Chapter 5 - Pancama-anka (pancamo'nkah)

pancamo'nkah Text : - (tatah pravisatyasanastho raja vidusako vibhavatasca parivarah ' nepathye vina - sabdah ) vidusakah ( karnam dattva ) - bho vassa ! sangiba- vina-sabdah ) salabhantare avahanam dehi ! tala-laya-visuddhae vinaya sara-samjoo suniadi | jage tattahovi hamsabavia vanna-pariaam karedi si | [bho vayasya | sangita- sala'bhyantare avadhanam dehi | tala-laya-visuddhayah ' vinayah svara- samyogah ' sruyate | jane tatrabhavati hamsapadika varna-paricayam karotiti ) || 32 (Enter on a seat the King. The Jester and attendants according to position. In the tiring room, the sound of a lyre). * Vidusaka (Leaning his ear ) :- Ho friend ! ( please) pay 2 heed to the interior of the music-saloon. A combination of notes of lyre, perfectly³ faultless with reference to (musical) timing and concords, concords, is being heard. Methinks Her Ladyship Hamsa-padika is practising (her) notes. raja - tusnim bhava | yavadakarnayami | King - Hush, that (I) may listen. aparavaktra [ nanaralaga 1|3 najajara 2|4 ] (akase giyate ) - ahinava-maha-lolabo tumam taha paribumbia yua-marjara | kamala-vasai-mela- jivvado mahuara visumarivosi nam kaham || 1 || 2 (abhinava - madhu-lolupa ' stvam tatha paricumbya cuta-manjarim ' | 'kamala - vasati-matra-nirvrto madhukara ! vismrto'syenam katham ) || (In the air is sung )-0 drone! how is it that thou, eagerly hankering' after fresh - honey', after having so kissed the mangoblossom 2, shouldst (at last clean) forget her being contented with a mere stay on the lotus*. (1) V. L. : - ' 0 abhyantare ' - B. 'antare ' - R. V. M. 'avadhanam ' - R. V. M. 'karna ' - B. avadharanam ' - K. 'tala-laya-visuddhaya vinayah - B. H.SP. Others

152 NOTES ] pancamo'juh 407 have' kala - visuddhaya giteh ' | B has 'hamsavati ' for 'hamsapadika ' | '0 lolupastvam 'R. V. M. 'lobhabhavitah ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha tatah iti | 'parivara ' ( 6 | 3 | 123 ) pratihari- prabhrti-parijanah ( parivarah parijane khadga kose paricchade ' iti medini ) 'vibhavatah ' pada-maryadanusarena abhinetr- vrndasya yavat sambhavati tavatsamkhyakah parijanah ityarthah | ( trtiyayam tasih ) vidusaka iti || 'sangitasya ' preksanartham nrtya-gita-vadya rupasya ( " gita vadya-nrtya- trayam natayam tauryatrikanca tat | sangitam preksanarthe syat sastrokte natyadharmika " iti abhidhana - cintamanih ) 'gala ' grham ( ' sala taru-skandha-sakha, sala bhavana- misyate ' iti sasvata | asva-ghasavivat tavayem sasthisamasah ' ) tasya "abhya- ntare ' madhye ' 'avadhanam dehi ekagra manama srrnu ityartha | 'tala ' kala-kriya- manam arthat ( " ayam svara iyatkalam geya '. 'iyatkalam vilambitam ', 'iyatkalamdbhutam ' 'iyatkalam madhyamiti ' bodhayitum idrsai hastaih amgulya - kuncana-prasaranadi- kriyabhih nartitavyam gatavyanca iti kala-kriyayah pramanam talah " - iti sabda- kalpadrumah ) 'laya ' gita-vadya padadinyasanam kriya-kalayoh samyam ' iti bhanujih | tabhyam 'visuddha ' tala-layamadhikrtya niravadya arthat sangita- damodarokta caturdasa- dosa - vivarjitah | tadrsyah 'vinayah ' 'svaranam badajadinam sayogah ' tatsambandhi svara - lapah | 'hamsapadika ' tatramni rajni 'varnasya ' giti kramasya [ "goti-krame stuti bhede varna - sabdah prayujyate ' iti abhidhanaratnamala ) 'paricayam ' abhyasam (iti sisupala vadha tikayam - 27 /5 - mallinathapadah ) arthat sthapya- rohya-varohi- sancaryatmaka ganakriya-bhyasam ityarthah | ' karoti ' vidadhati ( tathacoktam-- 'gana kiyocyate varnah sa caturdha nirupitah | sthapya rohya va rohi ca sancari ti ) abhinaveti || he 'madhukara ' bhramara (he madhura-surata-sukhakara kamuka dusyanta ! iti ca dhvanyate | tathacoktam visvaprakase 'madhuvrate madhukara kamuke'pi prakirtitah ' ) 'abhinava ' nutanamanasvadita- purvam yat 'madhu ' puspa-rasah ( 'madhuscatre ca daitye va madhe pusparase madhu ' iti hatacandrah | anena sakuntalayam rajnah nutana - prema - rasengitam | tathacokatam prak - 'madhu navamanasyadita-rasam - 2010 ) - tasya 'lolupah lubdhah 'tvam cutasya ' amrasya 'manjari ' vallari ('manjari vallari striyam ' ityamarah | anyatra cuta-manjarivat parama-lobhaniyam tarunim | anena sakuntala ca laksita ) 'tatha ' tadrsam sapranayam 'paritah samantat 'cumbitva ' iti 'paricumbya ' vatsayana - racita- kama - sastrokta sarvasthanesu cumbanam vidhaya ityarthah | 'kamale ' padye (paribhoga- naha rajavarodhe iti gudharthah ) 'vasatih ' vasah ("base'pi ksatih ' iti trikandasesah ) 'eva ' iti 'vasati-matram ' tena, arthat kevalamavasthanena parinata prayatvat tadrsa-

408 abhijnana-kuntalam [152 NOTES madhvabhavat rasa manasvadya ityarthah | 'nirvrta .' sukhinah san 'katham ' kimapadesena 'enam cutah manjari ( tatha paricumbita- purva hamcapavika sakuntala ca iti bhavah ) 'vismrtah asi ' (jnanarthasya gatyarthe paryavasanat kartari ktah ) | ( hetvanuprasau | natra samasoktih napi aprastutaprasamsa | kevalam artha - saktya samajika-vargana manasi hamsapavika sakuntala ca upaksipyate | anena darpanokta prathama-pataka- sthanam | tallaksanam tukta prak | atra pracchedaka''lyam lasyangancoktam | tatha na darpanoddhatam kavikathahara-vakyam 'anyasaktam patim matva prema-viccheda-manyuna | vina - purahsarah ganam striyah pracchedako matah " | atra rasah dusyantasya sakuntala- vismaranasya gamyatad aksepa - namangamupaksiptam | 'garma vija samudbhedavaksepah parikirtitah ' iti tallaksanat | aparavastram vrttam ] ||1|| 1521 - 1. ( vibhavatasca ) parivarah - (Occurs in Mala). 'parivara ' - Any attendant such as the portress &c. Optionally parivarah - ' upasargasya • - &c. - ( 6|3|123 ) - iti dirghah | Cf. 'yathanirdista-parivaro raja ' - Act. II P. 156. This part of the stage direction is necessary, as otherwise the presence of Vetravati (portress) a lttle after cannot be accounted for Cf. "tatah pravisati paryutsuko raja pratihari ca " - Mala Act. IV. 2. sangita - sala - Mark that Music and Painting (for which vide Act VI.17;18.) were sin qua non in the days of our poet. It was perhaps considered a part of accomplishment (even of the noble ladies) in the society. ( Vide Ram II, 17-18 ; PN-Act. 11.3). tala - Musical time or measure. layah -- Musical concord or harmony. visuddha - A song is 'visuddha ' when it is sung faultlessly with reference to musical time and concord. Cf " gitayah panca suddhaya bhinna gauda़ा nivemara | sadharani visuddha myadavakra- dalitai svaramh " - Sangita-Ratnakara binayah - vina (Lute) is a kind of Se-tar' (se- tara ) ordinarily consisting of three strings. (tritantri, - Persian 'se ' three). A variety of this with seven strings is called 'parivadini ' (ie, modern Setar ) -- "sa tu tantribhih saptabhih parivadini ' - Amara-Kosa Vina Is it very old musical instrument, as mention of it along with Drum ( dundubhi ) and flute' is made even in the Rig-Veda A variety of it with hundred strings has been noticed by Katyayana in

152 NOTES ] pancamo'juh his Kalpasutra. The sound of lyre was first king, the song of Hamsapadika following a heard later on 4. | 409 noticed by the little after, is , svara - samyogah - Refers to seven sounds 'sa', 'r', 'ga', 'ma', 'pa', 'gha', 'ni ' - first discovered by the Hindus These key-notes of music were taken from the sounds of beasts and birds. "baड़jam rauti mayurohi, gavo nardanti carvabham | aja viroti gandharam, kraunco nardani madhyamam | puspasadharane kale kokilo rauti pancamam| asvasca dhamvatam rauti, nisada rauti kunjarah " - Narada. Hence svara -samyoga means the permutations and combinations of various 'svara 's | varna-paricayam -- (Practising ) sa, r, ga, ma, &c, ( 131 n. 4.). According to M, 'varna ' means a musical mode; these are numerous, personified either as male ( ragah ) or female ( ragini ) | 'gitisu catvarovarnah bhavanti yadaha bharatah || 'sthayi ' tathaiva 'samcari ' tatha 'roha'varohini ' | varnah catvara evamteh kathita sarva gitisu || - S & C. 5. lolupah - Greedy. ( 64 n, 1) 6. cuta-manjarim &c.-An instance of Dramatic Irony. Though Sakuntala-afffair is not known in the harem, still the audience will find a hidden allusion to her. (Vide 122 n. 1. middle). 7. kamala-vasati - (Cf. 'labdha-vasatih ' - Raghuvamsha VIII. 73) &c. - You were once excessively fond of mangoblossom and consequently kissed her ever and anon. you seem to be quite satisfied, by having only a stay ( vasati, which suggests the absence of enjoyment) in a lotus which must be full-bloomed and hence whose charm of youth is gone. For gudha़ाrtha (See Com. ). Now '0vasati-matra ' is a case of 'mayuravyamsakadi nitsamasa, hence its further compound with 'nirvrta ' (like words of tisthadgu- class) is barred "cakarah atra avadharanarthah | tena "parama-mapura- vyamsaka " ityadi samasantaram na syat " -- T. 754. But Bhoja solves the difficulty by saying that they may lead, and not follow in a compound. ("nanena samasah, ayantu samasyate eva ")| In a similar way 'pradaksini krtya ' - Raghuvamsha 1. 21; 'pradaksina-prakramanat ' - VII. 24; 'jananantara sauhrdani --- V. 20. infra, are justified. In this, particular place, however, we can avoid the difficulty by attaching the affix 'matrac in svarthe ( pramanarthe ) | Bees are often described ----But now

410 - abhijnana-sakuntalam [ 152 NOTES as confined in lotuses. 'gunjadvirepho hyayamambujasyah ' -- Ritu-samhara VI. 14 ; hyayamambujasthah '-Ritu-samhara 'idam runaddhi mam padmamantah kujita - satpadam - Vikramorvasiya IV. 40. ( 214 n. 4 ). 8. vismrtah - Though 'smr ' is 'sakarmaka ', Kali frequently uses this with 'kta-patyaya in the active voice. Cf. 'aho vismrtam mama hrdayam ' - Vikramorvasiya II.; 'prathamam punah putradarsanena vismatasi - Act. V. 'sausa- vasamutajena vismrtah sancikaya '-Raghuvamsha XIX. 2; 'anasuya - enam vismrtasi ' ? - Sakuntala 1. 'sarngaravah - yada tu purvavrttam vyasangat vismrto bhavan ' - Act. V. (Vide 27 n. 3.) Remark : - The song of Hamsa-padika (which is described by 'Ravindra Natha' as a small tear in the veil through which we can form a notion of the royal sin) is introduced only to show that the imprecation of Durbasah has now produced a complete change in the king's mind. (Read "gitarthamakarnya ista-jana-virahadrte'pi " &c, infra) We are shocked by the vivid description of the gallant nature of the king. Like the greedy 'madhukara ' (Com), he is always hankering after newer enjoyments, and newer hamsapadika s, and he is not a bit ashamed to forsake his beloved after a short while. Thus the audience can preconceive how the king will deal with Sakuntala and her party. The King is terribly agitated by the song. but it could not revive his hankering for the abandored lady. Besides Vidusaka's dismissal (see next ) at this stage is necessary. For though the king at the end of the Second Act (Sl. 15) told the jester that there was not a jot of truth in Sakuntala affair, still we have strong belief that had he been present when the party of Sakuntala approached the king, he would have surely contradicted the king's statement. The King hearing Hamsa-padika's song, sends the jester to pacify her and thus an undesirable situation is cleverly nipped in the bud. Text : - raja - aho ! raga-parivahini ' gitih | King - Oh, a what strain overflowing with affection (or passion). vidusakah -- bho vaassa ! ni bava godie abagado aktaratvo ( bham vayamya ! ki tavat gitya avagatah aksararthah ' ) ? Vidusaka-Ho friend ! Do you comprehend the meaning of the wordings of the song ? raja ( smitam krtva ) - ' sakrt -krta-pranayo'yam janah | tabastha devom vasumatim 'antarena mahadupalambhanam gato'smi | sakhe madhavya ! mahuvacanaducyatam hamsa- patrika | nipunamupalavadho 'smiti |

