumatiti | 'tapasvinyah ' anukampyayah [ 'tapasvi tapase canukampye visu iti medini ) 'idrsani (kana - 3|2160 ; kulani | 'nanu ' ityavadharane | vidusaka iti | pariprasne ' pratyamarah ] 'bhuya ' ityanena mrgaya- kalikam vrttam pratyabhijnapitam ', sakuntala eva vyadhih udvegadayitvat tena langhitah akrantah | kena upayena 'cikitsi- tavyah ' upacaritavyah, amya vyadheh upasamah 'bhavisyati ' ityarthah | kacukiti | 'pratyaveksita ' iti nrpasya nihsanka- bhramanartham karyam iti nitih | rajeti | 'pisuna ' iti mantri nama | 'cira- prabodhat ' vilambena jagaranat | yadva ravau bahukala jagaranat | ataeva asustha deha manasatvat | 'adhyasitum adhyasanam [ avyaya- krto bhave bhavanti iti vaktavyam - iti prabha - 3 /5/67 ] 'na sambhavitam ' asambhavam ityasayah | pauranam karya vyavahara-rupam yat 'pratyaveksitam ' paryalo- citam tat 'patram arogya ' lekha- rupena ityarthah | 'prasthapyatam ' preryatam iti bruhi lekha-rupena ityasayah | - 198 n. - 1. tapasvinyah - - ( 125 n. 6 ) . 2. langhintah -- Attacked, seized, Cf. 'atapa - langhanat, balavadasvatha sakuntala - ( ( 82 n. 7). ) " kaksagni- langhita-taroriva drstipatah " - Raghuvamsha XI. 92; ( 212 n. 6). "Here the Vidusaka uses medical terms. The first treatment -given to a patient (generally one suffering from fever) is fasting ( langhana ) and then comes ( cikitma ) diagnosis and cure langhana here correspond to the king's abstaining from pleasures " - Kile. 3. cikitsitavyah -- kin (to cure a disease) takes 'man ' in svarthe and mot in the sense of desideratum by 'gupa-tija - kidbhyah man ' - ( 3. 1. 5). cikitasati-te, (lit- cikitsancakara ), luna acikinmit | " maya na pathita candi, tvaya napi cikitsitam " - Gana-darpana. Now read 'ete gupti- jadayah sapta dhatavah gupenindayam ityadi-nibandhesu arthesu nityam samantah | * nindadibhyah anyesu * arthesu anudattanubandha-rahitah sanantah cauradika eva bhavanti, na tu bhauvadikah " -- Balamanorama 2395. 4. pratyaveksitah &c. - pramadanam vanam iti pramada-vanam -- ( (194. 4; 37. 4. ) pratyaveksitah- Examined carefully. Before the entrance of the king in the pleasure-garden or in all court-rooms, public or private, faithful officers are sent to inspect carefully the respective places,

198 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 47 to see if these are free from any spy or an assasin, who may be lurking there. Read 'vijneyam pramada- vanam nrpastu yasmin suddhantaih saha ramate I - puropakantham ' -- Hal. 5. amatya &c. - ama saha samipe va bhava iti amatyap [ 'avyayat tyap ' -- 4 2 104.] - amatyah - Who sits near the king, i.e. a minister. arya - - (3 n. 1 ) is significant, for only a noble minister who is virtuous, learned and self-restrained should be entrusted with the civic affairs when the king is tired. Read 'amatyamukhyam dharmajnam prajnam dantam kulodbhavam | sthapayedasane tasmin khinnah karyeksane nrnam ' || Manu-Samhita VII. 141. 6. cira- prabodhat - Either having got up late' or "having kept awake at night for a long time". 7. sambhavitam &c. -sam + bhu ( nic ) signifies 'fitness', 'adequecy'. Cf. 'na yanniyanta samabhavi bhanuna ' - - Shishupala-badha I. 27; sambhavanam bhutimivoddharisyan ' - - Kiratarjuniya III. 39, where Mallinatha has 'sambhavanam yogyatam ' | Hence sambhavita means 'fit'== (samartha == alam ) | Thus tumun (adhyasitum ) is by 'paryapti-vacanesu alamaryesu '--(3.4.66.) - 'paryapti-sabda-yoge, dhatoh parah tumun pratyayah syat ' ---Prabha. Or, 'adhyasitum ' means ' adhyasanam -- ( 31 n. 3 ) . prasthapyatam -- " pra + stha | nic " means 'to send Cf. "tau dampati svam prati rajadhani prasthapayamasa vasi vasisthah " -- Raghuvamsha II. 70. 9. svam niyogam &c. - (66 n. 1). -- ' -Text : - vidusakah - - kidam bhavada nimmacchiam | sampadam sisira -taba- a- ramanie imassim pamada-vanudde se attanam binovehi | [ krtam bhavata nirmaksikam | sampratam sisiratapa-ccheda- ramaniye ' asmin pramada-vano-dese atmanam vinodaya ] | Vidusaka-Even the (last) fly is driven by Your Majesty. Now ' divert yourself in this part of the pleasure-garden, delight- -ful (as it is), ' owing to the diminution of ( extreme ) cold and heat.. raja ( nisvasya ) -- vayasya ! yaducyate "randhro-panipatino'nartha " iti tadanyabhicari ' vacah | pasya-- drutavilambita ( nabhabhara ) muni-suta-pranaya- smrti- rosina mama ca muktamidam tamasa manah | 'manasijena sakhe ! praharisyata dhanusi cuta-sarasca nivesitah ||8|| King ( Sighing ) - Friend " through chinks in rush all misfortunes-this which is said, is an 'unexceptionable saying*.

48 -- abhijnana- sakuntalam [198 NOTES Behold My friend 1 no sooner was the mind of mine freed from the gloom that obstructed the remembrance of (my) love for the ascetic's daughter, than the mango-(bloossom)-shaft was affixed to (his) bow by the mind-born³ (God), wishing to strike me (8) V. L. -- 'sisiratapaccheda ' R. V. M. 'sisiravaccheda ' -- S. 'sisira - viccheda ' - B. Breads 'pasya ' for 'kutah | 'yaducyate &c., - ' B. - ' randhropani- patino'nartha iti yad ucyate . - R. V. M. All excepting B, P, Dr. add ' vacah ' after 'avyabhicari ' | - vidusaka iti | 'sisirasya ' iti sitasya 'atapasya ' uttapasya 'chedena ' laghavena 'ramaniye ' sukha-sevce, napyatyantam sisiram napyatapa ityasayah | yadva chaya - bahulyena 'sisirah ' sita ye 'apata-cchedah ' taih ramaniye | yadva 'sisira ' sca 'atapasca iti sisiratapau ' tayoh rtvo ryah 'chedah ' avakasah, vasanta ityarthah | ' tasmin 'ramaniye ' iti sahasupeti mamasah | 'atmanam ' [ 'gatibuddhi - ( 1/4/52 ) iti prayojya kartuh karmatvam ] | rajeti | 'randhe ' chidre dussamaye ityarthah 'upanipatanti ' sambhuya agacchanti ye tathoktah 'anartha ' : apadah 'iti yat ucyate ' lokaih iti sesah, tat vacah sa uktih na vyabhicarati na skhalati iti 'avyabhicari ' ananyatha- siddham arthat satyam [ iti kumarasambhave mallinathapadah || 'avasyambhavi ' iti sankarapadah || munoti | he 'sakhe ' vidusaka, 'muni-sutaya ' sakuntalaya yah 'pranayah ' prema ' tasya smrti smarana 'runaddhi ' avrnoti yat tadrsena smrti-vilopina 'tamasa ' tamoguna-janita mohena 'mama idam manah ' manasa 'muktanca ' smrtya moha- nirasanena tasyah smaranam adhuna me samvrttam iti prathamo'narthah | kimtu yadaiva mohah nirbhinnah tadaiva 'praharisyata ' prahartukamena 'manasijena ' kama-devena [ srngara-rupena manasi jayate sma | 'saptamyam ' janerdah ' - - ( 3|2|97 ) ; tatpuruse krti -- 6|3|14 ) iti saptamya aluk | luki tu 'manojah ' -- iti bhanujih ] 'dhanusi ' cape 'cuta sarah ' virahi-jana- hrdaya vidaraka srestha ityarthah 'nivesitasca ' mam prati niksepartham sthapitasca kamanalena dagdhumeva vasantah samupagata iti dvitiya anarthah [ atra purvardha - parardhayoh cakara-dvayam mocana - nivesana-kriyayoh yaugapadyam sucayati | athaca kama-kartrka-cuta-sara- nivesanam prati tamasa manomoha-mocanamameva karanam, yaugapadyena ca tayoh paurvaparya viparyayad atisayoktih | tanmulascayam kriya- samujvayalankarah | tathacoktam darpanakaraih- "ete hi gunakriya-yogapadye samuccaya- prakara niyamena karya-karana-kala-niyama viparyaya-rupa'tisayokti-mulah " iti siddhantavagisapadah | bhoja-rajena tu "adrstadapi smarane smarana-lankarah " ityuktva tadalankara idamudahrtam | anuprasasca | drutavilambitam vrttam ] ||8|| |

199 NOTES] - sastho'nguh 49 199. - 1. nirmaksikam &c. - ( 66 n. 2). 2. randhro &c - ramam krida़ाm dharati mulavibhujaditvat kah = randhram - Bhanuji Diksita Most children are seen to play == || with fingers when any hole or crevice is seen, hence 'a weak or vulnerable point, assailable point'-Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary Raghuvamsha XII. 11; XV. 17; XVII. 61. anarthah-na arthah - Undesired occurrence, hence misfortune. Dr. Boehtlingk translates -- "The unfortunate fall into a hole (grave)". which seems supportable by a reading "randhroparipatino'narthah ' noticed by K although not adopted by him. For similar ideas Cf. " ekasya duhkhasya na yavadantam gacchamyaham paramivarnavasya | tavada-dvitiyam samupasthitam me chidvesvanartha bahulobhavanti " - Maha Nataka - IV. 43; 'yatha puspasya prathame vikane mameya patu madhupah patanti | tatha manusyasya vipatti- kale chidresvanarthah bahulibhavanti || | --- Mricchakatika 'ksate prahara nipatantyabhiksnam . dhana-ksaye mucchati jatharagnih | apatsu vairani samudbhavanti, chidresvanatha bahuli- bhavanti ' - Panca-Tantra 'prayo gacchati yatra bhagya- rahitastatraiva yantyapadah -- Niti-Sataka 86. "One woe doth tread upon another's heel, so fast they follow. When sorrows come, they come not single spies, But in battalions' Hamlet. Act. IV. 'Teai' Nan' Hsi' Erh' Ja' -Chinese proverb exactly means the same thing. 'Nakittsu Raghuvamsha Ni Hachi'-Japanese proverb means-'Bees sting on crying face". 3. avyabhicari- ' vyabhicara ' is a Logical Term, meaning 'a fallacious hetu, the presence of the hetu without the sadhya ' --- Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary Cf. 'hetoh sadhya'bhavatravrttitvam vyabhicarah -- Taraka-kaumudi. Hence it but fails to lead to the right conclusion. Thus 'firati incans 'that which is found always to be true without exception.' Cf. 'na rupam ityavyabhicari tadvacah -- ( 115 n, 2. middle ). 4. cuta - sarasca &c. - cuta-sara is put in the bow as it is the most effective of the five arrows of Cupid. Cf. 'pancabhyadhikah saro bhavitum - VI. 3. Supra. The two s show synchrony of the two actions. - (182 n, 5) nivesitah- (149 n. 5). Text :- vidusakah -- bho jayassa ! cittha dava java imina danda-katthe ja kanvappa - banam nasemi [ bho vayasya ! tistha tavat | yavadanena danda-kasthena kandarpa - vanam nasayami ] | ( iti danda - kasthamudyamya catanka ुram patayitumicchati ) | Vidusaka - Friend, tarry a bit, while ( 7 ) destroy the bow of cupid with (a cut of) this staff. (This said, raising his staff, wishes to fell down the mango-sprout).

50 abhijnana-sakuntalam [200 NOTES raja - ( sasmitam ) -- bhavatu, drstam brahmavarcasam ' | sakhe, kvevanimupavistah priyayah kincida-nukarinisu latasu drsti vinodayami ' | King (With a smile)-Enough, (your) priestly' prowess³ is seen. Friend, where seated shall I ( now ) feast my sight amongst the vines that imitate (my) beloved ? vidusakah -- nam asana-pariaria caduria bhavada sandittha| mahavi- mandave imam velam adivahissam | tahi me citta-phalaa-gadam sa-hrttha-lihidam tattaho- bie saunbalae paड़िkidi anehi tti [ nanu asanna - paricarika ' caturika bhavata *samdista | madhavi - mandape imam velam ativahayisye, tatra me citra - phalaka-gatam sva- hasta likhitam tatrabhavatyah sakuntalayah pratikrtim anaya iti ] | Vidugaka - Why, you have already ordereds (your) sidewaitress Caturika thus:-I will spend this hour in the Jasamingrove. Bring there the likeness of Her Ladyship Sakuntala which is sketched' with my own hand³ on a picture-board. raja -- idrsam hrdaya-vinoda-sthanam | tatameva margamadesaya | King Such now are the means of relieving (my) heart. So direct me that very way. vidusakah -- ivo ivo edu bhavam ( ita ita etu bhavan ) | Vidusaka - This way, this way, come Your Highness. - ( umau parikramatah sanumatyanugacchati ) vidusakah -- eso mani- sila- pattaa-sanaho mahavi- mandavo ubaara ramanijjadae nissamsaam saadena bia no pada़िcchavi | pavisia jisivadu bhavam [ esa mani-sila-patta-sanatho madhatri mandapa 'upakara - ramaniyataya ca svagatena iva nau praticchati ' | tat pravisya nisidatu bhavan ) | ( ubhau pravisyopavistau ) | | (Both turn round. Sanumati goes after ). Vidusaka-Here furnished' with a jewelled marable-seat', the Jasamin-grove, pleasings" as it is with a bounty of flowers, is beckoning' us, as it were, with a (soundless) welcome. Therefore entering, let Your Honour, sit down. (Both enter and sit down). V. L. - ' kandarpa - vyadham -- K. '0 banam ' - B. M. V. 'vyadhim ' - R. S.; B. - 'vinodayami ' for 'vilobhayami ' | 'hrdaya - vinodana - sthanam ' - R.V.M. S. 'eva hrdayasvasanam ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'vinodasthanam ' - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha Com. 'upahara '-R.V.M. 'upakara ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'upacara ' - S. ' tvam ' - B. 'nau ' - R.M.S. - - rajeti | 'brahmanah brahmanasya 'varcah ' tejah [ 'barso napumsakam rupe visthaya- mapi tejasi ' iti medini ] iti 'brahmavarcasam ' ['brahma- hastibhyam varcasah - (514|78 )

200 NOTES] sastho'nkah 51 iti samasantah ac ] 'kincit ' na tu samyak 'anukarinisu ' sadrsisu [ 'tasya canukarotiti sabdah sadrsya-sucakah ' iti kavyadarsah ] 'vinodayami ' (3|3|131 ) asvasayami, paridarsana- sukham lapsye ityarthah | vidusaka iti | 'nanu ' iti paramataksepe | 'asanna ' visvasa - bhajanatvat samipavartani 'paricarika ' sevaka | 'caturika ' iti paricarika-nama | 'sandista ' ajnapita | 'citraphalakam gatam ' alekhye samarpitam likhitam ' 'svahastena citritam pratikrti ' pratimam | rajeti | saksat priyayah durlabhatvat 'idrsam ' priyayah alekhya- paridarsana-rupam | 'hrdayasya-vinoda-sthanam ' kala-yapanopaya iti bhavah | vidusaka iti | mani- silayah ' ratna- prastarasya 'pattakena ' pithena asanena iti yavat ( 'pattah pesana - pasane vranadinaca bandhane | catuspathe ca rajadi-sasanantara - pithayoh ' iti medini ] 'sanathah ' yuktah 'upakarasya ' vikirna-kusumaveh 'ramaniyata ' madhuyamtaya [ 'prakara scopakarasca vikirna- kusumadisu ' iti visvah ] | 'upacara - ramaniyataya ' iti pathe tu 'upacara ' puspo- pacara stena 'ramaniyah, tasya bhavah taya | ' svagatena ' kusala- prasna [ 'svagata kusala- prasna ' iti haravali ] 'praticchati ' sambhavayati pratyudgacchati iti yavat | 200 n. - 1. kandarpa &c. - Cupid is called kandarpa as he once deluded even Brahma. Cf. 'abhilasamudiritendriyah sva-sutayam akarot prajapatih ' - Kumara-sambhava IV. 41. Hence 'kam ' (brahmana ) drsyati mohayati iti ka + drp + ac ( 3|1|134 ) | prsodaraditvat sadhuh | Or 'kam na drpyati ' mohayati iti kandarpah | drp harsa - mohanayoh | M is so much biassed to the Devanagara-reading, that he wants to retain the reading 'kandarpa - vyadhim ' by explaining 'vyadhim ' as 'hunting', 'shooting', which is hardly to be met with in any Sanskrit work. He forgets that 'vyadha ' and 'vyadhi ' are not derived from the same root (as he seems to take them ). 'vyadha ' is from 'vyadhu ' ( 2. 1121 ) ; while 'vyadhi ' from 'dha ' (3. 3. 92 ). Besides one may parry a 'vana ' with a stick, but not a 'vyadhi ' | Cf. 'tistha tistha, yavadetena danda-kasthena patayisyami -- Mricchakatika V. B's kandarpa-vana refers to Mangosprout. Vidusaka wants to cure cure the disease of the king ( cikitsitavya ) by destroying the remote cause 2. brahmavarcasam-- varcah ( santa ) means 'ordure' and power. In connection with brahma, hasti, palya, rajan ( Varttika 946.), it becomes akaranta (neuter ). Vide (Com.) 'hetu stvadbrahmavarcasam " -- Raghuvamsha 1. 63. 'brahmavarcasakamasya karyam •

52 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 200 NOTES fanta qsad-Manu-Samhita 11. 37; IV. 94. 3. fantana-(B). Others read 'vilobhayami ' which is rejected, as 'vi + lubh + nic in Kali. ordinarily means 'to allure'. "entice", Cf. " a famtrud divi " - Kumara-sambhava IV. 20. "anganastamadhikam vyalobhayan " &c. - Raghuvamsha XIX. 10; Mala. III. (5. 'fa++for) however, means 'to spend (as time), 'to amuse', 'entertain', "curi fariaanfa" Vikramorvasiya II. " atmanam vinodayami " - Act. III p. 227. "vinodayisyanti nababhisangamudaravaci " -- Raghuvamsha XIV. 77. "laksmivinodayati yena diganta- " "Raghuvamsha V. 67. Also, Uttara-rama-Charita in n. 6. Note also that 'face' says to the king 'anni fazi, and the king repeats 'fare here and in his following speech. There are four ways by which a person in separation or one who is not yet united with his desired object, can while away his time and some what allay his anguish. These are enumerated thus by the :-(i) Looking at things resembling the beloved-(Meghaduta II. 44; Raghuvamsha VIII 59-66). (ii) Drawing a picture of the beloved-(Meghaduta II. 45; Raghuvamsha XIX. 19). (iii) Obtaining a sight of the beloved in dream-(Meghaduta II. 45). (iv) Touching things touched by the beloved.-(Meghaduta II. 46). Also "faSvasthasu priya-jana- sadrsanubhavanam tatascitram karma, svapna-samaye darsanamapi | tadanga - pyanaga upagata vata sparsanamayi pratokarah kama-vyathita manasam kopi f:" 11-Gunapataka qld. Mallinatha on Raghuvamsha VIII. 92. (g. v.) Innumerable illustrations of these may be had in Vaisnava literatures. Here the king will allay his grief by seeing the portrait of Sakuntala (Infra) and also by observing the slim creepers having the likeness of her 4. paricarika - "samvahane ca gandham ca tatha caiva prasadhane | tatha''bharana-samyoga - malya-samgrathanesu ca | I namatah sa tu nrpateh paricarika " -- Matrigupta 5. madhavi &c. - ( Goertnera racemosa) is a gigantic and luxuriant climber (bearing (bearing white fragrant flowers) but when it meets with nothing to grasp, it assumes the form of a sturdy tree the highest branches of which display, however, in the air their natural flexibility and inclination to climb.'-Sir William Jone's Works Vol. V. (P. 124.) 6. £qsi &c.-Font=Means, Therefore, as Sakuntala is lost to me, so these (viz. the picture and the sight of creepers slightly imitating slim Sakuntala ) will be my only means of relief. Cf. -ffer fanita- - vijneya

200 NOTES ] sastho'nkah * 53 sthanam ' - Sakuntala VI; yo'pi visrama sthanam vasantakah so'pi devya samyatah - Rat. IV. King Aja passed long eight years ( 'tenastau parigamitah sama &c. - Raghuvamsha VIII. 92 ) by - 'sadrsya pratikrtidarsanaih &c. -- Rama also assuaged his grief by a sight of the goldern image of Sita. 'ramah - " hiranmayi sita - pratikrtih | * tatrapi tavat vappadigdha caksu- vinodayami " -- Uttara-rama-Charita III. 'prayegaite ramana virahesvangananam vinodah ' -- Meghaduta II. 26. " ete purvoktah 'vinodah ' kala-yapanopayah ' - Mallinatha 7. upakara &c.-'upakara ' means 'bikirna-puspa ' (Com. ). The grove had a very fascinating appearance owing to flowers blossomed in all directions. With upahara - - (R), explain 'upahara ' as puspopahara - Raghuvamsha V. 74; upahara may also mean floral decoration ( mosaic ) on the floor. Cf. Ram. III. 74. 23. The grove appeared to receive the king with floral presents. upacara - (102 n. 2.0 also suits the context well. "esa mani - sila-patta- sanathah atimukta - lata - mandapah bhramara- samghatta patitaih kusumaih svayamiva krtopacarah bhavantam praticchati -- Vikramorvasiya II. 8. svagatena &c. - (129 n. 1) ; 'prati + is ' = 'To carry' ( 187 n 5), here ' to welcome'. For similar idea, Cf. "madhuriva vadanti svagatam bhrnga- sabdeh ' natimiva phalanah kurvate'mi sirobhih | mama dadhata ivardham puspavrstim kirantah katham atithi saparya siksitah sakhino'pi " -- Nagananda I. 11. Text- - sanumatih -- lata -samssida dekkhissam dava pia-sahie pada़िkidi | tado se bhattuno bahumuham anuraam nivedaissam [ lata-samsrita draksyami tavat priya- samkhyah pratikrtim | tatastasyai bhartu bahumukha manuragam nivedayisyami ] | || [ tatha krtva sthita ] || | Sanumati - Resorting to ( this ) creeper ( 1 ) will just see the picture of (my) dear friend. Then (of her) husband's all round affection, (I) will inform her. (Stands having done the same ). same). raja ( nisvasya ) -- sale, sarvamidanim smarami sakuntalayah prathama-vrtta- ntam | kathitavanasmi bhavate ca | sa bhavan pratyadesa-velayam matsamipagato nasit | kintu purvamapi na tvaya kadacit sankititam tatrabhavatya nama | kabbivahamiva vismrtavanasi tvam | | King (Sighing ) - Friend ! now (I viridly) remember all the previous incidents (in connection with ) Sakuntala. And (I) had related (the same) to you. That self of yours was not by my side at. 42

4 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 200 NOTES the time of her disavowal. But even before, you never breathed Her Ladyship's name (to me). Did you, like myself, forget it ? vidusakah--na visumarami | kimtu savvam kahia avasane una tue bhanidam parihasa - viappio eso na bhuktyotti | mae bi mippinda-buddhina taha evva gahidam | ahava bhavivvada kkhu etya balavadi [nam vimmarami | kintu sarva katha- yitva avamane punastvaya bhanitam parihasa - vijalpita epa na bhutartham iti | maya api mrnda-buddhina tatha evam grhitam | athava bhavitavyata khalvatra balavati ] | Vidieaka - (No), I did not forget. But having told everything, ou (yourself) added at the end, (that) it was a talk in jest and not a fact. Clod-witted as I was, I, too, took (it) like that. Or, destiny indeed ( is) here potent. sanumati -- evam vam [ evam nu idam ) Sanumati--Exactly so. raja -- ( ksanam dhyatva ) -- sakhe, paritrayasva mam | King (Musing for a while ) - Save me, (my ) friend. vidusakah -- bho, kim evam | anubavannam kkhu idisam tui | safar sappurisa soa-vattavva na honti | nam pavade bi nikkampa evva girio | [ bhoh kimetat | anupapannam khalu idrsam tvayi | kadapi satpurusah soka- vastavya na bhavanti | nanu pravate'pi niskampa eva girayah ] | Vidusaka - Ho (friend ) ! what's this? Unbecoming this is, indeed, of you, Never do good men ( "the heroes " - commenta- -tor Rama) become the receptacle of grief. Even in a hurricane, the mountains are quite unshaken. -V. L. - ' sacita ' - R. B. V. M. 'damsita ' - -S; B reads 'bahumatam ' for 'bahumukhama ' | 'kintu purvam ' - B. 'purvam ' - - R. M. S. 'kaccit ' -- B. M. S. 'kvacit ' -- R. 'sokavastavyah - B. V. Some of the B - Mss read 'sokacitah ' | 'sokavastavyah ' -- R. 'sokapatratmanah ' - - 1. ' sokapraptavyah '-S. 'parihasa - vijalpitah ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha P. 'vijalpah ' -- Others. • sanumatiti | 'tasyai ' sakuntalayam [tathacoktam harina -- "vyadadane caturthi syat darsane kathane'pi ca | adaya karane yoge saptami kascidisyate " iti ] 'bahumukham ' aneka prakaraih prakatibhutam | rajeti | 'prathama- vrttantam ' kanvasrame sakuntalaya saha yat paricayadikam krtam tat sarvamityarthah | 'pratyadesa-velayam ' tasyah nirakarana - samayam 'mata - samipagato nasit ' yato hamsapadikayah nagaraka-vrttya paritosanartham tvam maya preritah abhuh | 'purvamapi ' pratyakhyanat prak api 'samkirtitam ' prasanga- kramena uktam | 'kaccit ' iti vaditumicchami ( " kaccit kama-pravedane '

201 NOTES ] - sastho'nkah 55 ityamarah | "kama-pravedana mista pariprasnah -- " kaccit jivati me mata " iti ksira- svami | anaticirenaiva ativismaranat atmanah svalpa-matitva - dosa-nirodhanaya madhavyasyapi vismaranam istam ityasayah ) | vidusaka iti | 'avasane ' nagarat pratyavartana-velayam | 'esa ' sakuntala - vrttantah 'parihasena bijalpitah ' narmoktah, 'na bhutarthah ' satyarthah [ 'yukte ksmado rte bhutam pranyatite samga trisu ' ityamarah ] | 'mrdam ' mrttikanam 'pinda ' nivahah iti 'mrtpindah ' | tadrsa iva sthula 'buddhih ' yasya tathoktena arthat yathasruta-grahina mudhena maya | tatha eva ' tava vakyam parihasa- jalpana rupena eva 'grhitam ' avabuddham | nanu tathapi kadacit tava tasya nama- sankirtana mucitam asit ityaha ' athava ' iti aksepe | bhavitum arhati iti 'bhavitavyam ' avasyambhavi vastu [ bahulakat kartari tavyah - 3 | 3|113 ) tasya bhavah 'bhavitavyata balavati khalu ' iti niscaye | na tava mama va dosah kascit, parantu daivameva atratiricyate ityasayah | vidusaka iti | 'idrsam ' sokabhibhutatvam, yadva "sakhe paritrayasva mam " ityakara kapurusoktih 'anupapannam anucitam | vasati iti 'vastavyah ' ['vameh tavyat kartari nicca ', vah - 2834 iti kartari tavyat ] vasta ityarthah | ' sokah vastavyah ' vasta yesu te ' soka - vastavyah " sokapatram ( " va''hitagnyadisu " - ( 2|2137, 900 ) iti vastavya sabdasya paranipatah | vahitagnyadih akrti-ganah ] | [bustantalankarah | 'sat purusa ' ityatra aprastuta prasamsa ca | lesa-nama nataya-laksanamupaksiptanca | tallaksanam yatha darpane-- "sa leso bhanyate vakyam yat sadrsya-purahsaram " iti ) | 1 . 201 n. - 1. bahumukham - Displayed in various ways, manifold, excessive. Cf. "upayantuh hi daresu prabhuta sarvatomukhi " - Sakuntala V. 26. 2. kathitavan &c. - Refers to" parihasa - vijalpitam sakhe ! paramarthena na grhyatam vacah " - Act II. 18. Hence 'vijalpita ' is preferable to 'vijalpah ' | asmi ( = 1 ) - 7 n. 1. 3. pratyadesa-velayam - Refers to the king's sending of Vidusaka to pacify Hamsapadika. Act V. p. 411 4 sankititam -- sam + krt + kta karmani ri = sam + kirat + kta [ r = i by 'upadhayasca ' - ( 7. 1. 101 ) and i ir by 'urana-ra-parah ' (1.1.51) ] - samkirtitah [ 'upadhayanca ' - ( 8. 2.78.). ir ir ] 5. kaccid -- Implies kamapravedana ( Com. 265 n. 1). It is a vedic neuter of interrogative kat + cit - ( Cf. 'kat ', 'cit ' anayora- pyevam | istaprasne ekam ' -- Bhanuji Diksita ) used in question expecting the answer "Yes" = I hope. Cf. Lat Nonne'. Cf. 'kaccit drsta tvaya rajan damayanti ' -- I hope, Oh king, you have seen damayanti ? (Vide Dr. Macdonell's Skt. Grammar, P. 150. In rare cases for implies

56 abhijnanasakuntalam • [201 NOTES Ram. III. 53.6; 'kancite ' niyatah kopah aharasca the sense of contrary expectation, ' ( I fear ), I hope not'; Cf. Lat. "Nun." 'kaccit naparadham te krtavanasmi ' - I hope, I have not done you any wrong-Ibid). "kaccit " jivati vaidehi " nirjita vighnah kaccitte vardhate tapah | kaccittam tapodhana || " kaccite niyamah praptah kaccite manasah sukham | bhutarthah guru- susrusa saphala carubhasini " -- Ram. III. 74. 8-9 vismrtavan -- Kali. usually writes 'vismrtah ' | (Vide 152 n. 8 ) 6. bhutarthah -- Cf. 'kathayami te bhutartham ' --- ( 41.4 ) 'bhutarya sobha - hriyamana- nevah -- ku VI. 13. 'kah sraddhasyati bhutartham sarvo mam tulayisyati ' - Mricchakatika III. 24. mrtpinda &c. - 'Whose brain is like a lump of clay', 'whose understanding is dense as a cold of earth'; "addl-head, addle-pated". Cf. the expression 'cold plated','c lod-poll', 'block-head'-M. The Vidusaka often in Sanskrit drams poses himself as a veritable fool. Cf. 'mama punah brahmanasya sarvameva viparitam parinamati adarsamandala- gateva cchaya vamesu daksina, daksinesu vama bhavati " -- Carudatta & Mricchakatika 1; "The bookful blockhead ignorantly read, With load of lumber in the head' - Pope. 7. athava -- Implies aksepa | It modifies the previous statement. Vidusaka now attributes everything to fate ( bhavitavyata ) as otherwise the fault will lie on the king; for it was he who had told Vidusaka that all his sayings were uttered in jest, and not in carnest. 8. bhavitavyata &c. For similar idea Cf. "prayah subham ca vidadhati asubha ca jantoh | sarvankasa bhagavati bhavitavyata eva " - Malati-Madhava I.23. " bhavitavyam bhavatyeva narikela-phala- mbuvat " - - Dvatrimsat Puttalika " nahi bhavati yannabhavyam bhavati ca bhavyam vina yatnena "-- Ibid. 21. balavati -- Another adjectival use of 'balavat ' | Now see (89 n. 3.) 9. anupapannam &c. - This is one of the many wise and sensible speeches of Vidugaka which he utters in Act F 7, satpurusah &c. -Cf. " na tu satpurusah rajan vilapanti yatha bhavan " - Ram. 69. 2." na prthagjanavacchuco " - (Vide no. 1 in below) "jaham na dhairyam kupito'pi pandavah " Kiratarjuniya XIV. 1. "vikara - hetau sati vikriyante | yesam na cetamsi ta eva dhirah " |-- Kiratarjuniya I. 59. 10. soka vastavya - - Either (i) such as where sorrow is resident, or (ii) the receptacle of sorrow. 'vastavya ' has ( kartari ) has ( kartari ) 'tavyat ' - it means "that which is residing". Next bahubrihi | For purvanipata of 'vastavyah ', ( Vide Com ). -

201 NOTES ] sastho'nkah - 57 Or, attach 'tavyat ' in the adhikarana-vacya - ( 3. 3. 113 ) when it means 'abode', 'receptacle'. Cf. 'pure'sya vastavya - kutumbitam yayu ' - Shishupala-badha I. 66 and Mallinatha thereon. 11. pravate'pi &c. - Cf. 'na prthagjanavacchuco vasam vasinamuttama ! gantumarhasi | duma-manumatam kimantaram yadi vayau dvitiye'pi te calah || --- Raghuvamsha VIII. 90. Text:--raja-- vayasya, nirakarana- viklavayah priyayah samavastham ' anusmrtya 'balavavasarano'smi | sa hi-- sikharini itah pratyavesat sva-janamanugantum vyavasita ' sthita tisthetyucca vamdati guru-sisye guru same | ( yamanasabhalaga ) punarvrsti baspa-prakara-kalusa marpitavati mayi krure " yattat sa - visamiva salyam ' dahati mam ||9|| King-Friend, calling to my mind the (pitiable) demeanour* of (my), beloved, lagonised at (my) disavowal', I have become extremely helpless* (forlorn). Owing to (her) disavowal' from here, she tried to follow her own kinsmen (but) stopped, as (her) fatherlike father's disciple loudly shouted "Stay", - (and) again ( she) cast on my cruel ' (self) a (pleading ) glance bedimmed with the flood of tears'.- -it is (all) this that torments me like an envenomed barb* (9) manumati -- ammahe ! idisi sa- kajja-parada | imassa samdabena aham ramami | [ ammahe ! idrsi sva-karya- parata | asya santapena aham rame ] | Sanumati - Dear me ! such is (one's) attention for ( one's ) own interest". I (only) rejoice at his anguish. vidusakah -- bho, atthi me takko | kena tattahovi aasa-carina node ti [ bhoh, asti me tarkah | kenapi tatrabhavati akasa carina " niteti ] | Vidusaka - Ho ! I have a guess that by some sky-rover" Her Ladyship was carried away. raja -- vayasya, kah pati-devatam tamanyah paramarsta " mutsaheta " menaka kila sakhyaste janma-pratistha " iti srutavanasmi | tatsaha-carinibhih taya va sakhi te hrteti me hrdayamasankate | King - Friend, who else may dares to handle " her whose husband is her god. Menaka, I am told, is the sources of your friend's birth. It was she or her fellow-rovers by whom she was carried away, so my heart dreads.