153 NOTES 1 411 King ( Smiling. ) - 3 Once did I make loves to this lady. So I have incurred a mighly censure 5 (from her) apropos* of queen Vasumati. Friend Madhavya ! tell Hamsapadika, using my word, that I have been cleverly reproved* vidusakah -- jam bharva ajabedi ( yat bhavan ajnapayati ) | (utthaya ) bho bassa ! gahivasya tae para kiehi hatyahi sihandae tada़ीamanassa accharae biba-ramassa vija natthi dani me moklo | ( bho vayasya ! grhitasya taya parakiyah hastah sikhandake ' tadyamanasya, apsarasa bita - ragasyeva ' nasti idani me moksa ' ) | Vidusaka-As Your Majesty commands (Rising.) Ho friend! (Once ) caught hold of by her through others' (i.e. maids') hands by the hair-tuft(R). (and) being beaten (to jelly). there will be no liberation for me, as for a passionless 8 ( hermit ) when captured ( unawares) by a (celestial ) nymph. raja gancha, nagarika-busya " santvayam nam | King Go (and) pacify her in the fashion 10 of a spark 10. vidusakah - ka gai ( ka gatih ) | ( iti niskranta .) | Vidusaka-What help? (This said, goes out). Variac Lectiones :-- B adds ' ityaksararthah ' after sakrt ' &c. 'mahadupalambhana gato'smi - V. M. 'upalambhanam agato'smi '-- B. 'madupalambhamavagato'smi ' -- R. 'tadadya devim * upalambham upakrto'smi ' -- Rs Com Breads 'samyak ' for 'nipunam ' | For 'grhitasya taya parakiyah ' &c Breads. grhita- staya parakiyabhya hastabhyam sikhandake acchabhallah | tadvitaragasya asaranasya nasti me moksah ' | 'samjnapaya ' - - R. V. M. 'santvaya ' -- B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha P. rajeti | 'aho ityascarya ' | 'ragam ' anuragam 'paritah samantat 'vahati ' pravahena sravati iti | anuraga-nisyandini ityarthah | yadva 'ragasya ' gandharadi- svarasya ( ' ragastu matsarye lohitadisu klesadyanurage ca gandharadau nrpe'pi ca ' iti medini ) 'parivahah ' ucchvasah atrasti iti bhavah | vidusaka iti | 'tava ' cchandah sakalye | 'aksaranam ' varnanam 'artha ' vyangadharthah gudha़ - tatparyam arthat kasya vivaksaya gitamidam pravrttam | rajeti | giteh gudha-satparya sva- gami iti nrpasya isaddhasyam | 'ayam ' janah 'hamsapavika-laksanah 'sakrt ' eka- varam [ "ekasya sakrcca ' (5|4|19 ) iti bararthe eka-sabda-sthane sakrt adesah | "sakrt saha-ka-varayoh " ityajayah ] 'krtah darsitah pranayah ' yasmin tadrsah | 'tat ' | 1

412 1 --- abhijnanasakuntalam [ 153 NOTES. tasmat hetoh, ekavaramupabhujya vismaranat 'devim vasumatim antarena ' vasumatim abhilaksya 'asyah ' hamsapadikayah mahat upalambhanam ' tiraskaram ( " durvadah syadu- palambha " iti jatadharah ) 'gatah ' prapto'smi -- 'hampadika ucyatam ' tvayeti sesah | ( anena atmano daksina- nayakatvam sucitam | tathacokta darpane -- "esu tvaneka- mahilasu samaragah daksinah kathitah ' iti ) vidusaka iti || taya ' hamsapadi- -kaya 'parakiya - ( 4|2|138 ) dasyadinam hastaih sikhandake ' kakapakse cuda़ाyamiti yavat ( ' kakapaksa . sikhandaka ' ityamarah | 'sikhando varhacudayoh ' iti abhidhana- cintamanisca | sikhayah anda iva ['ive pratikrtau - ( 5|3|96 ) - iti kan | 'sakandhadisu pararupam ' - -vah 6 | 1194 ] 'grhitasya ' ghrtasya tata 'tadyamanasya ' ahanyamanasya 'me idani vitaragasya ' visayasakti - rahitasya (visesana-matra- prayogah visesya-pratipatti ' iti vamanah ) | 'apsara ' sva- vaisyaya ( " apsarassu, apsarah prokta, sumanah sunanassu ca " iti dvirupa - kosat ) | karabhyam grhitasya iva 'moksa ' vidusaka paksa mocanam paritranam | vitaragasya pakse nihsreyasam kaivalyam ( ' moksah nihsreyase vrttavisese mocane mrtau iti hamah | atra slesopama ) | rajeti | 'nagarikasya ' (apaniniyo'yam prayogah ) pravinasya pramada-jana-sambhasana- kusalasya arthat kama-sastrokta - nagarakasya ' vrtti ' vyavahara ' taya caturyena ityarthah | susabhya rasika -janavat 'ena santvaya ' prasadaya | asrama-lalama-bhutaya sakuntalayam svaprema rajna svayameva vidusakaya niveditah, atastatsannidhanam sakuntala - pratyadeso'yukta iti sucatura- kavina sa vyajena nirgamitah | , 1530 -- 1. raga-parivahini - Overflowing with melody or passion. (78 n 1 ) 2. aksararthah--- The sense of the words ie letters put together - (99 n. 5). The jester seems to be sarcastic here- 3. ayam janah - Refers to the singer i.e. 'hamsapadika ' | M supported by $ refers this to the king ( madrupa ), Ours seems to be the better meaning. 4. vasumatim antarena - 'antarena ' here means "with reference to" and not vina '| "On account of "M. 'antarena ' vina, parityajya sthita ityarthah ' - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'vina tatasahayogabhavena ' - N, In any case the use of dvitiya here is irregular. ( Vide 70 n. 4). 5. sikhandake ( grhitasya ) - 'sikhandaka ' or 'sikhandaka ' means a ' queue' - 'sikhandaka- sikhandako ' iti vacaspati - subhuti | For saptami - ( 81 n. 3). graha + kta karmani- =- grhitah, ra = (6|1|15 ) - ' graho'liti dirghah ' - ( 6 7|2|37 ) iti itah dirghatvam ) - -Caught hold of (in the case of (vidusaka ), seduced (in the case of

153 NOTES ] pancano'nkah 413 - vitaraga ) | Cf. "vidala - grhitayah pavabhrtikaya " - Mala . IV. 6. apsarasa - (41 n. 4. According to the Ram., they sprang up from the churning of the ocean (I. e. water, apa + su + asun ) but according to the Maha, adi 65, they are the daughters of Kasyapa and Arista (Kad. P. 525-524 and Vayu-Purana Ch. 69) 7. mosah- Has double sense, viz, (i) Liberation of the body from danger : (ii) Liberation of the soul from further transmigration.(41 n.6) ; In this connexion read how a jester was chastised by "requeT and 'kancanamala ' in Rat. III before Sl. 19. 8. nagarika &c. 'nagarika - vrtya pravinasya ritya - K. Hence 'nagarika ' here seems to be loose in grammar, for when 'cleverness' or " censure" is meant the form is 'nagaraka ' with vuna, by 'nagarat kutasana-pravinyayoh " (4.2.128; 1352), otherwise the form is 'nagara ' ( ka ) | Read 'nagaraka scaurah silpi va ' - Bhattoji Diksita 'iha nagare manusyena sambhavyata etannagarakena | prabina hi nagaraka bhavanti | kutamita pravinyayoriti kim ? nagarah brahmanah ' | - Vamana 'anya -sakanta-premano nagarah -- Vikramorvasiya III; Rat. I; ( 193 n. 2 ) 'nagarika ' derived by 'tatra niyuktah ' - ( 4. 4. 69) or 'raksati ' - ( 4. 4. 33) means 'City - Police. Cf. 'tatah visati nagarikah syalah ' - VI. Infra ' or 'nagarika ' may be justified by Vedic Grammar where every thing is optional. R takes nagarika - vrtti in a technical sense- 'nagarika - vrtyeti tripatakasya madhyama tarjanibhyam vakrabhyam adhomukham kampitabhyam ityarthah, but this meaning is not intended here. Mark that Kali. deliberately repeats the word 'bhagarika ' elsewhere also 'urvasi - sadhu, arya nagariko'si - Vikramorvasiya II. The king asked Vidusaka to approach the queen like a spark and pacify her by dextrous method or fashionable style ( nagaraka-muttam ) as described by Vatsayana in Kama-Sutra (of Vatsayana) (Ch. IV. q.v.) - (225 n. -1, 9 ka gatih- Vidusaka is sorry as he is to act against his wish. Cf. 'vidusakah- ' ( atmagatam ) ka gatih - Vikramorvasiya II ; also Act. II. (Vidusaka's speech), Supra. P, 136. Text : -- raja (svagatam ) kim nu khalu gitarthamakarnya ' ista-jana virahavrte'pi balavadutkanthito'smi | athava-- 33

44 vasantatilaka ( tabhajajagaga ) abhijnana- sakuntalam ramyani viksya madhurarasca nisamya ' sabdan 'paryutsuko bhavati yatsukhito'pi jantuh | taccetasa smarati nunamabodha- purva 6 "bhava - sthirani jananantara-sauhavani ||2|| || ( iti paryakulassthiti ) || [ 154 NOTES King ( Aside. ) - 0 why, indeed, on hearing 1 what is sung have I been deeply agitated, even though I am not wrenched from a desired person ? Or - When a being, though happy, becomes perturbed³ on beholding (some) pleasing (views) or hearkenings unto (some) sweet numbers, then certainly it recalls with its mind, without consciousness 4 the hikings of previous birth & firmly rooted in the heart (or permanently impressed through associations ). ( This said, stands all worried). - V. L. - 'gitartham ' - Mudra-Raksasa 'gitam ' - R's Com. 'gitamevamvidhartham B. For 'ramyani '-K has 'rupani ' | 'paryutasukobhavati ' -- B. P. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'paryutasuki- bhavati - K. V. M.; K reads '0 sthitani ' for '0sthirani ' | rajeti 'kim ' 'nu ' iti utkanthavisaye | 'giteh artha ' ityamarah ) ' akarnya ' srutva | ramyaniीti - " ramyani manojnani parthiva vastuni ityarthah ('visesanamatra prayogah visesya-pratipatti ' iti vamanah | ataeva bhagna- prakrama-dosah ) | 'madhuran sruti-sukhadan ' samgitalapadin 'nisamya ca srutva ca mukham samjatamasya iti 'sukhitah api ' ('tadasya samjatam tarakadibhya itac - (5/2/26 ) - iti 'itac ' [nityasukhi api virahi bhavati iti api - sabdarthah ' ) | 'jantuh ' pranimatra 'paryatasukah ' satkanthah 'bhavati ' iti 'yat ', 'tat nunam ' niscitam 'bhavah ' vasanakhyah samskaraih 'sthirani ' niscalani janma- sahasramrapi durikartumasakyani iti raghavapadah | yadva 'bhavena ' svabhavena ' sthirani aksayani ('bhavah satta- svabhava'bhipraya-vesta''tma-janmasu ' iti medini ) | anyat jananam 'jananantaram ' purvajanma ityaryah ( mayuravyamsakadih nityasamasah ) tasya, suhrdayasya bhavah 'sauha - dani pranayadini ( suhrdaya-sabdat anikrte sauhrda - padam siddham (5|1|130 ; 6|3|50, 7|3|21 ) atra mayuravyamsakaditve'pi bhoja - rima samasantaram | tatha- coktam ganakarena - "bhojastu na canena samasa iti vacanat ayamanyena saha samasyate eva ityaha-- mayuravyamsaka-priya " iti ) yasmin karmani tat | 'bodhapurvam ' jnanapurvaka ', tanna bhavati iti 'avodhapurva yatha syat tatha | visaya visesa jnana'bhavapurva vitarka - garbha - prasne | 'khalu ' niscaye | satu vastu ('artho'bhidheya ram vastu prayojana-nivrttisu '