58 abhijnanasakuntalam sanumati -- sammoho kyu vimhaanijjo na pada़िvoho [ sammohah " khalu vismayaniyah, na pratibodhah " ] | [ 201 NOTES Sanumati - Surely (his) infatuation" and not the recollec- -tion" is to be wondered at . vidusakah -- jai evvam ta samassadu bhavam | atthiyakhu samaamo kalena tattahodie [ yadyevam tat samasvasatu bhavan | asti khalu samagamah kalena tatrabhavatya ] | Vidusaka-If (it) is so, do be reassured, Your Highness. There will, indeed, be a union with Her Ladyship in course of time. raja -- kathamiva | King - How possibly ? V. L. - ' tamavastham ' -- B. 'samavastham ' - - R. M. S. ' pratyadesat -- R. V. M. S. ' pratyadistam ' -- B. 'sthita ' -- B. S. 'muhuh ' - R. V. M. 'prakara ' - B. M. S. Dr. 'parimartum ' - - M. K. 'paramarstam ' -- B. V. S. Dr. R. St. Petersburg Dictionary. * - rajeti | 'nirakaranena ' pratyadesena 'viklava ' kataribhuta tasyah | 'samava- -stham ' avastham, dinam dasamityarthah | ita iti | 'itah ' mat- sakasat 'pratyadesat ' pratyakhyanat hetoh 'hi sa ' sakuntala 'svajanam ' gautami-pramukham 'anugantum ' pati-parityaktanam satinam upayantarabhavat anusartu 'vyavasita ' udyata asit | tadantaram 'guruna ' pitra kanvena 'same ' tulye, tadvat mananiye ityarthah ['guruh pita, guruviprah ' guruh sisyadhikaraka " iti gadasimhah ] 'guroh ' acaryasya kanvasya 'sisye ' sarngave [ sasteh kyap - ( 3|1|109 ) ; sis - ( 6 | 4 | 34 ) ; satvam -- ( 813|60 ) ] 'tistha ' ma gamah ' iti uccaih ' tarasvarena 'vadati ' asapa- yati sati 'sthita ' anugamanat nivrtta | tadanantaram 'vaspanam ' asrunam 'prakarena ' samuhena adhikyena iti yavat 'kalusam ' malinam kataram ityarthah, 'drsti ' nevam 'punah krure ' nrsamse [ 'krura nrsamsa ghorosna kathina ' iti haimah ] 'mayi ' pratyakhana hetubhute dusyante 'apitavati ' sarana- prathiniti bhavah -- ' iti yat tat ' sarvam 'savisam visa- liptam 'salyam ' sankah [ " va pumsi salyam sanka ुrna " ityamarah ] || ' iva mam dahati ' duhsaham yantranam dadati [ atra drsteh dahakatva'sambhavat mukhyartha-badhe karya-karana- sambandhat tapam laksayan tadatisayam vyanjayatiti dahati-padam atyanta - tiraskrta- vacyam iti raghavapadah | upama'nuprasau | tadrsa-drsteh etadrse rajani arpanat samalankarah | 'guru-sisye ' 'guru same ' ityatra kathita-padatvam na sankaniyam | tatparya- bhedena latanuprasarthameva tatha prayuktatvat | iyam sikharini ] ||9|| sanumatiti | 'ammahe ' iti vismaye [ 'vismaye ammahe ammo nityam stribhih prayujyate ' iti bharatah ] 'svakaryaparata ' svarthaparata | 'asya ' dusyantasya ' santapena

'202 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 59 aham rame pritimanubhavami [ 'samtape satosa ' iti visama-lankarah | etadvakya- samarthakah purvoktah arthantaranyasah ] | rajeti | 'patih devata ' asyah tam sadhvim ityarthah | 'paramarstam ' sprastum ka katha netumiti bhavah, 'utsaheta ' adhyavasyet | [" utsahah adhyavasayah syat " ityamarah ] | 'janma-pratistha ' janma-sthanam [ 'pratistha gaurave ksitau sthane ca yaganispattau ' iti medini ] 'kila ' iti aiti | sanumatiti | etadrsasya pritimatah rajnah kutah 'sammohah ' smrtibhramsa ityeva vismayavahah asvabhavatvat | 'na pratibodhah ' vismayavahah, svabhavyat tasya ityarthah | [ sakuntala - samagama visayena tarkanat atra 'tulyatarka- nama ' nataya-laksanancopaksiptam - - " tulyatarkom yadarthena tarkah prakrti-gamina " iti darpana - laksanat ] | • 202 n. - 1. samavastham - - ( 89 n. 6; 137 n. 3). 2. balavad -- Here an avyaya signifying 'intensity' (Amara-Kosa). But its use as an adjective is also very common. Vide (89 n 3; 201 n. 8 ) 3. itah pratyadesat- Repudiation from here (i.e. me). This furnishes the reason for her attempting ( vyavasita ) to follow her own party. 4. sthita Implies instantaneous obedience to the mandate of her superior ( sarngarava ) who loudly bade her stay. Thus the word brings out clearly the deplorable condition. M prefers ":" and translates "Repeatedly saying to her in a loud voice". This is not in consonance with the order "tistha " (See P. 5 ) which was uttred only once. Besides it will appear that Sakuntala did not refrain from following her kinsmen at the first bidding of Sarrigarava. Thus the epither guru same (alanghayadesataya -- S gld M ) loses its significance 5. baspa-prakara &c - ' prakara ' means samaha - Cf. 'vateritot- pala-dala-prakaraih '-Raghuvamsha IX 56, and Mallinatha thereon. muktaphala-prakara- bhanji guha - grhani -- Shishupala-badha V. 12; also Kumara-sambhava P. 68. 'prakara ' is preferable to 'prasara ' as this is the reading of Siddhanta-Kaumudi n. mayi krure - She stopped at the first bidding of Sarugarava, and being unable to ascertain what should be done, she once more cast a pitiable and helpless look on me, but I remained inexorable nevertheless. Thus my cruel nature was clearly manifested galyam ( 25on, 1). 6. ammahe (or ammo ) - vide (118 n, 1). 7. sva-karya- parata -- Devotion to one's own business. Sanumati's business here is to study the

60 abhijnana- sakuntalam - uplo [202 NOTES mental condition of the king, after his rejection of Sakuntala Hence the more deeply the king is aggrieved, the more would be her joy, for pain on the part of the king promises welfare to her friend 8. pati-devatam -- patih devata yasyah tam pativratam ityarthah | deva eva iti 'devata ', svarthe 'tal ' by 'devat tal ' - (5, 4, 31.) Note that tal generally signifies samuha or bhava | Cf. sadhuta, mrduta, bandhuta (number of friends) 'janata ' (crowd ) ; also gramata, gajata, sahayata ( number of helpers ). A chaste woman ( patidevata - pativrata ) by dint of her patibhakti is endowed with a power which is dreaded by the malignants. Read 'tasya vibhimahe sarve ye tathanye tapodhana ' - Visnu-purana ( pativrata - carite yama- vakyam ) | 'surah sarve sumunayo bhitastabhyanca santatam || svatejama samartha sa mahapunyavati sada | na hi tasya bhayam kincit yamadapi - BrP. 83; ; imamapi * raksitam svena tejama * saktah sudustatma manamapi hi maithilim | pradharsayitum " &c. - Ram. VI. 118. 17; PN. V. 20; Nalodaya. III. 39-40 paramarstam - 'para + masa ' means 'to touch gently'. Cf. Raghuvamsha II. 68; Shishupala-badha XVII. 11; Mricchakatika V. 28. Next it means 'to assault', 'yajnasenyah, paramarsa 'Maha. 'kesahaste paramrsta canakyena draupadi -- Mricchakatika 1.39 9. sakhyah te- Note the use of | The wife of a friend may be considered to be one's friend (sakhi ) | Cf. 'nivinodam sakhim tem - Meghaduta II. 27. 'jane sakhyastava mayi manah ' - Ibid. 33. 'tena ' hi sakhyaste margamadesaya '-Vikramorvasiya II 'raja - upalalayantamapi te sakhi na laksayisyati ' - - Mala. III 'sacitirtham vandamanayah sakhyaste -- VI. Infra 10. sammoha &c. - Gita. II. 63. 'asti khalu samagamah ' - - &c. - Cf. 'tadavasyam ko'pi anugraha-nimitta- bhutah samagamopayah bhavisyatiti tarkayami ' - Vikramorvasiya IV. - na ca Text- - vidusakah--na va mada pidara bhattu-vioa-dukliam buhivaram ciram dekkhi parenti | [ na khalu mata- pitarau bhartr-viyoga-duhkhitam ciram drastum parayatah ] | Vidusaka-Surely the parents cannot long endure to see (their) daughter' sorrowing for separaton from her husband'. raja -- vayasya, - upajati ( jatajagaga | tanajagaga ) -- svapno nu, maya nu, mati-bhramo ' nu 'klistam na tavatphalameva punyam | nu 'asannivrtyai tavatitamete "manoratha nama tata prapatah || 10||

202 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 61 King - Friend, was it a dream, or a (magical) illusion, or a (mental) s delusion, or merits exhausted with only that much of fruition ? That has gone away not more to return . These (fondest) hopes (ere) like the erumblings of river-banks (10). V. I. - 'ciram drastum - B. S. Others omit 'ciram ' | 'kliptam ' - R. M. V. S. 'klrptam ' -- B. 'punyam ' - R. M.V.S. 'punyah ' - B. 'nadatitamete 0 prapatah ' - R. V. S. 'tadativa manye 0 prapatam ' -- B. 'tadatitameva 0 prapatah Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha M. Mackenzie Mass 'tadatinameva tataprapatah ' -K. ---- svapna iti | 'asannivrttya ' anunaravrttaye [ iti raghutikayam mallinatha- padah 8149 ] na punah agamanaya ityarthah | [ anena utkanthatisayo vyajyate | tadarthye 4rthi ] 'atitam gatam 'tat ' anubhutapurva sakuntala-sammelana- laksanam vastu [ 'prakanta prasiddhanubhutarthesu yacchabdah tacchabdam napeksate ' iti mammatokteh yaccha- bdasyanapeksa ] 'svapno nu ' ['nu syat prasne vikalparthe'pyatitanunayarthayoh ' iti visvaprakasah ] tat kim svapnah nu veti vitarkah | svapna svet jagradavasthayam tasya suspastanubhutih na syat | ata aha 'maya nu ' kim tahi, tat kasyapi mayikasya indrajala - kriya, yaya asatah sakuntalarupa - vastunah prakatanam asit ; kintu tadapi na sambhavati, indra jala - prakriyayah alpa-ksana-sthayitvat | atah aha 'mati-bhramo nu ' buddhi-bhramso va arthat sakuntalayah asattve'pi rajjvau sarpa iva, sukto rajatamiva va, anyadhisthane mama sakuntala - rupa buddhih jata | kintu tadapi na sambhavati | yatah purohita-pratihari- prabhrtinam yugapat matibhramah asambhavya eva | api ca bhrame pascat sarvam anubhuta purvam bhramadhisthanam sukti- rajjvadikam mithya iti pratibhasate, mama tu idani bhrama rahitasya'pi sakuntala- samagama-rupa vastu mithya iti na pratiyate | atra aha-- ' tavat ' kanvasrame sakunta- -laya saha svalpakalavyapi yat melanamabhut tat parimanam ityarthah, 'phalam ' yasya tat 'tavatphalam ' ataeva 'klista ' praksinam 'punyam ' sukrtam 'nu ' | kim maya purva- janmani tadrsam atyalpameva sukrtam acaritam yena phala-svarupam sakuntalarupa-vastu maya'dhigatam, adhuna ksone punye tasyah viyoga-duhkham aham anubhavami | 'ete ' [ "asti khalu samagamah kalena tatrabhavatya ", 'na khalu matapitarau bhartr-viyoga- duhkhinam ciram drastum parayatah " ] ityakarah tvaya ucyamana maya vasasyamanah ca maroratha ' abhilasa 'nama ' ityali ke | alika manoratha ityarthah | 'tatasya prapatah ' iva prapatah ' yesam tadrsa ( uttarapadalopi bahuvihih ) | yatha varsasu pravahena pidamana gangadi- nadinam tatah patanti | ekah patati, tadupari anyah, tadupari itarah | tadvat manorathanam eke viliyante, anye utpadyanne punah viliyante ityarthah ||

62 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 203 NOTES 'nama ' iti prasiddhau va || yatha ganga-tatasya jhatiti patanam prasiddham tadvat | (ava purvarddha nu-sabdena sandehalankarah vyajyate | sa ca sandeha-matra- paryavasitatvat suddhah | trtiyapade pratastvanato bhrguh " iti kosat punaruktavadabhavo'lankarah | tata-prapataih maha manorathanam tadatmyenavabhasanat rupakalankarah | numanumeti tamemeteti cheka- vrttyanuprasau | 'vidusakah -- yadyevam " ityadina etadantena 'prarocana ' namanga- mupaksiptam | tathacoktam dhananjayena - siddhamantranato bhavidarsika syat prarocana ' iti | apica vidusakasyoktau niscayabhavat samsaya-nama nataya- laksaganca | tasyalaksagam yaya dage - mamsayo'jnata-tattvasya vakye syad yada- niscayah | upajatih vrttam ) ||10 || • ===== 203 n. - 1. na khalu &c. - This is one of the many sentences to prove that Kali. is a keen observer of the Hindu society. Mark how he rightly notices the psychological condition of a Hindu mother in such a juncture. mata ca pita ca = mata-pitarau (matr mata ) by 'anau r to dvandve - (6.3.25 ). Optionally 'pitarom ' by 'pita matra ' (1. 2.70) [and not by 'puman striya ' - (1.2.67 ) ] For 'matr ' is an eternal feminine form ( 'nityastrilingah sabdah ' ) and as such 'pitr ' is not its corresponding masculine form, for it is also a (nityapumlingah sabdah ) | Besides 'pita matra ' which is a special rule beco'nes redundant, if pitarau is obtained by ( 1. 3. 67 ). 'matara - pitarom ' is the third form ny 'manarapitari udicam - ( 6322 ) and it is used by the people of the Northern countries only. Next 'pitara -matara ' is the fourth form by 'pitara-matara cchandasi ' - ( 6.3.32 ) and it is used in the Vedas only [ nipatanasya akarantatvat, matara - pitarabhyam iti kecit manara-pitrbhyam ityanye " - Prabha]. Also Cf. 'rudamana tu sa devi krosanti- pitrmatarau - Padma-Purana V. 16. 2 svapno na &c. - The king at present nu with the imprecation of Durvasah gone, remembers Sakuntala He married her and enjoyed ineffable joy in her company in the hermitage But all these have now become a talk of the past. Sakuntala escorted by several hermits and Gautami approached him in presence of many persons such as the royal hierophant, portress and others, but how was it that he could not even recognise his darling what to speak of his marriage with her ? Was then all this Sakuntala - affair a dream ( svapnah ) ? But now he distinctly remembers that he interviewed the party in broad day-light in the Fire-sanctuary in presence of the

203 NOTES] Grosts: 63 and afore-said persons hence surely he was not sleeping and thus he could not be thought of dreaming a dream (reverie) of Sakuntala Was it then a sorcery (IT) of any magician? But that is also not possible, as the effect of the spell lasts but for a very short time, whereas the king had not the slightest remembrance of Sakuntala for a long period until the recovery of the signet-ring. The third alternative is to consider it to be a case of mental delusion (AfA-WA:) But this also does not seem to be justifiable, as synchronous mental delusion of a host of person is not possible. Besides delusion has its basis upon an unsubstantial thing. For example people mistake 'rajju ' and 'sukti ' for 'sarpa ' and 'rajata ' respectively, or in other words they consider such things as snake or silver which are really absent on the spot. This mistake is of course due to delusion. But later on they being free from nonknowledge, can understand their mistake and the unreality of the things superimposed Thus the king's is a quite different case. For he is now fully convinced that Sakuntala , previously marfied by him, did actually come converse with him. Then perhaps the king enjoyed Sakuntala 's company for a very short time as a result of the scanty merits (), that had accumulated in his previous birth. Those merits being now exhausted ( klistam punyam ) that thing has also vanished. Hence he is deprived of any further association with Sakuntala But one fact is certain that in any case that pleasurable experience will not come to him again. Vidusaka, however, opines that the king's union with Sakuntala is certain. It is a question of time only. (Cf. 'yadyevamasti khalu samagamah kalena tatrabhavatya ' | 'na khalu matapitarau bhartrviyoga-duhkhitam duhitaram ciram drastu parayatah ) | But the king considers these hopes to be false and delusive like the erosions of river-banks. Just as the banks of the Ganges (THT) quickly fall down, one after another, never to rise again, similarly the fondest hopes of reunion, as voiced forth by Vidusaka are also unstable. tat - purvana ुbhutam sakuntala-samagama-laksanam vastu | . ., i. e., either Sakuntala's presence before him, or the happiness which the king experienced in her company. The word '' is not necessary here-(Com. In., 10) Cf. 'te hi no divama gatah ' -- Uttara-rama-Charita I. asannivrtyai asannivrttaye 'Never to come back', passed for good... Cf. 'paralokamasannivrttaye yadana prcchya gatasi mamitah - Raghuvamsha VIII. 49. 'gatitvam vitaraganamabhuyah sannivrttaye - X 27. M splits up the fourth line as =

4 'anicure abhijnana- sakuntasam az-u: [203 NOTES Again following the Mackenzie Mss. he reads 'a' for 'ga' which according to Prof. Patankar is the oldest reading. This reading is also supported by K. But 'eva ' here which is mainly for emphasis, following another 'i' of the same nature in the third line, sounds un-Kalidasian. Besides STATE' and 'prapata ' are synonymous. (Cf. 'prapatastu atato bhrguh ' ) - Amara-Kosa Kali. also uses '' in the sense of 'fall', and not to signify-'a precipice'. M still argues-"but there is no reason why '' should not be used as an epithet of '' to denote a very precipitious declivity". In the reading 'gd' for 'ga', 'ga' will refer to 'svapna ', 'maya ', 'matibhramah ' and 'klistam punyam | Besides the objections mentioned above, my attention is drawn by my colleague Prof., Suresa Candra Sen M. A. Vaidyaratna, to the faulty nature of this explanation, as 'q' (masculine) cannot refer to words two of which are masculine (FT) and feminine (TUT), while one is neuter (punyam ). The right word should be one in neuter by 'napumsakam a- napumsakena ekavaccasyanyatarasyam ' - ( 1.2.69). Of course it may be argued that the violation of this rule is often noticed among the old writers. Cf. "arthikah kulamitranca gopaladasa-napitau | (ete ) sudresu bhojyanna yascatmanam nivedayet " 11--Manu-Samhita IV. 263. ete tata prapatah - The poet perhaps is thinking of the erosions of the banks of the river Ganges (Padma). Cf. "murdhni ganga-prapatena " - Kumara-sambhava VI. 157. 'ganga-prapatanta - virudhasaspam " - Raghuvamsha II. 27. S explains the last half of the verse thus--"As a man after ascending the peak of a mountain falls headlong, so my hopes after ascending to the sight of Sakuntala are precipitated'. He seems to prefer splitting of "w" &c. For similar idea, Cf. 'f me'yam diva svapna scitta- moho'pi va mama ' - Ram. II. 12. 2; "kinu syat cittamoho'yam bhavedvatagatistviyam | unmadajo vikaro va syadayam mrgatrsnika " - Ibid. V. 34.23; kintu satyamidam svapnah sa bhuyo drsyate maya - Svapna-Vasavadatta VI. 17; "Am I mad, or else this is a dream"-Twelfth Night. IV. 1. "This still a dream; or else such stuff as mad men Tongue and brain not; either both, or nothing; Or senseless speaking, or a speaking such as sense cannot unite."-Cymbeline V. 4. Text : -- vidusakah -- bho ! ma evvam | nam guliaam evva ettha niyamtarna

204 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 65 avassambhavi acintanijja-samaamo hodi ti [ maivam | nanu anga ुliyakamevatra 'nidarsanam | avasyambhavi acintaniya- samagamo bhavatiti ] | Vidusaka -- ( Say ) not so. The ring itself ( is ) an indication ' that what is necessary to take place, happens unexpectedly. raja (anga ुliyakam vilokya ) -- aye, idam tavavasulabha - sthana - bhramsi ' socaniyam | puspitagra taba sucaritamangaliya ! nunam pratanu mameva vibhavyate phalena | ( nanaraja najajaraga ) 'aruna-nakha- manoramasu tasyascaghutamasi labdha- pavam yadanga ुlisu ||11|| King (Looking at the ring ) - Ah ! that this (ring) slipped away from a not easily obtainable place', is regrettable. Verily, O ring, your merit (is) but too meagre' like mine, as is judged by the consequence. For, you (too) have slipped' down, after having obtained a station on her charming pink-nailed fingers". (11) V. L. - ' avasyambhavi ' - R. B. V. 'avasyambhavinah ' - M. S. 'acinta - niya - samagamah ' -- B. 'acintaniyah samagamah -- R. V. M. S; Breads 'krsena ' for 'mameva '--V. M. 'manoharasu ' -- R. S. B. 'manoramasu ' - V. M. vidusaka iti | 'ma evam vada [ ma-sabdo'yam, na man, ato lot ] | nanu ityaksepe | yah khalu padarthah avasyameva bhavisyati iti daivena nirupitah sa 'ava- syambhavi ' padarthah 'acinyaniyah ' atarkitah 'samagamah ' praptih yasya tathavidhah bhavati | buddhi-pathatitena tasya praptih sampadyate | 'iti ' etadvisaye 'anga ुliyakam nidarsanam ' udaharanam [ iti bharatah ] | yatha sarasi nipatitam anga ुliyakameva matsyodara - gatamapi tvaya samasaditam, tatha sakuntalaya tava sammelanam nunamacinta- niya rupena bhavisyati iti me dharana ] | ata upapattirnama nataghalankara upa- ksiptah- "upapattirmata hetoruponyaso'rthasiddhaye " iti darpana-laksanat ] | rajeti | 'aye ' iti smarane [" aye kope visade ca sambhrame smarane'pi ca ' ityamarah ] | 'asulabham ' na mukhena labdhum sakyam yat 'sthanam ' sakuntala'nga ुli rupam, tasmat 'bhrasyati ' patati yat tathavidham [iti tacchilye ninih ] | taveti | he 'anga ुliya, taba sucaritam ' punyam 'mameva ' mama punyamiva 'nunam ' niscitam 'pra ' - karsena tanu ' alpam ' [ 'tanuh kaye tvaci stri syat visvalpe virale kuse ' iti medini ) | atindriyasya sucaritasya pratanutvam - katham jnayate ityata aha- 'phalena ' atyalpa-phalatvena hetuna ityarthah, 'vibhavyate ' anumiyate | asyalpa-punyatve hetumaha | 'yat ' yasmat hetoh 'arunaih ' alohitaih [ 'avyakta - ragastvaruna ' ityamarah ] 'nakhe . nati-hasva natidirgha na vaka sarala ityarthah manorama ' natisthula, natikrsa, [ etena saubhagyatvam dhvanitam ] tasu

66 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 204 NOTES manojna darsanasu, 'tasyah ' sakuntalayah 'banga ुlisu labdham ' praptam 'padam sthanam yena tadrsam mahata bhagyena yatha kathancit prapta sthiti api sat 'kyutam ' vigalitam 'asi ' | yavat te puspam tavat tabanga li-samagama-sukham, tatah ksine pusye tasyah byutirasit | atah svalpam te punyamiti tarkayami | [ upamana-numana- • kavyalinga- samasoktyanuprasah | puspitaghra vrttam ] ||11|| - - 204 a. - 1. 'nanu ' &c. - nidarsanam - drstantah -- Proof. Cf. 'vyaktaprase'pi drstantau ubhe sastra- nidarsane ' iti nanarthatikayam bharatah | nanu -- Often === Latin, 'none'. The gist is: -- Don't despair of Sakuntala Admitted that at present there is no visible chance of your reunion with her, still the unexpected finding of the ring which had fallen into a distant pond and was devoured by a carp, suggests that you will also get her in an unexpected manner not known to us at present. Cf. "duravagaha gatirdevasya | vahana-bhanga-patitotthitau nanvetaveva nidarsanam " - Rat. IV. " bhavitavyam bhavatyeva narikela- phalambuvat | gantavyam gatamityahuh gajabhukta - kapitthavat " - Dvatrimsat Puttalika (201 n 8.) 2. vibhavyate phalena -- Cf. "eka-bhurubhayoreka-dalayoreka-kandayoh | sali - syamakayo bhemdah phalena pariciyate " || 3. aruna-nakha &c. - Red nail is a good sign. Cf. "natihrasva natidirgha na sthula na krsa api | avakrah sarala rakta-nakhah rakta- tala api | komala sitavindra dhya bhanga, ra diptimannakhah | tadrganga, layoh yasyah sa bhavet raja-vallabha " -- R; (206 n, 3) 5. anga ुlisu -- R accounts for the plural number thus :-(1) Sakuntala 's hands, and fingers were thinner than those of Dusyanta. Hence she had to change the ring from one finger to another, before it was well suited to one of her fingers. (2) The ring was a souvenir of love, and out of ardent affection, she had the ring placed round all her fingers with a view to making it touch the enitre hand. (3) Or, perhaps the ring was changed from one finger to another, as she grew leaner and thinner, day by day, owing to extreme pangs of separation from the king -- R.. Text : -- sanumati -- jai anna-hatya- gadam bhave, saccam evva soanijjam bhave | [ yadi anya hastagatam bhavet satyameva socaniyam bhavet ] | Sanumati--- If it had gone to some one else's hand, surely it would have been deplorable. vidusakah -- bho, iam nama- mudda kena uddesena bhaava tasahodie hatthavabhasam pariba (bhoh, iyam nama - mudra kena uddesena ' bhavata tatrabhavatya hastabhyasam prapita ) |

204 NOTES 1 Vidusaka - Ho ! sastho'nkah 67 this signet-ring, with what object, was placed by Your Honour into Her Ladyship's hand ? sanumati - mama vi koduhalena aarido eso [ mamapi kautuhalena 'akarita epah ] | Sanumati--This ( person ), too, has been impelled' by my curiosity. raja -- vayasya, sruyatam | sva-nagaraya prasthitam mam priya sabaspamaha kiyaccirenarya putrah pratipatti ' dasyatiti | King --- Listen To me, about to start for (my) own city, my darling said tearfully - " ( But ) how long ( will it be ere my ) husband sends (me) news" ? fagum:-aci aai (agena:)? Vidusaka-Then, (what) next? raja -- athainam mudram tadanga lau nivesayata maya pratyabhihita -- vasantatilaka ekaikamatra divase divase madiyam namaksaram ganaya gacchasi yavadantam | ( tabhajajagaga ) tavat priye ! madavarodha-grha-pravesa 5 neta ' jana stava samipa mupaisyatiti || 12 || tacca daruna''tmana maya mohanna'nusthitam || 5 King Afterwards this signet-ring was put on her finger by me replying - Beloved, count one letter of my name here, one at a time day by day, (and) ere-long ( you ) reach the end, (i.e. tale of syllables ), the persons that will escort ' ( you) to the entrance of my seraglio', shall come to your presence'. (12) And that (thing) was not done through infatuation by me, dire-souled (as I was). V. L. - ' kena uddesena ' - B. M. 'kenoddhatena ' -- R. V. 'kena upayena '-S.' akaritah ' -- R. V. M. K. S. 'vaditah ' S. 'vyaparitah ' -- B. Breads 'punarasmakam smarisyatiti ' for 'pratipatti dasyatiti ' and 'athainam ' for 'pascadimam ' | 'gacchasi ' - B. V. M. P. Taylor Mss. 'gacchati ' - R. K. S. 'grhapravesam ' -- R. V. M. S. 'nidesavarti ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha --- vidusaka iti | 'kena uddesena ' kim phalamuddisya [ iti hetau trtiya ] 'hastasya abhyasah ' antikah [ iti kumarasambhava-tikayam (62 ) mahinathapadah ] tam 'prapita ' nita datta ityarthah | sanumatiti | 'esa ' vidusakah 'api mama kautuhalena akaritah ' prerita iva ( iti gamyotpreksa ) niyukta iva | manye mama etacchravana-

68 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 205 NOTES kautuhalam vidusakam evamvidha prasna karane niyuktavat | ( bhinnadhikaranayoh kautu- halakaritayoh karana-karyabhavat asangatiralankarah ) | asangatiralankarah ) | rajeti | 'sva- nagaraya ' (2|3|12 ) hastinapuramityarthah | 'kiyaccirena ' kiyata vilambena ( apavarge trtiya ) 'pratipatti ' pravrtti samdesamiti yavat | ( 'pratipattih pravrtau syat ' iti dharanih ) | rajeti | 'atha ' sakuntalayah tadrsa- prasthanantaram | | 'enam ' nama-mudram [ "dvitiya tossvenah " - ( 204134 ) - iti idam - sabda-sthane enadesah ] | rajeti | 'atra ' asyam namamudrayam 'divase divase ' [ 'nityavipsayoh ' ( 8/1/4 ) iti dvitvam ] ekam ekam iti 'ekaikam ' na tu adhikam (atrapi vipsayam dvitvam iti kecit | taccintyam || vipsayah asattvat | vastu- tastu "svartha avadharyamana ekasmin dve bhavata iti vaktavyam " iti dvitvam | 'eka bahuvrihivat ' ( 81119 ), arthat 'dvirukta eka sabdo bahuvrihvit syat | tena sublopa-pumvadbhavo | ekaikamaksaram - iti bhattojih - 2144 ) ( namnah aksaram ganaya ' ekasmin dine kevalam ekam varna samkhyatam kuru | anena kramena 'yavat ' yatkalam 'antam ' varna-ganana-samapti ' 'gacchasi ' gamisyasi (31318) mannamnah iti sesah | ' tavat ' tatkalam tri-divasah ityarthah, he 'priye, mama avarodha- grha ' rajantahpuram tasya 'pravesa ' [ karane ghan ] dvaram (623 ) 'neta ' prapayita kascit janah madiyanucarah 'tava samipam upaisyati 'iti ' maya sa pratyabhihita iti purvena sambandhah | ( atra namaksara - ganano-padesa-bhangaya 'adyavadhi-trtiya- divase ' tvam netum mamantah purastho loka agamisyati ' iti gamyarthasya spasta-sucanat paryayoktamalankarah | tatha ca darpane "paryayoktam yada bhangagha gamyamevabhidhiyate " -- iti siddhanta - vagisapadah ) | cheka vrttyanuprasau | kalinganca | vasantatilaka vrttam ||12 || - -- 205 m. - 1. namamudra - ( 48 n. 7 ) ; - R's 'udghatena ' means 'on what occasion'. "uddhatah kathyate dhiraih skhalite samupakrame " - Dharani. hastabhyasam -amyasah = 'Proximity". 'abhyaso 'bhyasane'ntike ' iti visva - medinyau -- Quoted by Raya-Mukuta-Mani; Bhanuji Diksita & Raya-Mukuta-Mani read 'abhyasa ' | Cf. cuta - yastirivabhyase madhau parabhrtonmukhi - Kumara-sambhava VI. 2. ' arpiteyam tavabhyase sita punyavrata vadhuh '-- -Uttara-rama-Charita VIII. 17. 2. mamapi &c. - esah -- Refers to Vidusaka, and 'api ' may be construed either with (i) mama or esa (ii) i. e. (i) Viduyaka is inspired by my curiosity as well as by his own curiosity; or (ii) Even Vidusaka is impelled or made to ask the question by my (Sanumati's) curiosity. M, however, explains esah as referring to the king. "By my curiosity also he (the king) would be incited (to tell the reasons) i. e., I too wished to put the same '

205 NOTES] sastho'nkah 69 = == question to the king. akaritah 'preritah ' - (K). Cf. 'tam vara- danaya akarayamasa ' - Ram. II 12. 2. nivesayata -- ( 149 n. 5 ) . 3. aha = bu - lat ti by 'buvah pancanam aditah aho bruvah ' ( 3|4|84 ) | But here the use of lat is difficult to be justified. 'atra aha iti lat-prayoga scintyah | natra vartamana samipye vartamanavadva ' iti sutrasyavasarah, 'vartamana- samipyasyabhavat ' -- G. However, aha may be taken as a nipata having the sense of 'uvaca ', or it is another instance of a Vedic use- ( 68 n. 1). 4 kiyacirena &c. - Cf. 'kiyacirena sramyasi gauri ' - Kumara-sambhava V. 50. pratipatti ' - News'. Cf. 'karmasiddhavasu pratipattimanaya ' - Mudra-Raksasa IV. 5. athainam - Is better than 'pascadimam ', as already mention ( anvadesa ) has been made of the signet-ring ( iyam namamudra &c.); therefoe 'idam ' should be replaced by 'ena ' (Com.)- (6 n. 6. ). 6. namaksaram - aksara in the name (dusyanta ) may mean only 'Vowels' ('namaksaram ' dusyanta iti madva- cakasya sabdasya svaratmakam varnam - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha ). So says Durga-singha in Katantra Vrtti - " na ksarati na calatiti pradhanatvadabharam svara ucyate " | Then tavat = three days. But if it means any letter, vowel or consonant. ('akaradi-ksakaranta-ka - pancasadvarnah - Medini. 'aksarana makaro'smi '-- -Gita), then tavat = Eight days. If we take into account the Consonants only (which cannot be pronounced without the vowels) then the time will be five days. R remarks- 'tri- catura- dinamh iti bhavah ' but his 'catur ' is not clear. It is doubtful whether the king was at all definite about his time. ekaikam- Daily once only. 7. gacchasi = gamisyasi | By 'yavat pura nipatayorlat ' 2783. - " nipatau etau niscayam dyotayatah iti diksitapadah | ' yavattavadetau sakalye 'vadhi manavadharanesu ' - 7. "yavat bhukte niscitam bhoksyate ityarthah " "sa yavadagacchati, tavadaham gamisyami | sa yavata kalena agamisyati tavata kalena aham tatra gamisyami ityarthah | nipatayoh kim | visesyayo mabhut | yavaddasyasi tavat bhoksye, yat parimanam dasyasi tat parimanam bhoksye ityarthah " Prabha. 8. 0grha pravesam neta -- Here trc ( 3|1|133 ) has the sense of future participle. The indirect object optionally takes us or sya by the Varttika "guna-karmani vesyate | neta asvasya sughnasya srughnam va "Siddhanta-Kaumudi 623. Also Cf. 'neta camunamiva ' - Raghuvamsha XIV. 22; 'When every morn my bosom glowed, To watch the convoy on the road'Emerson. - - 43

• afuan-algeter [205 NOTES Remark:---It will be interesting to note that a "Ring Episode" somewhat similar to this, occurs in Katthahari Jataka, where Brahmadatta, king of Benares, while out a-hunting married a sylvan girl and gave her a ring as a memento. But when the lady later on went to the king with her son, who was no other than aff, the latter, like Dusyanta of the Maha. wittingly disowned her. This, however, does not establish Kali.'s indebtedness to this Jataka for the ring-eposode, as the dates of various Jatakas are not yet ascertained. It must also be noted that the ring in the Jataka, has not the potency of restoring King's memory which is the essential virtue of it. Far from getting recognition, the king in the denied the ownership of the ring, when it was presented to him by the lady whom he betrayed, saying "Nor is this my signet ring." Thus the has nothing to do with the mnemonic ring of Kali. Besides presentation of a ring as souvenir is very common with the poets of all ages. It is a universal and popular human convention. Read' 'dadau tasya tatah pritah svanamanakopa- sobhitam | anga liya mabhijnanam rajaputryah parantapah " - Ram. IV. 44.12; "abhi- jnanam maya dattam ramanamanga liyakam " - VI. 127.45; 'tasyai bhartuh abhijnanamanga Stunu cat nfq:"-Raghuvamsha XII. 62. Again there is a Greek Story (Vide Journal of Behar and Orissa Research Society. Vol-VII, P. 97) in which a Greek King, Pelecritus by name, with a view to having a ken of what is ordained in his future, once threw the Royal ring into the ocean. Fortunately, however, the ring was recovered from the maw of a fish which was netted by a fisherman who presented the ring to the king. There is, no doubt, a bit of similarity between this story and the Ring. Episode of Sakuntala and so it has been argued that Kali. is indebted to this story for his ring motif, as he has often mentioned the term in his works. But there is not a single instance to show that the term has been used by Kali to mean the Greeks. He has explicitly used the word n for Persian women (Vide 55 n. 23.). So this theory is summarily rejected. Teet:-mqua-teroitant reg arengit fafgon facianfaat [ThuHtu: ach grafa:" fafaan facianfan:³] | Sanumati-(It) was too charming an arrangement' to be *frustrated by fate.

205 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 71 vidusakah - kaham ghivala-kampiassa lohia-macchatsa ubalambhantale asi [ katham dhivara- kalpitasya ' rohita matsasya udarabhyantare asit ] | Vidusaka -- (But) how did it get inside the maw of the carp, "chopped by the fisher-man? raja -- sacitirtham vandamanayah sakhyaste hastad ganganotasi paribhrastam | King - While doing obeisance to the Saci - tirtha, (it) dropped into the stream of the Ganges from the hand of your friend. - vidusakah -- jujjai [ yujyate ] | Vidusaka - ( That's possible. sanumati -- abo kkhu tabassinie saundalae adhamma-bhiruna imassa- raesino parinae samdeho asi | ahava idiso anurao ahinnanam abekkhadi | kaham via evam [ ataeva tapasvinyah sakuntalaya adharma bhirorasya rajarseh parinaye sandeha asit | athava idrsah anuragah abhijnanam apeksate | kathamivaitat ] | Sanumati-It was, indeed, for this that, as to poor Sakuntala, this royal-sage, sin-fearing (as he was), had a doubt in (his) marriage. Or, how is it that affection of such a type (i.e. so strong ) stands in need of a 'souvenir ? raja -- 'upalapsye tavadidamanga liyakam | King -- (I) will now reproach this ring. vidusakah ( atmagatam ) - gahido nena pantha ummattaanam | [ grhito'nena pantha unmattanam ] | Vidusaka bedlamite. vamsastanita ( jatajara ) (To himself)-He has taken to the ways of a raja -- "katham nu bandhura-komalanga ुli ' karam vihayasi nimagna athava-- acetanam nama gunam na laksayen mambhasi | mayaiva kasmadavadhirita ' priya " || 13|| King - How possibly could you, (O ring) ! get down into the water, having left that hand with beautiful and tender fingers' ? Or, rather, a senseless (thing) possibly may not discern merit. (But) why did I myself disown' (my) beloved ? (13) V. I. - ' ramaniyah ' R. B. V. M. 'ramaniyam ' -- S. 'avadhih - R. B. V. M. 'vyavadhih ' - S. 'visamvaditah ' -- R. B. V. M . ' sampaditah ' S. ' athavedrsah ' -- R. B. V. M. 'athava nedrsah '---S 'bandhura-komala '-

72 abhijnanasakuntalam - [205 NOTES R. B. V. M. 'komala- bandhura ' - B. 'gunam ' - R. V. M. B. 'gunan ' s. 'laksayet ' - R. V. M. 'viksate ' -- B. 'apeksate - S. sanumatiti | 'avadhih ' virahasya sima | yadva sundara - dampatya-sukha-janano- payogitvat ramaniyah kalah | [ 'avadhih sima-kalayoh ' iti trikandasesah ) 'vidhina ' viparitena daivena 'visamvaditah ' visamvadah prapitah | ('vipralambho visamvado vipralabhasca kathyate ' iti halayudhah | "dvayamangikrta'sampadane " iti raghunathah | ' midhyakhyana - vancanayam ' iti mukutah || " pratipadikat ghatvarthe bahulam isthavacca ' iti ganasutrat (si . kau . - 2573 nic ) anga riyakasya aksara - gananante'pi neta tu nopagatah iti visamvadah | vidusaka iti | 'dhivarena kalpitasya ' khandasah cheditasya [ iti trikandasesah ] | sanumatiti | 'ataeva ' anga ुliyakasya adarsanadeva | tapasvinyah ' anukamparhayah 'sakuntalayah ' ['parinayateh karmani sasthi ] 'parinaye ' vivahe 'rajarseh ' [ diha dhatoh kartari sasthi - 2|3|65 ] 'samdehah ' samsayah | ' athava ' iti paksantare | 'idrsah ' atigabhirah 'anuraga ' yo maya adhuna drstah, sah "abhijnanam ' anga ुliyakadi smaraka dravyam 'apeksate ' abhilasati iti me vismayah | rajeti | 'upalapsye ' bhartsanam karisye [ 'ya: saninda upalambha statra syat paribhasanam ' ityamarah ] | vidusaka iti | 'unmattanam ' unmada - yuktanam [ 'unmatto mucukunde syat dhatturo-mada-yuktayoh ' iti haimah | "na dhya-khya-pu-mucchi madam " - ( 8|2|57 ) - iti nisthaya na natvam ] | kathamiti | 'bandhurah ' suvibhakta - parvataya unnatanatah [ 'bandhuram tunatanatam ' iyamarah ] yadva 'bandhura ' ramya [ 'bandhura-bandhuri ramye namra, hamse tu bandhurah ' iti visvah ] athaca 'komalah ', sparsa - subhagah 'anga layah ' yatra, ataeva sarvatha parityaktum ayogyam 'tam karam ' [ 'prakanta - prasiddhanubhutarthesu yacchandah tacchabdam napeksate ' iti prakasokteh yacchabdasya anapeksa ] 'vihaya ' tyaktva [ anena buddhi-purvakasyaga uktah, na mohat bhramsah ] 'katham ' kena karanena 'ambhasi ' atadrsasparse acetane jale 'nitaram magnam asi ' [ atra cetana-vyavahara- samaropat samasoktih alankarah ] | 'athava [iti vrtaksepalankarah ] paksantare ' acetanam ' jada़-vastujatam kartr, 'gunam ' asrayasya yogyatadikam 'nama ' iti sambhavanayam 'na laksayet ' na parijnatum saknuyat [ sambhava- nayam lina | arthantaranyaso'lankarah ] | tvaya tu acetanatvat idam krtam, 'maya evam guna'gunadi-viveka-bhimanavata sacetanena 'kasmat ' akaranam ityarthah 'priya ' na kevalam strimatram kintu dayita, 'avadhirita ' avajnata pratyakhyata iti yavat [ 'avadhirah avajnayam curadih | 'avadhirayat sadhumasadhuh ' iti durgadasah ] | [ avadhirana-karanabhave tadutpattabibhavana | antya caranena namanga riyakad atmanah aghamatvam vyajyate iti vastuna vyatirekalankara-dhvanih | srutyanuprasa- |

206 NOTES] 73 brsyanuprasayoh sankarah | trtiya-pade arthantaranyasah | vamsastanita ityapara- nama vamsasvam vrttam ) ||13| - = - - 206 m. - 1. visamvaditah vi + sama + vad + nic kta karmani - Thwarted, caused to fail in keeping up the promise (Com. ). 'phale visamvadati Vikramorvasiya II. avadhih = Time (Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha), or Arrangement (Com. ). Cf. "padmavati -- ramaniyah khalu kathayogah nrsamsena visamvaditah ' - -Svapna-Vasavadatta IV. 2. sacitirtha &c. - The king here reiterates the utterance of Gautami while accounting for the loss of the the ring (Page 471) ummatanam &c. - This is because of king's railing at a lifeless thing. Vidusaka here is referring to the ninth stage of love-sickness (196 n. Remark) known as unmada, -- " citta-sammoha unmadah kama-soka-bhayadibhih | asthana -hasa - rodita-gita- pralapanadikrt " Sahitya-Darpana Cf. 'naiva pasyati jatyandhah, kamandho naiva pasyati | na pasyati madonmattastvarthi dosam na pasyati ' | 'kamarta hi prakrti-krpanascetana-khetanesu " -Meghaduta 5, and Mallinatha thereon 3. bandhurah &c. - bandhurah = "Depressed in the joints and slightly raised inside". i. e. undulating, hence natural. This is a good sign. Read "dirghanga libhih kulata, krsabhi ratinirdhana | hrasvabhih syacca hrasvayuh, bhagnabhih bhugnavartani || hastadvayam mrgaksinam bahubhogaya jayate | mrdumadhyonnatam raktam talam panyo rarandhrakam " || - iti samudrake | Or, bandhura = ( ramya ) - Beautiful- (C). 4. nimagnam - Merged deeply into the water. Cf. "ayi jada़prakrte ! paricyutastat- kuca kumbha- madhyat ki sosamayasi mrnala - harah " - Rat. II. kumbha-madhyat 15; Svapna-Vasavadatta VI. 5. mayamva &c. - The action of the ring may be somewhat justified because it is inanimate and as such bereft of any power of discernment or appreciation of merits and demerits. But the king's case stands unjustifiable as he, a rational being, disavowed the person who had been extremely dear to him. Mark that his determination of railing at the ring ends but in self-reprimand avadhirita -- ( 97 n. 5. ) "avadhirya " (with lyap ), however, has been used by Maha and Sriharsa- (Naisadha-Carita V. 72), Sudraka, (Mricchakatika II.) --which can be justified by considering "aba " as an 'upasagam, and "ghiri " as the root. avadidhirat | Now See - ( 240 n. 10). Then luna ==

or abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 206 NOTES Text: - visakah (atmagatam ) - kaham bubhuklae savivamyo mhi | ( katham vubhuksaya khaditavyo'smi ) | Vidusaka (Aside ) - What ! am I to be devoured by hunger (when he is apostrophizing his ring)? raja -- akarana- parityakte ' ! anusaya sapta-hrdaya stavat anukampyatam ayam janah punarvarsanena | King-O 'cause-lessly forsaken (one ) ! let this person with (his) heart consumed (M) by remorse' be just pitied by ( your ) sight again. ( pravisyapati -ksepena citra - phalaka - hasta ) gada bhattini [bhartah ! iyam citra - gata bhattini ] | caturika - bhatta ! iam citta- ( iti citra - phalakam darsayati ) | (Entering with a toss of the curtain, with a tablet in hand) Caturika -- Here ( is our ) queen painted in the picture. (This said, shows the tablet ). mahura-yatyana- damsanijjo bhava- vidusakah ( vilokya ) - sahu vaassa ! juppaveso | khaladi vima mem ditthi gijnujjama-ppadesesu | kim bahuna, satta-nuppavesa- sadakae alavana-kotuhalam me janaadi [ saghu vayasya ! maghura'vasthana- darsaniyo ' "bhava'nupravesah | skhalati ' iva me drstih nimnonnata- pradesesu ', ki bahuna, "sattva'nu- pravesa- sankaya 'alapana - kautuhalam me janayati ] | ' Vidusaka-(Looking at it)-Well done (my) friend! The ★ representation of the (parious) sentiments' has become delightful s owing to charming delineation (of parts). My vision stumbles as it were, amidst (its ) 'elevations and depressions. To be brief, (it) has roused in me a 'curiosity for a 'commune with the impression (that it is) instinct with life'. sanumati -ammo, esa raesino niunava | jane pina-sahi aggavo me vattadi ti ( ammo, esa rajarseh nipunata | jane priya sakhi agrato me vartate iti ) | Sanumati Oh, such ( is) the skill of the royal-sage. (I) fancy, my dear friend is standing before me. V. I. - ' anusaya ' - B.V.M. 'parityaganusaya ' - R. S. 'madhuravasthana ' - -R. V. M. 'madhurasamsthana ' - SB reads 'nibhrta ' for 'nimnonnata ' | 'kim bahuna ' - &c. - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha Omitted in other editions. 'nipunata '-R. V. M. 'vartika - nipunata - S. 'vartika - lekha - nipunata ' -- B.Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha - vidusaka iti | 'bubhuksaya ' bhusaya 'asmi ' aham ' khaditavyah ' | asau unmatta | ataeva visaya'ntara-samcara'bhavat maya bhojanartham gantumasakyam ityasayah | rameti | 'akaranam ' nirhetukam 'parityakta ' pratyakhyata tatsambuddhi | [ 'atra

207 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 75 parityagascet katham karana'bhavah | karanabhavascet katham parityaga iti virodhah na''sankaniyah | atra karana-sabdena prasiddham nayikaparadha-grhitam tadeva tyage karanam 'drstecaram ' iti raghavapadah ] | 'anusayena ' pascattapena 'taptam hrdayam ' yasya tathoktah anena rajnah ksama-yogyatvam darsitam 'ayam ' mallaksanah 'janah punah darsanena ' darsana- danena 'anukampyatam ' [ anena akranva-nama natayalankara upaksiptah | tallaksanam yatha darpane - " akranvah pralapitam suca " ] | caturiketi | [ iyam citragata bhattini ' ityanena yad rajna punarvarsanam yacitam tadanaya bhangaya kavina sampaditam | ataeva pascat 'citraphalaka darsayati ' ityuktih - iti raghavapadah | ] 'bhattini ' natayokti akrtabhiseka raja-yosit . ('devi krtabhisekayam, itarasu ca bhattini ' ityamarah ] | vidusaka iti | 'sadhu ' iti prasamsayam avyayam | 'bhavasya ' manasah vikarasya [ 'vikaro manaso bhava ' ityamarah ] tasya yah anupravesa ' prakatanam abhivyanjanam iti yavat sa 'madhurena ' manoharena 'avasthanena ' vinyasena 'darsaniyah ' hrdyah samjatah iti | 'nimnesu ' nabhi-pramukhesu anunnatesu, 'unnatesu ' stana - nasika-prabhrtisu uccesu 'pradesesu ' sariravayavesu 'me drstih ' 'skhalativa ' bhramsamanubhavativa | 'ki bahuna ' samasena bravimi ; etat alekhyam 'sattvasya ' prananam [ 'dravya'su-vyavabhayesu sattvamastri tu jantusu ' ityamarah ] ya: 'anupravesah ' abhyudayah | prana-sannivesa ityarthah tasya ya 'sanka ' buddhih taya, 'me alapanasya ' samlapasya 'kautuhalam ' ( "ramyavastu samalokya lolata syat kutuhalam ", "lolata apurva vastu-didrksayamiti raghunathah ") 'janayati ' utpadayati | 207 n. - 1. khaditavyo'smi &c. - Vidusaka though extremely hungry, cannot go away leaving the king alone, who has been raving all the while. He expresses the keenness of his hunger by saying that hunger without getting anything as food, will surely devour him. Note that Vidusaka, as usual is contemplating about food. [222 n. 7 ( end); 72 n. 1]. Cf. ' drdha़ vipanikanduriva me udarabhyantaram dahyate ' - Mala. II. 2. iyam citragata &c. - Hardly had the King uttered 'punardarsanena ' when caturika entering with the picture in hand said 'iyam citragata bhattini ' | This is prognosticative of future event ie king's reunion with sakuntala | This is a clever trick with Sanskrit poets to foreshadow future events. Thus in Uttara-rama-Charita, (Act. I) as soon as Rama had uttered paramasahyastu virahah the pratihari appeared and said 'deva upasthitah ' meaning thereby the arrival of the spy ( durmukha ); but the poet very cleverly insinuates the viraha of sita due to her immineat banishment. In Vairagya-Sataka (Act •

76 say abhijnanasakuntalama [207 NOTES. II, 23), scarcely had duryodhana said 'mamoru-yugmam ", before kancuki entered and said "deva bhaggram, bhagnam " | The chamberlain meant to that the Chariot flag had been thrown down by strong gale. But the poet cleverly utilized it as a presage to the urubhanga of duryo- dhana| (Vide Sahitya-Darpana 302 & 527) & (Com.) 3. sadhu-- An exclamatory avyaya, signifying joy. Cf. 'saghu gitam ' - Sakuntala I. 'sadhu re pingalavanara ! sadhu ' - Mala. IV. 4. madhura - vasthana &c. - madhura - Nice, proper; avasthana -- Delineation, adjustment, posture of the parts (R). bhava = Vari ous mental feelings ( rati ) | anupravesah - Infusion. Cf. 'haridasvadidhiteh anupravesadiva balacandramah - Raghuvamsha III. 22. The picture has been wonderfully beautiful on account of the exquisite delineation of the various mental feelings (such as fear, curiosity &c.). "The presence of the prevailing sentiment (love) is delightful by its sweet abiding in very part" - M. 5. skhalati &c. -Show that the relief (i.e. appearance of projection and depression) was drawn with great care to utmost perfection and 'my eye is deceived and seems to follow the inequalities of the surface - M. 6. ammo -- (118 n. 1) 7. jane 'anupasargat jnah - (13. 76 ) - iti atmanepadam | ( pathyavaktra ) Text:--raja-- " yadyat sadhu na citre syat kriyate tattadanyatha | tathapi tasya lavanyam rekhaya ' kincidanvitam || 14 || King Whatever is not well executed in the picture is (constantly) portrayed otherwise (for improvement ). ( Yet her angelic) loveliness is but partially represented by delineation. 1 ( 14 ) . sanumati - sarisam evam paccha-vava-garuno sinehassa anavalebalsa a [ sadrsametat pascatapa - guroh ' snehasya anavalepasya ' ca ] | Sanumati-This ( speech) is worthy of (his) affection, heightened through remorse and absence of pride.* vidusakah -- bho, vani tigni tattahodio disanti | savvao a damsani- ao | ta kamdama ettha tattahodi saundala [bhoh, idanim tisrah tatrabhavatyo drsyante | sarvasca darsaniyah | tat katama atra tatrabhavati sakuntala ] | Vidipaka---- Ho ! now three ladies are (here). All are ( equally ) beautiful Which one here (is) Her Ladyship Sakuntala ? sanumati -anabhinno klu ivisassa rubalsa moha-bitthi manam jano [ anabhijnah khalu idrsasya rupasya moghadrsti rayam janah ] |

208 NOTES] pathomah 77 Sanumati-Unaware, indeed, of such a beauty, this person has his sight in vain'. raja-vam tavat katama tarkayasi | King - Well, which one do you guess ? -V. I. - ' rekhaya ' - R. M. V. S. K. lekhaya - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha P. 'moghadrstih: R. B. M. V. 'mohadrstih ' -- S. Some B Mss read 'mosacaksuh ' | I 1 yaditi | 'citre ' maya likhite alekhye 'yat yat angadikam sadhu avikalam vinyastam ' na syat ' [ sambhavanayam lina ] 'tat tat ' sarvena citrakarena 'anyatha ' yatha darsaniyam syat tatha kriyate, svecchaya prakarantarena asuyamte | sarvesameva citra- karanam iyameva ritih yat ankayitavyasya yo yo'msah alekhye avikalam vinyastum na sakyate sa so'sah yathakamam prakarantarena taih ankayate | anena alekhyasya asam- purnatvam pratipadyate | tathapi ' citra-karmanah asampurnatve'pi 'tasyah ' sakuntalayah 'lavanyam ' alaukikam saundarya 'rekhaya ' citrartham tulika vihitaya 'kincit ' svalpam na tu bahulyena, 'anvitam ' abhivyanjitam ityarthah | atra citre tadalo- kika -lavanyasya kathancid unmesah sampaditah | ( 'lavanyam rekhaya iti virodhabhasah | lavanya-laksanam tuktam prak | rekha-ruvanam yatha sangitaratnakare- "siro-netra-karadinamanganam melane sati | karyasthitiryato netra-hara rela prakirtita " || payyavastram vrttam ) ||14 || sanumatiti | 'avidyamanah abalepah ' ahankara ( iti medini ) yasya tadrsasya nirahankarasya | 'pascattapena guroh ' mahatah 'ca snehasya ' anuragasya 'etat ' rajoktam 'sadrsam ' yogyam | sanuna- siti | 'mosa ' nirarthaka 'drstih ' yasya sah ('mogha stri patalavrkse, mogham trisu nike ' iti rudrah | muhyanti asmin iti muhyateh halasca ' - ( 3|3|121 ) - iti van | 'nyana kvadinanca ' - ( 713153 ) - iti sadhuh ) | 208 m.-1. quq-It is not possible to paint, in toto. all the human sentiments in a picture. Hence it is a common practice with the painters to print otherwise (anyatha ) what cannot be executed perfectly (g) in a picture or what when painted as it is, will look other than fair. Thus a picture always falls short of the beauty of the original. Nevertheless the loveliness of Sakuntala has been partially delineated in the picture. Or, this may be explained otherwise thus:-The king did his best to improve upon those parts of the picture which fell short of Sakuntala's beauty. But god-made lovelines of her was of nonpariel (stri- ratna-srstih apara &c. - Act II. 9) nature and in spite of constant retouches, the picture does but partially imitate that beauty,

78 abhijnanasakuntalam [208 NOTES i.e. it is inferior to the original made by the creator himself For the difference between a human being and its portrait, Read-"What find here ? Fair Portia's counterfeit ! * * yet look, how far, The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow. In underprizing it, so for this shadow. Doth limp behind the substnce". The studesnt should read the whole speech of Bassanio in Merchant of Venice. III. 2; Raghuvamsha XVIII, 33; "citragatayamasyam kanti-visamvada-sati me hrdayam | samprati sithila samadhi manye yeneyamalikhita " - Mala, II. 2. 2. sadrsametat &c. - Like Vidusaka, Sanumati also thinks that the picture is a faithful representation of the original. But the king is not satisfied with it. He opines that Sakuntala is far more beautiful. This exaggeration, however, according to Sanumati is due to his ardent affection for Sakuntala, which has again been intensified through remorse. 3. moghavrstih &c. -- mogha -- Useless, brstih- Eye, hence one who has his eyes in vain. Cf. 'masavya, anavapta caksuh phalo'si | yena tvaya darsaniyam na drstam ' - ( 6 In 5 ). Also 'harim avalokya saphala nayane ' - Git. IX. 6. Sanumati abuses Vidupaka as he considers all three equally beautiful. (Cf. 'sarvasca darsaniyah ) ' Supra . ) Like the king, she also is speaking in this train, out of her ardent affection for Sakuntala; for in sooth, Sakuntala and her friends are equally beautiful, and Vidusaka is right to call all of them 'darsaniyah ' | Note that Dusyanta also at the first sight considered all three to be qually beautiful. Cf. 'sama-vayo-rupa- ramaniyam bhavatinam sauhardam- Cf. also the idea in BK. V. 19. For mogha, Cf. 'yanca mogha varamadhigune, nadhame labdhakama ' - Parsvabhyudayam & Meghaduta 6. 'mogha-vrttiphalamasya vrtha cestitam -- Raghuvamsha XI. 39. 'atyantaviyoga - moghe ' - XIV. 65. 'moghasa mogha- karmano mogha - jnana vicetasah ' Gita. IX 12. Text: -- vidvasakah (nirvarnya ) takkemi ja esa sidila-bandhanu-vanta-kusu mena kesa hatyena umbhinna-ssena-binduna vaanena visesado osarimahim bahahi, avasea-siddhi-taruna- pallavassa cua-paabassa alihida sa talahovi sambala, itarao sithila bandhano-dvanta '- kusumena kesa-hastena ' pase isi parissanta bima sahioli (tarkayami ya esa udbhinna ' sveda-vinduna vadanena, visesatah "apasrtamyam bahubhyam, avaseka -snigdha-taruna- pallavasya cuta-padapasya parsve isat parisranta iva alikhita sa tatrabhavati sakuntala, itare sakhyau iti ) |

208 NOTES ] sasthoh 79 Viusdaka (Surveying)-Methinks that this one who is (here) painted, as it were, a little tired, at the side of the water-glistening young-tendrilled mango-tree, with locks of hairs having the fillet slackened and the flowers falling', with a face having drops of sudor appearing³ (on it), and with arms extremely drooping'-This one, ( I pressume, is) Her Ladyship Sakuntala ; the other two (are her) companions. raja -- nipuno bhavan | astyatra mamapi bhava-cihnam | arya [12,18 12, 15] svinna'nga ुli-viniveso ' rekha - prantesu drsyate malinah | abhu va kapola-patitam drsyamivam varnakocchasat ||15|| (cetim prati ) caturike, asam-likhitametadvinoda-sthanam ' | vartika ' stavadanaya | tadgaccha | King -- Clever you (are ). Besides there (is) here a traces of my passion. The (deep laid) dint* [impression] of (my) sweating finger on the edges of the picture is seen (all) dark, and a (drop of my) tear fallen on (her) cheek is discernible from the puff' [swelling] of the paint. ' ( 15 ) . (To the maid-servant)-Caturika, half-sketched (is) this source of (my) diversion'. So go (and) bring (me) the brushes. V. L. - 'sithila -bandhanah ' - B. - 'sithila - kesabandhana ' - R. M. S. '0 kesabandha ' - V. Breads 'kesa-hastena ' for 'kesantena ' | 'namitamsakamyam ' --- B. 'apasrtabhyam ' - R. V. B.M. 'avasrtabhyam ' -- S. 'bhavacihna - B. R. M.V.S. 'tavaccihnam ' -- R's Com Some B Mss read 'vinivesat ' and 'malina ' (rekha ) for 'vinivesa ' and 'malinah ' | Breads 'laksyam ' for 'drsyam ' | 'varnaka ' - B. 'varnika ' - M. V. K. 'yatika ' - R. S.; Breads 'vartikah ' for 'vartikam ' | 'cetim prati ' - B. Omitted by others. , - ---- visrvaka iti | 'avasekena ' jala- sincanena 'snigdha ' mala-nasat masunah 'tarunah ' abhinavah 'pallavah ' kisalayani yasya tadrsasya 'cuta - padapasya ' amravrksasya 'pakhem ' samipe | 'sithilam ' visrastam 'bandhana ' yasya tadrsah, tena hetuna 'udvantani ' udgirani parityaktani ityarthah ( gaunavrttya aslilata - pariharah ) 'kusumani ' nyastapurvani puspani yasmat tadrsena 'kesa-hastena 'kaca - kalapena ityarthah [ "pasah paksasca hastasca kalaparyah kacat pare " ityamarah | "ittham bhuta-laksane " - ( 2|3|21 ) iti 3ya ] | 'udbhinnah ' avirbhutah 'sveda - vindavah ' dharma viprusah yasmin tatha- bhutena 'vadanena ' [ purvavat 3ya | anena komalatvam srama-klesa sahana'ksamatvam ca vyajyate ] | 'visesatah ' adhikyena, bahulyena iti yavat 'apasrtabhyam -

80 abhijnana- sakuntalam [209 NOTES [ akarmakatvat kartari ktah - 3086 ] sithila - mulabhyam 'bahubhyam ' [ atra'pi purvavat 3ya ] | rajeti | 'nipunah ' anumana -kusala ityarthah | 'bhavena ' anu- ragena krtam 'cihnam ' ( uttarapada - lopi karmadharayah | ) yadva 'bhavasya ' sattvika- bhavasya arthat svedasrunoh 'cihnam ' [ iti sasthisamasa iti nyayapancanana- padah ] | svinneti | 'rekhayah ' citrapatasya 'prantesu ' pranta-bhagesu 'malinah ' krsnavarnah 1 'malinam krsna-dosayoh ' iti haimah | ' jyotsna tamisra ' -- (5111 114 ) iti sadhuh ] 'svinnanam ' satvika bhavodayat gharmaplutanam (anga ुlinam vinivesah ' sthapanam 'drsyate | citra-nirmana- velayam satvika bhavodayat anga linam carma''plutatvat tasam sparsena citrapate krsnavarna-cihnam samutpannam | idanca, 'kapole ' alekhyastha - sakuntalayah ganda prante 'patitam ' madiya- netra- prantadviga litam 'asru varnakasya ' citra - saghanibhuta-vilepanasya [ iti sisupala-tikayam ( 16 | 62 ) mallinathapadah || " varnaka scarane smrtah | vilepane candane ca varnaka syat " iti visvah ] 'ucchrasah ' ucchunata sphitata iti yavat tasmad hetoh 'drsyam ' arthat anumanena avagantavyam | ( drseh kyap - 3|2 1110 ) | ( anu- mana'nuprasau | anena hetunama bhusanamupaksiptam | tallaksanam yatha darpane- " heturvakyam samasoktam istakrddhetudarsanat " | arya jatih ) || 15 || 'vino- khasya tapta-hrdaya''svasasya 'sthanam ' upayabhutam 'citram ardha-likhitam ' asampurnam | 'vartikah ' tulikah [ 'patalepe paksibhede tulikayanca vartika ' iti nanartha-samgrahe ajayapalah | anena varnakadinamapi anayanam laksyate | ] 209 n. - 1. nirvarnya - It reflects great credit on the part of Vidusaka that he had at last found out correctly Sakuntala, though she "was not seen before. 2. sithila &c. - Cf. 'alokamarga sahasa vrajantya kayacidudvestana-vanta-matyah | bandhum na sambhavita eva tavat karena ruddho'pi ca kesapasah " -- Raghuvamsha VII. 6; (65 n. 5 ) 3. kesa-hastena- 'hasta ', 'pasa ' after 'kesa ', 'kaca ' &c. denote "Luxuriance; mass or abundance" [ vrata ] of hair (n. 2) and (Com. ). Cf. "eso'ham grhitva kesahaste duhsasana- -syamukrti karomi " -- Mricchakatika 130. 'karena ruddho'pi ca kesapasah -- Kumara-sambhava VIII. 57 1 48. 'kesa - hastena ' is preferred to 'kesantena ', as like many of his favourite words, Kali, has already used this very word elsewhere under almost similar circumstances. Cf. " rati- vigalita-bandhe kesahaste sukesyah ", &c. - Vikramorvasiya IV. I 0. 4 bhava- 'cihnam - bhava == sattvika bhava | - Indications of my passion. Cf. " stambha - ssedo'tha romancah svarabhango'tha vepathuh | vaivarnam asrupralaya ityastau satvikah smrtah " - Sahitya-Darpana Here only two are alluded to, viz. sveda

209 NOTES] " sastho'h --- - 81 = (perspiration- ( anga ुli-svebena lupyante'ksarani ' - Vikramorvasiya II) - as inferred from the impression of the finger on the edge of the canvas, and which is responsible for the bulging of the colour. 5. svinnanga ुli ( Impression of the sweating fingers ) &c. Cf. "svinnanga ुlih pungava - keturasit " - Kumara-sambhava VIII. 77 "svinanga li samvavrte kumari " - Raghuvamsha VIII 22. and Mallinatha thereon. "anga li- svedena ca lupyante aksarani " - Vik II. 'kathancidalikhannanga liksaranasanna vartikah ' Raghuvamsha XIX. 19 6. varnakolchasat varnaka = A paint or any thing used as a pigment varnam karoti iti varna + nbul- ( 3.1.133) - varnakah or varnakam | vilepane candane ca varnakam pumnapumsakam ' - Rabhasa. 'nrpa- mauli- marici - varnakaih ' - Shishupala-badha XVI. 62. 'etaih pista-tamala varnaka-nibhaih - Mricchakatika V. 46; also BK. XIX. II. ucchasa = Puff. When a waterparticle falls on a painting, the part wet, swells up. This swelling is 'ucchrasa ' | R's 'vartika ' is rejected, as in the following sentence, it has been used in the sense of 'brush' and not in the sense of 'painting'. 'kapola-patitam ' - Fallen from my cheek', or perhaps fallen on the cheek' of the protrait - M. 7. vinoda- sthanam-- " means of relief "Roby Dutta. i. c. the picture drawn by the king to amuse himself. M wrongly translates-"The garden in the background of the picture is only half painted" -- (200 n. 6). betim prati (B) - This stage-direction is wrongly omitted in other recensions. Text : - caturika - ajja mahavva, avalamba citta-phalaam ava aacchami [ arya maghavya, avalambasva citra - phalakam yavadagacchami ] | Caturika-Sir Madhavya, hold the tablet until ( 7 ) return . raja - ahamevaitadavalambe | ( yathoktam karoti | niskranta ceti ) | King - (Nay ), I myself will hold it. (Does as said. Exit maid) raja ( nihsvasya ) - saksat priyamupagata mapahaya purva vasantatilaka (tabhajajagaga ) 'citra'pitamahamimam bahu manyamanah | 'sroto vaham pathi nikama - alamatitya jatah sakhe ! pranayavan mrga-trsnikayam ||16|| King (Sighing ) - Having first disowned (my) beloved when she personally came to me, and (now) thinking* much of her