154 NOTES] pancamo'juh 415 'cetasa ' manasa 'smarati smrtipatham aropayati, samyak vodhastu na jayate | ( atra visesa prastute samanyokteh aprastuta prasamsa tena sthayinya rate ravicchedo dhvanitah | atra 'nunam ' iti utpreksayam iti kecit || tatra || yatah janma- ntariya-smarana sastra - siddhameva | kavyalingam | 'abodhapurva smarati ' iti sabda-sakti-mulo virodhabhaso vyangayah | athaca vodha rupa karanabhave'pi smarana- rupa karyotpatteh vibhavanalankarah | myamyati yatsu yatsu iti nuna naneti chaka- vrtti bhutyanuprasah | vasantatilaka vrttam ) ||2|| | | - 154 n. - 1. ista-jana- birahavrte'pi - The king has become mysteriously anxious ( utkanthita-- "cinta tu smrtiradhyana smaranam masprhe punah utkanthitkalike tasmin ' - Sabdarnava), as if he has had separation from some of his dear and near ones. but he can neither recollect any such separation nor can account for why lovely objects and sweet music should sadden his mind. This shows that the imprecation of the sage durvasa has already told upon him, For similar uneasiness in Rama's mind on beholding the hermitage of Vamana Cf. 'vamanamasramapadam tatah pavanam srutamrserupeyivan | unmanah prathama-janma- cestitanyasmaranapi babhuva raghavah ' Raghuvamsha XI.22. In sooth, I know not why I am so sad * * But how I caught it, found it or came by it * * I am to learn " -Merchant of Venice. -- 1. 1. 2. ramyani - Refers to 'vastuni ' | For similar use Cf. 'ruksani parivarjayan ' - Ram. IV. 3; 'paruvani avocat ' - Maha Vana 236; Karna 66; Kreads 'rupani ' | 3. paryutsuko bhavati - V. M and others read 'paryutsuki bhavati ' but this is rejected, as 'cvi ' (ie, the idea of abhuta-tadbhava ) is redundant, that idea being already expressed by the affix 'itac ' in 'sukhita ' | 'kalaksamatvam autsukyam ista vastu-viyogatah | taddarsanat ramya vastu-didu- - ksadesca ' - Sudhakara quoted by R. Vide (42 n. 4). 4. cetasa smarati Though it is always the mind that recollects ( smarati ), still 'cetasa is used to show that the idea of separation is coming to his mind, he himself not recollecting any such single instance of separation. 5. nunam - M takes it in the sense

re of abhisana-sam [ 154 NOTES (Com), 'in all probability'-but this seems to be inaccurate (Com.), better take it in the sense of (i.e., certainty). ammer-tilganfu-(Vide 35 n.3). Ka'i. here refers to the transmigration of the soul from one body to another-the peculiar dogma of the Hindu philosophy. "Dim recollections of occurrences" and experiences of antenatal existence cling to the soul of an individual as a result of his deeds (TT) like the smell of garlic or onion which remains behind clinging to the receptacle after the source of the smell is removed from it. (Vide f). These impressions though dormant, sometimes cross the mind and "the present condition of all human beings is supposed to derive its character of happiness or misery, elevation or degradation from i.e., actions (virtue & vices) done in the previous birth. Cf. 'purvajanmakrtam karma taddevamiti kathyate - Y. Read Svami Vivekananda's Lectures in the Chicago Congress of Religion, P. 5-6. Bhasya of Sankara on Brahma Sutra III. I. 1. & 8; Gita. VIII. Our king may be supposed to have another new life after the imprecation of Durvasah, hence he cannot find out the reason of the agitation rising in his mind. Hearing a sweet song, instead of being glad, he is anxious for some near and dear one, but he does not know exactly who that person might be. Though due to Durbasah's curse he has forgotten Sakuntala , yet the impression of her love is still adhering to his mind though vaguely. For Similar ideas - Cf. 'phalanumeyah samskarah praktana iva ' Raghuvamsha 1.20; 'ratismari nunamimavabhutam rajnam sahasresu tathahi bala | gateyamatma afereqda vai fig venner-uz; ferrq'--VII. 15, There Mallinatha, remarks- pasmatmano janmantara samjnatijnam bhavati | tadevedamiti pratyabhijna bhave'pi vasana - visesa-vasada-nubhutathasu manah pravrttirastityuktam | sahacaryamevatra pravartakamiti bhavah " | Kumara-sambhava I. 30. Vide also Kad. where feels an agitation for pundarika on seeing some-spots, & also Ivanhoe (of Scott) where he feels himself drawn to stand as a champion for Rebeca. The following lines janmantara-

154 NOTES] pancamo'kuh 417 from Charles Dickens, Wordsworth, and Tennyson may be cited in this connection by way of illustrations-Thus a strain of gentle music, or the rippling of water in a silent place, or the odour of a flower, or the mention of a familiar word will 'sometimes call up sudden remembrances of scenes that never were in this life * * which some brief memory of a happier existence long gone by, would seem to have awakened; which no voluntary exertion of mind can recall"-Oliver Twist. "So might we, if our state were such, As one before remember much for thou two likes might meet and touch ** Some vague emotion of delight**Some yearning toward the lamps of night Moreover, something is or seems That touches me with mystic gleams, Like glimpses of forgotten dreams-Of something felt, like something here, of something done, I know not where, such as no language may declare'-(Two Voices); "Hence in a season of calm weather, Though inland far we be Our souls have sight of that immortal sea Which brought us hither: Can in a moment travel thither ;And see the children sport upon the shore, And hear the mightly waters rolling over more, Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting The soul that rises with us our life's star. Hath had elsewhere its setting And cometh from afar ; Not in entire forgetfulness And not in utter nakedness, But trailing clouds of glory do we come From God, who is our home"- (Ode on the Intimation of Immortality.) Text- - (tatah pravisati kancuki ) | kancuki - aho nu khalu idrsi mavastham pratipanno'smi | vasantatilaka 'acara ityadhikrtena maya grhita ' ya vetra-yasti ravarodha-grhesu rasah 'prasthana-viklaya-gate ravalambanartha ||3|| (tabhajajagaga ) kale gate bahutithe mana seva jata

418 abhijnana-sakuntalam bhoh, 'satyam dharma-karyamanatipatyam devasya | taya punaruparodhakari ' kanva - sisyagamanamasmam athava avisramo'yam loka-tantradhikarah " | [ 155 NOTES tathapi idanimeva dharmasanadutmi- notsahe ' nivedayitum | kutah--- indravajra bhanuh sakrdyukta-suranga eva, ratrindivam gandhavahah " prayati | (tatajagaga ) "sesah sarvavahita bhumi bharah sasthamsa-vrterapi ' " dharma esah || 4 || yavanniyogamanutisthami | ( parikramyavalokya ) esa devah upajati ( jatajagaga tatajagaga ) prajah prajahsva iva tantrayitva, ' nisevate srantamana viviktam " | yuthani " sancarya " ravih prataptah sitam guha-sthanamiva dvipendrah ||5|| - ( upagamya ) jayatu jayatu vevah | ete khalu hima-girerupatyaka'ranya-vasinah kasyapa- sandesa madaya sastrika stapasvinah sampraptah | srutva devah pramanam | (Then enter Chamberlain i.e. a liveried servant) Chamberlain - Alas ! is it, indeed, that to such state (of old age) I have got ? Appointed in the king's seraglio, the same cane-staff which I assumed 2 ( at first) as a matter of form', has now after along lapse of time, 3 come to be (a ) useful (crutch only) for the support of me whose step is faltering 4 in walking. (3)Granted that a matter of sacred duty must not be deferred by His Majesty, yet to him who has just now risen from the Judgment seat, I dare not announce the arrival of Kanva's disciples, which will again give (him) troubles. Or perhaps, without repose (is) this office 10 of ruling a people. 10 ForThe sun has his coursers yoked but once ; the scent-fraught " ( wind ) blows day and night; Sesat 2, ( Lord of Snakes) indeed, has the burthen of the earth unintermittently resting on (his head) ; even so is the duty of the enjoyer 14 of the six part 14 (of the produce of the soil). (4) Very well, (I) will do (my) duty, (Turning round and looking . ) Here is His Majesty, who having 15 governed (his) subjects as his own offspring, is enjoying repose with a wearied mind in 16 solitude, like an elephantine-monarch betaking himself to a cool cave, scorched by the Sun, after having conducted 18 hia 17 herds (to their pastures), (5)

155 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 419 ( Going up ). Victory to Your Majesty. Here, indeed, have come some anchorites, living in woods of the Snowy Mountain's Valley, with ladies (in their company) and bearing a message from Kasypa. Having heard, Your Majesty will command. V. L.-The entrance of the Chamberlain is given at the very opening of this scene in B.P.Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'adhikrtena ' - B. P. 'avahitena - M. R. V. 'avalambanartha ' - R. V. 'avalambanaya ' - B. 'avalambanartham ' - M. 'avi- sramah ' - R. V. 'avisramah -- M. 'krto visramo lokapalanam " - B. 'niyogam ' - K. V. 'kanvaniyogam ' - M. 'tantrayitva ' - B. K. R. M. 'harsayitva '- - Mackenzie Mss. "santvayitva M. Com. 'srantamanah - K. B.V. - --Mackenzie Mss. 'santa mana ':--R's Com M's. Mss. 'diva ' - R. M. V. 'guha ' - B. P. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'himagire ' - R. B. 'himavato gireh -- V. M. -- - 'asantamanah -- R kancukiti || 'kancukah ' volakah asti asya iti ' kancuki ' ('ata ini-thanau ' - (5|2|115 ) - iti in ) "antahpuradhyaksa | ( matu bahih sancarantim nam purastrinam preksaka-purusantara - varanaya rajna stryagare yo vetradharo niyukta - iti sabdakalpadrume ) | 'aho ' iti visade | 'nu ' vitarke | 'khalva ' vadharane | bhavara iti | 'rasah avarodha - grhesu ' antahpuresu ( "grham grhasca pu bhumni kalatre 'pi ca sapani " ityabhidhanat bahuvacanam ) 'adhikrtena ' kancuki-pade niyuktena tat- pariraksakena iti bhavah 'maya acara iti ' kancukibhih sadaiva hasne ve grahitavya iti niyamat hetoh ( iti prakarane hetau prakasadi samanisu " iti visvah ) 'ya ' adhikara- laksana - dyotika 'vetrayastih grhita ' ghrta 'sa evam trayastih bahunam purane 'bahutithe ('bahu-puga-gana-sanghasya tiyak ' - 5/2/52 ) 'kale ' saisava - kaumara-yauvanadisamaye 'gate ' atite sati, samprati purnavardhakat, 'prasthane ' sthanantara - gamana-samaye 'viklava ' vihvala ('viklavo vihvala ' ityamarah ) 'gati ' pada- praksena . yasya tadrsasya mama avalambanam ' bhumyam patana-varanam 'artha ' prayojanam yasyah tadrsi jata ', purva tu sobhartham vetrayastih grhita, idanim tu saiva avalambanartha iti vismaya (uttarardhe vardhaka - gamana - laksana-karyarambhe vetrayasteh sahayato-gadanat samahitam | 'karya rambhe sahayaptih ' iti tallaksanat | athaca 'ekasya eva vetrayasteh aneka-gocaratvat visesalankarah | cheka-vrtti-bhutyanupratah | vasantatilaka vrttam ) || 3|| bho iti || 'devasya ' dusyantasya ( sese sasthi ) 'anatipatyam ' anatikramaniyam ('paryayah atikrama

420 1 abhijnanasakuntalam [155 NOTES stasmin atipata upatyaya ' ityamarah ') 'satyam ' iti svikaromi ityarthah ('satyam ' prasne'bhyupagame ' iti medini ) 'tathapi ' arthat anullanghaniyatve'pi 'dharmasanat 'utthitaya ' prarabdha - visramaya 'asmai punah uparodham karoti ' visrama-vyaghata rupam pida़ाm janayati yat tat ' kanva - sisya - gamanam nivedayitum ' 'na utasahe ' samartho'smi | ' athava ' paksantare 'ayam ' lokasya ' tribhuvanasya 'tantra ' dharanam pariraksanam iti bhavah (tantrih dharane | ghanna - 3|3|18 ) tadrupah 'adhikara ' kartavyam karma || yadva || 'loke ' bhuvane 'tantradhikarah ' pradhanadhikarah ('tantram pradhane siddhante sutravaye paricchade ' ityamarah ) 'avisramah ' visranti rahitah bhavati | praja raksane niyuktasya kadapi visrantih na sambhavati ityasayah | ['nodattopadesasya mantasya'nacameh ' - ( 7|3|24 ) iti visrama-pade vrddhayabhavah ] | bhanuriti || samprati 'avisramo raja-tantradhikara ' iti prapancayati | 'bhanuh ' suryah 'sakrt ' jivane ekavaram ( ' sakrt sahamkavarayoh ' ityajayah ) 'yukta ' niyojitah turanga ' asva yena yasya va tathavidha 'eva ' bhavati ( tatha ca srutih - 'pasya suryasya sramanam yo na tandrayate caran ' iti ) sarvadeva yojitasvena rathena sancarate, na kadapi tan vimocya visramyati ityarthah | 'gandhavahah vayuh | ratrau ca diva ca tayoh samaharah 'ratrindivam ' aharnisam [ 'acatura- vicatura- sucaturastripumsa dhenvanaduha-kamsama-vana manasa'ksibhruva-daragavo vamsthiva-bhakta viva ratridiva ' ( 5|4|77 ) - iti sutrena nipatanat sadhuh | - | atyanta- samyoge 2ya, 3 1315) 'prayati ' vahati | 'sesah ' naga- svami anantah ('seso'nante vadhe sirinyupayuktetare'pi ca ' iti - hamah ) 'sadeva ' anisameva 'mahitah ' nyastah 'bhumibharah ' prthivi - bharah yasmin tadrsah bhavatiti sesah (samanya kriyanirdesat adhyahara-dosabhavah | lat-pratyayah nitya-vrttatvam dyotayati ) | ' sasthamsah ' sasthabhagah ' vrdhih ' jivika yasya ('ajivah jivika varta vrttih vartanajivane ' ityamarah | tathacoktam manave - " sarvato dharma-sad-bhago rajnah bhavati raksata ' iti ) tadrsasya rajnah 'api ' iti samuccaye | 'esa ' evambhutah avisrama-rupah dharmah ' | (atra eka eva avisrama-rupah samanyo dharmah vibhinna- sabdah prthak prvak nirdesat prativastupama- lankarah | sa catra malarupa | "vimala eva ravivimsadah sasi " iti sahitya darpanodaharanavat | " dusyantasya iti visesa vaktavye samanya vacanat aprastuta- prasamsapi | 'eva ' sabdabhyam kadacitka-turanga-mocanadi - dharma - vyapohanat sabba- parisamstha - trayanca iti siddhantavagisapadah | srutyam prasah | brtam ] 'yavat ' iti vakyalankare avadharane va | praja iti || samprati srantam rajanam visinasti | 'esa ' puratah drsyamanah 'deva ' dusyantah 'svah ' svakiyah 'praja iva ' santatya ina ['praja syat santatau jane ' ityamarah ] apatya - nirvisesam ityavadha

155 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah - > 421 vijana- pradesa [ 'viviktau iti bhavah | 'prajah ' prakrti-punjan 'tattrayitva ' palayitva 'sranta- manah parikhedita-cetah san 'yuthani ' hastikulani ( ' sajatiyah kulam yutham ityamarah ) 'sancarya ' itastatah bhramayitva (cara gati bhaksanayoriti dhatupathah ) 'ravina ' laksanaya atapena 'prataptah ' bhrsam pida़िtah 'dvipendrah ' gajarajah 'sitam '" sitalam 'guha-sthanamiva ' gahvara-pradesamiva 'viviktam ' puta-vijanau ' ityamarah ) 'nisevate ' (8|3|70 2275 ) asrayati | yamakopamayoh cheka - vrttanuprasayosca samsrstih | vrtyanuprasah | atra upendravajya-vrttam iti yat raghavapadaih uktam sa prabhava eva | vastutastu asmin sloke indravajro-pendra- vajrayo . melanata akhyayanaki ityapara nama upajatih vrttam ) | jayatviti | 'jayatu ' ityanena raja samvodhyah | ( jayah sarvebhyah utakarsah | tena svapeksayapi utakarsa vodhanat tasya namaskara - vyanjakata | tathacoktam prakasakarena - 'jagatyarthana namaskarah aksipyate ' iti ) | himapradhanah girih iti 'himagirih ' ( uttara- pavalopi karma- dharayah ) tasya 'upatyaka ' amannabhumih [ 'parvatasyasanna sthalam upatyaka, arutam sthalamadhityaka ' iti bhattojih | ' upa'dhibhyam tyakan asannadhi- ruthyoh - ( 5|2|34 ; 1835 ) - iti tyakan ] tasyam yat 'aranya ' tasmin 'vasinah ['saya-vasa vasisvakalat . - ( 6|3|18 ; 976 ) - iti saptamisamasah ] 'sandesa ' samvadam ( iti gabdaratnavali ) 'adaya ' grhitva ' sastrikah ' strilamka-mahitah ('nadrtascah - 5 |4|153 ; 833 - iti samasantah kap ) 'saprapta ' agata | tat vacikam 'srutva ' 'deva ' maharaja eva 'pramanam ' kartavya-niscayakrt bhavatu iti sesah | maharaja eva anantara- karaniyam avadharayatu | • 155 n. - 1. kancuki - So yclept from the 'ka cuka ' or the long robe he wore. (Com.) ; "sauvidallah kancukinyah sthapatyah sauvidasca tai " - Amara-Kosa He is an attendant of seraglio. (If the guard be a lady she is called 'mahatarika " - Kama-Sutra (of Vatsayana) III. 2). "antah puracaro vrddho viprah gunagananvitah | sarva karyartha-kugalah kancukityabhidhiyate | jara- vaiklavya - yuktena vised gatrena kacuki | Bharata. 'ye nityam satya-sampannah kama-dosa - vibarjitah | jnana-vijnana- kusalah kancukiyastu te smrtah ' - Matrigupta On his first entrance he generally gives to his despondency due to infirmities of old age. Vide Vikramorvasiya III. 1 ; Vairagya-Sataka II. 7; Rat. II. 3 ; Anargha-raghava III. 1; Mudra-Raksasa III. 1. 2. adhikrtena -- R reads 'avahitena '- ' carefully'. Of course that enhances alliteration, but the -

422 abhijnana-vakuntalam [155 NOTES Chamberlain certainly began to use the cane-stick ( acara ) from that very time when he was first appointed (adhikrta ) in the king's seraglio (avavodhagrhesu ) ; butthen as ('adhikrta ' ) is to be connected with 'avarodha - grhesu, ' there is 'duranvaya-dosa ' though it is not unsual with our poet Again 'avahitena ' when connected with 'grhita ' prominently brings out the present deplorable plight of the Chamberlain. Mark Vairagya-Sataka has 'adhikrta yasthih ' -- II, 7. which supports our reading. 3. vetrayastih - A cane-stick generally mounted with gold or silver cap. Cf. 'trama - prakotharpita - hema - vetrah ' - Kumara-sambhava 3.41. " It is a badge of office like the gold stick or black rod in European court " -- M. 4. ava- lambanartha -- avalambanam eva arthah ( prayojanam ) yasyah tadrsi - The sole object of which is to support. 5. Cf. 'tasya pandu vadana'lpabhusana savalamba- gamana ' - Raghuvamsha XIX. 50 anatipatyam - Not to be delayed. Cf. 'karyatipatah ' - Act. I, p. 45. It will be interesting to note that king Asoka in his sixth Rock Inscription (Girnar) made a proclamation that "in whatever state he might be, whether in seraglio, or in the bath-room, or in a vehicle, or in pleasure-garden, or engaged in eating, he must be forthwith informed of the grievances of his subjects" ( "ta maya evam " katam save kale bhujamanasa mem orodhanamhi gabhagarasthi vacamhi ca vinitamhi ca uyanesu ca sarvatra pativedika stita atha me janasa pativedatha iti " ) | 6. satyam - It must be admitted'. (Com). Cf. 'satyam arkacca somacca paramadhyasmahe padam ' - Kumara-sambhava VI. 19. ( ' kamam ' ) also means the same thing. 7. avisramah -- ( 64 n. 5) 8. loka-tantra-dhikarah -- The office (adhikara ) of protecting ( santra ) the subjects' or 'the office of the head (tantra ) of the people' (Com.). 9. turangah -tur (tvarane ) + ka ( ghanाrthe - Varttika 3.3.58) or tur + ghanna, bahulakat == turah | (3.3.18) -- samjnapurvakatvat na gunah ' -Bhoja D. turena vegena gacchati iti tura + gam + khac ('gamesca ' - 3. 3. 47). Next by Varttika 'khacca va dit vaktavyah ', we have turangah | 'iha khac prayayo dakara-lopi-pratyayavat phalam dadati ' - Prabha; 'mum ' by 'aruddisajantasya mum (5.367; 2942) 10. ratrimviyam-- Is irregularily formed with the aug - -ment' num ' after 'ratri ' and 'samasanta mac ' at the end. (Com.). 11. ksetrah--

155 NOTES ] pancamo'gah - 423 The thousand-hooded snake of the Puranas who forms a couch of Visnu at the end of every cycle and who supports the earth on its hoods at the request of Brahma. sete harih asmin (ghanna sesah ) --Ksirasvami. Amara makes a distinction between 'vasuki ' (King of snakes) and 'ananta ' (sesa ), but *** tathapi gatanugatikataya kabayo'bhevena prayujate yatha 'svamiva bhujangavisesam vyupadhaya svapiti yo bhujangavisesam ' iti vrndavane ', 'valayayitasesa - sayinah sakhitamaditah pitavasasa " iti naisadhe -- Raya-Mukuta-Mani Cf. 'kim sesasya bharavyatha na vapusi ksmam na ksipatyesa yat ' - Mudra-Raksasa II. 18, Kumara-sambhava III. 13 ; VI. 68. 12. sasthamsa- vrtteh-- Cf. 'sadamsabhak ' - Raghuvamsha XVII. 65 ; ( 72 n. 2, 7). 13. tantrayitva - 'tantra ' means 'to support, maintain as a family Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary This shows that Dusyanta looked upon his subjects as forming members of his own family, This corresponds to 'samcarya ' (having led them safely to the pastures). 14 - srantam manah - Fatigued in mind. This corresponds with 'ravi- prataptah ' | R reads 'asantamanah ' and condemns the reading 'santamanah ' - ' santamana ' iti tu cchede ravipratapta ityupamanena saha virosah syat ' | Still it is obvious that his reading does not favour the simile, besides a little after we have 'raja- ete klanta- manasah punarnavikrtah smah ' - Infra. Act. 1. 15. guha - Is preferable to 'diva ', for the latter seems to be redundant, the idea of 'diva ' being already expressed by 'ravi - prataptah | Cf. ' varom gatah kanane paribhramati gajendrah ' - Vikramorvasiya IV. 28. 'gantum vanam yuthapate rivebhah " - Kumara-sambhava XIII. 22. Remark :--After Sloka 3 the Bengali recension has the following which, it is needless to say, gives a very good sense. 'yavadabhyantara- gataya devaya svamanustheyamakalakseparha nivedayami | ( stokamantaram gatva ) kim punastat ? (vicintya ) am jnatam | kanva sisya stapasvino devam citrametat-- drastumicchanti | bhoh ! sloka 'ksanat prabodhamayati langhayate tamasa punah | nirvasyatah pradipasya sikheva ' jasto matih || "I will, as he is gone inside, inform His Majesty of a duty not letting time to be thrown away¹. (Going a little distance) What

44 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 155 NOTES now is it ? (Remembering) Ah yes ! Kanva's pupils, hermits, wish to see His Majesty. Ho ! strange this is. All in a while the sense returns ; "Tis overrun by gloom again ; Like flame of a lamp, ere out it burns, An old man's mind both wax and wane"-Roby Datta. - (savismayam ) - ki kasyapa- sandesa- harinah sastrika Text : - raja -- ( stapasvinah ? King ( Astonished) - What ! anchorites with ladies, bringing a message from Kasyapa! kancuki - athakam | Chamberlain - Even so, (My Liege). raja - tena hi madvacanat vijnapyatamupadhyayah somaratah amunasrama- vasinah sritena vidhina satkrtya ' svayameva pravesayitumarhatiti | ahamapyetam - stapasvi-darsanocita- pravese ' pratipalayami | King Then let (our) chaplain Somarata be informed in my word, that he should himself introduce (these ) hermitage-dwellers, after having received¹ them in a manner after the Holy Writ; while I too shall await them here, (staying) in² a place suited to the visit of the anchorites.² kabuki - yadajnapayati devah | (niskrantah ) | Chamberlain - As Your Majesty commands. (Exit). raja ( utthaya ) - vetravati, agni-sarana-marga ' madesaya ' | King (Rising) Vetravati ! direct 2 the way to the firesanctuary¹. pratihari-ivo havo devo [ ita ito devah ] 1 Portress - This way, My Liege, this way. raja (parikramya, adhikarakhedam nirupya ca ) - sarvah prathitamartha madhigamya sukhi sampadyate jantuh, rasantu caritarthata ' duhkhosaramva ' | vasantatilaka ( tabhajajagaga ) autsukya matra ' mavasadayata " pratistha ' klisnati labdha- paripalana-vrtti 'reva | na'ti-srama'panayanaya yatha sramaya rajyam sva-hasta-dhuta-danda ' mivatapatram ||6|| King (Turns round, and gesticulating fatigue from offiice ) - Every creature is happy on attaining his wished for objects. But the