82 abhijnana- sakuntalam [210 NOTES 'when placed on the picture', I have, O friend, become enamoured of a deer-drouth' [ mirage ] after having passed on (my) way, a ( gushing) stream' of plentiful' water. ( 16 ) V. I. - 'raja ( nihsvasya ) ' -B. 'raja aham him ' - R. M. S. 'raja ' - V. 'ahamimam ' -- B. V. 'punarimam ' - R. S. 'muhurimam ' - M -- -- rajeti | 'ahameva ' ityadina citre'pi avaratisayo vyajyate | saksaditi | 'he sakhe ' vayasya, 'purva ' pura 'saksat ' pratyaksena 'upa ' samipe 'gatam ' praptam [ anena sakuntalayah upasthitih na bhranti-vijrmbhita kintu maya svayam anubhuteti parijnayate ] 'priyam ' kevalam narimatram na, apitu vallabham 'apahaya ' avajnaya na tu tyaktva | [ tyaktasya punarupadane mahapurusasya anaucitya prasangat iti raghava - caranah ] | pascat 'citra'pitam ' alekhyankitam 'imam ' purodrsyamanam sakuntala - pratikrti 'bahu manyamanah ' adaradhikyena avalokamanah 'aham ' nikamam paryaptam 'jalam ' yasyah tadrsim pipasa nivarane saksamam bhuri- jalam 'srotovaham nadim 'pathi ' marge 'atitya ' pratyakhyaya, atikramya 'mrgatrsnikayam ('mrgatrsna maricika ' ityamarah | " grisye marudese sikatadau arka - karah pratiphalita durasthanam jalatvena abhanti, tadvacika " iti sabdakalpadrume, tasyam ) 'pranayavan ' [ vaidika prayogo'yam | 'sukhadibhyasca ' - (5|2|19 ) iti sutrena cakarat matup va iti kecit ] pritiyuktah 'jata ' samvrtah yatha nadim kancidatikramya tadvat pratiyamanayam maricikayam jalam prarthayita jala malabhamana pipasadhikyena sutaram pidayate, tathahamapi matsamipa- magatam sakuntalam pratyadisya citrapitayam santimicchan nitaram vedana manubhava- miti [ asambhavadvastusambandha nidarsana | sruti-vrtyanuprasau | mupamapeti manyamana iti chekanupraso'pi | vasanta- tilaka-vrttam ] ||16|| an indeclinable here, 210. - 1. bahu manyamanah - 'bahu ' is meaning 'exceedingly', 'in a high degree', or in other words 'bahu + man ' '=Esteem highly', 'rate high'. Cf. 'tvatsambhavitamatmanambahu manyamahe vayam ' -- Kumara-sambhava VI. 20 'aratiti bahu amanyata ' - Raghuvamsha XII. 89. 'bhartuh bahumata bhava ' - ( 128 n. 6 ). Gita. II. 35; BK. III. 35; V. 84; BK. VIII. 12; 2. srotovaham-vahatiti vaha + ac ( pacadi -- 3. 1.34 ) kartari striyam = vaha - carrier. srotasam vaha srotovaha - A river. srotah vahati ya sa- srotobahi (with 'ana ' by kamanyan ' - 3.2.1 ) ; for detailed discussion, Vide 222 n. 7.) 3. pranayavan- 'pranaya ' is included in the sukhadi list, hence ordinarily 'ini ' comes in by 'sukhadibhyasca ' - (5.2.131) giving the form 'pranayi ' | Cf 'ankasraya-pranayina - Sakuntala VIII. 17. =

210 NOTES] 83 - 'pranayini - jane ' - Parsvabhyudayam& Meghaduta, 3; Raghuvamsha IX 31; 55; XI. 2. Kumara-sambhava V. 11. Vikramorvasiya IV. 15; 1.2. In fact 'pranayavan is a Vedic word with 'matupa ' and as such should not be used in Classical literature. But, we have already noticed Kali's fancy for archaic forms. Some, however, opine that 'matup ' may be optionally available after words of the gefe-list, as is inferred from 'cakara ' in the Sutra. Read "atra cakarah matup pratyaya samuccayarthah | sukhi sukhavan | duhkhi duhkhavan * * pranayi pranayavan " Prabha. Kali. elsewhere also repeats this word. Cf. 'sa hi pranayavatsasit sapatnyo - bhayorapi ' -- Raghuvamsha XI. 57. "evam pranayavati sa sakyamupeksitum " - Mala. III 4. mrga-trsnikayam - mrganam trsna mrgatrsna | sa asti asyam iti arsaadi ac- (5|2|127 ) = mrgatrsna -- ( Bhanuji Diksita ) + 'kan ' ( 127 n. 1 ) = mrgatrsnika ' or 'mrga-trsnaka ' in the feminine, by 'abhasitapumskacca - ( 7.3.48 ) " ukta- pumska- bhinna- sabdat paravarti akara - sthaniyah akara ikarah bhavati va | acarya- mate akara eva vartate - ( 7.3.40 ) - abhasitapumskat kim ? tubhra subhrika "-Prabha. A mirage is so called, as the phenomenon i.e. 'a vapour floating over waste places, and appearing at a distance like water, deceives men and animals.' Note the use of wat with pranaya | For somewhat similar idea Cf. "pipasarto'nudhavami ksinatoyam nadimiva " PN - III. 10; Ram. V. 34.23. Text- - vidusakah ( atmagatam ) -- eso attabhavam gada avikkamia mia-tivhiae samkanto [ epah atrabhavan nadimatikramya mrgatrsnikaya samkrantah ) | (prakasam ) bhoh, abaram kim lihibamvam [ bhoh, aparam kimatra lekhitavyam ] ? Vidusaka (Aside)-Here His Highness, having crossed a river, has indeed fallen into a dear-drouth. ( Aloud) Ho ! whatelse is to be drawn here ? sanumati - jo jo padeso pia -sahie me abhirubo tam tam alihidukamo bhave [ yo yah pradesah priyasakhya mem 'abhirupa stam tamalekhitu kamo bhavet ] | Sanumati--Perhaps (he) is desirous of delineating whatever spot is liked' by my dear friend. raja - salle ! sruyatam | karya saikata- lina- hamsa-mithuna strotovaha malini sardulavikriditam 'pavastamabhito 'nisanna harina gauri-guroh pavanah | 'mamajasatataga ) sakha-sambita- valkalasya ca taronimatumicchamyasah srnge krsna-mrgasya vama-nayane kanduyamanam mrgim ||17||

84 abhijnana- samkuntalama [210 NOTES is to be King-Hear my friend! The river MalinI portrayed with pairs of swans [flamingoes] reposing on its sandy banks, (and) on both sides of it (are to be drawn ) the holy spurs # [foot-hills ] of the father' of Gauri (Himalaya] with deer reclining on them. And under a tree with bough-swinging bark-gar-. ments, (I) wish to depict a doe, scratching* (her) left-eye on the antler of a black buck. (17) 0 -- - V.L. --'. trsnakaya ' - B. '0 trsnikam ' - R.V. '0 trsnaya '- M. '0 trsnikayam ' - S. -- S. 'lekhitavyam ' - V. G. 'likhitavyam ' - R. M. S. 'alikhitavyam - B. B reads 'iti tarkayami ' for 'bhavet ' | 'nisanna- harinah ' - - R. V. M. S. 'nisanna- camarah -- B. Pischel & Ryder. sanumatiti | 'abhirupah ' ramyah pritikara iti yavat 'alekhitum ' alekhane [ bhava-vihita-krt-pratyayasya avyayatvat vibhakti-lopah ] 'kamah ' abhilasah yasya sa: [ kama-sabde pare tu tumunah makarasya lopah ] | karyeti | 'samkate ' sikatamaye puline [ 'saikatam sikatamayam ' ityamarah ] 'lina ' sukhopavistam 'hamsanam 'mithuna ' stri- purusa - yugmakam [ 'mithunam na dvayoh rasibhede stri-pumsa- yugmake ' iti medini ] yasyah tadrsi marala-yugalaih parisobhita-tata 'srotovaha ' nadi [ prak vyakhyatah ] ' malini karya ' citrayitavya 'tam ' malinim 'abhitah ' asamantat [ 'abhitah paritah -- ( vah 545 ) iti 2ya ] 'nisannah ' nisarga-bhiravah api upavistah [ sidate ktah | dakara-takarayoh natvam - ( 8|2|42 ) ; satvam - ( 8|4| 1 ]; 'harinah ' yesu tadrsah | 'gauryah ' parvatyah 'guroh ' pituh [ 'guruh pita, guruvipra ' iti gadasimhah ] himalayasya ityarthah | [ anena kanya- pitrtvena tadduhkha'nubhavat tatpradese avighnita- sanketatvam dyotyate ] pavanah ' pavitra 'pada ' pratyanta parvatah [ 'pado budhne turiyamse saile pratyanta - parvate ' iti medini ) 'karyah ' iti vacana - vyatyayenanvayah | tatha 'sakhasu ' avasosanartham 'lambitani valkalani yasya tathabhutasya kasyacit 'taroh ' vrksasya 'adhah ' adhodesa 'krsnamrgasya ' arthat sahacarasya harina-bhedasya ' srnge ' visanem svakiyam 'vamam ' savyam ' 'nayanam ' [ iti stri-svabhavatvat ] yadva 'vamam ' atisundaram 'nayanam ' [ "vamam savye pratipe ca dravine catisundare " iti visvah ] 'kanduyamanam ' dharsayanti 'mrgi nirmatum ' ankayitum icchami ' ] atra karya ityekaya kriyaya aprastutayoreva srotovaha -pada-padarthayoh karma taya- bhisambandhat tulyayogita- lankarah | svabhavoktisca | linaliniti gauriguroriti mrgamrgimiti manamana- miti cheka-vrttisrutyanuprasah | gauriguroriti prasangopadanat udattalankarasca | sardulavikridita chandah ] || 17 || 211 n. - 1. lekhitavyam -- Excepting V & G all read 'likhitavyam |

211 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 85 , • • Let us discuss which of these two is correct. Ordinarily 'likhu + tavya gives 'lekhitavya with regular guna | 'likhitavya ' will be the form if 'fis included in the list. On this Bopadeva remarks~~''ayam vibhasaya kutadiriti kecit | tena likhitum visvasrjo'pi saktihaniriti likhitavyam, lekhitamyam, lilanamityadi siddham "---Kavikalpa-druma. This has been supported by the later grammarians- 'ayam vibhasaya kutadih- Durgadasa, "tanadau bahulam- Padmanava.. 'katham ' likhita-mapi visvasrjo'pi saktihanih likhitavyam likhinamiti kutaditva- 'bhavat ? satyam, samjnapurvaka vidhiranityah iti harghata - vrttih | likheh kutaditvam iti kecit | katham tarhi masiprasu lekhaniti ? satyam, nivasarthisu alekhana iti nirdesat rada vilekhana iti nirdesacca, kutah adih yasyeti samasadva Manorama on ganapradipa of durgasimha | 'likhana ' is sanctioned by 'saramundari ' of Mathures' a. Cf. also " yasya " likhanam " purvam yatrakale niru- pitam | tadeva khanditam radhe ! ksamye nahanca ko vidhih || vidhatusca vidhataha yesam tat likhanam krtam | brahmadinanca ksudranam na tat khandadham kadacana "--BrP. V. But hosts of Paninian grammarians consider such forms as 'likhitavyam ', 'likhanam ', 'alikhitukamah ' :-- (R) &c. to be erroneons, for if likha be included in the kutadi list then Panini's 'alekhana ' (6. 1. 142 ) becomes unjustifiable. Read 'likha aksara - vinyase | likhitum, likhisyati, iti prayogah pramadikah | kaiscit kutasya adih kutadih | kutah kutadiryesam te kutadayah | kutadisca kutadayasca kutadayah iti ekasesam svikrtya 'likhitum ' | ityadi samarthitam || tadasat || lekhita, lekhisyati, ityadi guna- nisedha''patteh na cestapattih | vrttikara- haradattadi- grantha-virodhat | "gana, likhadibhyah ityeva sutrayitavye kutadibhyah iti pathanasya svarasyabhangapattesca | ki ca 'sakunisu alekhane ' (2688 ) iti sautra-prayogo'pi virudhyate iti pragevoktamityastamtavat | litvapayati iti prayogastu manoramayam ittham samarthitah | apanam apah praptih | litkhasya apah likhapah | tam karoti "-T. 2536. -"tacca 'ralovyupadhat haladeh samraca ' - ( 112156 ) iti sutrasthena 'likhitva ' 'lekhitva ', 'lilikhisati ' 'lilekhisati iti vrtti-granthena, 'sakunisu alekhane ( 6|1|145 ) iti sautra-prayogena ca virudhyate - Ibid 2461. " dve lekhanasya " - Bhanuji Diksita 2. samkata &c. - sikatah santi asmin iti sikata + an matvarthe [ 'sikata- sarkarabhyam ca ' - - 5121104 ] = saikatam - A sandy bank. lina (slesane ) + ktah ( 3.4.47 ) = linah, tana by Part - yattu || 44

86 abhijnanasakuntalam - , [211 NOTES 'svadaya odita ' ( 8. 2. 45] = Seated at rest. hamsa ' serves God brahma as a vehicle, and hence the cry of this bird has a sacred character, like the cry of a Swan with the Greeks. This (also for and the action of show that the swan-couple and the deer here are enjoying perfect security (even in the presence of human beings) as is natural in a hermitage. Cf. Raghuvamsha VII. 75; BK II. 18. Also read "kailasa varnana " of Bharata-candra. According to R the prevailing sentiment is love. ' ( hamsamithuna ) ityanena uddipakatva'tisayo vyajyate | strotovaha ityanena jalavahitvam | tena svabhava-parityagah, tena ramaniyatvam tena ca uddipakatvam vyajyate | nisanna harina ityanena atyanta - viviktatvam, tena bhrsamuddipakatvam | tena ca surata- ksamatvam dhvanyate- "pavana ' ityanena sucitvena ramyatvena paryavasanam " - R. 3. pavah - Spurs, hills contiguous to a high mountain. nisanna- harinah - ( sa = sa - 8.3. 66 ) ; (55 n. 1). Cf. 'mrgadhyasita - sadvalani ' - Raghuvamsha II. 17. 4. sakha &c. Cf. "vitapa - visakta - jalardra- valkalesu " - Sakuntala I, 29. 5. buck) suggests the holiness of the place. carati mrgo yatra svabhavajah | sa jneyo yajniyo desah mlecchadesa statah parah "Manu-Samhita II. 23. 6. vamanayanam -- The females generally make use of the left limbs. (120.1 ). 7. kanduyamanam kandun gatra vigharsane | kandu- yati kanduyate | svarthe yak by 'kandadibhyah yak ' - (2678) sukha-sukhyati, duhkhyati mahiyate, hrniyate | Next sanac and striyam tap | For similar ideas, Cf. 'srngena ca sparsa - nimilitaksi mrgimakanduyata krsnasarah ' - Kumara-sambhava III. 36. atra kanduyanam srngara'nubhava-sucakam gharsana matram | anenapi uddipakatvam dhvanitam ' - R. - - -- krsna mrgasya - (Black Read "krsnasarastu • -Text: : -- vijnalakah ( atmagatam ) -- jaha aham beklami, purivacvam meja biruphalaam lamba-kubvanam tavasanam kadambehi | [ yatha aham pasyami, purayitavya manena citra phalakam 'lamba - kurcanam tapasanam kadambaih ] | Vidusaka (Aside) - (From the way in which he deliberates ) I think, the tablet with be filled up by him with a lot of grizzly' bearded hermits. raja- yayaya, anyacca sakuntalayah prasadhana mabhipretamatra vismrta- masmabhih | King-My friend, another decoration of Sakuntala which was loved (by her) [ or which was intended (to be sketched) ] here is forgotten by me.

212 NOTES ] sastho'nkah vidusakah -- kim via [ kimitra ] | 87 Vidusaka- What's that ? sanumatau --vana- vasasta soumarassa a jam sarisam bhavissavi [ vana - vamasya saukumarasya ca yat sadrsam bhavisyati ] | Sanumati - ( Perhaps something) that will be like (her) sylvan abode and tenderness. vamsastha ( jatajara ) raja -- krtam na karna- pita-bandhanam sakhe | sirisamaganda- vilambi-kesaram ' | na va saraccandra- marici - komalam * 'mrnala - sutram racitam stanantare ||18|| King - Friend ! a Siriga, flower with its stem placed on ( her) ear (and its) stamens' pending towards the cheeks, has not been drawn ; nor has a necklaces of lotus- shoot', 'soft like the beam of the autumnal moon', been traced between (her) busts. (18) vidusakah -- bho, kisnu tasahovi rakta-pallava-sohina agga- hatthena muham avaria caida-caiva via thia [ bhoh, kim nu tatrabhavati ratta-pallava- sobhina agra-hastena mukhamavarya cakita cakita iva sthita ] | ( savadhanam nirupya ) a, eso vasie-to kusuma-rasa-padaccaro tattahodie vaana-kamalam abhilanghavi mahuaro [ ah, esa dasya putrah kusuma-rama- pataccara statrabhavatya vadana-kamalam 'abhilanghati madhukarah ) | Vidusaka-Ho! why does Her Ladyship, covering her face with (her) fore-palm shining like a red-leaf, stand as though very much startled ? (Observing closely ) - Ah ! this rascally bee, the purloiner of the floral mcad is darting upon Her Ladyship's lotus-like face. V. L. - abhipretamatra vismrtamasmabhih ' - - V. M. S. Romits 'vismrtam ' | 'abhipretam lekhitum &c - B. For sokumarasya ' Breads 'kanyakabhavasya ' after which R reads 'avinayasya ', & S 'vinayasya ' | 'rakta- kuvalaya ' -- B. Pischel. 'rakta kuvalaya-pallava ' - R. V. M. 'rakta - pallava ' - - S. 'avarya ' --- B. M. V. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'apavarya ' -- R. 'avrtya ' --- S; R & M read 'drstva ' after 'savadhanam nirupya ' | 'kusumarasah ' -- R. B.V.M. 'kusumasava ' - - S. 'vadanakamalam ' --- B. 'badanam ' -R. M.S. 'abhilanghate ' -- V. G. 'abhilanghati ' - R. M. S. 'abhilapati ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha - vidusaka iti | 'yatha ' iti nipatah anumana dyotakah | ' lamba ' dirghah 'kurcah ' smasruni yesam ('kurcamastri bhravormadhye katthana- ramatha-kamtave ' iti medini |

88 abhijnana-sakuntalam ' [212 NOTES atah anena tapasvinam visrikatvam tadankanasya'navasyakatvanca sucitam ' tesam 'tapasanam kadambaih ' nikurambaih, samuhaih iti yavat ( 'kadambam nikurambe syat nipa sarsapayoh puman ' iti medini ) | rajeti | 'maya abhipretam ' anumatam ' prasadhanam bhusanam, yadva 'sakuntalayah abhimatam ' abhistam priyamiti yavat | krtamiti | he 'sakhe ' sakuntalaya 'karnayoh ' sravanayoh 'arpitam ' avatamsartham samsthapitam ' bandhanam ' prasava- bandhanam vrntam ( badhyate anena iti badhnateh karane lyut ) yasya tadrsam | 'agandam ' ganda- paryantam ' ['ana maryada'bhividhyoh ' - ( 2|1|13 ) iti avyayi - bhavah ] 'vilambinah ' patitah 'kesarah ' yasya tadrsam (anena kevalam karna na bhusayati | api tu kapolamapi iti vyajyate ) 'sirisam sirisasya puspam [ "puspamulesu bahulam ' - (vah 1545 ) - iti vikarasya pratyayasya lup | jatavekatvam ) 'na krtam ' vismaranat | 'stanayoh antare ' madhye, megha-nirmuktasya 'saraccandrasya ' marici ' candrika iva 'komala ' mrdu athaca subhram 'mrnalasya sutra ' mala [ iti kumara-sambhava- tikayam (5|11 ) mallinathapadah | ante sutra - padam malam abhighatte ' ityukteh ) 'na racitam pradattam 'va ' iti samuccaye | samuccaye ' iti visvah ) | [ atra vyangah | kriyayoh samuccitatvat samuccayalankarah | luptopama ca | sruti- vrtyanuprasayoh sankarah | siri sareti rici raciti amtare iti chekanupraso'pi | vamsasyavilam vrttam ] || 18 || vidusaka iti | 'kim nu ' iti vitarka - garbha - prasnah | 'raktam ' pallavam ' kisalayam ('pallavo'stri kisalayam ' ityamarah | rakta ityanena navinatvam sukumaratvam ca vyajyate ) tadvat 'sobhina ' | 'agra-hastena ' hastanga ुlibhih ( avayavavarsavanoh abheda-vivaksaya anga lisu hastatvaropah | prag vyakhyatam ) | "avarya ' isat acchadya | 'cakitat ' bhitat api 'cakita ' bhita, satisayam bhita ityarthah | 'a' iti kope | ('a: smarane'pyakarane kopa- samtapayorapi ' iti medini ] | 'dasyah putrah ' - ( 6|3|22 ) - hina ityarthah ['sasthya akrose ' (6|3| 21 ) ityaluk sasthi ] | 'kusumasya rasah ' dravah tasya madhunah | ' pataccarah ' caurah ( pragevayam vyakhyatah ] padma-bhramat 'abhilanghati ' akramati | | ( ' va syat vikalpopamayoh evarthe ca anyonya- sobha - hetutvena anyonyalankarah , 212 n. - 1. lamba - kurcanam - - Long bearded ascetics. Cf. 'agata- manadhyaya-karanam savisesabhutamadya jirnakurcanam ' --Uttara-rama-Charita Madhavya does not seem to be well disposed to the hermits and so he uses the term 'kadamba ' which is generally used apropos of "trees or beasts". 2. abhipretam - - Either favourite (to Sakuntala ), or intended for Sakuntala by me (Com.). 3. mrnala - sutram - 'sutra ' -- Here means 'garland', 'necklace', and not fibre (Com.). Elsewhere Kali. has used it in the

212 NOTES ] sastho'nkah - 89 - sense of a 'fibre'. Cf. 'tasya mrnala - sutrantaramapyalabhyam '--Kumara-sambhava 1. 40. Fulness of the bosom is a sign of great beauty. 4. rakta-pallava &c.-The_reading with 'kuvalaya ', is rejected as kuvalaya ( indivarah- indivara ) means a blue water lily, and is a good epithet for eye, but not for red fore-palm Read 'indivaram kuvalaye satavaryam ca yositi ' -- Quoted by Bhoja D. "kuvalayam syat indivaram ' - Vyadi "syamam siti kanda nilam kuvalayamindivaraca nilabjam " -- Nama mala. A's - " syadutpalam kuvalayam " also refers to blue lily. Read "nanvevam kathamutpalamityukte nilotpalavisveva buddhirjayate, na padyavau iti cet | ucyate | yatha samanyepi dhanyarthe 'dhanyam ' ityukte kalamadisveva buddhirbhavati, na mudgadi evamihapi adosa iti sarva gharadayah " - Raya-Mukuta-Mani 'indivaraksinam ' -- Prabodha-Candrodaya I. I; 'utpalabhi - Kumara-sambhava V. 35 ; 'tasyah sujatotpala - pratrakante * * nayane ' - Kumara-sambhava VII. 20; 'kuvalayita - gavaksam locanam ranganam ' -Raghuvamsha XI. 93; 'kupyasi kuvalayanayane ' - Mala. IV. 10; Kiratarjuniya III. 36; Ram. IV. 13.14; VI. 115. 12; 'apanga - viksepaiscalita- kuvalaya- vanamayim ' - Kad. p. 675. " kuvalaya-dala-snigdhairangah dadau nayanotsavam "-Uttara-rama-Charita III.22. "kuvalaya-dala-nilah ko'yam ayem -- Mahanataka. 'nilendivara- locanam iti gopalastavah- Qud. Raghuratha. 'utpale tava drsau ' - Rat. III. 11; 'rakta - kuvalaya ' is hardly met with in literature as an epithia of 'hasta ' | Now Cf. 'karatalena abhinava - pallaveneva ' - Kad p. 251; 'raktena iti bhavah ' -- Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'pavanacalabhih pallavanga libhih- Mala. II. Sakuntala IV. 5. agra-hastena -- ( 118 n. 3) 5. cakita - cakita -- Exceedingly afraid. G and others account for the reduplication by 'prakare gunavacanasya ' -(8. 1. 12), which is hardly applicable here, as the idea of 'prakara ' i.e, similarity. [ 'prakara -- sabdo bhede sadrsye ca vartate ' * * * brahmana-prakaroyam manavakah, brahmana-sadrsa ityavagamacca ' -- T] has been implied by 'iva ' | Hence the 'Natural process', in such a case, is to take the first word as 'Neuter gender ' ' ( samanye napumsakam 'Varttika 822.) and then to compound it with the second word. (Com. ). Read " katham bhita bhita iva sitamayukha ' iti bharavih | iva-sabvena sadrsyasya uktataya iha prakare dvitva -- yogat || satyam || bhitebhyah bhita iti kathancit vyakhyeyam tena atibhota iti phalitam | 'adhikye dve vacye ' iti vartikena bhita bhitadau dvitvamiti durghatavibhi uktam samadhanam na''dartavyam | tadrsasya vartikasya aprasiddhatvat " - T. ( 2147). cr. -- -- -

90 abhijnana- sakuntalam [212 NOTES 'bhita bhitah " - Gita. XI. 35, "bhotadapi bhitah " -- Sridhara. 'katham sa mama susroni bhida - bhiruh sati -- Ram. V. 66.12; " bhitabhitah atyantam bhiruh ' -- Rama. 'bhitabhita iva tamavadit ' -- Kad p. 239. 'accha-ccham ' ( Kavyadarsa I. 48 ) - - ati-svaccham iti tattika | 6. vasyah putrah -- ( 44 n. 15). 7. abhi- langhati - ( 198 n. 2; 243 n. 1 ) . "pallavan harino langha yitumicchati 'Mala, or explain it in the sense of 'going' - "gatavapyanye | anye svalanghisuh sailan ' ( bhatti - 15 132 ) - - Durgadasa, abhi = abhilaksya | | "langhanantupavase syat kramane plavane'pi ca-- Medini | Text : - raja -- nanu vayatamesa ghrstah | King -- Why, let this impertinent (creature ) be stopped. vidusakah -- bhavam evva avinodanam sasida imassa varane pahavissavi [ bhavanava avinitanam samina asya varane prabhavisyati ] | Vidusaka - You yourself ( alone), overruling the undisciplined. will be able to drive him off. raja - yujyate | api bhoh ! kusuma lata priya'tithe ! kimatra paripatana- veda manubhavasi ? arya [12, 18 12, 15] esa kusuma-nisanna trsita'pi sati bhavantamanurakta | 'pratipalayati madhukari na khalu madhu vina tvaya pivati ||19 || King-Quite right. Ho ! you the dear guest of the blossoming creepers ! why do you feel the fatigue 'of hovering about' here ? Here the female bee ( devotedly) attached to you, though thirsty is awaiting² (you), perched on a flower. not sip the mead without you. (19). V. L. B. reads 'tvam vina ' for vina tvaya | ' Indeed she does rajeti | 'nanu ' ityanunaye sambodhane va | ' ghrstah ' [ktah - 314172 ; "dhusi - sasi vaiyatye " - ( 7|2|19 ) - iti idabhavah ] ।' varyatam ' nihsaryatam | rajeti | 'ayi ' iti anunaye ('anunaye tvayi ' ityamarah ) | kusuma - sobhita lata iti 'kusuma lata ' ( uttarapada-lopi karmadharayah ) tasya api 'priya ' na tu yah kascit samanyah 'atithih ' tatsambuddhau | 'paripatanasya ' uddiya paribhramanasya na tu upavesanasya 'khedam ' parisramam | neyam khala kusumalata, ata etasmin paripatanena moghaeva tava parisrama iti bhavah | eveti | 'anurakta ' tvadgata prana 'esa ' 'purodrsyamana 'madhukari ' tava dayita 'trsita ' jata-pipasa ataeva 'kusume nisanna ' upavista ( "sadir aprateh - ( 8 | 3 | 36 ) iti patvam ) 'satyapi ' (anena tvayi asyah asadharana- pratih anumiyate ) || madva, 'kusume nisanna esa 'sati ' pativrata 'madhukari trsita

213 NOTES ] sastho'nkah . 91 api ' ityanvayah || 'bhavantam ' premaspadam tvam 'pratipalayati ' apeksate | kathamatra- gamyate ityaha neti | ' tvaya 'priyatamena vina ' ekakini 'na khalu madhu ' puspam-rasam ( ' macatre ca daitye ca madye pusparase madhu ' iti hattacandrah ) 'pivati ' tvaya saha madhu pasyati ityakanksaya trsaturapi madhukari tavagamanam apeksate | atralam pari- patana - vedena | jhatiti priya - sakasam gatva pativratam tam paritosaya iti saralarthah | ( citra nyastayah svabhavikasya pana'bhavasya tvaya vina iti krtrimasya va abhedadhyavasayadatisayoktih | nayika nayaka vyavaharat samasoktisca | paranvaye bhinnarupena ekadesavivarti-rupakamapi | madhumadhviti cheka-vrsyanuprasah | arya jatih ] ||19|| - chastiser of the --- 213 n - 1. avinitanam sasita - The undisciplined. (33 n, 2; 165 n. 1 ) . sastah = (pragalbhah ), gharsitah = ( parabhutah ) - ( 31, 1). 2. paripatana &c - ( pari + pat ' means 'to fly round' 'to hover about'. Cf. 'vindutksepat pipasuh paripatati sikhi bhrantimat vari- yantram ' - Mala. II. 12. ' paripatati parito bhramati ' - K; also As. 48. 3. bhavantam anurakta - 'bhavantam ' may be construed with both 'anuraktah ' and 'pratipalayati ' | In the former case, anu is a karmapravacaniya and "bhavantam " has sya by 'karmapravacaniya yukte dvitiya - ( 1138 ). Cf. 'alabhyam anuraktavan kathaya kinnu narijanam ' - Mudra-Raksasa VI. 16; 'api vrsalamanuraktah prakrtayah ' - Ibid. I. 'api vasantasena aryacarudatta manurakta - Mricchakatika I. If 'anu ' is not a karmapravacaniya, 2ya will not be available. Cf. "bhraturmrtasya bharyayam yo'nurajyate kamatah | dharmenapi niyuktayam sa jneyo didhisupatih " || - Manu-Samhita III. 173. 'anu + raj ' has a different sense ("to be red") in Shishupala-badha IX 7; pratipalayati - Wait - (187 n, 4) 4. vina tvaya &c. -- Cf. 'madhudvirephah kusumakapatre, papi priyam svamanuvartamanah Kumara-sambhava III. 36. Text : - sanumati -ajja, abhijavam kyu eso varido ( adya abhijata ' khattresa varitah ) | Sanumati--Now for once he has been courteously' warded off. vidusakah - pada़िsiddha bi vama esa jado ( pratisiddha'pi vama epa jatih | Vidusaka Though forbidden perverse (indeed is) this class (of creatures). (obstinate - M ] raja -- evam bhoh, na me sasane tisthasi | sruyatam taha samprati-

92 vamanta- tilaka (tabhajajagaga ) -- abhijnana- sakuntalam "aklista - bala -tarana-pallava-lobhaniyam pitam maya sadayameva ratotmavesu ' | vimbadharam sprsasi ced bhramara ! priyaya-- [214 NOTES stvam karayami kamalo -dara-bandhanastham ||20|| King - Thus, ho ! you don't confrom to (my) fiat. Then be it known (to you ) now -- "If, O drone ! you touch the coculle - -like lip of (my ) beloved, (all) alluring' as the unimpared young sprout of a tree³ (and) sucked by me but tenderly in festivals of love, (I) will have you confined in the belly of a lotus. (20) vidusakah --evvam tinha - dandassa kim na bhaissadi [ evam tiksna-dandasya ki na bhesyati | | ( prahasya - atmagatam ) eso dava ummatto | aham vi evassa sangena idisano via samvrtto [ esa tavat unmattah | ahamapi etasya sangena idrsa-varna ' iva mavrttah ] | ( prakasam ) bho, cittam kkhu evam [ bhoh, citram khalvetat ] | Vidusaka-- Why should (he) not fear one whose punishment is so severe ? (Laughing - aside ) He ( is ) certainly crazy. too, by keeping him company, have become as though of similar* colour, (Aloud) It (is) only a picture, man ! I, V. L. - 'arya ' -- B. C. 'adya ' -- R. M. 'adyapi " -- S. pratisiddhapi ' --R. M. V. 'pratisiddha vama '-- B. K. 'pratisiddhe'pi -- S. Breads 'dama ' for 'smrsami ' | 'idrsavarnah-- :- R. V. S. 'idrsa-vacanah ' -- M. 'idrsah ' -B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha sanumatiti | 'abhijata ' nyayyam yatha tatha 'varitah ' pratisiddhah | ('abhi- jatah smrto nyayyai ' iti visvah ) | vidusaka iti | - 'pratisiddha ' nivarita 'api esa jatih ' tiryagjatih 'vama ' pratipa nisiddha-visaya'nusthayini ityarthah [ 'vamau valgu pratipam dvau ityamarah ] asmadeva na abhijatena parantu katorataya barayitavya ityasayah | rajeti | 'gasane ' ajnayam 'na tisthasi ataeva ajna bhangarthah dandah sruyatam | aklisteti | he 'bhramara ' kamuka bhrnga [ 'bhramarah kamuke bhrnge ' iti medini ) 'akliptah ' kenapi kara sparsadina adusitah 'valah ' abhinavah nutanotpanna iti yavat ya: 'taru- pallavah ' yadva valah ' yah 'taruh ' tasya 'pallavah ' tadvat 'lobhaniyam ' '[ bahulakat kartari aniyar ] cittakarsakam [ anena komalatva-lauhityatisayah vyajyate ) 'ratotsavesu ' suratamodesu [ bahutvat bahu- vacanam ] 'maya ' dusyantena 'sadayameva ' na tu kathoram atikomalatvat 'pitam ' adarena • cumvinam na tu nirdayam dastam, 'priyayah ' sakuntalayah "bimbakarah adharah " [ iti katantra-parisista- tikayam gopinatha- padah ] tam 'bimbadharam ' [saka-parthivaditvat

214 NOTES ] sastho'khah 93 uttarapadalopi karmadharayah | " madhyama-pava-lopi " samasa iti yat vamanena uktam tat pramada eva | tavrsa- sutrabhavat ] | tvam "cet sprsasi " sparsadina dusayasi tahi parastri - sparsinam ' tvam kamalasya ' padmasya udararupam ' yat 'bandhana ' kara-grham 'krtya-lyuto bahalam '- ( 3 | 3 | 113 ) iti adhikarane lyut ] | tatra 'tisthati yah tathavidham karayami ' suryena surya va iti sesah | ( 'anena suryasya nijajnakaritvam dhvanyate | sparsamatre eva ayam dandah, pane tu ato'pi kathoratarah dandah bhavisyati iti hrdayam | atra bhrantiman alankaro vyajyate | prathamapade bimbadharam ityatra ca samasagata - luptopama-iyam kamalodara-bandhanetyatra nirangam kevalarupakam | athaca 'kamalodare ' jalamadhye bandhanastham iti sleso'pi | pratinayaka-vyavaharat samasoktisca | hetvanuprasau || atra vyavasayo nama vimarsasandherangam | tallaksanam yatha darpane " vyavasayasca vijneyah pratijna hetu sambhavah ' | vasantatilakavrttam ] ||20 || vidusaka iti | 'tiksnah ' kathorah 'danda ' sasanam yasya yasmat va tasya | vivaksaya sasthi, 'toksnadandat iti samyak ' [ iti vidyambudhih ] | 'unmattah ' premonmattah | dasasu smaradasasu unmada ekatamah ? 'idrsa ' unmatta iva 'varna ' aksarani vakyani ityarthah yesya tadrsah | unmattavat pralapavak 'samvrttah ' | [ " raja - yujyate " ityadina etadantena bhranti rnama sandhyantarangamupaksiptam | tallaksana tu - " bhrantih viparyaya-jnanam prasangasya'viniscayat ' iti ) | - - a 214--1 atha &c. - This is the first time Sanumati saw bee warded off in such a courteous manner. Or 'r' may be explained as an expletive. like the English word 'now' With the reading' atyartham ' (B) explain - " atyartham satisayam yatha syat tatha varitah | sollunthanoktiriyam tena na kincidvaritam iti bhavah " - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 2. aklista &c. - Not defiled by handling, hence fresh - ( 69 n. 6, end). Cf. 'aklista-vimba-sobhadharasya ' - Nagananda II. 8; Sakuntala V. 19. 3. bimbadharam - 'bimba (Bryonia Grandis, Momordica Monadelpha, telakuc iti bhasa - Kalpa) is a kind of cucurbitacious fruit which when ripe becomes extermely scarlet. 'bimba raktaphalatumbi tundi- keri ca vimbika | osthopama-phala prokta piluparni ca kathyate - BhP. The lips of young women are often compared to this fruit. Cf. 'pakva- vimba-dharosthi - PAGMD II. 22. Ram. V. 15.19;37. 39; 'vimbadhara- laktakah ' - Mala. III. 5; Raghuvamsha XIII. 16; Naisadha-Carita II. 24. 'vimbena tulyah '= vimba-tulyah | 'vimba-tulyah adharah ' = bimbadharah | .. tulyah ( uttara-pada ) is dropped. This is sakaparthivaditvat uttara-pada-lopi samasah | Vamana -