156 NOTES ] 425 fulfilment of king's end¹ (is) chiefly for troubles (or is only followed by fresh troubles²). High dignity (or success(R)) puts an end to³ anxious 4 longing* merely; the very task of guarding the thing acquired harasses. A kingdom (the administration of which is in one's own hand) is not for the removal of the great fatigue as for fatigue, like a parasol, the handle 8 of which is held in one's own hand 8 (6). V. L. - savismayam ' - B. P.Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'sadaram ' - R. M. V. 'kasyapa sandesa R.M.V. 'kanva - sandesa ' -- B. 'sastrikastapasvinah ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha Omitted by others, 'atra ' - R.M.V. 'etan ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'sthitah ' -- R. V. Omitted by M.B.; Sreads 'pratistham ' for 'pratistha ' | 'duhkhottara ' - S.B.V.M. R'S Com. ; 'duhkhantaramkha ' - R. 'avasayayati ' -- R. V. 'avasadayati ' - B. M.SC. --- - 'vrttireva ' - B. M. V. 'vrttirenam - R. - sramaya ' - M. RK. 'yatha sramaya '' - V. B. - na ca ramati || 'vismayena ' sastrika iti sravanad ascaryena 'saha ' | rajati | 'madvacanat ' iti lpablope 5mi | 'sritena ' vedoktena | 'satkrtya ' pujayitva ('adaranadarayoh sad asati ' - (1|4|63 ) - iti gatisamjna ) 'svayameva ' ityanena gauravatisayo dotyate | 'pratipalayami ' pratiksisye ['vartamana samipye vartamana- vadva ' - ( 3|1|131 ) - iti bhavisyadarthe vartamana prayogah ] | rajeti || 'agnisarana- marga ' tretagni-grha- patham 'adesaya ' pradarsaya | ( tathacoktam - 'agnya- gara-gatah karyam pasyet vaidya tapasvinam | purohita'carya -sakhah pratyudgamya'bhivadya ca ' iti ) rajeti || yat karyasya bhavah yasmin vartate sa eva tasya 'adhikara ' ucyate, atah 'adhikarasya ' praja - palana - rupa- kartavyasya yah 'khedah ' klesah, tam 'nirupya ' natayena abhiniya aha | 'prarthitam ' akana ksitam 'artha ' dravyam 'abhigamya ' labdhva | 'sampadyate ' jayate | 'rajnam caritarthata ' abhikana ksita - siddhih 'duhkham uttaram, ' uttamam pradhanam iti yavat ('uttaram prativakye syat urdhvo-dicyottame anyavat ' iti visvah ) yasyam tathabhuta | duhkhadhika ityarthah | ' eva ' ityavadharane | autsukyeti | 'pratistha ' ('kartri ) arthat rajya-pratistha, simhasanadhirohanam ( iti vidyambudhipadah ), yadva 'pratistha ' prajapalanotpanna khyatih, sarvotkrsta- gauravam ( iti raghavapadah ) | ('pratistha sthanamatrake gaurave ' iti visvah ) | autsukyam eva iti 'autsukyamatram ' kada raja bhavisyami ityadikam ut- -kanthamatram 'avasadayati ' nivartayati samapti ' nayatityarthah | ' labdhasya ' praptasya

426 abhijnanasakuntalam anyatra [ 156 NOTES vastunah rajyasya va yat 'paritah palanam ' sarvatobhavena raksanam, tatra ya 'vrttih ' vyaparah arthat susrrnkhala- sthapanaya kadacit ahoratra jagaranam tatraiva kadacidacchinna- dharavrstayanubhava ityadikam 'klisnati eva ' nunam satisayam pida़ाm janayati | asmadeva hetoh 'rajyam ' (kartr ' ) 'atapatramiva ' chatramiva 'svena hastena 'ghrtah ' krtah 'vanda ' dusta-vamanam yasmin ekatra svayam krta-sasanam iti bhavah | 'sva-hastena 'dhutah ' raksitah 'dandah ' chatrasya lagurah yasya tat | ( 'bando yame manabhede lagure dama-samnyayoh ' iti visvaprakasah | | ) 'sramasya apanayanaya ' nasaya 'na ati ' ( iti nipatah prasamsayam ) na prasamsaniya ityarthah | 'yatha sramaya ' klesotpadanaya bhavati | (yakyartha- hetukam kavyalingam | anumanalankara iti kecit | srautopama yathasamkhyam slesasca | athaca sambandhe 'sambandha-rupa'sambandhe sambandha rupa dvayyatisayoktirapi | cheka vatyanuprasayoh sasrstih | srutyanupraso'pi | vasanta- tilaka vrttam ) ||6|| - - - - 156 n - 1. savismayam - The king is surprised to hear that ascetics have come accompanied by ladies (Com.) 2. upadhyayah - Any teacher is 'upadhyaya, ' - ' upadhyayo'dhyapakah ' Amara-Kosa But according to Manu-Samhita 'upadhyaya ' is a religious preceptor who is inferior to an 'acarya ' and instructs for wages, only in a part of the Vedas. Cf. 'ekavesam tu vedasya vedanganyapi va punah | yo'dhyapayati vrttyartham upadhyaya sa ucyate ' - II. 141. 'upadhyayasya patni upadhyayani, upadhyayi va | ya svayameva adhyapika tatra nis va vacyah | upadhyayi, upadhyaya va Prabha. 3. satkrtya - Having honoured. Cf. 'sadbhave sadhubhave ca sadityetat praya ुjyate | prasaste karmani tatha sacchandah partha yujyate || yajne tapasi dane ca sthitih saviti cocyate | karmacaiva tadarthiyam savityeva'bhidhiyate 'Gita. XVII. 26-27. 4. agnisarana- (126 n. 1) 5. pratihari A portress. pratihriyate pratinivartyate janah anena iti pratiharah- (door, also door keeper ) - " upasargasya ghanyamanusye bahulam ' iti pakse pratedirghatvam- (6|3|122 ), gauraditvat nis (4|1|41 ) - pratiharo dvari dvahsthe dvah sthitayam tu yositi " iti medini | Also 'sandhi-vigraha- sambandham | nana karya samutthitam | nivedayanti yah karyam pratiharyastu smrtah '-Matrigupta 6. caritarthata - The state of having attained the wished for object. "The attainment of the throne" tah --

156 NOTES ] ags: 427 - ( rajya praptih ) - S. 7. duhkhotara - 'uttara ' here duhkhotara - 'uttara ' here means 'pradhana "- "Consisting chiefly of". Cf.fr: arantercefferang-'Kumara-sambhava V. 61 ; Raghuvamsha VI. 50; VIII. 39; or =Full of (S).Cf. - Raghuvamsha XIII. 28. In the case of an ordinary mortal the, attainment of the wished for objects causes happiness, while in the case of the king, it but enhances troubles. Cf. 'Unhappy lies the head that wears a crown'-Shakespeare. gif qui fe man- -Raghuvamsha XVIII. 19. 8. autsukya- matram - Merely longing (for possessing the throne). Afa-(i) 'Position', 'high authority', here 'attainment of the throne' Cf. 'prana- pracyuti - bhiruna na ca maya natmapratisthayina ' - Mudra-Raksasa II. 5. 'te gacchantyanu ye vipattisu vipattisu punaste tat pratisthasaya - I. 14. or (ii) 'glory', 'celebrity'. Cf. ' at firama pratistham tvamagamah sasvati samah -Uttara-rama-Charita II. 5. A man generally becomes extremely eager for the thing or the position which is mostly desired by him. But as soon as he is in possession of the thing or position in question, his former eagerness is no more seen. For a similar idea, Cf. "The hours we pass in happy prospects in view are more pleasant than those supplied with fruition'-Vikar of Wakefield. Sankara reads "pratis tham " and places it in opposition to "otsukyamatram ", making 'rajyam ' (understood) as Nominative of 'avasadayati ' | This construction, however, gets a weighty support from the following line of Vikramorvasiya - ' asmakantu pratidina miyam savayanti pratistham " - Act. III. 1. Note also that owing to this very line, the reading 'rafa' should be preferred to a' C, however, censures this explanation and adopts the reading given in the text. 10. yatha sramaya - Rhas " na ca sramaya " but this is to be rejected as it contradicts the previous statement - 'rajnam tu caritarthata duhkho- "K, apprehending this anomaly, repeats the first negative (nati ) before 'na ca sramaya ', the two negatives are here employed affirmatively i.e., to affirm that royalty does but lead to personal fatigue. It is not for the removal of great fatigue

428 abhijnanasakuntalam [156 NOTES: Cf. and not not for fatigue-M.--(25 n. 4). af-Implies "ati-sabdah prasasayam prakarse langhane'pi ca " - Visva qtd. Bhoja D. Cf. ' tatha parisramah parikhedam notpadayati yathayam paribhavah ' - Svapna-Vasavadatta I; 'It shall advantage more than do us wrong-Julius Caesar. III I. 11. GOVE -In the case of the 'king', 'us' means 'dispensation of justice', 'chastisement'. Cf. " yathaparadhah dandanam - Raghuvamsha 1. 6, 'krta-dandah svayam UM'-XV, 53, 'qug' qusuq qrada'-Manu-Samhita VIII. 126 ; VII. 22 ; 23 ; 24; In the case of 'umbrella', it means the 'handle', Cf. 'rug- :-Kad; Kumara-sambhava &c-DK (opening verse); ' VII. 89. If the office of governing the people is looked after by an able minister, then it brings comfort and happiness ; personal supervision, on the other hand, conduces only to misery like a heavy parasol when carried in one's own hand. Cf. "His big umbrella was more of a liability than an asset"--Edgar Wallace- ( The Squeaker ). 12. atapatram - atapat trayate iti atapa ++ by igya :'-(3 2 3.)-sf-Bhanuji Diksita, but it is trai +kah open to objection as we have not karmakaraka ' in atapa | Cf. 'madantat dhatoh anupasargat karmanyupapade kah syat, na an ' --- Siddhanta-Kaumudi 2941. Hence according to Raya-Mukuta-Mani, '' comes by the special rule 'f* obtained from the yogavibhaga of the rule 'supi syah ' ( 3.2.4). Umbrella was known to the Hindus from a very ancient time, It was considered to be the principal badge of sovereignty.-Vide Harshacharita IV. 30. The Maha, makes frequent mention of umberella (Vide T¶¶-section); Panini long before Buddha mentions umbrella (57) and gives its derivation in the Sutra 'is-mana-jan kvisu ca - ( 6.4.97) and far's both modern and ancient all follow the Maha. in praising the gift of umbrella. For detailed discussion on various kinds of umbrella. Vide Jukti-Kalpataru of Bhoja. Remark : - 'pratihari ' being an '* 'attendant' should not address the king as 'veba ' | The proper terms is 'bhatta ' (Cf. 'aho dhamma- bekkhida bhatti jo ' - Act, Vafter 169 n. 4), Kali's pratihari uses this terms. in Mala. Same is the case with all the Bhasa dramas, Ratnavali..

156 NOTES 1 pancamo'yuh 429 Mudra-Raksasa But excepting one instance quoted above, pratihari everywhere in Sakuntala, uses the term This is suspicious. May be it is a lapsus calami on the part of the copyists. Text : - ( nepathye ) vaitaliko vijayatam devah | - (In the post-scenium ). Two Bards - Victory to Your Majesty - prathamah- sva-sukha - nirabhilasah ' svicase loka - hetoh manini ( nanamayaya ) pratidinamathava te vrttirevam- visaiva | anubhavati hi murdhna ' padapastivramusnam samayati paritapam ' chayaya samsritanam ||7|| First - Indifferent' to your personal comforts', (you) toil every day for (the weal of your ) folk. Or, rather the course of your action is) just of this kind. For the tree bears on (its) head³, the dreary heat, (while) it allays by ( its) shade, the heats (agony ) of the shelteredⓇ.(7) V.L.-B supported by K & S, read 'srstih ' for 'vrttih ' | sva-sukheti || 'svasya ' nijasya 'sukhe ' anandanubhave 'nirabhilasah ' nira- kanaksah san 'lokasya ' prajayah bhuvanasya va 'hetoh ' arthat sukha-sadhanartham, ( hetau 5mi ) na ekaham, na pancasa-ham apitu 'pratidinam ' nirantaram khidyase parisramyasi, duhkhamanubhavasi ityarthah | ( atra vidyate iti khida paritape ' 'asya 'tudadikasya ' karma-kartari prayogah ' iti raghavapadah | etat tu vamana-sammatam | tathacoktam tenamva kavyalankara-sutrava tau - khidyate iti ca prayogah drsyate, so'pi karma-kartari eva drastavyah, na-kartari 26 ; vastutastu etanna manoramam yatah vaivadikah liva-dhaturapi vidyate ( 2543 ); atah kartari prayoga eva samicinah ) | ' athava ' iti purvaksepe 'te vrttih vartanam ' evamvidha ' parartha dainyanubhavaya 'eva ' iti niscaye || pathantara- pakse 'te tava srstih ' arthat vighatr-kartrka-nirmanam || 'hi ' tathahi 'padapah ' vrksah 'murdhna ' atmanah agra bhagena 'tivram ' duhsaham 'usnam ' madhyahna sambhavam atapa ('usnah syadatape grisme ' iti visvaprakasah ) 'anubhavati ' svayam pratyaksikaroti kintu 'chaya ' anatapa-danena samsritanam ' adha upavistanam athaca asritanam 'paritah tapam ' ekatra ausnyam, anyatra khedam, 'samayati ' nasayati ' ('tapo'bhitape davatyau khede ca ' ityajayah ) | ( vyavahara - samaropat ( vyavahara-samaropat samasoktih | kavya- linga' sepa drstantah || 'bhurdhna ' ityatra padamsagatah duh bhavatya-bodhah, 'tadgaccha 34 ||

430 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 157 NOTES siddhayam kuru devakaryam ' iti darpanodaharanavat | sa tu 'anubhavati hi sakhi mastakenogramusnam ' iti pathena samadheyah - iti siddhantavagisapadah | vrtti- srutyanuprasau | malinityapara-nama manini vrttam ) ||7|| 157 n. - 1. vaitaliki - They are bards or panegyrists whose duty is to announce the fixed period of time and to praise the king and his ancestors with various kinds of songs accompanied by music. Cf. ' tattatpraharana-yogyah ragaih statkala - vacibhih slokah | sarabhasameva vitalah gavan vaitaliko bhavati - Bhp. Generally they are introduced in pair, but single bard is seen in Nagananda ; Rat ; Karna Sundari and Karpura-Manjari. In Mudra-Raksasa s have been mentioned who do not seem to have been in the king's employment as they were remunerated later on (Act. III. 20), vitala + thana - ( 'prayojanam '- 5|1|109 ) = vaitalikah, or 'vitala ' by laksana means "vitala -gana ' (singing in different measures or tala s), like 'mubanga ' meaning 'mubanga- 'laksana is necessary. vavana ' ('mrdango tadvadanam silpamesam - Bhanuji Diksita ). Hence vitala - ganam silpam asya iti vitala + thak by 'silpam ' - (4.4.55 ). 'mardangika iti | mrbangasabdena subanga-vadanam laksyate -- | mukhyarthe tu prayogah na bhavati ' - T. 'kriyasu kausalam silpam | nanu mardangikah ityudaharanam vaksyati | tatra mrdangam silpam iti katham vigrahah | mubangasya silpatvasambhavat | tatraha mrdanga-vadanamiti | mrdanga-vadana- visayakam ityarthah | mrdanga -sabdah laksanaya mrdanga-vadana-visayaka iti bhavah ' -Balamanorama on 1605. - 1 2. vijayatam - 'viparabhyam je ' (1. 3. 19) ityatmanepadam | ( katham vanam bahu bijayati ' ? 'bahuh vih ' paksi yatra tat 'bahuvi ' ityarthah - Sripati Datta. bahuvi = 'Abounding with birds' ). 3. khidyase - khid is nivadi | 'ayam dainye divadi rupadau ca ' - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 2542. 'khida ' dainye | khidyate---- ' Ibid. 2513. Cf. 'kim nama mayi khidyate guruh - Vairagya-Sataka I. 'sa purusah yah khidyate nendriyeh ' -- Hitopadesa 'khicateyo na bhrtyesu, yacakesa na limbati | khidyate tesu yadravyam diyamanam na grhyate | - Kavi-Rahasya 68 Now see Com. 4. padapah- Is peculiarly appropriate here, for it means 'padan caranan pati raksati ca ' ie the king also may be called "' as he protects his subjects who are, as it were, his pada s ie support, mainstay - (R).

157 NOTES J pancamo'nkah 431 Remark:-This Sloka has been cited by Dhananjaya in his "dasarupaka " as an instance of 'nirabhilasata ' | Text : --- dvitiyah- niyamayasi vi-marga - prasthitanasa-dandah ' malini ( nanamayaya ) - prasamayati vivada, kalpase ' raksanaya ' | 'matanusu vibhava su jnatayah santu nama tvayi tu parisamaptam bandhu krtyam " prajanam ||8|| Second With mace assumed ', ( you ) restraint those that have taken to evil course, compose (all) dissensions and tend" for protection 3: Letthere be relatives, forsooth, in affluent circumstances (lit. when fortunes are not narrow) but in you, are consummated the friendly duties 5 apropos of (your) folk. (8) V. L. - ' vimarga ' - B. V. M. 'kumarga ' - R; B supported by s reads 'samvibhaktah ' for 'santu nama ' | niyamayasiti | 'attah - ( 7|4|47 ) - grhitah 'dandah ' rajadandah, tadvara dusta- niyantranam ityarthah | ( 'dando damane sainye ' iti abhidhana - ratnamala ) yena tadrsah san 'vimargena ' viruddhena patha 'prasthitan ' pracalitan unmarga-gaminah janan ityarthah | 'niyamayasi ' asanmargat paravartayasi (ghataditvat mittvam tena hrasvah | danda-svarupam yathaha manuh - ' tasyarthe sarvabhutanam goptaram dharmamatmajam | brahma- tejomayam dandam asrjat purvamisvarah ' ( 7|14 ) ; tat prayoga-visaye tatraiva, - 'svarastre nyayavrttih syat, uvandasca satrusu | suhrtsu kila snigdhesu brahmanesu ksamanvitah 7|32 ) 'vivada ' prajanam dayadyartham parasparam - kalaham 'pra-samayasi ' suvicarena prakarsana varayasi | 'raksanaya ' dasyum prabhrtibhyah raksitum ['tumarthacca bhavavacanat '- (2|3|15 ) - iti 4rthi ] yadva raksati iti 'raksanah ' palaka ityarthah ['nandi-yahi- pacadibhyah lyuninyacah, (3|1|134 ) 'nandyadih akrtigana ' iti prabha ] tasyai 'kalpase ' sampadyase [ 'klapi sampadyamane ca ', - (vah - 580 ) iti 4rthi ] | 'prajanam vibhavesu ' sampatsu bahvisu satisu, 'jnatayah ' bandhujanah 'santu nama ' iti kutsayam | ('sambhavanayam ' iti raghavapadah ) | 'bandhunam krtyam ' trividham karya vibhagat nivartanam, kalaha - prasamanam, raksananca | 'tu ' iti purvato visese | vibhave sati, ca ityarthah | 'tvayi ' dusyante eva 'parisamaptam ' sakalyena paryavasitam | tvaya eva prajanam hitam vihitam nanyena ityarthah (atra purvargharthi hetutvenopattah | vakyartha- hetukam kavyalingam | niyamayasityadi kriya trayasya tvam ' iti eka kartr- karakatvat dipakalankarah | bandhubhyo'pi vyatireka-kamanat vyatirekalankarah |

432 abhijnanasakuntalam . [158 NOTES vyajyate | purvardhe yamakam | 'raksasi tvam vipadbhyah ' iti pathitva dvitiyapadasya atmanepada - prakramabhangah parihartavyah | maninityapara - nama malini vrttam ) ||8|| ' - - 158. - 1. niyamayasi - ( Vide 60 n. 2.) - Bring to the right course, 2. ata &c. - a + da + ktah karmani = attah, 'da ' = 'ta' by 'acah upasargat tah '- (7. 4. 47). 'svarat kim ? sandattam | upasargat kim ? pradi-samase ma bhuta | avadattam vidattanca bhavena dattah bhavadattah ' - Prabha. 'atra " ava " ityupasarga-pratirupakam, na tu upasargah | tatsca " aca upasargat ta iti to nabhavati | tadrse tu 'avattam ' iti syat ' - Balamanorama Read (222 n. 1) 3. prasamayasi - + samayasi - Completely check, settle, adjust, Cf. 'samayati gajananyan 'Vikramorvasiya V. 17. 4. raksanaya - ' palakaya ' or 'raksitum ' | kalpase - 'Become competent', "to be adequate " ( Com. ). Cf. 'sati sese phalaya kalpate ' - Raghuvamsha VIII. 40 ; V. 13; 'kalpate visramaya ' - Vikramorvasiya III. I; Kumara-sambhava V. 44; 79; 'visadaya kalpate ' - Sakuntala VII. ; VI. 24; Ram. V.25.7; Parsvabhyudayam&Meghaduta 56.5. nama -- Either in sambhavana 'or in 'prakasya ' | Kinsmen appear, as is well known, in times of abundant riches, [su samaye anekei bandhu vate haya ', asamaye hay haya, keha karo naya || - Hafiz translated by Krsna Candra], or in 'kutsa ' - it is certainly disgusting that kinsmen &c. 6. tu - Shows the contrast i.e. you are a friend both in weal and woe. Cf. 'prajanam vinaya''dhanat raksanad bharanavapi | sa pita pitara stasam kevalam janmahetavah -- Raghuvamsha I. 24 ; Sakuntala, VI. 23. 7. bandhukrtyam --- Cf. 'utsave vyasane caiva durbhikse rastra- viplave | rajadvare smasane ca yastisthati sa bandhavah '-- Panca-Tantra -Text : - raja (akarnya ' ) - ete klanta-manasah punarnavikrtah ' sma | | ( iti parikramati ) | King (Listening) - Weary as (1) was in mind (for pressure of duties), (I) have been refreshed ( by these verses). (Turns round). pratihari -- eso ahinava-sammajjana-sassirio sannihida- homa-srenu agni- saranaliyo | avahatu devo (esah abhinava-sammarjana ' sasrikah sannihita- homa - dhenuh agni- sarana'lindah ' arohatu devah ) | |

159 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 433 Portress Here (is) the terrace³ of the fire-sanctuary³ with the Hbation-milch-cow (standing) close by, (and looking) beautiful with recent purification (lit. sweeping) 2. Let (My) Liege ascend. raja (aruhya parijanamsavalambi tisthan ) -- va travati ! kimuddisya bhagavata kasyapena matsakasamrsayah presitah syuh ? ki tavatra vratinamupodha़-tapasam vighnam stapo dusitam sardulavikrida़िta dharmaranya-varesu kenaciduta pranivvasaccestitam ' | ( masaja satataga ) ahosvit prasavo mama'pacaritam vistambhito ' virusa- " mityaruda़ bahu- pratarkama " paricchedakulam " me manah || 9 || King (Ascending and leaning on the shoulders of the attendant)- Vetravati, for what purpose could the anchorites be sent to me by the revered Kasyapa? Has the penance of the sages who have (just) commenced (their) penitential rites*, been frustrated by impediments ? Or, has any harm³ been inflicted 5 by some one on animals that roam in the pious wood? Or, may it be that the flowering of the creepers has been stunted' by my misdeeds? My mind, with 10 so many doubtful conjectures arising in it, has been perplexed 11 owing to indecision.11 (9) V. L. - For '0 sasrikah ' Breads '0 ramaniyah ' | pratihariti || 'sasrika ': sundarah ('sesadvibhasa ' iti kap paksikah 5|4|154 ) 'sannihita ' samsthapita 'homartha dhenuh ' iti 'homadhenuh ' (saka- parthivadih ), yadva homasya dhenuh ( iti asva-ghasavivat tavadhya sasthi-samasah, - 698 ) yasya tadrsah (visesana-dvayena pavitryatisayo vyajyate ) | 'agni- saranasya alindah ' bahirdvara - prakosthah ( ' praghana - praghanalinda bahidvara - prakosthake ' ityamarah ) | kimiti || 'kim tavat ' iti vitarke| 'pratinam ' caturmasyadi- niyamavatam tapasvinam, ataeva upodham ' atya dham adhikam ('upodhah kathito Styudha़े samasane vivahite ' iti dharanih ') 'tapah ' krcchradi-karma ( " tapah krcchradi-karma ca " ityamarah ) yesam tesam | 'tapovighnaih ' antaraya - kartrbhih raksasadibhih ityarthah ( iyam sadhyavasana laksana ) 'dusitam ' vighnitam | arthat kim te tatpratikara- prarthanaya atropasthita ityasayah | 'uta ' athava 'dharmaranyam tapovanam tatra 'caranti ' ye, ("carestah " iti ta: - 3|5|16 ) tesu 'pranisu ' jantusu ( dharma-pavena muninam mahatvam sucayata cestitasya atyantamanucitatvam dhvanyate ) | 'kenacit ' avijnata-

44 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 159 NOTES tapahprabhavena pamaradina 'asat ' anaryam acaritam kim | 'aho ' iti vikalpe | 'svit iti prasne | athava 'virudham ' latanam 'prasavah ' utpattih, phala- puspa-patradih ityarthah ('puspam phalam ca patranca vrksanam prasavam viduh ' iti dharanih ) "mama ' rajnah dusyantasya 'apacaritaih ' asadacaranamh arthat dandaniye adandanam api ca adandaniye dandanam ' ityevamvidhaih papaih | 'vistambhitah ' pratibandham prapitah ('stambhah ' - 8 | 3 |67 ; 2272 ) iti satvam | "vistambhah pratibandham syat prabhede camayasya ca " iti medini ) 'iti ' anena prakarena ( ' iti prakarane hetom prakasadi samaptisu | nidarsane prakare syadana karse ca sammatam ' iti visvah ) | . "arudha़ाh " ( 8/2/31 ) adhigata 'bahavah pratarkah ' samsayah yasmina tadrsam me manah 'aparicchedena ' niscaya'bhavena 'akula ' cancalam bhavati iti sesah ( tapatapa iti svisavo iti cheka-vrttisrutyanuprasah | apariccheda-kulatvam prati arudha़ - bahu-pratarka-padasya arthom heturiti padartha- hetukam kavyalinganca sasthi- saptamyorabhedana vibhakti - prakrama bhangah | visesana - prakrama bhango'pi nasankaniyah, adau visesanadvayam tatastadabhava ityeva kramasya vivaksitvat | sardula- vikridita chandah ) ||9|| - | 159 n. - 1. ete klanta - manasah ( vayam ) - Here there is another instance of our poet's deviation from the Paninian rules. The rule 'asmado dvayosca ' ( 1. 2. 59 ) allows the use of asmad in the plural number for singular or dual. The Varttika ' savisesanananca pratisedho vaktavyah ' however, restricts such uses when, asmad is qualified by any adjective ( 144 n. 1). Later grammarians, however, justify the plural in certain cases by construing the epithet predicatively. Read 'na ca vidheyo 'yam visesanamityatideso bhavatyeva ' - Haradatta Misra 'vidheyatvat bhavatyeva ' - Sabda - Kaustuva. Hence the following uses may be deemed quite correct, 'ete vayamami darah kanyeyam kulajivitam 'Kumara-sambhava 'vayam kva varnasrama - raksanocita ' - Kiratarjuniya, but in this particular case there is, it seems, no justification. 2. agni- sarana-lindah -- samasa is either with 'alinda ' or 'alinda ' - A raised quadrangular place in front of a house-door. 'alyate bhusyate iti al + kindac bahulakat | prajnadyani alindo'pi -- Bhanuji Diksita 'grhaikadese alindah praghanah praghanastatha ' Amara-mala. 3. dusita - Defiled ; hampered ; when nic follows