64 abhijnana- samkuntalam [214 NOTES cites this very word as an instance of madhyama-pada-lopi samasah (Cf. 'bimbadhara iti vrttau madhyama-pada-lopinyam ' - Kavyalankara-Sutra-vrtti V. 2. 15 ). This Vamana was a ' Rhetorician' and different from the 'Grammarian' Vamana-author of Kasika Vrtti, and posterior to him; for he quotes from Bhavabhuti ('dordanncata candrasekhara ' &c.), from Amaru-shataka 'drstamkasana sangate priyatam ' -- &e) also from Vairagya-Sataka, Shishupala-badha, (1.8; 12, 25, 71) Kama-Sutra (of Vatsayana) and chandoviciti | According to Rajatarangini he was contemorary of Jayapida, king of Kasmir ( 9 th century A. D. 'babhuvuh kavayastasya vamanadyasca mantrinah ) | As far as grammar is concerned, this Vamana cannot be accepted as a greater authority than the reputed grammarian grammarian Vamana, (author of kasika vrtti ), Nagesa, Katyayana, Jnanendra Sarasvati and others. Hence his statement of madhya-pada-lopi samasah is erroneous. Read 'samana- dhikaranadhikare saka-parthivadinam upasamkhyanam uttara-pada-lopasca '-Kasika (Vrtti) under II. 1. 60; (73 n, 6 ). Most of the Commentators and modern writers have been misguided by the fore-mentioned erroneous line of this Vamana, even Mallinatha not being exempted. Cf. " sakaparthivaditvat madhyama-pada-lopi samasah " - Mallinatha on Meghaduta II. 22 Most likely it is a Scribal having been inserted later on. 4. pitam maya &c. - cf. 'isadisat cumbitani bhramaraih - Sakuntala 1. 4. kamalodara &c. - The description of bees being confined in lotus is very common in Sanskrit literaturre. cf. "kusesaya-kosa-kotara-kuti sayinisatcarana cakre ' - Harshacharita I; "ratrirgamisyati bhavisyati suprabhatam bhasvanudesyati hasisyati cakravalam | ithyam vicintayati kosagate dvirephe ha hanta hanta nalinim gaja ujjahara || subhasita - padavali - 233. 78. Cf. 'variruha-baddha satpadam ' - Kumara-sambhava error, the word VIII. 33; (152 n. 7) 5. tiksna-vandasya madhyamapada -lopi - bhesyati - Excepting M, as 'tikhana ' which is all have Prakrta equivalent of 'tiksna ' wrong. Vide- Prakrta Prakasa, III. 33. "6sthi with bhi ", according to K, is peculiar to Prakrta Idiom Cf. 'daksinya qgananger faafa'--Vikramorvasiya II. (end). Note that it was Vidusaka first that had run mad by the exquisite delineation of the painting ( Cf. 'a: | esa dasyah putrah kusuma-rasa-patambarah tatrabhavatya vadana- kamalamabhi-

214 NOTES ] - sastho'nkah 95 langhatih madhukarah - Supra ) and he could not detect his mistake until his present speech was uttered, and then he laughed at his own stupidity. But now he says that through his association with the mad king he is just going to have an attack of insanity. There lies the humour, as we have seen that the reverse of it was true. Note that Vidusaka does not admit that he was mad at all, he was ( idrsa varnah-- Lit. 'of the same shade') idrsa-varnah- i. e., on the verge of being deprived of his power of judgment. Text :--raja--katham citram | King - What a pictue ? sanumati -- aham bi dani avagadattha, ki una jaha -lihidanubhavi eso ( ahamapi idanim avagatartha, ki puna ryathalikhita'nubhavi esah ) | Sanumati - Even I, ( only) just now have come to perceive the fact. What of him who is experiencing what he has painted ? raja -- vayasya, kimidamanusthitam paurobhagyam | arya darsana - sukhamanubhavatah saksadiva tanmayena hrdayena | [12, 18 12, 15] 'smrti-karina tvaya me punarapi citrikrta kanta || 21 || || ( iti vappam viharati ) | King-Friend ! why is this mischiefs perpetrated (by you ) ? With my heart (solely) entranced in her, while I was experiencing the pleasure of beholding (her), as though personally present ( before me ), you by raking (my ) recollection, have again transformed (my) darling into a picture. ( 31 ) - ( This said, sheds tear ) sanumati - puvva-bara- virohi apuvva eso viraha-maggo --- a (purva-para-virodhi ' apurva epa viraha margah ) Sanumati-Singular (is) this course of separation in as much as it is contradictory to the antecedent and subsequent (conducts) 1. V.L. - --- ----V. L. 'katham citram ' - R. B. V. M. '0 etat ' - - S. 'avagatartha - R. V. B. 'anavagatartha ' - K. M. S. 'anubhavi ' - R. M. B. 'virahamargah ' R. B. V. M. - '0 virodhi ' - - R. V. M. S. ' 0 viruddhah 'vidhanamargah -- S. B. S. 'anusari '- virahimargah -- B. sanumatiti | 'avagatartha ' citratvena jnata-visaya | mamapi itah purvam bhramarasya tatvika buddhirasit, idanim citramityukteh asya citrata mavagacchami | 'yathalikhitam ' likhita'nurupam 'anubhavati ' yah sa ' yatha - likhita'nubhavi ' | yadi mamapi idrsi viparita - buddhih, tahi yenatra yat yat likhitam tat sarvamanubhutam ca,

96 abhijnanasakuntalam [215 NOTES sa cedetat paramartham bhavayati tannascaryam iti hrdayam | rajeti | 'purobhagi ' dosaikadarsi ( 'dosaikadk purobhagi ' ityamarah ) tasya karma "paurobhagyam ' [iti katayavemapadah | "guna-vacana - brahmanadimyah karmani ca " iti syan | [ darsaneti | 'tanmayena ' sakuntalamayena ( iti sankarapadah ) kevala- sakuntala-visayakena ityarthah | 'hrdayena saksadiva ' pratyaksamiva priyaya 'darsanena ' yat 'sukham ' anandam tat 'anubhavatah ' bhunjanasya " me smrtikarina ' citramiti smaranam karitavata tvaya, 'kanta ' priyatama 'citrikrta ' alekhya rupena parinamita | athava ascarya- rupa krta ('alekhyascaryayoh citram ' ityamarah ) | | ( atra samya -vasat citre rajnah prakrta-sakuntala-bhramat bhrantiman alankarah | smrtikarina citrikrta iti sabda - sakti - mulam | virodhabhasah vyangayah | utpreksa ca | vatavateti yenayeneti krta-kanteti cheka- srutyanuprasah | bhojarajena tu " paraprayannadapi smarane smarana- tu lankarah " ityuktva tadalankare idamudahrtam || " prathamaghem harsah, dvitiyarthe ca visada, ityubhayorbhavayoh sandhi- vipralambha-srngarasyangamiti bhava-sandhinamalankarascam iti siddhantavagisapadah | arya jatih ) ||21 || sanumatiti | 'esah paridrsyamanah 'virahasya margah pantha avastha iti bhavah, ' purvaparayoh atita- vartamanayoh yah 'virodhah ' paraspara-pratisedhah so'stiti matvarthiya inih | ataeva 'apurvah ' ascaryajanakah | tatha cadau svacchanda carini - sambhavanaya pratyadesat asyam sakuntalayam rajnah nitaram vidvesah, punastadarthameva bhrsam pida़िtasya tasyaiva rovanam ityapurvam paraspara- viparita-vastha-dvayam ityasayah | 215 n. - 1. esah - Certainly refers to the King. It is he who has painted the picture and therefore there is no wonder, if he experiences what he has painted. R takes it to refer to the block-headed jester who is not capable of being influenced by any sentiment. This does not seem to give good sense. 2. paurobhagyam -- Cf. "priyopabhoga cihnesu paurobhagyamivacaran " - Raghuvamsha XII. 22 and Mallinatha thereon. ( Also 179 n. 2.) 3. tanmayena &c - For an instance of such tanmayatva, Cf. " pasyami itah puratasca pascadantarbahih parita iva vivartamanam | udbuddha-mugdha-kanakabja-nibham vahantimasakti - tiryamg- pravartita drsti- vaktram " ॥1-Malati-Madhava 1. 40. For somewhat similar idea Cf. "ratnavaliva kanta mama hastad bhramsita bhavata " - Rat. II. 18; viharati - ( 1391.4) 4. purvapara - visesi &c. - ' purva ' means 'what was seen before' and 'apara ' what is seen later on'. virodhi - Inconsistent. Sanumati means to say that the course of love-sickness (of the (king) is very peculiar, as great deal of inconsistency prevails

215 NOTES] sastho'sah 97 disavowed between his former and later actions. The king The king Sakuntala when she had come to his palace out of her own accord, but when she was gone, he was overwhelmed with grief and actually wept for her. R explains differently thus - "purva citrasya citratvena jnanam, puna stasyonmada-vasthayam satyatvena jnanam, punarapi citratvena jnanam iti purvapara- virodhah | unmada-vasyanantaram mucchadyavasthaya abhavat iti bhavah | ata- eva apurva ascaryakari " | The picture was considered to be a picture first, and then interem it was mistaken for a real scene of life, and lastly it was again recognized as a picture, so there is inconsistency in his prior and later actions. Again his 'virahamarga ' is extra ordinary as he did not swoon ( murccha, 9 th stage) immediately after his 'unmadavastha ' Vide [ 196 n. Remark ]. ( 8 th (8 th stage). Remark: - This Sloka has been quoted by Bhoja in Sarasvati-Kanthavarana Text:--raja -- vayasya, kathamevamavisrantam duhkhamanubhavami-- (sloka ) 'prajagarat khilibhutastasyah svapne samagamah | baspastu na ' dadatyenam drastum citragatamapi || 22|| King -- Friends, how shall (7) brook this unceasing misery ? Union with her in dream is barred' by wakefulness, and tears on the other hand do not 'suffer (me) to see her, even when drawn in a picture. (22). sanumati - savvaha pamajjidam tue paccabesa- duh ktvam saunbalae ( sarvatha "pramajitam tvaya pratyadesa - "duhkha sakuntalayah ) | Sanumati-You have made ample amends for Sakuntala's * sorrows owing to repudiation'. caturika ( pravisya ) -- jedu jedu | vattia-karandaam gevhia idomuham patthimhi jayatu jayatu bharta | 'vartika - karanda grhitva itomukham prasthitasmi ] | ( Entering ) Caturika-- May My Liege be victorious. Taking the brush-box", I was coming this way- raja ki ca | King--And what ? caturika -- so me hatyado antara taraliya dubiae devie vasumabie aham evma ajjauttassa ubanaissamti sabalabakaram gahibo ( sa me hastadantara taralika- dvitiya ' devya vasumatya ahameva aryaputrasyopanesyami iti ' sabalatkaram grhitah ) |

98 --- abhijnana- sakumtalam [216 NOTES Caturika - Saying "I shall myself deliver (it) to my lord". that (thing) was santched away forcibly by queen Vasumati, 'Taralika seconding her t V. L. - ' avisrantam duhkham ' - - V. 'avisranta- duhkham ' -- R. M. 'avisramam duhkham ' -- B. 'avisvama - duhkham ' - S. 'svapne samagamah -- R. V. M. S. 'svapnasamagamah ' - B. For 'tara lika dvitiyaya ' B has 'pingalika-veditaya ' | prajagaraditi | 'prajagarah ' prakarsena jagaranam [ iti halayudhah ] nidrabhavah ityarthah tasmad hetoh, 'tasyah priyayah sakuntalayah [ kartari 6sthi ) 'svapne ' nidravasthayam 'samagamah ' sammelanam 'khilibhutah ' sunyatam praptah vyahata ityarthah | 'durlabha iti sankarasadah | [ 'khilamaprahate klivam sara-samksipta - vedhasoh ' iti medini ] | yat punah jagradavasthayam taccitra-darsanena klistatmanam vinodayami tadapi na sambhavati ityaha | 'tu ' punah 'baspah ' upacoyamanah asru-pravahah 'citragatam ' alekhya-sthitam 'api ' [ pratyaksa-darsanam punaranupapannam ityapi - sabdarthah ] 'ena ' sakuntalam 'drastum ' na dadati ' citradarsana-kale nayane me asru-pravahena akulite, atah citre'pi tam drastumaham na parayami | [ hetvanuprasau | 'darsana- sukha ' mityadina etadantena sukhanuva- karyam prati vighnaprapteh visesana - namangam upaksiptam | "karyatyayopagamanam virodhanamiti smrtam " iti | sloko vrttam ] ||22|| sanumatiti | 'pratyadesat ' pratyakhyanat yat 'duhkham ' tat 'sarvatha ' (5|3|23 ) sarvena 'prakarena ' 'pramajitam ' praksalitam durikrtamityarthah | caturiketi | 'vartikayah ' tulikayah ('patalepe paksibhede tulikayanca vartika ' ityajayah ] 'karandakam ' tulika - raksanopayogi vamsadi racitabhanda - visesa ' iti sabdakalpadrumah | 'saji ', 'jhapi ' ityadi bhasa | 'karando vamsadi-krta- petake madhukosake " iti sabdarnavah ] || caturiketi | 'antara ' madhye ardhapathe ityarthah | 'aryaputrasya ' ( iti sese 6sthi ] yadva 'aryaputrasya upa ' samipe 'nesyami ' prapayisyami 'iti ' etaduktva 'valatkarena ' hathat ityarthah [ 'balat iti hatharthe ' iti ganakarah ] | 216 m. - 1. lilibhutah -- 'khila ' means 'aprahata ' (Com.) A piece of fallow-land where no corn exists, hence 'khilibhutah ' - Made empty like a barren land, 'khila ' often in connection with 'bhu ' and 'kr ' implies 'to become impassable', 'to be blocked up. Cf. 'khilibhute vimananam tadapatabhayat pathi - Kumara-sambhava II. 45; Raghuvamsha XI. 14; 87. 2. svapnam samagamah &c. -- mama punah manda bhaginyah svapne- samagamo'pi bharturdurlabha asit ' - Mala. IV. "In Hindu poetry, dreams and pictures are the regular standing artifices of lovers for tricking -

216 NOTES ] sastho'duh ' 99 themselves into fictitious union with their mistresses (Cf. 'sadrsya- pratikrti-darsanaih priyayah svapnesu ksanika-samagamotsavasca ' - Raghuvamsha VIII. 92 ) just as 'sleeplessness and tears' are the regular standing impediments to such devices " M. For a similar idea, Cf. 'tvamalikhya pranayakupitam dhaturagaih silayamatmanam te carana- patitam yavadicchami kartum | arthastavanmuhu rupacitairvrstiralupyate me, krurastasminnapi na sahate sangamam nau krtantah " -PASMD II. 44;' 'matsambhogah kathamupanayet svapnajo'piti nidramakasanti nayana - salilotpiड़ruddhavakasam " - II. 30' ** kathamupalame nidram svapnam ssamagama- karinim | na ca suvadanamalekhye'pi priyam samavapya tam mama nayanayoruddhaspatva sakhe na bhavisyati " - Vikramorvasiya II 10. 'vaspah enam brastum na dadati - Cf. "damsanam una piasahie vapapho-pida़nena paccakkham na lambhiadi " - Malati-Madhava Act. VI. Mark the construction of this line which is considered faulty by some, as 'vaspah ' is the Nominative of ' dadati ', while 'aham ' (understood) is of 'brastum ' | According to them 'samana-kartrkatva ' of 'tumun ' and the principal verb must always be observed. Others, however, opine that samana -kartrkatva is compulsory with tumun in connexion with verbs having the sense of desire only. The Sutra 'samanakartrkesu mum ' (III. 3. 158; 3176) has no connection with the other Sutra - 'tumun bulau kriyayam kriyarthayam ' (III. 3. 10 ) - sanctioning tumun | Read : - ekakartrkayaiccharthaka kriyaya yoge, dhatoh parah tumun pratyayah syat | bhoktumicchati, patum vyavasyati " ** "samanakartrkesu kim ? bhinna kartrkatve ma bhut | devadattah yajnadattam bhunjanamicchati | anna bhojanaya vipram nimantrayate ", na tu 'anam ' bhoktum vipram nimantrayate " - Prabha. It is obvious that the idea of 'iccha ' is found from the previous Siitra 'iccharyesu lina, khotom (III. 3. 157 ). But here tumun (in drastum &c.) has been used by (III. 3. 10) which is separated from (III. 3. 158), by 147 intervening Sutras and thus stands independently and has no connection with 'samanakartrkatva ' | Goyicandra, including many other later grammarians is of the same tenor. Kali., Bhavabhuti and others follow suit. Cf. " rajnah bhoktum masamaharati " Sanksipta -Sara - Vyakarana ; 'brahmakarma kartu bhavantamaham vrne -- Aniruddha Bhatta 'hanan hantum prahinot tam - Harshacharita " tratum lokan iva parinatah kayavanastravedah " - (Uttara-rama-Charita VI); 'revam yadi preksitumasti kamah -- (Raghuvamsha VI. 43 ) . -

100 abhijnana- sakuntalam - ----- [216 NOTES " prajanamadhipah vanaya ( vanam gantum - Mallinatha) dhenum mumoca ' -- (Raghuvamsha II. 1. ) "yadyathita niham ta- vacya salyan pranan maya dharayitum ciram vah " - Raghuvamsha 14. 42. 'kartum va kancidantarhrayati vasumati daksinam saptatantumityadi prayogat kartrbheve'pi tumo badhyatvamiti nisciyate -- Susena Kaviraja's Com. of. Katantra Vyakarana, also Kaviraja on Kalapa Sutra no. 424; Gita II. 5; V. 6; BK. VI. 4; IX 44; XV. 105, Kiratarjuniya 1. 28 ; III 9; 40; Raghuvamsha II. 55. 'gopitum bhuvanamimam marutvata sailavasamanuniya lambhitah " - ( Kiratarjuniya XII. 67). The antiparty mainly consists of Bhattoji Diksita, his grandson Hari Diksita and disciple Nagesa Bhatta. Read - "tumunnvulaviti vidhirapi bhinna -kartrkesu nesyate | putram bhojayitu- magacchati iti vyaktavye, putrena bhoktumityaprayogat | seyam vyavastha sabda- sakti-svabhavyadvahula-grahanadva siddha " -- Praudha-Manorma 'samana-kartrkatvadi dyota- yitumesamiti sthitih | - - iti vaiyakaranabhusanam, also its Commentary. According to Raghunandana, the statement of Aniruddha Bhatta is wrong and should be changed into "brahmakarma-karanaya bhavantamaham vrne " | Even if samana-kartukatva be held absolutely binding with the above anomalous cases may be explained by tumun, considering such words as "sthita, " "udyata " &c. understood after the infinite verb (tumun ) as is done in the cases of 'ktva ' and 'lyap ' | Now Read (68 n. 6). 4. sabalatkaram -- ' balat karanam iti balat + kr - gha bhave ( 3|3|28 - Bhanuji Diksita ] = balat karah- ( 241 n. 5.), tena saha savalat- karam -- By force. Cf. 'sihasisu balatkarena karsati - Sakuntala ( VII. 14). 'pingalika - veditaya devnya ' (B)-also gives good sense "Being informed (of the fact that the king was painting a portrait of a woman and that at the command of the king, Caturika was bringing forth painting accessories) by Pingalika (who might have been engaged for watching the movements of the king by queen vasumati | ( 217 n, 3). Text:--vidusakah -- vittia tumam mukka (distagha ' tvam mukta ) | Vidusaka-Fortunately you were ( some how) let off. caturika -- java devie vida़pa-lagam uttariam ' taralia, mocedi taba bhae jivvahido appa ( yavat devya vitapa-lagnam uttariyam taralika yocayati tavat maya nirvahita ' atma ) |

217 NOTES ] bastho'nkah Caturika While Taralika was disentangling the queen's "upper-garment, caught in a bough (of a tree), I got myself off." raja -- vayasya ! upasthita devi bahu-mana-gavita ca | pratikrti raksatu | tat bhavanimam King-Friend up comes Her Majesty, rendered insolent (presumptuous-M) by (my) great attention (to her). So you better take care of this likeness. vidusakah --attanam ti bhanahi ( atmanamiti bhana ) | (citraphalaka -madayotthaya ca ) jai bhavam anteura kuda़-vaguravo muncassavi tavi mam mehappada़- chan pasave sahavehi | evanca taha gobaemi, jahim paravavam ujjhia anno kobi na pekkhissadi ( yadi bhavan antahpura- kuta- vagurato moksyate, tada mam mesa- praticchande prasade sabdayayatu ' | idanca tatra gopayami, yatra paravata- ' - mujjhitva anyah ko'pi na preksisyate ) | ( iti drutapadam niskrantah ) 1 Vidugaka- "And (save) yourself" ( you might add ). [ Taking up the picture-board and rising]. If Your Highness is freed from the intrigue [lit. Snare of perfidy] of the seraglio, then calls me at the Cloud Balcony. And this I'll hide there where except' a pigeon, no one else may see it. [ This said, exit with hasty steps ]. sanumati--ammo, anna-samkanta-hiao bi padha़ma-sambhavanam abekkhavi sivila- sohado dani eso ( ammo ! anya samkranta- hrdayo'pi prathama " sambhavana mapeksate ' sithila - sauhrda idanimesah ) | Sanumati-Oh! this ( person) with his affection slackened, "maintains (his) previous' respects (i.e. shows regard to his first love]', though his heart (affection ] is transferred to another. - - -- - V. L. - 'nirvahitah ' - R. V. M. 'nirvasitah ' - K. 'nihnatah ' - B. 'nirgatah ' -- S. 'tatbhavan ' - B. Others omit tat | '0 kuta- vaguratah - B. '0 kalahat ' - S. K. '0 kalakutat ' - R. M. ' 0 kutat ' - S. 'sabdapaya ' - R. S. 'sabdaya ' - M. 'sabdayasva ' - V. 'sabdayisyate ' - B. 'idanca tat '-~&c~~B, Omitted by others. " sithila - sauhrdom V. 'atisithila - sohrdo ' - M. 'sthirasauharda ' - R. 'sthirasauhrda - S. B. caturiketi | 'devyah ' vasumatyah 'vitapa-lagnam ' pathipavam-sthita- vrksasakhayam samsaktam 'uttariyam ' pravarakam [ 'gahadibhyasca ' - ( 4|2|138 ; 1362 ) iti chah ] 'yavat ' yatkalam ' 'mocayati ' [ 'yavat pura nipatayoh lat ' - 3|3|4 ] 'atma ' sva- kalevarah [ 'atma kalavare yatne ' iti dharani| ] 'nirvahitah ' tatsthanat anyatra nitah palayitah | taralikayah api mocana -vyaprtastvena dvayoreva avasarabhavat 45

102 abhijnana-sakuntalam | [217 NOTES ityasayah | rajeti | 'upasthita ' adhunaiva upasthita bhavisyati [ misthatra bhavisyat - yotika | "adi - karmmani nistha vaktavya ", vah - 6052 ] 'bahumanena ' matpradarsitena pradhana - mahisi- gauravena 'gavita ' jatagarva | ahameva aryaputrasya priyatama iti tasya garvah | ata 'imam pratikrti ' kutracit 'raksatu ' gopayatu, anyatha sa yadi idamalekhyam pasyet tada nunam mam pramadantaramasaktam manyeta, irsyaya alekhya- mapi vinasayecca iti hrdayam | (anena prarocana- namangamupaksiptam | "prarocana tu vijneya samharartha pradarsini " iti darpanalaksanat | atra citranakana vyaparasya upasamharah pradarsitah ] | vidusaka iti | sa na kevalam alekhyam nasayet api tu tadalekhya-dharakam mamapi pidayet | ata aha atmanamiti | raghavamate tu " atra - atma-sabdena vidusakah raja ca ubhayamapi grhyate | tena pratikrti- raksanena ubhavapi raksaniyau iti bhavah " ) 'antahpurasya ' antahpurasthaya devya ityarthah | 'kuta ' maya kaitavam va [ "maya-niscala-yantresu kaitava'nrta-rasisu | ayodhana saila- srnga sirange kuta-mastriyam " ityamarah ) tadrupa ya 'vagura ' laksanaya atra jala- matram [ 'vagura mrga-bandhini ' ityamarah ] tasyah 'meghapraticchande ' tannamake 'prasade saudhe [ prasidanti atra iti 'halasca ' - ( 3|3|121 ) iti ghanna | "usapasargasya ghani amanusye bahulam " - ( 6 | 3 | 122 ) iti dirghah ] 'mam ' vidusakam 'sabdayayatu ' sabda karayatu | tacchabda makanyam sabdayami iti bhavah [ " sabdayate nam " vah --540 iti nisedhasattvadapi karvovavaksavasad anikartuh karmasamjna ) | 'tatra ' tadrsasthane | 'paravatam ' kapotam 'ujjhitva ' vihaya | kevalam kapota eva tadddrastu saksyati ityasayah | sanumatiti | 'ammo ' iti vismaye | 'sithilam ' vasumatyam mandibhutam 'sauhrdam ' prema yasya tadrsah | 'anyasyam ' nayikayam sakuntalayam 'samkrantam asaktam 'hrdayam ' yasya ( " sarvanamnah vrttimatre pumvadbhavah " - 728 ) tathoktah san api 'prathamam prak vasumatyam dasitam 'sambhavanam ' pritim 'apeksate ' anurudhyate | na tasyah agauravam kartumicchati | "distya mrgiva sardulamukhat sraddha nirvahita &c. - Lit. by me my = 217 n. - 1. bistaya &c. - Cf. ksemena jivita priyasakhi " - Prabodha-Candrodaya IT. own person was carried off, i.e. I somehow made my escape. uttariya - uttarasmin dehabhage bhavam iti uttara + cha -- 1362 ( Com. ) utta- riyam - Upper garment. 2. upasthita devi -- Before long she will be present here. Here kta has Future sense -- ( 77 n. 5.). 3. bahu-mana- gavita -- mana sammana | For sometime past I have been showing her great honour, in consequence of which she has become very proud Or, 'mana ' means --- resentment arising from jea-

217 NOTES] 103 - lousy. But jealous ladies do not like that their husbands should be enamoured of other women. Cf. "nirasa bhrnga kupiteva padmini | na maninisam sahate'nyasangamam " || - BK. II. 6. Hence 'self-pride' or 'vanity will be naturally inherent in a 'manini ' | For mana read - "strinam irsyakrtah manah kopo'nyasangini priye | srute vanumite drste -- " Dasa-Rupaka IV. 67. "The resentment arising in a (a state of) jealousy in anger on the part of women when their lover is heard, inferred, or seen (to be ) devoted to another" - Dr. Haas. pratikrti -- Raghuvamsha VIII. 92; XIV. 87. 4 antahpura &c. kuta means "deception, fraud", (Com.) Cf. 'pasamapasya kutaracanam bhaktva baladvaguram ' - Abakara-Kaumudi. Women are known as practising frauds for the attraction of their lovers and these may be well termed as 'a' or noose' in which men are generally enticed. [ Cf. "raja evamadibhih atma-karya-nirvartaninam madhurabhiranrta- vagbhirakrsyante visayinah " - Sakuntala V-P. 474] vagura - ava gurute iti ava + a + gur [ himsayam tudadih ] + ka [ 'igupadha - 3 |1|135 ] = avagura | Next 'a' of 'ava ' is dropped by 'vasti bhaguri &c. - ( 5 n, 1). Hence " vagura " - Bhanuji Diksita R's okalakulat ' also gives a very good idea as the virulent ire of women is generally compared to the deadly poison, 'kalakuta ' or 'halahala ', which was originated by the churning of the ocean. But does not seem to be in consonance with '0 kalakuta ' | The readings of K, S and S also suit the context. So it is not easy to find out the original reading. 5. mam sabdayayatu ( bhavan ) - sabdam karoti with kya s gives 'sabvayate ' and with nic 'sambayati ' ] | Cf. 'sabdam karoti ityarthe "sabda-vaira- - ( 3|1|17 ) ityadina kyani, "akrt - sarvadhatukayoh dirghah " - ( 7|4|25 ) iti dirghah, "sanadyanta - " ( 3|1|32 ) iti dhatutve nirdeso'yam " - Balamanorama In the Causative, the form is 'sabdayayati ' [ " tato hetumanic - T. ]. Now the Nominative of 'sabdaya ' ( akarmaka ), in the non-causal form ( anikarta ), does not become karma by 'gatibuddhi ' - &c. ( 1. 4. 52 ) on account of the Varttika "sabdayate nam " - (540). Owing to fancy for archaic forms (210 n, 3), Kali, uses 'mam ' intead of 'maya ' | Read " sabdayati kyananta ghatoh anau karta nau karma neti vaktavyamityarthah || sabdaya- - -- -

104 abhijnanasakuntalam [217 NOTES yati devadatteneti | sabdayate devadattah, tam yajnadattah prerayati ityarthah | devadattasya karmatvabhavat prayojya-kartrtvamadaya trtiyaiva * * * sabdakarmakamutpadanam sabdayeti kyanantasya dhatorarthah | evanca sabdatmakam karma dhatvarthe antarbhutam | ata sabda- yati kyanantadhatorakarmakah | " dhatvartha- bahirbhuta karmakatvameva sakarmakatvam " iti 'supa atmanah ' ( 3|118 ) iti sutre prapancitatvat " - Balamanorama " etena sabdayayati sainikaih ripun " iti karma - prayunjanah parastah -- T. &Balamanorama 'yesam desa - kaladi- bhinnam karma na sambhavati te'tra'karmakah, na tvavivaksita-karmanopi tena masamasayati devadattam ' &c - Bhattoji Diksita 6. paravatam -- The pigeons can fly very high and generally live in holes in the highest part of a building. Cf. "tam kasyancidbhavana - vallabha ' suptaparavatayam nitva ratri ciravilasanat khinna- vidyut - kalatrah ' - Parsvabhyudayam & Meghaduta 39. parapata ' (Ravasa) is another form. 7. anya - samkrantah &c. - samkranta - Transferred. 'anya ' refers to sakuntala | Cf. 'putra-samkranta-laksmikaih yad vrddheksvakubhih dhrtam ' - Uc. - 22. ' anya samkranta- premano nagarika adhikam daksina bhavanti '-- Vikramorvasiya III. 'raja ' - katham mamanya-samkranta-hrdayamupala yantamapi te sakhi laksayisyati 'Mala. III. 'yadrsah citragatah, tadrsah anya-samkranta-hrdayah aryaputrah -- Ibid. IV. sambhavana = Respect - ( 26 n, 2) prathama 0 - Respect for the queen • maried first, or the queen-in-cheif sithila0-- This course due to his love for Sakuntala sauhrda -- Read (35. 3.) Text: : - ( pravisya patra hasta ) pratihari -- jedu jedu devo [ jayatu jayatu devah ] | (Entering paper in hand) is of Portress Victory, victory to Your Majestry. raja - - vetravati ! na khalvantara ' drsta tvaya devi | King-Vetravati, did you not, indeed, on the mid-way t see Her Majesty (Vasumati coming this way) ? pratihari - aha im | patta hattham mam pekkhia padiniutta [ athakim | patra-hastam mam drstva pratinivrtta | | Portress - Yes, (My Lord), but ( she) turned me with a despatch in hand. raja - karyajna karyoparodham ' mem pariharati | back on seeing King - Knowing business, ( she, my queen ) abstains disturbing my ( state) -affairs'. from pratihari -- deva, amacco visnavedi ajja attha-javassa ganana - bahulabae

218 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 105 ekkam evva mae pora-kajjam pancavekkhidam | tam devo pattarudham pancaklikaretu si [deva, amatyo vijnapayati adya 'artha- jatasya ganana - bahulataya ekameva maya paurakaryam pratyaveksitam | taddevah patrarudham pratyaksikarotu iti ] | Portress My Liege, the minister submits that by reason of the length of calculation of the various* (items) of revenue' today, only one (important ) citizen's suit has been examined by him. May Your Majesty see it (as) committed to paper.* raja -- itah patram darsaya | ( pratihari upanayati ) | King - This way, show (me ) the paper. (The Portress brings it near ). - raja (anuvacya ) - katham | 'samudra-vyavahari sartha vaho dhanamitro nama nau - vyasane vipannah | 'anapatyasca kila tapasvi | raja-gami tasyartha-sancayah ityetadamatyena likhitam | ( savisadam ) kastam khalvanapatyata | ksetravati ! bahu- ghanatvad bahu-patnikena tatrabhavata bhavitavyam | vicaryatam yadi kacidapanna- sasva tasya bharyasu syat | King (Having read) - What ! the sea-faring foreman' of a merchant-guild', Dhanamitra by name, has perished in ship wreck. And childless, they say, ( is ) the poor man. To the crown, reverts all his hoard of money, so writes the minister. ( Sorrowfully) Miserable indeed ( is) child-lessness. Vetravati, having had vast wealth, many-wived (that) gentleman must have been. Let it be inquired if some one, amongst his wives (is)' 'enceinte. - -V. L. - ' arthajatasya ganana 0 ' -- R. V. M. 'rajakaryasya 0 ' -- B. S & Bread 'pratyaveksitam ' for 'aveksitam ' - (M). 'apeksitam ' - R. 'patrikam ' R. M. S, 'patra ' -- B. 'dhanamitrah ' - R. V. M. 'dhanavrddhih ' - P. B. Padma-Purana '0 vyasane ' -- R. M. V. S. Omitted by B. 'anvisyatam ' - B. '0 vyasanena ' B. 'tapasvi ' - R. M. V. 'sah ' - --- 'vicaryatam ' - R. V. M. 'viciyatam ' - S. - '' rajeti | 'khalu ' iti prasne | 'antara ' pathimadhye 'devi ' abhisikta patni vasumati ( 'devi krtabhisekayam ' ityamarah ) | pratihariti | 'athakim ' iti svikare | ('angikare'pi cathakim ' iti haravali ) | 'patra ' haste yasyah ' tam 'patrahastam ' rajakaryartham prasthitam mamityarthah ( gadvaditvat saptamyantasya para - nipatah ) | rajeti | 'karya ' kada ki kartavya ' ki va'kartavyam iti ya janati sa 'karyajna ' kartavya'kartavya- vicara - karini | prajanam 'karyasya ' nijagamanenaiva 'uparodham ' kalahena vyaghatam 'pariharati ' varjayati | adhuna rajakarya