159 NOTES ] -- - pancamo'nkah - 435 after dus then the guna of upagha (i.e. okarah ) becomes 'ukarah ' by 'doso nau ' - ( 6.4.90), "dusyate upadhaya ut syat nau " - Bhattoji Diksita upodha -- (Hoarded, accumulated or commenced), upa + vaha + kta +karmani ( ha =dha by 'hodhah ' - 8.2.31 Cf. 'upodharaga ' - Vikramorvasiya II; Sakuntala VII. 10). 4. ahosvit - Generally introduces a third alternative. 'svit prasna -vitarkayoh Haima, 'kim dvijah pacati, ahosvid gacchati ' -Bhattoji Diksita 5. mamapacaritah &c. - Improper conduct on the part of the king is supposed to tell upon the produce of the soil, and to create various calamities among the subjects. Read 'rajno'- pacarat prthivi svalpa- sasya bhavet kila | alpayusah prajah sarva daridra vyadhi- pida़िtah- Quoted by R. 'rajan prajasu te kascivayacarah pravartate | tamanvisya prasamaye bhavitasi tatah krti ' - Raghuvamsha XV. 47. rajapancaramantarena prajasu akalamrtyuh sancarati ' - Uttara-rama-Charita II. vipadyante praja hyavidhi palitah | asavrttau hi nrpatau akale mriyate jana . -Ram. VII. 13. prasavah - Flowers. Cf. 'loghra prasava ' - Parsvabhyudayam&Meghaduta II ; 2. Raghuvamsha IX.28 ; Kumara-sambhava 1.55; Uttara-rama-Charita II. 20. 6. virudham - vi + rudh kvip - ( 3. 2. 178). ' anyesamapi drsyate ' - - ( 6. 3. 137 ) - iti dirghah | viru - Bhanuji Diksita 7. apariccheda &c. - paricchedah - Lit. 'what is cut all round, hence accurately definable, na paricchedah - iti 'aparicchedah ' - Inconclusion, tena akulam | Cf. Malati-Madhava I. 31; Raghuvamsha X. 28, Manu-Samhita, IV. 9. For a parallel idea Cf. Anargha-raghava I. 25. Text : - pratihari- sevasya bhua vanda-mithavate kintu sucarivahinanvino isio devam sabhagaha aja 'atreyi ! na 'raja- dosah ' assama-pave kujhe evam | | si takkemi | ( devasya bhuja-danda- nirvrte ' asramapade kuta evam | kintu sucarita'- 2 bhinandina rsayah devam sabhajayituma 'gata iti tarkayami ) | Portress - Your Majesty with your) strong arm, keeping satisfied the seat of the hermitage, how could this be? But methinks the anchorites, rejoicing at (your) good deeds³, have come to pay³ homage³ to Your Majesty. (tatah pravisanti gautami - sahitah sakuntalam puraskrtya munayah | purascaisam kancuki purodhasca ) |

4 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 160 NOTES kancuki - ita ito bhavantah (Enter the sages leading, Sakuntala along with Gautami, and in advance of them, the Chamberlain and the Chaplain). Chamberlain - This way sirs, this way. sarngaravah saradvata ! "mahabhagah kamam narapatirabhinna ' sthitirasi sikharini ( ya manasabhalaga ) kascidvarnana mapatha mapakrsto'pi bhajate | tathapivam sasvat paricita-viviktena ' manasa janakirnam manye tavaha ' paritam grhamiva || 10|| Sarngarava-Saradvata, I admit that this illustrious monarch has never swerved 5 from propriety 5 (and that) none-not even the lowest of any classes, seek the path of wrong, yet with (my) mind Tever familiarised to solitude, 8 (1) regard this (place) thronged with men, like a house encircled by fire. (10) V. L. -- 'devasya ' &c. - R. Omitted by others. '0 nandinah ' - R.V.M. 0 ' abhinandinah ' - B. S. 'sabhajayitum ' - R. V. M. B. 'pravisanti ' - R. V.M.S. 'pravisatah ' -B. ' sahitau ' - B. 'sambhavayitum ' - s 'sahitah ' - R. V M.S. 'puraskrtya ' - R. V.M. 'adaya ' - B. 'kanvasisyom - B. 'munaya ': -R. V.M.S. Only B, P, Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha have 'purosah ' | 'aso ' - Mackenzie Mss. B. M 'aho ' - R.V.K; Sreads "vanam " for 'grham " | mahabhaga iti || 'abhinna ' aparityakta 'sthitih ' lokamaryada yena tadrsah maryada-palakah ('samstha tu maryada dharana sthitih " ityamarah ) 'aso puratodrsyamanah 'narapatih ' dusyantah 'mahabhagah prasasta bhagyavan 'kamam ' iti svikartavyam ('akamanumatau kamamasuyo-pagame'pi ca ' iti rudrah ), yadva 'kamam ' atisayena 'mahabhagah srestha iti raghavapadah | nitaram bhagyavan ityasayah | tatha 'varnanam brahmanadinam madhye 'apakrsto'pi ' jatya karmana va atihino'pi ( ka katha utkrsta varnanam iti api-sabdena dyotyate ) 'kascit apatham ' asanmarga ['patho vibhasa -- ( 5/4/72 ) iti paksikah samasanta-vidhih | tatah 'apatham ' napumsakam ' - ( 2|4|30 ) ityanena 'apanyah ' 'apatham ' padadvayam ] | ('apantha stvapatham tulye ' ityamarah, tatpurusat ityeva | apayo desah iti diksitah ) 'na bhajate ' sevate ityapi 'kamam ' svikartavyam, 'tathapi ' udvega-karene asatyapi 'janaih lokasamuhah 'akirna ' purnam 'idam ' purorvata sthanam 'sasvat ' 'nirantaram 'pari-

160 NOTES } 437 cittam ' abhyastam 'viviktam ' vijanam ('vivikti puta-vijani ' ityamarah ) yasya yena va tadrsena 'manasa ' upalaksito'ham manasa hetuna karanena va ( upalaksane, heti karane va trtiya ) 'huta- bahena ' analena 'paritam ' vestitam bhasmikriyamanam 'grha- miva ' avilambena tyajyam 'manye ' sambhavaye (atra purvarve raja-prajayoh sadhutvarupe karane satyapi nirudvega-rupa-karya'nutpattih tadviruddha-mukhenoktam iti visesoktih | athaca yadagni- paritatvam karyam tatkarana-bhavasya tadviruddha-matena purvardham uktena vibhavana | sadhaka-badhaka pramanabhavat sandeha-sankarah | "apakrsto'pi " ityatra arthapattih | ' manye ' - sabdasya utpreksa-yotakatve'pi atra na tatha | tat samagraghabhavat | upamayaiva gatarthatvat | tenatra manye sabdasya buddhitva-matra- maryah | anuprasah | sikhirini vrttam ) ||10|| 160 n - 1. sucarita &c. - The country throughout is free from let by the prowess of your massive arm and all are satisfied (Raghuvamsha IV. 3) with your successful protection. Hence they must have come to gratulate you on your 'sucarita ' | 2. sabhajayitum - To gratulate ; to render homage to "anandayitum drastum va " - 'atha dve anandana - sabhajane ' - Amara-Kosa qtd. Mallinatha on Shishupala-badha XIII. 14. darsanayoh | priti sevanayo rityanye | samajayati ' - Siddhanta-Kaumudi - 1919. - 'sabhaja priti Cf. 'asabha- jayat ' - Shishupala-badha XIII. 14; 'sabhajane me bhujamurdhvabahuh - Raghuvamsha XIII. 43 ; XIV.18;"punyasrikah ' sabhajayan " - Uttara-rama-Charita 1.7. 3. kamam - ( 25 n. 1). 4. mahabhagah - mahan bhagah ( bhagyam ) yasya sah - Very fortunate. Cf. 'arabhyotpattimamrtyoh kalanko yasya na bhavet || syaccaiva'nupama kirti mahabhagah sa ucyate ' | Also Manu-Samhita III. 192. 5. abhinna-sthitih - 'sthiti ' = maryada ' - Correctness of conduct (Com.) abhinna - Not transgressed, hence the whole epithet means 'not transgressing the proper bounds of duty.' Cf. 'sthiteh abhetta sthitimantam ' - Raghuvamsha III. 27. 'sthiteh atta maryadapalakah ' - Mallinatha 6. apatham - nana, has the sense of 'tadanyatva 'i.e., other than (the good path). Cf. " tat sadrsyam abhavasca tavanyatvam tadalpata | maprasastyam virodhasca natrarthah sat prakirtitah " || Now see Com. 7. sasvat- paricita &c. - Perpetually familiarized with solitude. Sarngarava is afraid of the place which is swarmed with people. A may also -- ||

438 abhijnanasakuntala abhisana vakuntalam [ 160 NOTES be taken as a part of the compound. 8. janakirna = janakirna-sthanam ("visesana - matraprayogah visesya-pratipattau " - Kavyalankara-Sutra-vrtti 5.1.10). On this M observes - "janakirnam " may perhaps be used as in (Vikramorvasiya Act. II) for a substantive, meaning "a crowded thorough-fare". arya [22, 18 12, 15] saradvatah --sthane ' bhavan pura- pravesaditthambhutah ' samvrtah | ahamapi - abhyakta " miva snatah ', sucirasucimiva, prayuddha ' iva suptam ' | 'baddhamiva svara- gati 'janamiha sukha -sangina ' marvami || 11 || Saradvata-It is but proper¹ that you have become thus inclined, having entered the city. I, too, regard (this) people here given to pleasures (in the same manner) as the bathed 4 ( look upon) one oil-stained 3 ; as the pure, (the) impure ; as the awake, t the drowsing (R) ; (or) as the free-moving 8, the enchained 7. ( 11 ) sakuntala ( nimittam sucayitva ) - ammahe, ki me vamevaram naanam vipphuradi ( aho, kim me vametaram nayanam visphurati 1 ) | Sakuntala - ( Gesticulating an omen) Alack! Why does my right eyelid throb¹ ? - gautami - jave, pada़िhavam amangalam | suhai ve bhattu-kula- devadao vitarannu ( jate ! pratihata mamangalam ' | sukhani te bhartr -kula- devata vitarantu ) | || ( iti parikramati ) || Gautami - My child, averted 2 (be) the ills May the tutelary deities of your husband confer joy on you. (This said, turns round.). -V. L. 'sthane ' - B.M.S.K. 'jane ' - R. V. For' itthambhutah samvrttah ', Bhas 'idrsah samvegah ' | 'ahamapi ' - R. V.M.S. 'aham tu ' - B. For 'kim me ' S reads 'kimiti ' | 'vametaram ' - R.V.S.B.M. 'vamam daksinam ' -- R's Com. 'visphurati ' - R. V. M. B. - 'subhani ' - M. -- - 'vikaroti ' - S. 'sukhani ' - R. V. B. S. saradvata iti -- ' itthambhutah ' udvega-yuktah 'prayena samanah sahacara bhavanti ' iti nyayat | (" sthane ' ityavyayam yuktamityarthah ("sthane tu karanarthe syat yukta- sadrsyayorapi ' iti medini ) | abhyaktamiti - 'snatah ' srotasi krtabhisekatvat