106 | abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 218 NOTES syat | mamopasthito tu tasya uparodha- sambhavana syat iti vicintya devi pratinivrta iti bhavah | pratihariti | 'arthanam rajasva'dhikarikaih presitanam ghananam 'jata ' samuham [ "jatam jani - samuhayoh " iti kosah ] tasya 'gananayah bahula- taya ' bahulyena tasya samkhyane prabhutasya samayasya ativahitatvat ityarthah | 'patrarudham ' likhitva preritam | rajeti | 'anuvacya ' pathitva | 'katham ' iti sambhrame | 'samudrena vyavaharati desantaram gatva kraya-vikraya-vyavaharam karoti yastadrk potavanik | 'sarthan ' vanik-samuhan [ 'sarthah vaniksamuhe'pi syat ' iti medini ] 'vahayati ' calayati yastadrk sresthipatih | 'nau-vyasane ' pota-bhramse ' pota- nimajjane ityarthah ['vyasanam vipadi bhramse dose kamaje kopaje ' ityamarah ] 'vipannah ' mrtah | 'anapatyah ' putra-pautradi-rahitah, [ "na patati vamso yena jatena tadapatyam " iti kalapa tikayam durga simhah || " apatatam bhavati pituh sakasadetya prthaktatam bhavati | anena jatena sata pita narake na patati iti va " || iti yaskah ] || 'tapasvi ' anukamparhah | ' rajagami ' sastranusarena idanim raja eva taddhanasya adhikari bhavati ityarthah | 'kastam ' duhkhakaram 'khalu ' ityavadharane | bahvayah patnyah ' yasya tena [ 'nadryataraca ' - - ( 514 | 153 ) iti samasantah kap ] vicaryatam ' anvisyatam 'apannasattva ' garbhini [ 'apannasatva syat gurvinya- ntarvatni ca garbhini ' ityamarah ) | -- 218 n. - 1. devah - Read (156 n, Remark ). patrahastam &c. - Unlike the meeting between the king Agnimitra and the queen Iravati in Mala. III. or that between Pururavas and the queen Ausinari in Vikramorvasiya III on similar occasion, our poet very skilfully avoids the introduction of vasumati (an upanayika ) in such a critical state, as her presence would surely have created a conjugal misunderstanding [perhaps followed by mana and manabhanjana ] and thus made the whole situation quite unpleasant. Besides the scene would have taken a different shape and the poet's purpose of the introduction of Sanumati would have been frustrated. For we have not as yet known from her mouth that Sakuntala has given birth to a child and that the gods are anxious for the speedy reunion of the pair [ iti khalu dipe vyavadhana - dosena esah andhakara - dosamanubhavati | * * * deva eva tatha anusthasyanti yatha acirena dharma- patni bharta abhinandisyati ] -- Infra. 2. artha - jatasya &c. - Heaps of revenues have been received from various collectors-in-charge, and much time has been spent to-day in calculation and audit. So the minister has not been able to investigate all the cases. pratyaveksi-

218 NOTES ] sastho'nuh 107 -sam (B) is preferable to ('apeksitam '), as the king had already used this expression. Cf. 'vetravati yat *** pratyaveksitam paurakaryamaryena ' &c. Supra. Besides 'generally means 'to need', 'wait'. Cf. "padena napaiksata sundarinam - Kumara-sambhava III. 26; 'apeksate pratyayamuttamam tvam 'III. 18; 'na hi bhavaskhalitani apeksate -- Vikramorvasiya IV. 12; 'idrsah anuragah abhijnanamapeksate - Supra 3. sarthavahi - The foreman of a guild that leads a carvan. The epithets 'samudra-vyavahari ' and 'nau- conclusively prove the existence of ships in ancient India, and also the prevailing practice of trading in foreign lands with sea-going vessels. In Rig-Veda, son of king was sent to fight against a certain king at a distant island (1. III. 3). The ship was broken to pieces by the waves. Then the God Asvinas sent a big ship with 100 oars for their rescue. The island must be at a great distance. For the Divine Car offs with 100 wheels, took 3 days and 3 nights to go there. (1. 4. 83). Also Vide 4. 55. 6; 7.88.2--(Pleasure trip). The curious are referred to Dr. Mukherjee's "Shipping and maritime activities in ancient India" and Rao-Bahadur G. V. Joshi's article on 'Shipping in Ancient India', published in the Modern Review, February 1908. f-It is reported. -(126, 6). 4. -Note the gradual development of the Law of Inheritance. According to Manu, in case of failure of issue, the property of one other than a Brahmana will revert to the State and not to the widow. Read "ahayam brahmanadravyam rajna nityamiti sthitih | itaresamtu varnanam sarvabhave harenrpah " - Manu-Samhita IX. 189. Apasta- -mba' also does not recognize widow as heir. 'Narada' makes provision for her maintenance. 'Brhaspati' (1 st century A. D.) seems to admit her right for the first time. Now at the time of Kali, the widow of a deceased person could not inherit his estate. The prevalance of this practice places Kali. in a very antique period when this sort of 'law of inheritance' of 'Manu', 'Apastamba', 'Bohhayana' were not remodelled by 'Visnu', 'Sankha', 'Likhita', 'Vrhaspati' (1 st century A.D.) and other later Law-givers. Read :- " aputra - ghanam patnyabhigami | tadabhave matr-gami, tadabhave bhratr-gami tadabhave bhratr-putra-gami tadabhave sakulya-gami tadabhave ang-mfor, aaura ferez-mfa, acana agreanfa-mfa, acuna unguuT-ET- varja raja-gami " iti dayabhaga-grantha-ghrta visnu-vacanam | "yasya noparata ‍ -

108 abhijnana- sakuntalam - [218 NOTES - | bharya dehartha tasya jivati | jivatyarghasarire tu kathamanyah svamapnuyat || sakulyai vidyamanastu pitr-matr - sanabhibhih | aputrasya pramitasya patni tadbhagaharini "-- -Brhaspati. "ye'putrah ksatra-vitsudrah patni bhratr-vivarjitah | tesam dhanam haredraja sarvasyadhipatihi sah " - Ibid. Also Kulluka Bhatta on Manu-Samhita IX.187;Kalpa. P. 422. It will be interesting to note that Dr. Keith and his, supporters of the Gupta Theory could not produce even a solitary instance to prove that the property of a sonless person after his death, reverts to the State and that his widow while alive is debarred from inheriting his property, during the Gupta period. This is another very important point in fixing the date of Kalidasa. 5. artha-samcayah- Plenty of wealth - sam | ci +ac bhave ['erac ' 3|3|56 ] . = sancayah -- Abundance "cayah samuha prakaramulabandhe samahrtau " - Medini. As here the sense of 'upasamadhana ' i.e. 'Making heaps' [ Cf.. "upasamadhanam uparyadhobhagena rasi-karanam " - Prabha.] is absent, so 'ghan ' by "nivasa citi-sariro-pasamadhanesvadesca kah " (3. 3. 41), is barred and 'ca' is also not changed into 'ka' | Read "rasikaranam upasamadhanam | etesu arthesu cinoteh ghanna pratyayo bhavati | dhato radesca kakarah adesah | etesu iti kim ? cayah | iha kasmanna bhavati mahan kastha-nicayah | bahutvamatra vivaksitam | na upasamadhanam " Vamana 6. apana - sattva == apannah sattvah ( jantuh ) anaya asyam va ( bahu ) - Bhoja D. Or say, 'apanna sattvam ' iti 'apanasattva ' by " praptapatre ca dvitiyaya " -- 715. 'paravallingam dvandva tatpurusayoh " -- ( 2. 4. 36 ) is barred by Varttika "dvigu-prapta''panna'lampurva- gati samasesu pratisedho vacyah " - 812. Read " -- prapta, apanna, alampurva, gatisamasa etesu paravallingasya pratisedho vaktavya ityarthah | * * " prapta-jivika iti | atra uttara-padasya jivika-sabdastha yallingam tat samasasya na bhavati " -- Balamanorama; Also ( 124 n. 7). - Remark-It is obvious that the importance of the introduction of the story of Dhanamitra is only to put vividly to the notice of the king, the helplessness of a man, wanting in issue and also to make him keenly feel for his legally married wife who was pregnant but ruthlessly repudiated by him (Sl. 24 & & 25 Infra). Text- pratihari - deva, dani evva sakevaassa setthiyo duhima mibdula-pumsavana jao se suniati [deva, idanimeva saketakasya sresthino duhita nita-pamsavana ' jaya asya sruyate ]

219 NOTES ] sastho'nah 109 Portress-My Lord, it is reported that his wife, the daughter of a guild-merchant of Ayodhya, has had her 'male-child-libation' performed only recently. raja -- sa khala 'garbhah pitryam viyamarhati | gaccha | evamamatyam buhi | King - Surely that unborn child' (Lit. fetus] is entitled to (its) paternal assets. Go (and) thus inform the minister. pratihari -- jam devo anavedi [yaddeva ajnapayati ] | Portress--As My Liege commands (Starts to raja -- ehi tavat | King - Just come back. pratihari (pratinivrtya ) - iamhi [ iyamasmi ] | Portress (Turning back ) - Here am I. raja - kimanena santatirasti nastiti | ( prasthita ) | go ) . (sloka ) yena yena viyujyante prajah snigdhena bandhuna | sa sa papadrte tasam dusyanta iti ghusyatam ||23|| King - Or, what matters whether there be issue or not. Let it be publicly announced that of whatsoever loving kin the subjects are deprived, Dusyanta will (himself) supply (the place of) that (kin), excepting the sinful. (23). pratihari -- evam nama ghosaida [ evam nama ghosayitavyam ) | (niskramya | punah pravisya ) deva ! kale pavattam via ahinanvidam vevassa sasanam [ kale pravrstamiva abhinanditam devasya sasanam ' ] | Portress - Thus, indeed shall it be proclaimed. (Going out and entering again)-Like timely shower, is hailed the royal proclamation (by the populace). raja (dirghamusnanca nihsvasya ) -- evam bhoh santati-viccheda- niravalambana 'mula- purusa- vasane sampadah paramupatisthante | mamapyante puruvamsa- sriya eva vrttantah ' | King (Heaving a long and warm sigh) - Alas ! thus do the fortunes of families, rendered' propless by the failure of progeny (lineal descendants ) ', pass over to a stranger, at the demise of the representative of the original stock. On my decease, too, the fortune of Puru's line will have (quite) a like' story. - V. L. - 'samketakasya ' - M. V. S. 'saketasya ' -- R. 'saketapurasya ' B. H. S. 'pratinivrtya ' -- B. Omitted by others. Aiter 'devasya sasanam, B reads 'mahajanena ', while S has amatyena janena ca ' | '0 viccheda-niravalambana ' - - B. '0cheda - niravalambanam kulanam - R. V. S. M. -- upatisthante - B.

abhijnana- sakuntalam ---- [219 NOTES Others have 'upatisthanti ' | '0 sriya esa vrttantah ' -- B. S. '0 srirakale ivoptabija bhurevamvrtta ' - R. V.M. - - - - pratihariti | 'sakete ' ayodhyayam jata iti 'saketakah ' [ 'saketah syadayo- dhyayam kosala - nandini ca sa ' iti yadavah | 'dhumaditvat ' (4|2|127 ) vuna ] tasya | 'sresthinah kulikasya vanija iti yavat [ 'kulikantu kuli sresthi kulasresthini silpinam ' iti jatadharah | 'seth ' iti bhasa ) | 'nirvrttam ' sampaditam 'pumsavanam ' garbhotpatyavadhi trtiya masa kartavya pumsantana - sampadaka-samskara- visesah yasyah tadrsi | rajeti | pitryam ' pituragatam paitrika mityarthah ['pituh yacca ' - ( 4|3|79 ) iti yat | ] 'ricyate ' putradyartham pitradibhih tyajyate yat tat 'riktham ' ghanam [ "riktham rktham gham vasu " ityamarah ] | 'garbhah ' arthat garbhasthah santanah | arhati labdhu yogyah bhavati, na tu nrpatirityarthah | yeneti | | 'prajah ' janah madiyah prakrtayah ityarthah | [ "praja tu jana-putrayoh " iti vaijayanti ] 'yena yena snigdhena ' snehavata 'bandhuna ' putradina svajanena ( sagotra - bandhava - jnati-bandhu sva-svajana sama ityamarah || sahartha trtiya | yadva anukte kartari trtiya, 'viyujyante ityasya kartrpadam ') 'viyujyante ' vicchedyante niyativasat virahino bhavanti ityarthah | 'papat rte ' papinam vina papa-sabdah visesya-nighnah | [ 'nrsamsah dhatukah krurah papa ' ityamarah | arsa aditvat- ( 5|2|127 ) - matvarthe ac ] | ye ye bandhava duracara striyante tan varjayitva iti bhavah | 'dusyantah tasam ' sadbandhu-virahita- prajanam ("sarvatraghopahatat pitamvanugrhniyat " ityukteh ) 'sa sa ' tattadvandhu- sthaniya . bhavisyati 'iti ' purvoktam ' vakyam 'vupyatam ' uccaih rajyamadhye pracaryatam | putradi-vandhava-viyogat ye ye nirasraya bhavanti dusyantastesam sarvesam tattatbandhu- sthaniyo bhutva tesamasraya - svarupah bhavisyati | kintu mrtah sa bandhavascet duracarah syat, dupyantah tasya papinah sthaniyo na bhavisyati iti hrdayam | (anena 'sahayya ' -nama natyalankara upaksiptah | " sahayyam sankate yat syat anukulyam parasya ca " iti darpana-laksanat | cheka-vrttyanuprasau | slokovrttam ) ||23 || pratihariti | 'nama ' ityabhyupagame | 'kale ' yogyavelayam | 'pravrptam ' sobhanam varsanam (varsateh bhave ktah ) | rajeti | 'usnam ' iti visesanam praksiptam manyamahe | evamvidhasya'bhinayamya asambhavyatvat | 'bhoh ' iti visade ( "bhostu sambodhana- visadayoh " iti medini || 'sannatyah ' apatyamya 'vicchedena ' lopena 'nih ' sesitam asrayah yasyah tadrsah 'sampadah ' dhanasampattayah 'mula- purusasya ' vamsadharasya carama- purusasya 'avasane ' mrtyi 'evam ' anaya rotya dhanamitravadityarthah | 'param ' tat- kulanutpannam parakiyam purupam 'upatisthante ' samgacchante [ "upaddevapuja sangatikarana- mitrakarana - pathisu iti vaktavyam " - ( 203|25 ) - iti vatikokteh sangati- -

219 NOTES ] 111 karanayem taka | 'upatisthanti ityapapathah ) | anapatyasya 'mamapi ' dusyantasya 'ante ' mrtyau 'puruvamsa - sriyah ' matkula-sampadah 'esa vrtantah ' idrsa evam prakaro bhavisyati arthat dhanamitravat mamapi sampat aparam kancit asrayisyati [ "bula- -tastu prakarane kartasne varta prakarayoh " iti haimah ] | The 219 n. - 1. saketakasya - sakete jatah iti saketa + bu [ 'dhumadibhyasca (4.2.127) ; vu = aka ( 7. 1. 1. ) ] = saketakah - An inhabitant of saketa | "sakete vasatiti saketakah ' - (A ) is cintyah | 'saketa ' is included in the dhumadi - list. 'saketa ' is the name of Ayodhya, given by the Buddhists and it is often met with in the Buddhistic Literatures. absence of 'A' in the Ram, according to Dr. Jacobi is a conclusive proof of its priority to Buddha. It is masculine according to 'yadava ' (Com.) but nenter, according to 'sabdaratnavali ' | Kali. elsewhere has used this word. ' saketo- pavanamudaramadhyuvasa " - Raghuvamsha XIII. 79; XIV. 13; V. 31; XVIII. 36. sresthi-- 'The head of a guild or corporation practising the same trade'--M. 2. fade- pumsavana -- pumsavanam is the second of the 12 purificatory ceremonies and is performed on a woman's manifesting unmistakable sign of pregnancy, for the birth of a male child. Read "masi dvitiye trtiye va pumsavana yada pumsa naksatrena candrama yuktah syat " - Parasara. 'vyakte garbhe trtiye tu mase pumsavanam bhavet | garbhe'vyakte trtiye ceccaturthamasi va bhavet "- Sannaka. " trtiyasya garbhamasasya adima-dese pumsavanasya kalah "- Gobhila. 3. garbham &c. - garbha = Foetus. riktham - Wealth. [ 'A child who is in the mother's womb at the time of the death of his father is, in contemplation of law, actually existing and will on his birth, divest the estate of any person, with a title inferior to his own, who has taken it in the meantime' ]- Mayne's Hindu Law. Read also "ye jata ye'pyajata va ye ca garbhe vyavasthitah | vrtti te'pi hi kanaksanti vrttilopah vigarhitah " - Bhrgu. "utpattyaivartham svamitvat labheta ityacarya manyante " - Gautama, 4. papavrte - Here papa ' is an adjective (Com.) and is equivalent to a-'Sinner' (p97)-'a wicked person'. The idea is :- (1) Dusyanta will not fill up the place of that dead man who in his living time was a sinner; consequently when a man loses such a friend, naturally he does not deserve king's protection. (2) According to M, the king will -- -

112 * abhijnanasakuntalam [219 NOTES not be a loving friend to a person who is living and is himself a sinner, even if he undergocs any bereavement. ( 3 ) According to R, it means- 'Excepting sin' (i. e. sinful act ). Or, in other words the king will fill up that place of the deceased person, provided there is no sin in doing so, as there would be in his becoming a husband to a widow. - "papavrte | strinam bhartrtvena vina ityarthah " - R. But this explanation may be objected to, because of the specific use of the word ' bandhuna ', thus Dusyanta will perform the duties of a friend only. Cf. "cafa tu parisamaptam bandhukrtyam prajanam " -- Act. V. 8. Infra. Cf. 'dvesyo'pi sammatarisasta stasyartasya yathosadham | tyajyotustah priyo'pyasi danga livoraga-ksata - Raghuvamsha I. 28; "atanusu vibhavesu * tvayi tu parisamaptam bandhukrtyam prajanam " - V. 8. Supra. 5. ghusyatam -- ghusir - visabde iti kavikalpadrumah - To cry or proclaim aloud, declare publicly. visabda iha kathanam aviskaranam nana- sabdakaranam va | iti tattika | It is' curadi ' but nic is optional, hence it is 'bhvadi ' also. Read " ghusira visabdane | ghosayati | 'ghusir a-visabdane ' (7|2|23, 2063 ) iti sutre 'a - visabdane ' iti nisedhallingad anityo'sya nic | ghosati "-Siddhanta-Kaumudi 2571. " ghosayatu manmatha - nidesam " - Gita-Govinda [ " navadyam ghosati dvari yasya kascidupadravam | ghosayanti punah sarve dirghamayuryadasritah " | - - Kavi-Rahasya 141]. 6. mula - purusah-- "The man who represents the original progenitor from whom in a direct line the family is descended;" 'the oldest surviving son, ' ' the stock - man'. 7. bhoh - Implies visada | 'upatisthanti (R) - seems to be grammatically inaccurate (Com. ) . esa vrtantah = idrk prakarah ( Com. ) M's "akala ivoptavija &c. " is rejected, as the simile is quite defective; besides there is no reason why a land where seeds have been sown untimely should go to another's hand. Text- - pratihari - pahidam amangalam [ pratihatamamangalam ] | Portress--- The misfortune be averted. raja -- dhida mamupanata-sreyo'vamaninam | King Fie on me, who scorned a blessing arrived sanumati - asamsaam piasahi evva hiae karia nindido jena appa [ asamsayam priyasakhimeva hrdaye krtva ninditah anena atma ] | Sanumati-Undoubtedly having (my) dear friend alone in (his) mind, he censures himself.

220 NOTES ] raja- upajati [ tatajagaga jatajagaga sastho'nkah samropite'pyatmani dharma-patni tyakta maya nama kula-pratistha ' | mahate 'kalpisyamana vasundhara phala phalaya ivopta - bija ||24|| 113 King - Although (my) own self was implanted (in her womb ), the lawful wife (of mine), the support of (my) family, was foolishly 'disavowed by me, like plot of a land, sown' with seed at the right 'season (and) promising³ a magnificent harvest. (24). sanumati -- apariccata dani de bhavissadi [ aparityakta idani te bhavisyati 1 | Sanumati - (She, the support of your family) will not be (long ) forsaken. - caturika ( janantikam ) - ae, imina satya- vaha-vutalena viunumbeo bhatta | nam assasitum mehampaड़िcchandado ajjam mahavvam gevhia aacchehi [ aye, anena svartha- vaha-vrttantena dvigunodvego bharta | enamasvasayitum meghapraticchandat ayam madhavyam grhitva agaccha ] | Caturika ( Aside to the Portress ) -- Ah (our ) lord has (his ) remorse doubled by this story of the head of the merchant-guild. Go to the 'Cloud Balcony' (and) bring honourable Madhavya to comfort him. pratihari - sutu bhanasi [ susthu bhanasi ] | Portress ~~ Right well ( you ) say. (Exit). (niskranta ) | V. L. -- ' upanata ' -- B. upasthita -- R. M. S. 'aparityakta ' -- B. P . HIS. 'aparicchinna * * santati ' - R. V.M.S. 'dvigunodvego ' R. V. B. 'vigunodvego - M. 'dvigunita - nu sayo ' - S. - 'agacchami | iti niskranta caturika ' | 'agacchami ' - R. - pratihariti | 'amangalam ' bhavadasankitam durikrtam bhavatu iti sesah | rajeti | For 'agaccha ' -S has sva'patya- viccheda-rupam 'pratihatam ' 'upanata ' svayameva agatam 'sreyah ' sagarbha-dvara-rupam | rupama | samropita iti | 'kale ' yogya - samaye 'uptam ' ( 6|1|15 ) ropitam ' bijam ' ekatra anka ुra-karanam (anyatra sukram | 'bijam tu retasi | syadaghane ca tattve ca hetavanka ुrakarane " iti haimah ) yasyam tathokta | asmadeva hetoh 'mahate ' ekatra bhurine [ anyatra parakramasaline ] 'phalaya ' ekatra sasyaya [ anyatra putra rupa "klrpi sampadyamane ca " - iti 4rthi ] 'kalpisyamana ' prabhavisyanti 'vasundhara ' prthivi [ 'samjnayam bhrtavrji-- ' ( 3|2|46 ) iti khac | 'khaci hrasvah ' phalaya |

114 abhijnana- samkuntalam [220 NOTES ( 64 / 94 ) iti nijanta- dhatoh upadhaya hrasvatvam | khitvat mumagamah (6/3/- 67 ) ] 'iva kulasya ' madvamsasya 'pratistha ' sthitihetuh [ etat tu trtiya saptadasa- sloke uktam | "pratistha gaurave sthitau " iti hemah ] dharmasya patni - ( 4|1|33 ) ( asva - ghasadivat taverthye sasthi-samasah ] vamsa raksaka - santana dharanat asraya- svarupa sakuntala ityarthah | 'atmani samropite'pi tasyam garbharupena svatmani sthapite'pi [ tathacoktam bharate -- " atma''tmanaiva janitah putra ityucyate budhaih " iti ] 'maya tyakta ' avadhirita | 'nama ' iti kutsane | ataeva 'mam dhik ' ityabhiprayah | [ upama | kavyalinga nca | srutyanuprasah | upajatirvrtam ) ||24 || sanumatiti | 'idanim menaka - presitaya maya saksat dusyanta'vastha- darsanat anantaram prak pratyakhyata kula pratistha sakuntala 'na parityakta ' arthat punah prapta bhavisyati | maya yajna-bhagotsuka - devaisca tatha anusthasyate | pathantarapakse 'aparicchinna ' vinasa-rahita iti yavat 'te ' taba dusyantasya 'santatih vamsa - pravahah 'bhavisyati ' sarvadamanasya jatatvat iti vyakhyeyam | caturiketi | 'dvau guni ' avrtti yasya ['gunastu avrtti-sabdadi jye- ndriya mukhya tantusu ' iti vaijayanti ] sa 'dvigunah ' niratisayah ityarthah tadrsah 'udvegah ' manasi vyatha yasya tathabhutah | 220 n - 1. atmani samropite &c. - The Hindu notion is this that the son is nothing but the husband himself born in his consort, and hence a wife is called "jaya " ( jayate asyam - Bhanuji Diksita ) 'patirjayam sampravisya garbhobhutveha jayate | jayayastaddhi jayatvam yadasyam jayate punah "--Manu-Samhita IX. 8 " atma pravisya jayayam putrarupena jayate " - Quoted by A. "atma vai putranamasi " -- Qud. Kulluka Bhatta "angadangat sambhavasi hrdayadadhi- jayase | atma vai putranamasi sa jivah saradah satam " - Quoted by K. ( Maha. Adi.) The idea is:-I have not only disavowed (syakta ) my legally married wife which was a heinous crime but that was again foolishly (7) aggravated on account of the fact that even then she was bearing my seed in her womb (atmani samropite ) and as such was the only means of the continuity of my clan (kula- pratistha ) | Now see ( n. 4). 2. kalpisyamana - The root klrp ( 8|2|18 ) has the sense of 'to be fit or adequate for', 'result in', 'tend to'. cf. 'kalpase raksanaya ' - Sakuntala V. 5. 'kalpate visramaya -- Vikramorvasiya III. 1. 'vibhavari yadyarunaya kalpate ' - Kumara-sambhava V. 44; V. 79; VI. 29; 'phalaya kalpate ' -- Raghuvamsha VIII. 40; V. 13; Parsvabhyudayam& Meghaduta 55; Manu-Samhita II. 151; II, 266; BK. XXII. 21.

220 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 115 [Read also " yo'thinam ipsitapraptyai kalpate kalpavrksavat | na kalpayati misyartham sirah kalpati vidvisam " 11 - Kavi-Rahasya 83] 3. mahate phalaya &c. For somewhat similar idea Cf. "tenoruviryena pita prajayam kalpisyamanena nananda yuna | suvrstiyogadiva jivalokah sasyena sampatti - phalonmukhena || - Raghuvamsha XVIII. 2. " tam bhavartham prasava samaya''kauksininam prajanam | antargadha़ ksitiriva nabhovijamusti daghana " || - XIX. 57. kaloptavija - Cf. 'kale varsa deva- mivoptavijam ' - Maha. (Karna. 67 ) 4. aparityakta &c. - The king is sad because he has forsaken ( tyakta ) his kulapratistha ( III. 17 ). But Sanumati is aware of the fact that the gods are making arrangements for the union of Sakuntala with Dusyanta very soon. she will not be long forsaken - ( Ryder). With aparicchinna &c. - ' Hence-forth your progeny will not be without a break', because Sanumati is aware of the birth of sarvadamana | Text :--raja---aho ! dusyantasya 'samsayama'rudhah pinda-bhajah | kutah - asmat param bata yathasruti sambhutani ' vasantatilaka [ tabhajajagaga ] ko nah kule nivapanani karisyatiti | nunam prasuti - vikalena ' maya prasiktam dhauta'bhu-sesamuvakam pitarah pivanti || 25 || || ( mohamupagatah ) || Hence King-Oh! Dusyanta's oblation-eaters (i.e. manes) have 'come to be under apprehension'. For-'Who, alas ! after this (man) in our family, will offer' (us) oblations' prepared after the Vedic ' ( precept ) ' ? - Thus thinking assuredly (my) manes drink such of the waters offered by me, destitute of progeny³, as remains after washing (their ) tears. ( This said, he swoons ). ( 25 ) - - caturika ( sasambhramamavalambaya ) samassasadu, samassasabu bhatta | ( samasvasitu samasvasitu bharta ) Caturika (Hastily supporting him ) -- Be reassured, My Liege, be reassured. sanumati-- havi ! haddhi ! sadi kkhu dove vavabhana-vosena eso anyaara- bosam anuhodi | aham dani evva nivvudam karemi | ahava subam mae saundalam samassa- | saantie mahenda - jananie muhavo janna- bhaa-samussaa deva evva taha anucitti - -ssanti jaha airena dharmma-pavini bhatta ahinanditsaviti | ta jutam evam kalam paripalitum | java imina vuttantena piasahom samastasemi ( ha dhak ! vyavadhana- dosena esah andhakara-dosam hi dhik | sati sati khalu dipe dipe vyavadhana-dosena esah

116 abhijnana- sakuntalam [221 NOTES anubhavati | ahamidanimeva nirvrtam karomi | athava srutam maya sakuntalam sama- - svasayantya mahendra-jananya mukhat yajna-bhaga- samutsuka deva eva tatha anustha- syanti yatha acirena dharmapatnim bharta abhinandiyati iti | tat yuktam etam kalam pratipalayitum | yavadanena vrttantena priyasakhim samasvasayami ) | | ( iti umrantakena niskranta ) | Sanumati - Ah fie! ah fie ! though ( the bright) lamp is there, this (man) experiences (all the ) ill-effects of darkness, by reason of intervention. I'll forthwith make him happy. Or rather, I have heard from the mouth of Indra's mother while she was consoling Sakuntala, that eagerly longing for (thier) portions of sacrifices, the gods themselves will so devise that before long the husband will welcome (his) lawful wife. Therefore it is propert to wait for this period. In the interim (I) shall cheer my dear friend with this (happy) news. [Exit with Udbhrantaka dance]. ( nepathye ) ambamhanam, ambamhanam ( abrahmanyam, abrahmanyam ) | - (In the post scenium) A Brahmana in danger! A Brahmana in danger ! (Help ! Help ! to the rescue - M . ) raja ( pratyagata-cetanah | karna dattva ) aye ! madhavyasyeva arta-svarah | King (Coming to his senses and like Madhavya's cry of distress. - kah ko'tra bhoh ? leaning his ear)-Hark! (It is) Who, who is here, ho? ( pravisya ) pratihari (sasa bhramam ) - paritaavu devo samsaa-garva vaassam [ pari- trayatam devah samsayagatam vayasyam ] | ( Entering) Protress (Distractedly) Let My Liege save your friend who is jeopardized. V. L. - Bhas 'samhitani ' for 'sambhrtani ' | 'niyacchati ' - - R. V. M. Dr. 'karisyati ' -- S. B. K. Srinivasa (Commentator) Dr. '0sesam ' - R. V. M. S. '0 sekam ' - B 'avalambya '-- V. S. 'avalokya ' - M. R. Omitted by B. 'yuktametam ' -- K. M. S. 'na yuktam ' - R. V. B. 'kalam pratipalayitum ' - K. Mudra-Raksasa V. 'me atra bilambitum ' - B.. 'kalam ksantum ' - S. ' pratyagata - cetanah ' -- B. 'pratyagatapranah ' M. 'pratyagatah -- R.V.S; B. K. Srinivasa (Commentator) read 'andhakaram ' for' 0dosam ' -- rajeti | 'aho ' iti visade | ' pindam bhajante ' ye te 'pinda - bhajah ' purvapurusa ityarthah [ 'bhajo nvih ' - ( 3|2|62 ) - iti kartari nvih ' ] | asmaniti | 'kule nah ' asmakam vamse ["kulam vamse sajatiye gane ca syaniketane " iti kesavah ] 'asmat ' dusyantat 'param ' anantaram [ "samprati desa-kala-vrttina yoge'pi bhavati " iti diksitokteh- (595 ) pancami ] 'bata ' iti khede [ "bata kheve'nukampayam ' ityajayah ]

221 NOTES ] -- 117 'yathasruti ' vedokta vidhana'nusarena 'sambhrtani ' samgrhitani 'nivapanani ' pinda- sraddha-tarpanadini pitrdanani [ "mrtamuddisya yat danam nivapah sa prakirtitah ' iti bharatah ] kah karisyati ' vidhasyati, na ko'pi ityasayah | 'iti ' cintayitva 'pitarah ' madiya-purvapurusah 'prasutya ' tanayena [ 'prasutistanayotpattyoh tatha duhitari smrta ' iti visvah ] 'vikala ' rahitah tadrsena aputrakena 'maya kartra 'prasiktam ' arpitam 'udakam ' tarpana-salilam nunam ' niscitameva ' ghotani ' ksalitani [ dhavu marjane ityasmat ktah - ( 6|4|19 ) ] ' asruni ' yena karanabhutena tat 'ghotasru ' ca tat 'sesam ' ca 'ghotasrusesah ' yadva 'dhautasrunah ' sesam avasistam yatha tatha 'pivanti ' [ iti kriyotpreksalankarah | kavyalinganuprasah | " iti sabdat param 'cintayitva ' ityanabhidhane'pi na nyuna-pavata- dosah, vaktuvisada-magnatvat | "ukta vananda-magnadeh syat nyuna-padata-gunah " iti sahityadarpanat " iti siddhanta- vagisapadah | " raja - dirghamusnanca nihsvasya " ityadina etadandena chalanam namangamupaksiptam | tallaksanam yatha - " atmavasadanam yattu chalanam tadudahrtam " iti | darpanakara - mate chadanamasya namantaram | "raja - samropite " ityadina "mohamupagatah " ityantena 'murcchana ' nama kamadasa ukta | vasantatilaka vrttam ] | || 25 || sanumatiti | 'dipe ' kula dipake sakuntala- tanaye 'sati api vyava- ghana-dosena ' bahubhih janapadah vyavadhanarupah dosah tena | [iti heti 3 ] ajnana-vasat nirapatyata - janitam duhkham anubhavati | yatha kasmimscit dipe satyapi tasya vyavadhana -dosena janah andhakara - dosamanubhavati tadvat tanaye sarvadamane satyapi desantara - sthitatvena ajnatavasat ayam janah adhuna nirapatyata- janitam mahodvegam anubhavati | [ "satyamapi sakuntalayam tadadarsane prastute samyaddipa- kasya'prastutasya vacanad aprastutaprasamsa " - - iti raghavapada | anye tu asambhava- dvastusambandha-nidarsanalankarah ityahuh ) | 'nirvrtam ' saputra - sakuntala - vrttanta- matpraja-vihitanam ratameva bhasayah || jnapanena sukhinam | 'athava ' ityaksepe | 'yajnanam ' yaganam ye 'bhagah tesu samutsukah bhrsam vyagrah || yani yajanani devarthani prajabhih sampaditani tani sarvani mamanavadhanataya kalanemi-pramrtinam durjayena danavaganena apahrtani | anena devanam yajnabhagagrahane asamabhyam | ataeva danava vadhartham dupyantena prayojanam | 'abhinandisyati ' | sadaram parigrahisyati | 'mahendra - jananyah ' kasyapa- dayitayah adineh | ' evam kalam ' yavata ayam indrena ahutah san kasyapasrame sakuntalaya milinah bhavati tavat 'pratipala- yitum ' vilamvam kartam | yavat ' ityavadhau | 'yavat ' ityavadhau | 'udghannakena ' nrtya-visesena, bahu- mudyamya mandalakara-khadga bhramanena ( iti mahabharatam | kalpadrume 114 prsthe ) /- [ 'srutamityadina vaksyamana - matali - pravesah sucitah | anena''dana- namanga- 46

118 abhijnana- sakuntalam [221 NOTES mupaksiptam | tallaksanam tu - "bijakaryopagamanam avanamiti samjnitam " | bharta sakuntalam abhinandisyatiti bijakaryopagamanam ] | nepathya iti | [ 'abrahmanyam avadhyokti ' ityamarah | tatra bhanujih-- vadham narhati ityuktau | brahmani sadhu [ brahmanyam ] | " tatra sadhuh " - ( 4 14 198 ) - iti yat | " brahmasyam syad brahmasadhu brahmadarusanaiscare " | tato na samasah - 2|2|6 ) avadhyo'pi nanna brahmano'ham kaiscit hanye | sighram trayasva iti apannasya akrosah | sambhrame dviruktih | anena bhaya-nama samdhyantarangamupaksiptam | tvakasmika stramah " ] | | tallaksanam tu - " bhayam 221 n. -- 1. samsayamarudha &c. - My manes have become dubious regarding their future food. pinda - bhajah -- Technically refers to 'pita ', 'pitamaha ' and 'prapitamaha ', whereas the term 'lepa-bhajah ' means three more ancestors beginning from 'vrddha prapitamaha ' | Read- "lepa-bhajascaturbhadyah pitradyah pidabhaginah | pindadah saptamastesam sapindayam saptapaurusam " iti suddhitatva dhrta-matsya purana - vacanam - - Kalpa. P. 664 & 1668. Also Cf. 'pita- pitamahascaiva tathaiva prapitamahah | lepa-bhajascaturthadyah sapindyam saptapaurusam " || Quoted by -- haralata | 2. nivapanani - Funeral obsequies, that is, offerings of water &c. offered for the satisfaction of the manes at the ceremony. The word is from the root 'vap ' ('to shave") referring to the shaving of the hair before the commencement of the funeral ceremonies to be performed by a descendant to his ancestors. "pitryuddesaka- danam " -Sabda-ratnarali. "pitr-vanam nivapah syat " -- Amara-Kosa; also Com. Thus 'nivapanam niyacchati ' (M) with an additional "da " Dhatu seems to be a bit unidiomatic. Cf. 'nirvatrtyate yaih nivapanjalayah pitrnam " - Raghuvamsha V. 8; " nirvatrtyate nispadyate " - Mallinatha 'bhartr-loka-prapannanam nivapan vidadhah ' - XV. 91; 'vidadhuh cakruh ' - Mallinatha 'akarot sa tadaurdhvadehikam VIII. 26. 'faqua-faui ** faddeufn'-PN.1.5. But again observe 'nivapana-kriyam nirvatsyasi 'guruve deyah nivapanjalih " -- Mudra-Raksasa IV. 5; 'niyapa - vattibhih - Raghuvamsha VIII. 87. 3. prasuti &c. - su + ktin karmani prasutih -- Son (Com.), taya -pra vikalah | 'vikala ' at the end of a Compound mcans "devoid or destitute of CI. 'aramadhipatih viveka - vikalah '- Bhamini-vilasa. 1. 31; also Mricchakatika V. 41. For (su . ) read - ( " yasya prthvi prasute'yam dharmamarthah prasuyate | prasauti vijayam dharmah sa ca prasavati sriyam " -- Kavi-Kalpadruma (26) 4 dhota-bhu -

221 NOTES ] 119 &c. - babu ( gati - suddhadhih ) + ktah ( 3. I. 102 ) = sa +ut + ktah [ By ' cchvoh su-ud anunasike ca ' - ( 6.419) 'va' = 'u' ] = ghautam -- Washed. Read "vakarasya uth takara it (1|3|3 ) ; "etesatyu- tsu " ( 6|1189 ; 72 ) iti vrddhiriti bhavah " - Balamanorama Optionally "dhavita " owing to anityatva of " yasya vibhasa (7. 2. 15 ) Read" - nrti gatraviksepe ityatra iditkaranam 'yasya vibhasa ' ityasya anityatva-jnapanartham | tena dhavitam ibharajadhiyetyadi sidhyati " - Praudha-Manorma 'sesam ' - What is left after washing their tears (Com.) For a similar idea, Cf. "nunam mattah param vamsyah pinda - viccheda- darsinah | 'matparam durlabham matva mupabhujyate ' - Raghuvamsha 1. na prakamabhujah nunamavarjitam maya | & • 66, 67. 5. sraddhe svadha-samgraha- tatparah || " payah purvah sanisvasaih kavosna pivanti - Cf. 'pibanti madhu poyante ca priyananam | yat prasadat avijnata sva-paropadravah prajah || " Kavi-Rahasya 65.6. mohamupagata The king fell into a swoon as soon as he understood the real significance of Hindu-marriage. Before this (as will also be corroborated by Act. II.) he was all the while talking to Vidusaka about the physical beauty of his lady-love Sakuntala and all his pinings seemed to be only for material consideration. But a union of flesh cannot be permanent. In the wordings of Rabindranath it only adds to the number of Hamsa-padikas ( ' rajasabhaya pravesa kariva matra dusyanta yadi tatksanat sakuntala grahana karitena tave sakuntala hammapadikara dalavrddhi kariya tahara avarodhera eka pranne sthana paina " -- Sankalana. P. 123.) This is why our poet by repentance and remorse thoroughly purges him of his earthly love and makes him conscious of the deeper meanings of vivaha, dharmapali and putra | And he swooned aright as soon as he realized the fact that a Hindu wife was not merely for joy of this world, but it was a sine qua non for the clearance of his own paternal debts and also for the solace and happiness of his ancestors that had long departed to another world. He had never before viewed this in such a light; and consequently his ruthless repudiation of Sakuntala barring his ancestors from joys in the next world, aggravated but his mental throe and the shock thereof he was unable to bear. Thus his love for flesh is transformed, by the elimination of its sordid elements, into divine love and his purification is complete. And before long we shall be apprised of the entrance of Mitali with the celestial car of Indra for taking him to be united with Sakuntala in a

120 -- abhijnanasakuntalam [221 NOTES supramundane region-a fit place for blending of such souls. 7. bipe - Light, also sarvadamana | A son is compared to a light. 'satputrah kula- dipakah ' - Dvatrimsat Puttalika 'sutabhidhanam sa jyotih sadyah sokatamopaham 'Raghuvamsha X. 2. vyavadhana -- By which intervention or obstruction to the view is caused, hence secondarily 'distance or a screen or a cover'-(Kumara-sambhava III. 44]. A light covered by a screen or placed at a distance gives but darkness. Similarly the king, on account of his being at a very distant place, and also of his utter ignorance of his own son 'sarvadamana ', experiences despair only. "Dr. Boethlink proposes to interpret 'andhakara - dosam ' by 'andhakara- dosam ' - - Dark night or the darkness of night, but this seems hardly a legitimate compound, nor does the sense require it'-M. 8. yajna-bhaga- samutsukah -- Owing to slack administration caused by the repentance of Sakuntala's repudiation [' prakrtibhirna pratyaham sevyate 'VI. 5; 'mamapi sattvairabhibhuyante grhah ' | 'ahani ahani jnatum pramada - skhalitam na sakyam ' - ' VI. 26 J, the oblations of the sacrifices performed by his subjects are seized and carried away by the vigilant demons, the offsprings of kalanemi [ asti kalanemi prasuta-danavaganah Infra so the gods were debarred from partaking of their shares. Hence they are anxious ( utsuka ) for the reunion of the king and Sakuntala For then and then only proper administration can be expected from the king. For this practice of seizing 'yajnabhaga ' by the demons ( even from heaven ), has been already mentioned by our poet - ' yajvabhih sambhrtam havyam vitatesvadhvaresu sah | jata- vedomukhanmayi misata macchinatti nah " --KU. II. 46. "yajnabhagam sa nati vinivartya divaukasah -- Siva Purana. 'devanam caiva yaddhavyam pitrnam kavyameva ca | trailokyam caiva tat sarvam tarakajna -parayanam ' - Ibid. Ch. IX. "acirot yajjvabhirbhagam kalpitam vidhivat punah | mayavidbhiranalidhamadasyadhve nisacaramh " 11 -- Raghuvamsha X. 45; hu. II. 45. malamsa- bhajam -- Raghuvamsha III. 44. 9. udbhrantakena - - udbhranta ( ka ) is a particular kind of dance. 'purvam daksinamutthapya pascat akuncayan padam | vamam sighram bhravet bama- vartakamudbhrantakam viduh ' - Sangita-sudha-nidhi. This dance is the outcome of complete satisfaction of sanumati | 10. abrahmanyam - - A cry of rescue like Eng. "Help ! help !", "Murder murder ¡" or "a horrible deed has been committed on a Brahmin whose life

221 NOTES ] sastho'gah -- 121 is at stake". Cf. " athaitya yoganandasya vyaड़िna rnditam purah | abrahmanya- manutkrantajivo yogasthito dvijah || Brhat Katha. 'atrantare brahmanena mrtaputramaropya rajadvari abrahmabhyam udghositam " - Uttara-rama-Charita I. samsayagatam --- prana-sandeham praptam i.e. Vidusaka's life is at risk (i.e. doubtful) - " vicikitsa tu samsayah " A. Cf. 'ahameva jivita samsaya-nimittam jatasmi brahmanasya ' - Mala. IV. 'jivita-samsayat muktah ' - Ibid. V. Text : -- raja -- kena''la- ganyo ' manavakah King-By whom that poor fellow ( has his ) pride humbled ' (i.e. placed in jeopardy) ? pratihari -avittha-havena ke rbi saseja avikkamia meha-padicchandassa pasadassa aggabhumi arobiyo [ adrsta-rupena ' kenapi 'sattvenatikramya megha- - praticchandasya prasadasyagrabhumimaropitah ] | Portress - By some hobgoblin' of invisible' form', (he) has been seized (and) carried to the turrets of the "Cloud-Balcony". raja ( sahasotthaya ) ma tavat | mamapi nama sasvamrabhibhuyante grhah upajati [ jatajagaga athava- - ahanyahanyatmana eva tavat jnatum pramada-svalitam na sakyam | tatajagaga ] prajasu kah kena patha prayatityasesatah ' veditumasti saktih || 26 || King (Rising up suddenly)-That can't be. Even my house is, forsooth, invaded by goblins! Or rather, (When my own) blunders (proceeding from) heedlessness," (occurring) day by day, cannot be altogether ascertained, is there (then any ) power (in me) to know thoroughly as to who among (my) subjects, proceeds by which path ? (26) ( nepathye ) -- bho vayassa, aviha, aviha | ( bho vayasya, aviha, aviha ) (Behind the scene ) -- Alas ! my friend, alas! raja (akarnya | gati-bhedam rupayan " ) sakhe ! na bhetavyam, na bhetavyam | King (Listening and representing an altered gait ) - Fear not, my friend, fear not. ( nepathye | punastadeva pathitva ) -- bho kaham na bhaissam | esa mam kobi pancavanada- siroharam uccham vi tisna-bhangam karedi [ katham na bhesyami | 'tribhanga karoti ] | esa mam ko'pi pascadavanata- sirodharamiksumiva (In the tiring room, reciting the same again)-How shall (I)

122 abhijnana- sakuntalam [222 NOTES not fear. Here is some one snapping me into three parts', like a (a piece of ) sugar-cane, with (my) neck bent back-wards(R) raja ( sadrstiksepam ) - dhanurdhanuh | King - (Flinging a glance around ) - A bow ! A bow ! -V. L. -- 'attagandhah ' - - R. V. M. 'artakantha ' : Omitted by B. 'mamapi ' R. V. M. 'a: ! --S. M's mamapi ' -- B ; Com. Sahitya-Darpana inserts 'nama ' after 'mamapi ' | B adds 'athava bahupratyavayam nrpatvam ' | For 'veditumasti saktih ' B has 'kasya punah prabhutvam ' | 'aviha ' - R. V. 'avidha ''-- K. M. 'aviddho ' ~Mackenzie. 'avidha ' - Patankar. 'ayi dhava ' - Dr. sirodharam 0 ' - R. V. 'pascadavanata 0 ' -- K. - 'avidu ' - M's Mss. 'abhidhava '-- B. 'abhighava '-- B. 'pratyavanata M. S. Srinivasa (Commentator) 'pratyamoda- sirodharam ' -- B. " pascatmotita 0 " - Dr. P. tribhanga ' - R. K. 'tiksna-bhanga '-M. S. 'bhagnasthi ' -- B. 'dhanustavat - V. Srinivasa (Commentator) Rig-Veda M. 'vanurdhanuh - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha -- rajeti | ' manavakah ' kutsitah manusyah ('harabhede manavakah vale kupuruse'pi ca ' iti rabhasah ) 'kena ' janena 'attah ' grhitah (7/4147 3078 ) 'ganghah ' garvah yasya ( ' gandhah garvah lavo'pi ca ' iti trikandasesah ) parabhuta ityarthah [ 'atta- gandho'bhibhutah syat ' ityamarah ] | pratihariti | 'sattvena ' pisacena, bhuta- yonina ( 'sasvam gune pisacadi vale dravya-svabhavayoh ' iti medini ) 'atikramya ' akramya abhibhuya ityarthah | rajeti | 'ma tavat ' evam ma vadih | " mamapi nama " atidharmikasya yathasruti praja- palakasya nana-yajnadikartuh 'grhah ' ['gehe ka: '- (2/2) 144 ), 'grahijya ' - ( 6 | 1|16 ) iti samprasaranam | 'grham grhasca pum bhumni kalatre'pi ca sadmani " iti medini ] 'sattvah ' pisacadibhih 'abhibhuyante ' atyacara- visayi - kriyante iti kakva pathyam | kadapi etat bhavitum na sakyam, ata evam- vidham amambhavyam na vaktavyam | 'athava ' iti paksantare, mamapi grhe idanim etadbhavitum sakyam | tadeva vaksyamana - slokena spastayati | ahaniti | 'ahani- ahani ' prati-divasa [ 'nityavipsayoh ' - ( 81114 ) iti dvitvam ) 'atmanah eva ' svasyaiva 'pramadena ' anavadhanataya [ pramado'navadhanata " ityamarah ] yat " skhalitam ' sastravidheh vicyutih 'tavat ' sakalyena ( iti katayavemapadah | deta sakalya'vidhi manava dharanesu " iti tasvabodhini | 'adi ' iti raghavah ] 'jnatum ' avadharayitum na sakyam ' maya iti sesah | yadi pratyaham anusthiyamanam svasyapi duskrtim avadharayitum aham asamarthah, tahi 'prajamu ' arthat, bahusu madhye 'kah janah kena ' kidrsena sata asata va 'patha ' margena prayati ' gacchati, sadhu amaghu 'yavattava-

222 NOTES ] bastho'nkah 123 va acaratityarthah | iti 'asesatah ' sakalyena [ iti katayavemapadah ] 'veditum ' jnatum me 'sakti ' samarthyam 'asti ' kim | nastityedapi kakva pathayam | [ "jnatu ', 'veditum ' ityarthalankarah | arthapattisca | samanyat visesa pratiti-rupa aprastuta- prasamsalankarasca | cheka-vrtyanuprasau | upajatih vrttam ) | nepathya iti | 'aviha ' iti khede nipatah [ 'avihaviha nirvede ' ityukteh ] | rajeti | 'gatyah ' svabhavika gamanasya yo 'bhedah ' parthakyam tena | [ kosoddhata - gatya ityartham iti raghavapadah | ' tvarita-gamanena ' iti katayavemacaranah ] | nepathya iti | 'tadeva ' aviha ityarthah | dharati iti 'ghara " [ pacadyac - ( 3|1|124 ) ] | sirasah dhara 'sirodhara ' kandhara griva [ iti hemacandrah ] | 'kanthah ' [ iti sisupalavadha - tikayam mallinathapadah - 4152 ] 'pascadavanata ' prsthabhage vakra 'sirodhara ' griva yasya tathavidham avaksirasam ityarthah | mam kuvja -prstham iksum arthat iksu dandam " iva " [ anena bhutasya asvada- lobhah vyajyate | mrtyorasanatve'pi audarikena vidusakena susvadu-khadya-dravyasya katha na vismrta ] 'trisu avayavesu bhangah ' kutilata yasya tathabhutam | = 222 n. - 1. atagandhah - 'ata ' a + da + kta (158 n. 2 ). Similarly prada kta prattah | Cf. " rama prattesu bhogesu nahamajnasisam ratah " -- BK. 'avadatta ' &c. are justified by the following Karika implying adi karma ( Commencement of action ). Cf. "avadattam vidattanca pradattancadikarmani | subasamanuvasanca - nivasamiti cesyate " -- Qid Mahabhashya 'ata ' = Taken', 'assumed ' [ Cf. 'atta - ratih ' - Raghuvamsha XI. 57. Mila. V 1; 'atta-sastrah- 'Infra; " ata- dandah ' - (158 n. 2). 'asa -dhvanva ' - St. 27. Supra; 'asa- sattvaya ' - Raghuvamsha VII. 34; 'atta - saram ' - V. 26; XI. 77. 'rajyam 'ana- laksmi ' -- Miha. ]. 'gancha ' - Pride. Hence 'atta - gandha ' - 'Having the pride taken', humbled, insulted Cf. 'paksacchida ' *ata - gandhah ' -- Raghuvamsha XIII. 7. 'atagandhamavadhuya satrubhih ' - - Shishupala-badha XIII. 84. 2. manavakah -- To singnify apatyajati, manu with 'an ' and 'yat ' gives 'manusah ' and 'manusya ' ( 1186 ). But as pratyaya 's used in the sense of 'tasyedam ', may be affixed to signify 'tasyapatyam ', so 'an ' [by 'tasyedam -- ( 4. 3. 120) ] may also be used after 'manu ' in the sense of tasyapatyam | " tasyedamiti vihitah an apatyarthe'pi bhavati | idamarthe tasyapi antarbhavat " Balamanorama on Varttika 2081. Hence manoh apatyam ( kutsitam ) iti manu - an = manavah - A dcformed man. The cerebral 'na' is due to the karika "apatye kutsite caiva manoritsargikah smrtah | na-karasya ca murdhanyastena sidhyati

124 abhijnanasakuntalam - [222 NOTES manavah " -- Quoted by Kasika (Vrtti) 'utsarga - pratyaya ' means the main affix as an | But Jnanendra Sarasvati observes:~~"idam ca vacanam 'brahmana - manava - vada़vat yat ' --- ( 4|2|42 ; 1250 ) iti natva-nipatanat labdham " T. 1186. Also 'brahmana-manava '- iti nipatanat natvam - Bhanuji Diksita Next 'kan ' anukampayam | Vidupaka is supposed to be deformed in body [55 n. 1). 3. Hart 181 n. 1). The idea is--The portress says that the jester is overpowered by the evil spirits. But the king contends that it is not possible for the ghosts to haunt his palace, as he is virtuous (1.20) and ever dutiful to his subjects. (Note the force of api ). But simultaneously he changes his view (a), and thinks that all this may be possible. (See next). THI:--(Masculine Plural) means 'a house'. Cf. ime no grhah -- Mricchakatika I. 'sphatiko-pala-vigraha grhah ' Naisadha-Carita II. 74. 'dhanapati -grhan uttarena ' - Parsvabhyudayam & Meghaduta II. 14. 4. prabhava - &c. Sins due to carelessness. He is referring to the disavowal of his lawful wife through forgetfulness. 5. sto prajasu kah kena &c. The king himself does not exactly know what faults are committed by him every day. Hence it is but quite natural that he will be more careless regarding the courses taken by his subjects. Or in other words, the king is not ruling his subjects properly. So he has become a sinner. Read a &c.-(72 n. 7). Hence the presence of evil spirits. 6. aft--A cry of distress-"Save me here from danger". [ aviha (save) + (here) ]-Very frequent in Mala. 7. q 5 uteen &c. 'sirodhara ' (f) means neck. Cf. 'grha- kapota - sirodharabhih ' - Shishupala-badha IV. 52. Hence whose neck has been bent backwards. This is necessary for sucking blood. (See next Sl.). Words like ':' (24 n. 12), 'sirodhara ', 'srotovaha ' (210 n. 2) &c. present a grammatical difficulty. For 'gharah ' ( gharati yah sa: ')', 'pavah ' ( pacati yah mah ) &c. are formed by adding 'ac ' which is an 'anupaparva '-affix. Or in other words, the affixes', '', '' are used after roots when not preceded by any 'upapada '. But 'an ', is a affix' and will invariably be used after root preceded by a word in the accusative (karma ) as 'upapada ' | Now the Varttika - " akaranupapadat " -- &c. enjoins that the 'vipratisesa ', Varttika -''akaranupapadat "-

222 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 125 i. . the subsequent Sutra ( 'karmanyan - 3. 2. 1 ) will bar the application of the previous Sutras (i.c., pacadyac - ( 3. 1. 134 ) ; igupadha-ka: ' (3. 1. 135 ); 'sa'-- ( 3. 1. 138 ) - " iha ubhayam ( ac bhan ) prapnoti || bhadana- pacah karmopapado bhavati vipratisedhena | iha ubhayam (ka, an ) prapnoti || kastha-bhedah | karmopapado bhavati vipratisedhena " -- Mahabhashya , But with 'an ' the forms become 'payodharah ', 'srotovahi ' (fem.) 'sirodharah ', and so on. The difficulty is, however, avoided by Bhattoji Diksita and his followers by disregarding'' and attaching prominence to 'sesatva ' | Read - 'atha katham "na mahyamatra uttara-dharayasya te " iti sriharsah | paratvaddhi sutradharadisu iva karmanyana bhagyam | tatha ca vartikam || "akarat anupapadat karmopapado vipratisedhena " iti || satyam || karmanah sesatva-vivaksayam anah apraptya se krte sesa- sasthyantena samaso bhavisyati | etena gangadhara bhusara- jaladharadayah vyakhyatah ' - T; Kavyalankara-Sutra-vrtti V. 2. 37; Similarly hantiti 'han ' vettiti 'vit ', bhinantiti bhit ' | Next by sasthisamasa we have ariha ripuha, vrtrabhit, brahmavit etc. Also Praudha-Manorma on 2900. Haradatta Misra, however differs and accepts samjnatva in such cases. iksumiva-- isyate iti is + ksu ( 'iseh ksu ' -u-3|157 ) Next by ' sadhoh kah, si " (sa becomes ) It is interesting to note that the jester who is noted for his greediness (55 n. 1; 61 n. 3) does not forget to mention something sweet, even in such a trying position. Text: - ( pravisya sarnga hasta ) yavani --jaadu jaa bhatta | evam sasaram sarasanam hatthavarao a [ jayatu jayatu bharta | etat sasaram sarasanam hasta- varakasca ) | ( raja sasaram dhanuradatte ) | ( Entering bow in hand) - Yavani - Let My Liege be victorious. Here (is your) bow with shafts and gauntlet. (Lit. the finger-guard). ( nepathye ) - praharsini ( manajaraga ) [The king takes the bow with arrows] eva tvamabhinava -kantha-sonitarthi ' sardulah pasumiva hanmi ghestamanam ' ।. artanam bhayamapanetumasa-dhanva dusyantastava saranam ' bhavatvadanim ||27 || (In the green room)-Here thirsty' of the fresh-blood of (thy) throat', (I) will kill thee struggling', as does a tiger, a beast (struggling for life). Let Dusyanta now, who wields (his ) bow to remove the dread of the distressed, be thy refuge'. (27).

126 abhijnana-samkuntalam [223 NOTES raja ( sarosam ) --katham mamevoddisati | ah, tistha tistha kaunapa'pasada ' ! tvamidanim na bhavisyasi | ( sarngamaropya ) -- vetravati ! sopana-marga mavesaya ' | King (Wrathfully) - What ! my (ownself he) challenges' ! Ah! stay ! stay ! (je) vile' carrion-eater' ! Thou shalt be no (more ) now. (Stringing his bow). Vetravati, direct the way to the stair-case. pratihari -- ivo ivo deva [ ita ito devah ] | sarve satvaramupasarpanti ) | Portress - This way, My, Liege, this way. (All advance in haste ) V. L. -- 'jayatu &c. -- B. Omitted by others. 'sasaram sarasanam 'B. S. Others or.it 'sasaram ' | 'hastavarakah ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'hastavapa-sahitam 'R. S. M. K; S has 'vestamanam ' for 'cestamanam ' | 'a: ! tistha tistha kaunapapasada ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha S. 'tistha kunapasana ' - R. V. M. A. pravisyeti | srngasya vikarah 'sanga ' dhanuh [ 'anudattesca ' -- ( 4 | 3 | 140 ) iti ana ] 'haste ' yasyah sa | hastam avrnoti jya''ghatadivaranaya acchadaryata iti 'hastavarah ' [karmanyan ] carmamayam lauhamayam va anga ुlitram ityarthah | svarthe kan | 'hastavapa ' iti pathe tu hastam avapati raksati iti hastavapa ' iti vyakhyeyam | esa iti | 'abhinava ' sadyonirgamat pratyagram, usnamityarthah | yat 'kantha-sonitam ' galastham rudhiram tasya 'arthi yacakah | ('arthom puman yacake syat sevake ca vivadini ' iti medini ; - 51511), 'sardulah ' vyaghrah ("sardulo raksasantare | ( " sardulo raksasantare | vyaghre ca pasubhede ca sattame tuttarasthitah " iti medini ) 'pasu ' harinadi-jantum 'iva cestamanam ' atmatranaya hasta padadikam viksipantam ' tvam ' 'esah ' a-bhitah aham adhunaiva 'hanmi ' hanisyami | 'vartamana samipye vartamanavadva ' - ( 3|3|121 ) iti bhavisyadarthe lat | 'abhinavetyadi visesanam etado'pi yojyam ] | 'artanam ' vipannanam 'bhayam apanetu ' nasayitum 'attam ' - ( 7|4|47 ) grhitam 'dhanva ' capa ( 'dhanva tu marudese na, klivam cape sthale'pi ca ' iti medini ) yena sah | ( yadva dhanuh sabdena saha samasah | tatpakse 'dhanusasca ' - - ( 5/41132 ) iti anau ) grhita - capa ityarthah | tadrsah 'dusyantah ' yadi saktiman syat tahi 'idanim ' adhuna tava vipatti ( ' praharanarthebhyasca pare nistha-saptamyau bhavatah ' iti varttikena sarnga - sabdasya purvanipatah ) iti bhavah | ' tava saranam ' raksita ( ' saranam grha-raksitroh ' iti medini ) 'bhavatu ' | dusyantam kopayitumudiritametat | [ upama-vrtti-mutya- nuprasah, atta dhanveti visesanasya sabhiprayatva- hetoh parikaralankarasca | prathamardhe bibhatsa raso dhvanitah | atra 'aham hammi ', 'sardulastu hanti ' iti purusa bhedat "latevah

223 NOTES ] sasthoh 127 rajase tanvi " ! iti darpano-daharanavat bhagna-prakramata dosah | sa ca 'hantavyah pasuriva kastharaktamatam vyaghrena tvamiha maya vicestamanah ' iti pathitva samasreya - iti siddhantavagisapadah | atra ojo nama samdhyantarangamupaksiptam | tallaksanam tu -- " ojastu vagupanyaso nija-sakti- prakasakah " | praharsini vrttam ||27 || rajeti | 'katham ' iti vismaye | 'mam ' jagati apratiratham nigrahitaram dusyantam 'eva uddisati ' laksikrtya vadati | 'kaunapanam ' raksasanam [ 'raksasah kaunapa ' ityamarah ] 'apasadah ' adhamah [ 'nihono'pasadah jalmah ksullakascetarasca sa ' ityamarah ) | ' tvam na bhavisyasi ' ekasminneva prahare tvanmaranam vidhaya svabhavam sampadayami arthat tvanmaranam dhruvameva | [ anena krodha-namakangam upaksiptam | tallaksanam tu " kosastu cetaso diptih aparadhadi darsanat " iti | samphetah asya namantaram ] | 223 n. - 1. sasaram -- &c. - 'sasaram ' (B) has been omitted by R and others, but this seems to be necessary, as it occurs in the following stage-direction here and also in the mouth of nt in Vikramorvasiya Act. V, on a similar occasion. hastavaraka - A kind of gauntlet generally made of Iguana skin to protect the fingers or the forearm. Read "baddha-godha nga, litranau khangavantau mahadyuti ' - Ram. I. 22. 9. 'avapa ' -- [ 'avapo bhandapacane pariksepa''lavalayoh ] means a 'band' or bracelet, hence 'hastavapa ' almost means the same thing. ('jyaghata ssvaranah ' - K ) 2. esah -- ( 15 n. 1). Cf. 'raja bhostiraskarini-garvita ! * esa tamisu sandaghe ' - Infra. 0sonitarthi -- artha + ini ( 'arthacca'sannihite ' -- 1941 ) = arthi | "asannihitah arthah asyeti vigrahah | artho nastiti yavat -- Balamanorama 'anyatha arthavan sabdah- Prabha. Next 6sthitat (Com. ). But Patanjali has rejected this Vartika. " bhavye tu etat sutram pratyakhyaya arthamam arthah ( yacna ) | tatah astyarthakam ini pratyayam [52. 115 ) ] krtva 'arthi ', 'arthikah ' 'pratyadhika ' iti sadhitam - - Prabha. 3. -- -- ata-dhanya- The samasa is either with 'ghanus ' or with 'dhanvan ' (Com. ) -- (63 n. 5). 'katham ghrtadhanusam raghunandanam, smarami " - - (Uttara-rama-Charita V. 4. ) - Vide (192 n. 4. ) kaunapa'pasada - kunavam savam bhaksayitum silamasya iti kunapa + an [ by 'silam ' - ( 4. 4. 61) ] kaunapah - A carrion-eater. Or 'konam ' [ asram raktam ] pati, iti kona +pa +ka [ 'atah &'3. 2. 3. ] = konapah | - Bhanuji Diksita konapasya nirrteh ayam iti kaunapa | [ 'tasyedam ' - ( 4. 3. 129 ) iti an ] | apasada -- Usually at the end of a compound has the

128 abhijnana-kuntalam [223 NOTES sense of 'wretch', 'accursed'. Lit. who is made to sit away from one's colleagues as a mark of degradation. 'kapalika'pasadah '-Malati-Madhava V. 're re ksatriya'pasadah " -- Vairagya-Sataka III. 'vrddha'pasada ' -- Vairagya-Sataka II; 'bharata- kula'pasada ' - Ibid. V; 'na bhavisyati --- Cf. "are kakodara ***mayi sthite jihresi vali yacitum ***pratipadyasva sastram | ayam na bhavasi " -- Harshacharita III. 36. Hence konapa'pasada = raksasa-dhama | Cf. 'raja -- madacanata ucyatam nagarikah sayam nivasavrksagre viciyatam vihagah samah -- VIK. V. Text:-- raja ( samantadavalokya ) bhaye ! sunyam khalvidam | King (Looking about ) - Lo! vacant, indeed, this (iv). - ( nepathye ) aviha, abiha| aham tumam pekkhami tumam mam na pekkhasi | vidala-ggahibo musao via giraso mhi jivide samvrtto | [ aviha, aviha | aham tvam pasyami tvam mam na pasyasi | bida़ाla - grhito musaka iva niraso'smi jivite samvrttah ] | (Behind the scene ) - Alas! alas! I see you though you see me not. Like a cat-caught rat, ( 7 ) have got hopeless of (my) life. raja - bhostiraskarini - gavita ' ! madiyamastram tvam draksyati | sandarsa- sloka yo hanisyati vayam tvam raksyam raksisyati dvijam | hamso hi ksiramadate tanmisra varjayatyapah || 28|| || ( astram samghatte ) || eva tami 2 King-Oh! Thou priding (thyself ) on the veil (or magic] of invisibility' ! my missile shall find thee out. Here do (1) fix my ' shaft - That will slay thee worthy of death, (and) save the twiceborn (Brahmin ) worthy of preservation. The swan, indeed, takes milk (and) leaves the water mixed up with it. (28) (This said, aims the missile.) O V. I. - B has 'aye ' before 'sunyam ' &c. 'bidala ' 0 -- R. V. M. S. 'marjara 0 ' -- B. 'musakah ' R. V. M. S. 'unduru ' - B. 'astram ' -- B. M. K. Dr. Srinivasa (Commentator) 'sastrama ' - R. V. S.; After 'tvam draksyati ', B has the following - - line - 'sthirobhava, ma ca te vayasya-samparkat visvaso bhut ' | Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha P. B. Dr. 'raksati ' - R. V. M. S. -- 'raksisyati '-- nepathya iti | 'vidala-grhitah ' marga ra''krantah | [ 'anenopamanena tyage'pi jivita'bhavah sucitah ] | 'jivite ' jivane (bhave ktah ) | rajeti | 'tiraskarinya ' dehasya adrsyatva - vidhayikaya vidyaya 'garvitah sanjata-garvah drptah |

224 NOTES] - 129 tatsambuddhi | ya iti | 'ya' madiyovanah 'vadhyam ' akaranam brahmahatya pravrttatvat badhai maparadhinam 'tvam ' kaunapa-ghamam 'hanisyati ' | athaca, 'raksyam ' aparadha'bhavat sarvaya raksanarha 'dvijam ' brahmanam vidusakam [ 'danta vipra'ndaja dvija ' ityamarah ] | 'raksisyati ' tvattah trasyate | 'svam isum esah ' aham 'sandadhe ' dhanusi yojayami | ekasyaiva ubhayakaritvam spastayitum drstantamaha | 'hi ' ityavadharane | 'hamsa ' [ hanti gachati | 'hana himsagatyoh | pacyadyac- ( 3|1|134 ) - " bhavet varnagamat pacyadyac- (3|1|134 ) hamsa, simhe varna-viparyayah " iti sak -- iti bhanujih ] 'ksiram ' peyam dugdham 'adatte ' jalamadhyat grhnati pivati ityarthah [ 'ana do'nasya-viharane " (2686 ) iti atmanepadam ] | athaca tena 'dugdhena misrah ( 593 ) apah ' apeyam jalam 'varjayati ' prthakkrtya parityajati | [ atra drstantalankarah parikaralankarasca | " raja -kah kotra bhoh " ityadina etadantena vyabasayo namangamupaksiptam | tallaksanamuktam yatha dhananjayena - " vyavasayah sva-sakyuktih " iti dusyantasya svasakteh aviskaranat | 'nepathye ' ityarabhya etadantena raudrarasah dhvanitah | sloko vrttam ] || 28 || -- 224. - 1. biड़ाlagrhito &c. - Cf. vidala - grhitayah parabhrtikayah ' (153 n. 5 ) - Mala. IV; badhyam-vagham arhati iti han + yat | 'han ' = 'vadha ' by "hano va yadvaghasca vaktavyah " - Varttika on 2843. "han dhatoryadva syat | prakrtervadha'' desasca ityarthah " - Balamanorama G and some others have " yadva vagham arhati sfa 'qustfaza: 'a':-(5. 1. 66)." They evidently follow Kasika (Vrtti) But 'ya: ' is a slip for 'yat ' | Read - 'dandadibhyah ya ' iti svapapathah, "aco yat " iti sutrabhasye tathaiva darsanat | -- Balamanorama & T- 1731. 2. tiraskarini- gavata - ( 190 n. 9). astram - Is preferable to sastram (R), - for a little after we have 'astram samghatte, 'astra mupasamharan ' | 3. hamso hi &c. - For swan's power of separating milk from water; cf. 'ambhojini vana- nivasa - vilasameva hamsasya hanti nitaram kupito vidhata | na tvasya dugdha-bala-bheva - visau prasiddham vaidagdha - kirtimapahartum samarthah "Niti-Sataka 18. 'hamsah yatha ksiramivambu- madhyat ' -- Panca-Tantra "prasastu jalpatam pumsam srutva vacah subhasubhah 1 gunavadvakyamadatte hamsah ksiramivambhasah "-~ Maha; Adi. 'nira-ksira-viveke hamsalasyam tvameva tanuse cet ' - Bhaminivilasa. 1. 13. Text (tatah pravisati matalividusakasca ) matalih -- ayusman !

130 vamsasthavilam (jatajara ) abhijnana-va krtah saravya ' harina ' tabasurah sarasanam tesu 'vikrsyatamidam | "prasada saumyani satam suhrjjane patanti caksumsi na darunah sarah ||29|| (Enter Matali and the Vidusaka . ) [225 NOTES Matali - O Long-lived Sir ! The demons have been made (your) marks' by Indra-"Let (then) this bow (of yours) be* drawn against them. Of the good, eyes softened with affection, (and) not deadly arrows, fall on (their) friendly persons." (29) raja (sasambhramamastramupasamharan ) aye, matalih | svagatam mahendra-saraye | King (Distractedly, withdrawing his missile)- - Lo ! ( is it) Matali ? Welcome, charioteer of Indria. - vidusakah -- aham jena itti pasumaram mariyo so imina saadena abhinanviari [ aham yena isti- pasumaram maritah so'nena svagatena'bhinandyate ' ) | Vidusaka - He, by whorn I was ( very nearly) butchered like a sacrificial victim', is by him greeted with a welcome. matalih ( sasmitam ) -- ayusman ! sruyatam yadarthamasmi harina bhavatsakasam presitah | Matali - (With a smile) - O Long-lived Sir ! ( please ) hear on what errand (I) have been sent by Indra to Your Honour's presence. raja - avahito'smi | King - ( 7 ) am all heed. matalih - asti kalanemi-prasutih durjayo nama danava-ganah ! MataliThere is a host of demons called the "Invincible"-the brood of Kalanemi. raja - asti | bhutapurva maya naravat | King - There is. ( This) was heard by me previously from Narada. - V. L. - 'matalih vidusakasca ' - B. P. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'vidusakamutsrjya matalih '-R. V. M. S. K. 'saramyam ' - B. M. V. 'saravyah ' --Patankar K. Srinivasa (Commentator) S. 'ayusman ' - B. Dr. Omitted by others. B has ' sasambhramam ' before 'astramupasamharan | 'mahendrasaraye -- R. M. V. B. "devaraja0 " B. 'devendra- sarapaye ' - S. 'mo manasvin - B. Omitted by others 'bhavan * *abhi- nandati ' - B. 'yena * abhinandyate - Others. - krta iti | 'harina ' indrena [ 'haririndro harirbhanuh ' iti gavasimhah ] 'basurah ' daityah 'tava saravyah vana-ksepa-laksyah [ 'laksam laksyam saravyam ca ' ityamarah |

225 NOTES 1 sasthoh 121 karma vivasavasat pumstvam ] | 'krtah ' vihitah arthat tavastradeva ete vinasatvam labheran iti indrena nirdharitam | asmadeva hetoh 'tesu ' asuresu 'idam ' kare ghutam sajjam 'sarasanam ' dhanuh 'vikrsyatam ' saraksepaya akrsyatam | tadarthamahamatragata iti sucitam | [ ataeva suksma-kavyalinga alankarau ] | tathahi 'satam ' sajjananam 'prasadena ' anugrahena 'somyani ' (4/2/20 ) manojnani na tu rosa- raktani [ 'saumyah budhe manojne syad anugrahe sauma-daivate ' iti visvah ] 'caksumsi ' nayananyeva 'suhrjjane ' priyajane mayi matalau ityarthah | 'patanti ', kintu 'darunah ' marmabhedinah 'sarah na patanti ' ataeva mam prati prasada saumyam nayanam pataya ityarthah | [ uttarardhena prathamardhasya samarthanat arthantaranyasah | na sabdenaiva daruna-sara- pata-vyapohanat sabdi- parisamkhya ca | anayorekasrayanupravesa-rupa-sankarah | 'tava ', mayi ' iti visese vaktavye 'satam, suhrjjane ' iti samanyokteh aprastuta-prasamsa | satam tadrsa-caksusa suhrjjana-sambandha pratiteh samalankaro vyangayah | 'na daruna ' iti vyatirekah | vatyanuprasah | 'caksumsi ' iti napumsakalingena prakramya 'sarah iti pumlinga-prayogat bhagna- prakramata dosah | evam 'caksumsi ' ityanantaram bheda-bodhaka-sabdah vaktavyah kintu noktah | ataeva vacya'nabhidhana-dosasca | tat-samadhanaya parardhamevam pathaniyam "patanti harsena satam suhrjjane sudrstayo daruna- - hetayastu na " -- iti siddhantavagisah | vamsasthabilam vrttam ] ||29 || rajeti | 'aye ' iti sambodhane [ iti sabdaratnavali ], vismaye va | vidusaka iti | 'yena ' janena 'aham ' madhavyah 'iste ' : ' yasasya yah pasuh ' chagadih sa iva 'maritah ' 'isti - pasumaram maritah ' [ 'upamane karmani ca ' - ( 3 | 4 | 45 ) - iti marayate rnamul | " kasadisu yathavidhyanuprayogah ( 3/4/46 ) iti marayateh anuprayogasca ] | 'abhi- nandyate ' satkriyate ityanucitameva | mataliriti | vidusakoktya kautukodayat 'smitam ' [ 'smita-laksanantu praguktam ] 'harina ' indrena | rajeti | 'asmi ' iti 'aham ' ityarthe nipatah [ 'atrasmi karomi sakhyah ' ityadi prayogat ] | mataliriti | 'kalanemih ' daityavisesah [ sa tu hiranyakasipu-putra iti harivamsah ] tasya 'prasutih ' apatyam | 225 m. --- 1. saranyah -- srnati hanti iti + u = saruh - An arrow. tasmai hitam iti saru + yat (by "ungavadibhyah yat " - 5. 1. 2 ) = saravyam - A target. Or, saran vyayati (vyeा, samvarane bhvadih ) | "ka- vidhau sarvatra samprasa- - ranibhyo da : " -- (Varttika - 3. 2. 3 ) iti da: [ sara +vyey + u = sara +vya +da = saravya ] -Bhanuji Diksita Or, 'atah anupasarge kah -- ( 3. 2. 3 ) iti kah | Next 'samprasarana ' (ya = 6 ) by " vaci svapi yajadinam kiti " (6. 1. 15) 'byabn ' is yajadi | Next by 'er anekaco'samyoga - purvasyah - ( 6. 4.82 ) - 'i' - •

132 abhijnanasakuntalam --- [ 225 NOTES of vi is replaced by 'ya' [ sara + vyena + ka= sara +vya + ka= sara + vi + ka= saravyam - Raya-Mukuta-Mani - sarabyah ' is the eldest reading though 'saravyam ' is usually Neuter as has already been used by Kali. elsewhere' (Cf. 'phalibhih saravyam ' - Raghuvamsha VIII 45; XI. 27; Shishupala-badha VII.) Kali. here has used it in Masculine Gender. These sorts of arbitrary breach of grammatical rules (Cf. "manyammanyam for 'mana ', 'nagarika ' for "nagaraka ", "triyambaka ' for "tryambaka ", "kamayana " for 'kamayamana ', 'asa ' for 'babhusah, 'dasvan ' for dattavan ", "gacchati " for " gacchanti &c.) may be justified by the Vedic Grammar (Vide 68 n.-1; 70 n. 2; 244 n. - 3). This is the trait of vyasa, valmiki, and other old poets and writers. These uses are certainly anterior to the Gupta Period. But Kieth and other Gupta-Theorists have very conveniently connived at these. Even asvaghosa has also used 'saravya ' in one place in 'pumlinga ' | dosanam yo hinah smrti - varmana " - Saundara-Nanda of Ashvaghosha XIV. 38. 2. asurah --- So called owing to their not partaking of 'sura ' (wine ) . - ( 175 n, 6 ) . Cf. "saravyah sa tu arrow 3. idam - The bow which is already fitted with an and strung. 4. saumyani - - somah (moon) devata asya iti soma + tayan [ 'somattayan ' - 4.2.30; ] or 'soma iva somah ' | Next by 'catuvarnadinam svartha upasamkhyanam - Varttika 1789, soma + sya = saumyah Beautiful. (Com.) Raya-Mukuta-Mani attaches 'ya', but read - " yattu sakhaditvat ( 5|3|103 ) - ya' iti mukutah || tana || vrddhaprasangat " - Bhanuji Diksita - In one place Bhanuji Diksita, however, proceeds thus :-- " somaiva somyah " | 'sakha dibhyah yah - ( 5|3|103 ) | tatah praksacn ( svarthe - 5. 4. 38 ) | 'prajnadi ' is 'akrtigana ' | Therefore somya + an = saumyah | 5. astramupasamharan -- (14 n, 8; end). Certain Mantras are recited at the time of sending forth (prayoga ) missile to ensure its efficacy, and at the time of retracting (samhara ), counter-charms are recited which take off from the shaft the special virtue already imparted to it. Cf. "sammohanam nama sakhe ! mamastra prayoga-samhara- vibhakta- mantram " - Raghuvamsha 5. 57. svagatena &c. - This phrase occurs in Maha. Karpa 33; "sapadyupasthite mitre kusalenagatam tvaya | iti yat prasna-vacanam tat svagata mubahrtam " || (Caritra-Bardhana); - |

225 NOTES ] = | sastho'nkah 133 maritah - isti - pasu + mr + nic + namul -- - ( 129 n, 2). 6 isti- pasumaram bhave = isti-pasu-maram (Com.). [ Read - "upamana - karmakaraka -purvakat upamana-kartrkaraka- purvakacca nirarthaka dhatoh parah tumarthe namul-pratyayah syat | karmani - krpanena tamradikamapi suvarna-nidhaya nihitam (suvarnamiva sugupta- mityartha ) | gurum pitr-vedam ( pitaramiva ) vetti | karttari - avimrsyakari purusah salabha- nasam ( salabha iva ) nasyati| ** arjuna graham agrahit " -- Prabhi. 'samula- dhatamarin nyavadhit ' --Bhatti I, 2] Note that the same verb after which 'namul ' is attached, is repeated as finite verb ( 3. 4. 46). 7. asmi - aham - - ( 7 n, 2). 8. kalanemi &c. - The demon Kalanemi who had one hundred heads and arms, was slain by Visnu. ( ' sata- praharanodanah sata-bahuh satananah &c. - Matsya-Purana (Com.) 9. naradat -- Narada, [one of the ten - manama- putra s of Brahma ], was sprung from his lap. ['utmangat narado jajne, dakso'nga ुsthat svayambhuvah, - Bhagabata. He is very fond of promoting quarrel amongst men and gods. Vide BRF. ( brahmakhanda ), Ch. 21-22. (i) narasya dharmyam = naram [Varttika 4. 4. 49] naram dadati iti nara + da + ka [3. 2. 3] naradah | (ii) "naram " ka. [3.2. paniyamityuktam tat pitrbhyah sada bhavan | dadati tena te nama naradeti bhavisyati " ityagamah | (iii) 'nu ' idam naram ( ajnanam ) dyati ( khandayati ) jnanopadesena | (iv) naram (narasamuham ) dyati kalahena iti va | purvavat kah - Bhanuji Diksita Though reckoned as a prajapati, he was a celibate, and he dissuaded 'daksa 's sons from procreation. He was consequently imprecated by Daksa to have wandering habits. Ch. " tamscapi nastan vijnaya putran daksa prajapatih | krodham cakre mahabhaga naradam sa sasapa ca " || - Bhagabata; Visnu-purana 1. Ch. 15. 10. asti - - ( 10 n. 5 ) . Text--matalih -- sakhyuste sa kila satakrato rajayya ' praharsini ( manajaraga ) - stasya tvam rana-sirasi smrto nihanta | ucchettum prabhavati yanna sapta-sapti stanaisam timira mapakaroti candrah ||30|| sa bhavanata sastra eva idanim tamamndrarathamaruhya vijayaya pratisthatam | Matali That (troop of demons is) really not vanquishable by your friend, the performer of hundred-sacrifices, (but) you are declared to be its destroyer in the fore-front of battle. The 47

134 abhijnana-prakuntalam [226 NOTES moon dispels the nocturnal gloom which the seven-rayed (sun) is unable to remove. (30) So commemorated let Your Highness even equipped with weapon, march for victory now, having ascended that (famous) chariot of Indra. raja -- anugrhito'smi anaya maghavatah sambhavanaya | atha masavyam prati bhavata kimevam prayuktam | King - Favoured am I by this honour (done to me) by Indra. But what made you act thus towards Madhavya? V. L. - Dr. supported by B has 'avadhyah ' for 'ajayyah ' | 'devaratham ' - B. 'aindra0 ' - R. V. M. - - sakhyuriti | 'sa' durjayah nama prasiddhah danavaganah [ prasiddhatvat prakrantartha- tvat va yacchabdasya anapeksa ] 'te sakhyuh ' suhrdah 'satakratoh ' indrasya [ iti dhananjaya- kosah | " krtyanam kartari va " - ( 2|3|71 ) - iti sasthi paksiki ] 'ajayyah ' prayatna - sahasrairapi jetum asakyah [ "jayyah yah sakyate jetum, jeyah jetavya-matrake " ityamarah | "saki lini ca " - ( 3|3|172 ) - iti sakti "aco yat "-- ( 3|3|97 ) - iti yat | " ksamya - jayyau sakyayem " - ( 6|1|81 ) - iti nipa- titah ] | 'kila ' ityavadharane ( iti amarakosa -tika sarasundari ) | 'rana- sirasi samaragra-bhage 'tvam tasya ' danavaganasya 'nihanta ' vinasayita ' smrto'si ' nirdharita ityarthah | yah khalu mahendrena ajayyah, sa katham maya hanisyate ityasankam ucchetumaha 'sapta-saptih ' surya ( iti hemacandrah ) | [ tasya vigraho yathah - ( 1 ) 'sapta- samkhyakah saptayah ' asva iti ramayana-bhasye ramanuja - padah || tatha ca srutih || "sapta tva harito rathe vahanti deva surya " iti || yadva, (2) 'sapta-nama saptih ' asva iti va | tathaca srutih-- "eko'pi asvah vahati sapta nama " iti || yadva (3) 'saptanam ' tatsamkhyaka - prananam 'saptih ' pravrttih calaka ityarthah | tathaca srutih -- "sapta sirsanyah prana " iti || api ca " ahoratram rathena'saveka-cakrena vai bhraman | saptadvipa-samudramsca saptabhih saptabhiddrutam || chandorupaisca tairasvai ryatascakram tatah sthitih " iti matsye ] 'yat ' nisaya idam iti 'naisam ' 'timiram ' 'andhakaram ucchettum ' durikatum 'na prabhavati ' na samartho bhavati 'tat ' naisamandhakaram suryapeksaya nyuna- tejah api 'candrah apakaroti ' dhvamsayati vidhiniyamat ityasayah | tadvat tvam indra- peksaya nyuna - valo'pi tadavadhyam danavaganam vyapadayitum saksyasi [ drstantalankarah | stesastasyeti saptasaptiti cheka-vatyanuprasah | praharsini vrttam ] ||30|| iti | 'tam aindra- ratham suprasiddham ityarthah ( prag vyakhyatah ) 'vijayaya ' [ 'tumarthacca bhavavacanat ' - ( 2|3|15 ) - iti 4rthi ] pratisthatam gacchatu ['sama-va-

226 NOTES j - 135 pra-vi-myahsthah - ( 1|3|22 ) - ityatmanepadam ] | rajeti | 'maghavatah ' indrasya ('indrah marutvan maghava ' ityamarah | mahyate pujyate iti kani-pratyayena "svannuksan- " ( u: - 165 ), ityadina 'maghavan ' iti nipatitam | " maghava bahulam " - ( 6141- 128 ; 360 ) iti tradesa-pakse tu 'maghavan ' ityapi bodhyam | yattu "tradese dirgha- bhavat maghavan " iti svaminoktam || tanna || 'sarvanamasthane va sambuddhi- vistarastu vyakhyasudhayam drastavyah ) | 'evam ' pascada-vanata-sirodharam | ( 6/4/8; 250 ) - iti dirgha sambhavat | 'sambhavanaya ' gauravena | 'atha ' iti prasne | 226. - 1. satakratoh- Indra (Jove or Jupiter Pluvius of Classical mythology) is called '' according to the Puranas for his 'satartu ' performance of hundred horse-sacrifices. Hence he always views with jealousy and alarm any persistency by a human of severe penance or one-hundred horse-sacrifices which might raise him to a level with himself. (41 n, 6.). Our poet also endorses this view. Read " jagat- prakasam tadasesam ijyaya bhavadguruh lamghayitum mamodyatah | hariyamthamkah 'purusottamah ' smrtah, mahesvarah 'tryambakah ' eva naparah | tatha viduma munayah satakratum dvitiya-gami na hi sabda esa nah " 1:--Raghuvamsha III. 48-49. According to the Western Vedic Scholars, rtum (Gr. Karatos) in the Vedic Literature invariably means 'power' (i.e. wisdom, insight strength of mind or body. (prajna nama - Nirukta. III. 13 ) or deeds (karma nama - Ibid II. 1.) Hence according to them the epithet means one whose power or wisdom is hundred i. e. infinite. sakhyuste -- Cf. 'ayam sa valabhit-sakhah dusyantah -- Act. II. Supra ajayyah-- Cf. 'tena dvipanamiva pundariko rajnamajayyo'ajani pundarikah " - Raghuvamsha XVIII. 8; (72 n, 8). nihanta -- Is a very significant epithet of Dusyanta. The demon whom Indra could not even defeat, will be killed by Dusyanta. ( Now read 75 n. 5, 7). 2. sapta-saptih - Either the sun who has seven horses [R. V. I. 50, 8; - 115, 4] or who has a horse named sapta (Com.) 3. candrah apakaroti-- "The appositeness of this comparison depends on the fact that Dusyanta's pedigree was traceable to the moon" ( candravamda ) --M. Cf. "na putra vatsalyam apakariyyati " - Kumara-sambhava V. 14. Elsewhere " apa + kr ' has a different sense ie 'to give up'. Cf. 'siva

adhijnana- sakuntalam [226 NOTES bhujacchedamapacakara " - Raghuvamsha VII. 50. 4. maghavatah -- In Classical Sanskrit it is invariably an epithet of Indra. In the Vedic literature it refers sometimes to the Sun god, because he is the giver of rain ( 'adityajjayate vrstih vrsteranam tatah prajah ' ) ) and thereby of wealth. maha (wealth, present ) + matup (vat ) - 361. According to Kairasvami, "maghava and " maghavan ", and according to Raya-Mukuta-Mani, 'maghava ', 'maghavan ', 'maghavan ' are the forms in Nom. Sing. But Bhanuji Diksita opines that the form 'maghavan ' is incorrect. ( Com. ). sambhavanaya -- ( 230 n, 7 ) Text:- matalih ( sasmitam ) - tadapi kathyate | kincinnimittavapi mana ssantapat ayusman maya viklavo ' drstah | pascat kopayitumayusmantam tatha krtavanasmi | kutah- arya [12, 18, 12, 15] jvalati ' calitendhano'gni viprakrtah padmaga phanam kurute | prayah svam mahimanam kopatpratipadyate jantuh || 31 || Matali (With smile ) - That too will be (just ) explained. Owing to some mental throe due to certain cause, Your Longlived Highness was found by me utterly' dispirited.' (And) afterwards to rouse the anger of Your Long-lived Highness, I did like that. For-Fire with its fuel stirred, blazes up; the adder when irritated," swells (its) hood; verily a man generally attains' (his) own high-spiritedness through (some) provocation (only) (31). -- raja ( vidusakam prati ) - vayasya ! 'anatikramaniya divaspate rajna | tadgaccha parigatartham krtva madvacanavamatya- pisunam bruhi- sloka svanmatih ' kevala tavatparipalayatu prajah | adhijya mivamanyasmin karmani vyaputam dhanuh ||32|| King (To Vidiisaka ) - Friend ! the bidding of heaven's' king (is) not to be transcended. So apprising him of the circumstance, tell minister Pieuna in my wordings- "Let you intelligence' alone protect (my) ) subjects, (while) this braced (strung ) bow is employed in another (sublime ) task". ( 32 ) vidusakah -- jam bhavam anavedi [ yadbhavan ajnapayati ] | (niskrantah ) | Vidusaka-As Your Honour commands. (Exit).

227 NOTES ] sastho'nkah 137 matalih --- ayusman rathamarohatu | ( raja ratharohanam natayati ) | | (niskrantah sarve ) 1 Matali-Let Your Long-lived Highness ascend the chariot. (The king represents mounting the chariot ). [ Excunt Omnes ]. --- sastho'nkah (End of the Sixth Act) V. I. - ' sasmitam ' -- B. Omitted by others. 'vikrtah ' - B. Others read 'viklavah ' | 'phanam ' - M. V. K. S. 'phanam ' - R. B. 'ksobhat ' - R. V. M. 'kopat ' -- K. S.; Breads the last line thus - 'tejasvi samksobhat prayah pratipadyate tejah ' | 'hi janah ' -- R. V. M. 'jantuh - M's Mss; Mackenzie Mss. Breads 'vidusakam prati ' for 'janantikam ' | 'pratipalayatu ' -- B. P . ' paripalayatu ' - - R. V. Srinivasa (Commentator) paripalayitum ' - K. M. Dr. -- - ghatadi- mataliriti | smita- laksanamuktam prak | [ anena vidusaka-pida़na ghatanaya akincitkaratvam sucyate ] | 'kincit ' mamajnatam kimapi vastu 'nimittam ' karanam yasya tasmat | 'viklavah ' vihvalah katarah iti yavat | jvalatiti | 'agni ' nirvanonmukhah analah 'calitani ' kampitani [ cala kampane | tvat mitvam . "ghatadayo mitah " ityukteh | tatah nici " mitam hrasvah " - ( 6/4/92 ) iti hrasvatvam | anyatha 'calitam ' ] 'indhanani ' kasthani yasya tathabhutah san 'jvalati ' punardipyate | 'pannagah ' sarpah [' 'padbhyam na gacchati yah sah ' pannagah ' prsodaraditvat sadhuh " iti prabha | yadva 'patram patitam gacchati iti 'pannagah ' | panamiti padyate, ktantam kriya-visesanam " | "sarvatra-pannayorupasamkhyanam ", va- 2965 - iti bhattojidiksitah ] | 'viprakrtah ' nikrtah, kenapi dandadina udvejitah san ityarthah [ "nikrtih syad viprakrtah ' ityamarah syad viprakrtah ' ityamarah ] 'phanam phatam [ 'phatayam tu phana dvayoh ' ityamarah ] | 'kurute ' sva-parakrama - prakasartham uttolayati ityarthah | 'hi ' ityavadharane 'prayah ' bahulyena [ 'prayo bahulya - tulyayoh ' iti visvah | anena jnani - rugnadinam vyavrttih boddhavya ] 'jantuh ' pranimatram 'kopat ' utejanat 'sva ' svakiyam 'mahimanam ' atma-prabhavam teja ityarthah | 'pratipadyate ' prapnoti aviskaroti ityasayah ( atra mala-vrstantalankarah | 'bhavan ' iti visese prastute 'jantuh ' iti samanyokteh aprastuta prasamsa | ekasya parakrama- prakasa-rupa- dharmasya vakya bhedena prthana - nirdesat prativastupama | purvoktasya carana-dvayasya-

138 abhijnanasakuntalam | [227 NOTES visesoktasya parardhokta-carana-dvayena samanyena samarthanat arthantaranyaso va | etesam paraspara-nirapeksataya samsrstih | latilite iti prapreti kheka-vrttyanuprasau | arya jatih | | | 31 || rajeti | 'anatikramaniya ' anullanghaniya | 'diva- spateh ' indrasya ( ' satamanyuh divaspati ' rityamarah ) | 'parigatah ' avagatah 'arthah ' etadvrttantah yena tathabhutam krtva | arthat etadvrttantam abhighaya ( " atha madhavyam prati bhavata kimevam pratyuktam " ityadina etadantena sakti-nama angamupaksiptam tallaksanam yatha darpane - " saktih punarbhavet || virodhasya prasamanam " iti ) | tvaditi | 'kevala ' anya - nirapeksa mama sahayyam vina ityarthah | tava buddhih ( 'buddhirmanisa dhisana ghih prajna semusi matih ' ityamarah ) | madagamana - paryantam 'prajah ' rajyavasinah sarvan janan ' paripalayatu ' raksatu | nanu tava dhanusa idanim ki karyamiti aha, 'adhijyam ' aropita maurvikam 'idam ' madiyam 'dhanuh anyasmin ' danava vadha rupe 'karmani ' devakarye ( etena lokadvaya-raksakatvam asya dhvanitam ') 'vyaprtam ' niyuktam (sloko vrttam ) ||32 || 'tvanmatih ' 'tavat ' || iti gautama - sriramendramohanavasu-viracitayamabhijnana-sakuntala-tikarya kumara-santosinyam sastho'nkah || 227 n. - 1. calitendhanah -- The root niindhi is rusadi (6|4 /66 ), lat indhe | ("indhe yuddhesu yattejah " - Kavi-Rahasya 265] lit indhancakre, inghambabhuva, indhamasa | 'am ' after 'indha ' in lit is optional in the Vedas, but not in bhasa | Read "kecidindhi bhavatibhyanca " ( 1. 2. 6; 3393 ) indhe parasya litah kitva - vidhana - samarthyat amah vikalpamicchanti | tadindheh chandovisayatvat bhuvo vuko (6|4|33 ) nityatvadityadi bhasya-vartika- virodhadupeksyam " - Jinedra-buddhi in his Nyasa. 2. viprakrtah - Offended, insulted. Cf. "supta-sarpa vanda-ghattanad ropito'smi tava vikrama-sravat " - Raghuvamsha XI. 71. (128 n. 5.). 3. phanam kurute -- Our poet usually writes 'phana ' (expanded hood of a snake ). Cf. 'ete manibhih phanasyaih ' -Raghuvamsha XIII. 12; 'karala-phana-mandalam ' - XII. 98; 'mrnala-mrdubhih pharmah ' - Kumara-sambhava VI. 68. But also Cf. 'tat phana - mandalodacah ' -- Raghuvamsha X. 7. 4. kopata (B) - Supported by K & f seems to be preferable as just before this Sloka 'pascat 'kopayitum ' &c. occurs in Matali's speech. Also Cf. "gam gatasya tava dhama vaisnavam kopito'si maya didrksuna " - Raghuvamsha XI. 85. 'mahasivisavat prakupyati " - Saundara-Nanda of Ashvaghosha IX. 14. jantuh- Cf. 'kintu rosanvito jantuh hanyadatmanam acyuta ' - Maha (Drona. -

227 NOTES] sastho'nkah 139 --- 1 padasyah pihitam dvaram divaspateh- Involves 156, 95 ) . " sarvo vimrsate jantuh krcchrastho dharmadarsanam | paralokasya pasyati | - Ibid. (Salya. 32, 59 ) 5 grammatical difficulty. The word is evidently equal to 'divah (svargasya ) patih ' but why is it that sasthi is not elided ( aluk ) in the compound form? Similar difficulty exists in vacaspatih ' 'vastospatih ', 'bhratusputra ' and so on. Considering that all these cases do not come under 'tatpuruse krti bahulam - ( 6. 3. 14), Raya-Mukuta-Mani says " tatpuruse krti bahulam, ityatra bahula-grahanat akrti api aluk " | But " tanna, paterdatih | ( u : - 506 ) " iti unadi sutra - sattvat || - Bhanuji Diksita Next he continues- vastutastu "sasthyah pati-putra-prstha-para-pada-paya-sposesu " (8|3|53 ; 3638 ) iti sattva-vidhana- samarthyat loka - veda-sadharanyena - " vrddha kumari - vara " - nyayena aluk jnapitah | kaskaditvat - ( 8 | 3 | 48 ; 144 ) sah | yattu " sasthyah patiputra - " iti satvam iti mukutenoktam || tanna | tasya chando'dhikarat | .. aluk of quat faufen of fea: is to be inferred from the Vedic Sutra (8. 3) 53) by the "Maxim of the old virgin's boon" ( vrddha - kumari- vara- nyaya ) which has been thus explained by Patanjali :- " vrddha - kumari indrenokta, 'varam vrnisva ' iti | sa varam avrnita - 'putra me bahu-ksira- ghrtamodanam kamsya patryam bhunjiran ' iti | na ca tavadasyah patirbhavati | kutah, putrah | kuto gavah | kuto dhanyam | tatra'naya ekena vakyena 'patih ' 'putrah ', 'gava ', 'dhanyam ' iti sarvam samgrhitam bhavati iti " - Mahabhashya on "na mu, ne " - ( 8. 2. 3). In other words, the boon covers all that she wishers to have, such as progeny, abundance of corn, cattle and Bell-metal. Similarly because the Vedic Sutra ( 8.3.53) enjoins that the pasthi - visarjaniya should be changed into 's ' with such words as putra &c. therefore the inference about Panini's view is that the qua fauf in such cases should be aluk in the samasavakya | Next kaskaditvat sah | Bhanuji Diksita follows Fardhamana who has included divaspati in the kaskadi list which is akrtigana | Kramadisvara has simplified all such anomalies by fiaming a Sutra " kvacidanyatrapi " ( Also Mallinatha on Kumara-sambhava III. 30). 6. tvanmatih kevala &c. - The kingdom is well governed by the king if he is assisted by his ministers. Cf. 'sadanukulesu hi kurvate ratim nrpesva- matyesu ca sarvasampadah - Kiratarjuniya 1. 5 Also Manu-Samhita VII. 36-37. But in this

40 abhijnana- sakuntalam [227 NOTES particular case the king is engaged elsewhere,, hence the minister has alone to carry on the work. 'qft + 'means 'to protect' Cf. "famzanfa maa-afcqresa-qfata"-Sakuntala V. 6; NP. I. 20; Malati-Madhava X. 25; T. I. 334; Manu-Samhita IX. 251; (B) is not good, for Kali. always uses 'fa+q' to mean 'to await'. Cf. 'fa-47 Funare: are state:'-Sakuntala VII; Also vide (187 n. 4). Remark The students should note carefully that forms like hmi, ahyesu, ahme, vihmariyo, abbahmannam etc. as found in many printed books and commentaries are terribly erroneous, for Sanskrit combinations like when rendered into Prakrta 7, ≈, H will have the upper or the First position by the rule -"hra-hlahmam na-la-mam sthitirudhvamm " - Prakrta Prakasa, III. 8. Read - " esu samyogesu aghah sthitanam na-la-mamityetesam varnanam hakarasya sthitiruvam bhavati | samyoga-varnayoh parivrttirbhavatityarthah " | - Sanjivani thereon ; "esu samyogesu hasya aghah sthitanam ladinam tadupari sthitih syat | ff:"-Subodhini; also 'Introduction to PrakTta'Woolner. pp. 22-47; ''Sanksipta-Sara-Vyakarana,' VIII. 94; 'Markandeya Prakrta-Sarvasva', II. 43. 'Paia-SaddaMahannavo (Introduction) pp. 41. 15. Sad-Bhasa-Candrika of Laksmidhara, 1/4/67; 'Prakrta-rupavatara' of Simha-Raja, pp. 53. Now see (3 n. 1.)-(fµ) Time-analysis of Act VI-A long interval of about six years or so separates the Sixth Act from the previous one. This we infer from the following considerations :-(i) The interval between Acts VI and VII is very short, and not more than a day. [ ( deva eva tatha * * yatha acirena dharmapatnim - &c. - Act VI; also Time-analysis of Act VII.] (ii) From the childish pranks and talks of ¶¶¶¶¶, his age seems to be six years or so. (iii) According to the Maha. also is six years old. Induction begins in ( ' sadvarsa eva valah sa kanvasramam prati ) ** | The the morning. The fisherman was perhaps caught at 8 or 9 a.m. (i.e. in the market-time) in a suburban high wandering over the market-place for a street where he was buyer for the ring

227 NOTES ] sastho'nka 141 (188 n. 3). Later on he was dragged all the way up to the wicket of the city-gate. Several hours may be supposed to have passed between Syala's going to and returning from the palace with gift. [ 'januka, cirayati khalu abuttah ' | 'nanu avasaropasarpaniya Most likely the scene ended in the evening when the party proceeded towards a vintner's shop. ['a offset '] | The Act proper begins in the morning, and Sanumati after finishing her attendance to the morning ablution of the sages (perhaps worshipping the sun; Cf. 'apsaro - vara-paryayena iha bhagavatah suryasya padamulopasthane vartamana ' &c Vikramorvasiya Act. VI.) met the maid-servants of the king not later than 10 A. M. The worshipping of Kamadeva is also in keeping with this time. The king kept late hours on the previous night, and consequently having got up late (198 n. 6) could not attend the monning court in time. [Cf. 'utthaya pascime yame krtasaucah samahitah * * praviset sa subham sabham ' -Manu-Samhita afada a qui m'-Manu-Samhita VII. 145; 183 n.-Time Analysis). Hence he informs the minister to send all the cases that have been investigated, on paper. The conversation of the king with Vidusaka continued for a long period when Viudsaka was pinched with hunger ( ' katham vubhuksaya khaditavyo'smi -- VI. p. 74) Hence the Act perhaps closes not later than two in the afternoon The season is spring and about two weeks' time may be supposed to intervene between the Induction and the main Act before the pangs of love could have produced such a remarkable change in the king's mind and person (Sl. 6). Sakuntala-affair has also by this time been thoroughly public ( 'bahulibhutametat kim na kathyate- VI. p. 35)