161 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 439 " nirmalah janah 'abhyaktamiva ' snanat prak taila-mardana dina malinamiva | ( "bhurdhni- dattam yada tailam bhavet sarvanga samgatam | srotobhi starpayet bahu abhyangah sa udahrtah ' iti suddhitatva dhrtaryuveda - vacanam || 'abham ' iti bhasa || anena papa - slistatvam dhvanyate ), 'sucih ' vihita kaya-mano- vaksaucah janah 'asucimiva ' aputamiva ( iti gunotpreksa | anya strisrah kriyotpreksa | anena samsare vartamananam moksa'nupayogitvam vyajyate ), 'prabuddhah ' jagaritah ( avidya - jita iti gudha़ाrthah ) 'suptam ' nidranam mayacchannam 'iva ' ityasayah ' ( anena ajnanaviddhatvam vyajyate | tathacoktam srimadbhagavadgitayam "yasyam jagrati bhutani sa nisa pasyato muneh ' 2/69 ) 'svara ' icchanurupa svadhina iti yavat ( " manda-svacchandayoh svairam ' ityamarah | ' svadirerinoh, vah -- 73 iti vrddhih ) 'gatih ' gamanam yasya sah svacchandacari 'baddhamiva ' srnkhaladibhih bandhanamapannamiva ('anena prayatna - sahasra- nayane para-vasavadatvam dhvanyate ) 'ahamapi iha ' asmin rajapure 'sukhasanginam ' samsara- mukhasakta cetasam 'janam avami ' janami ( lokanam sukha-saktata kathane tesam mamrddhatvam vyajyate ) | tvam tu nagaram janakirna drstva radvigno'si, aham punaratra avidya- cchanna jananam dasa vibhavya sutaram anukampitasmi iti hrdayam | (malopa- -meyam | tulyayogita ca | cheka-vrttyanuprasau | "snato'bhyaktamiva, prabuddhah muptamiva svairagatih samyatamiva " iti pathitva prakrama bhangah samadheyah | arya jatih ) || 11 || sakuntaleti || " ammahe " iti saurasenyadibhasayam sapramada cinta dyotaka mavyayam | 161 n. - 1. sthane - - (avyaya ) - 'satyam ' (sabdaratnavali ) or 'yogyam ' ( amarakosah ) | Cf. ' sthane hrsikesa tava prakirtya jagat prahrsyati ' - Gita. XI. 36; 'sthane pranah kaminam dutyadhinah ' - Mala III. 14; Kumara-sambhava VII. 65 ; VI. 67; Raghuvamsha VII. 13. 2. abhyaktamiva &c. - Mark how beautifully Sarngarava and Saradvata are differentiated in regarding the worldly people. The former is disgusted with the bustle and tumult of the city-people, while the latter is aggrieved with their addiction to pleasure and consequent aversion to para-brahma-cinta | snatah-- Refers to bodily cleanliness. Bathing purifies a man both externally and internally. Cf. 'snanam pavitramayusyam srama- sveda-malapaham ' - Raja-ballava. --

abhijnanasakuntalam 4. [ 161 NOTES tailena nanga kinci- sucih - Refers to 'nadyam pratyekasah snane bhavet go-danajam phalam - Matsya-Purana; Buddhacharita XI. 38. Again a man annointed with oil is considered unclean, specially by one who has bathed. Cf. 'tailabhyange citadhume maithune ksaurakarmani | tavadbhavati candalo yavat snanam samacaret ' || "sirah snatasca dapi sprset ' - Manu-Samhita IV. 83. Also Com. 3. purity of body, mind and speech (Com.) prabuddhah - One who is awake i.e. who is endowed with ar and free from nonknowledge (avidya ) | suptam - Is the reverse of prabuddha (Vide Com. ) i.e. those that are devoid of tattvajnana | Read the commentaries of Sarikara and Sridhara on the Gita, II. 69. "balastavat krida़ा- saktah, tarunastavat taruni raktah | vrddhastavat cintamagnah parame brahmani ko'pi na lagnah ' --- mohamudgarah | . ami - ( 138 n. 3). 6. ammahe - ( 243. n. 2) ; also 'cintayam sapramadayam ammahe iti kalpitam | sabdarupam visesena prayoktavyam prayoktrbhih " || 7. vametaram - vamam itarat yasmat sah | (bahuvrihih ), sarvanama - samjna is barred by 'na bahuvrihau (1. 1. 29). In 5 mi tatpurusa the form will be 'vametarat ' - (R). Cf. 'vametarastasya karah prahartuh ' - Raghuvamsha II. 31; The throbbing of the right side of a woman and that of the left side of a man are evil omens. Cf. 'daksina-vaksuh-spandanam bandhu-darsanamartha- labham va | vama-caksuh spandanam bandhu-vicchedam dhana-hani va || strinametat phala- mavikalam daksine vaiparityam - Garga . " ki nedam sphuradi dahinam naanam "Mricchakatika IV ; 'sphuradi dahinam loanam vebadi me hiaam ' - Ibid. VII ; 'savyamca netram sphurati prasahya ' - Ibid. IX.10; 'grhite hara-kodande rame parinayonmukhe | paspandam nayanam vamam janaki - jamadagnyayoh " - Maha- Nataka; Matsya-Purana Ch. 215 BRS Ch IV.; Vide. (21 n. 3). Like the Hindus, augury had also been cultivated as a science in ancient Rome, as can be seen from Plutarch especially of his Julius Caesar. For similar idea, Cf "Desdemona-Mine eyes do itch; doth that bode weeping"Othello. Act. IV. 3 ; Julius Caesar I. 3. 26-32. 8. pratihatam - Is generally used to mean that an evil forboden by a bad omen is averted. It corresponds to our Bengali 'valaha ' or bata ' (God forbid). Mark that the past tense is due to a strong desire. -

162 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah re Text : - purosah ( rajanam nirdisya ) - bho bhostapasvinah | asavatrabhavan varnasramanam raksita prageva muktasano vah pratipalayati | pasyatamnam ' | Chaplain (Pointing to the king). - Ye anchorites, there is His Majesty, the guardian of (all) grades and orders (of life), wha having but just quitted (his) seat, is awaiting¹ you. See him. sarngaravah -- bho mahabrahmana ! 'kama metadabhinandaniyam | madhyasthah | kutah -- tathapi vayamatra vamsastha bhavanti namrastarava phalagame, ' namvambubhi ' dura - vilambino ' ghanah ' | (jatajara ) anuddhatah ' satpurusah samrddhibhih, svabhava evamsa paropakarinam ||12|| Sarngarava Ho mighty Brahmana ! true this (is) commendable, still we (are) indifferent s we (are) indifferents about that, For- The (loftiest) trees bend down by the appearance of fruits 4, clouds 7 (when pregnant ) 5 with new water 5 hang & very lowe; good men are (never) Sturned arrogant & by riches 9. This (is) indeed the nature of the succourers 10 of others. (12) V. L. - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha read 'mahatman ' for 'mahabrahmana ' | 'duravilambinah '- 'bhuribilambinah ' - Apte M. K. 'phalodgamah -- B R. V. B. S. Niti -Sataka ; Others read 'phalagamah | ------ purodha iti - ( 'purodhastu purohita ' ityamarah ) | 'varnanam ' brahmana- vaisya- ksatriya - sudranam 'asramanam ' brahmacarya - garhastha- vanaprastha-sanyasadinam ca ['karta ' - karmanoh krtih ' (2/3/69 ) iti karmani sasthi ] 'raksita ' raksakah ( trc- pratyaya-nispanno'yam sabdah | trna nispanne sasthi vadhita syat - 2-3-69 ) 'prageva muktasano ' ityanena vinaya'tisayo vyajyate | 'pratipalayati ' pratiksyo'pi pratiksata iti bhavah ( anena bhaktayatisayo vyajyate ) | sarngarava iti-- 'madhyastha ' udasina, na nindama nava prasamsamah, atah etadasmakam varnaniyam na bhavati ityarthah | bhavatiti - 'taravah ' vrksah 'phalanam a ' samantat 'gamah ' praptih | taih arthat phalotpattibhih namrah ' adhomukha iti kimatra citramityarthah | vinitasca 'bhavanti ' | ' ghanah ( 3|3|77 ) meghah ("ghano megho, ghanah sandrah, kasyatala-dhvani rdhanah | ghanah svargo, ghano nityo, ghanah syallauha - mudgarah " || iti gardasimhah ) 'navani ' varsa sambhutani 'ambuni ' te 'navambubhih ' jalapurnah santah, 'duram ' gaganat bahuduram bhutala-sannidhim ityarthah ' vilambante ' iti

442 abhijnana- sakuntalam | [ 162 NOTES athaca ( 'duravilambina ' bhumeh samipavartinah arthat atisaya - varsaka bhavanti | vinita bhavanti ityanusajyate | 'satpurusah ' sadhavah 'samrddhibhih ' aisvaryotkarsaih 'anuddhatah ' auddhatya rahita namra iti yavat | bhavanti ityanusajyate tena kriyava tpakam | tulyayogita iti kecit | taru- ghanayoh acetanayoh namratvat | dura - vilambitatvacca vastuto bhinna'bhyam abhedena adhyavasitabhyam atisayoktih | vinayasya sadharana - dharmasya nama duravilambyanuddhata - padaih prthak nirdesat malaprati- - vastupama | dusyanta-laksane visese prastute aprastuta -satpurusasya vacanat aprastuta- prasamsapi | turiya carane hi sabdabhave'pi arthantaranyasah | hetvanuprasau ca | vamsasthavilam grttam ||13|| 162 n. - 1. purodhah (B ) -- This seems to be the genuine reading in spite of 'fa:' being used in all other recensions, for reasons [ Vide 182 n. 2]; puro'gre dhiyate 'purasi ca ' (u-130 ) iti dhano'sih | Note That Kali. usually writes purodhah elsewhere. Cf. "kosaladhipataye purodhasam " - - rtu-bida ' - Raghuvamsha XI. 49; 'pascima rtu - bida purodhasa ' - XIX. 54. mahabrahmana - mahat when compounded ( 2 161 ) with such words as mamsa, sankha, dvija, &c. conveys a bad sense. 'sankha taile tatha mamse vaidye jyotisake dvije | yatrayam pathi nidrayam mahacchabdo na diyate ' || Hence 'mahabrahmana ' means a low Brahmin. But such an epithet can hardly he applied to the king's hierophant. It may be argued that the aforesaid Karika has nothing to do with synonyms (i.e. brahmana ) 1 Or, most probably the Karika is of later origin as Kali. has compounded '' with some of the forbidden words in a good sense. Cf. 'santanakakirnamahapatham ' - Kumara-sambhava VII. 3; where 'mahapatham ' refers to the principal high-road. Also 'punyomahabrahma-samuhajustah ' -- BK. 1. 4. 'parsadvalan mahavayaih ' - Ibid IV. 12. In the present case. however, the epithet may be taken a bit sarcastically for Sarnga- -rava did not like the sycophancy of the priest regarding the humility of the king. 2. madhyasthah-- Indifferent. The idea is - You may exaggerate humility on the part of the king, but it does not affect us in the least; we, however, consider it but natural to

162 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 443 every benevolent person. any petition to present. We are sheer escorts of Sakuntala and we are not directly concerned with how the king receives us. Cf. Gita II. 56. 3, tarayah - According to R, the word refers to the fruit-bearing trees such as mango &c, cryptogamia (vanaspati ) as a whole being excluded. 4. dhanah- han + ap bhave [" mulaum ghanah " - 3.3. 77; 'kathinyarthe han-dhatoh parah bhavavacye ap-pratyayah syat, han-dhatu- sthane ghana-dhatusca adesah syat - Prabha; otherwise the form is " bamah " Cf. the idea with "ka purusartha - samiha dyotayatah sarvarim sasankasya | tapamtayam bhuvamakhilam salila-mucam ko'bhikamksito labhah || mandayitum viya- hrdayati puruhuta- dhanurvinamva phalavana cham | anapeksita''tma - karyah para-hita-karana- graha ssatam sahajah || " - Kuttanimatam of Damodara Gupta 1030-31 ( of damodara - gupta ) | Besides we have no suit to urge nor Remark-This Sloka, occurs in Bharthari's Niti-Sataka (62) where '0 udgamaih ' is substituted for agamah | [Now see 69 n. Remark]. Text : -- pratihari - deva, pasanna-muha-vanna disanti | janami vissaddha- kajja isio (deva, prasanna mukha - varna ' drsyante | janami visrabdha-karya rsayah ) | Portress - My Liege, (the sages ) appear to have a placidi appearance on (their) faces¹. (I) believe, theirs is a peaceful errand². raja ( sakuntalam drstva ) atha'trabhavati -- arya [12, 18 12, 15] keyamavagunthanavati nati-parisphuta-sarira-lavanya ' | 2 madhye taposananam kisalayamiva pandu-patranam ||13|| King (Looking at Sakuntala.)-But this noble lady-who could she be possessed of a veil and with the glimmer of her person not fully displayed¹, (standing) amongst the anchorites. like a fresh bud in the midst of seared leaves 3 ? (13) V. L. - 'keyam ' - B. 'kasvit ' - R. V. M. S. - pratihariti -- 'prasannah ' raksasa-bhaya- virahitatvat akalusitah mukhasya 'varnah ' rupani yesam tadrsah ( 'varnah svarne vrate stutau ' | rupe dvijadau sukladi kuthayamaksare gune ' iti hamah ) 'visrabdham ' santam udvega-sunyam 'karya ' yesam

444 abhijnanasakuntalam 163 NOTES tathavidhah, sambhrame tu mukhavarnasya viparyasa ssyat, atah "ki tavat vratinam " ityadi-vitarkasya nastyavasara iti hrdayam || keyamiti -- 'artha ' iti samsaya- dyotakah ('atha'yo samsaye syatam adhikare ca mangale ' iti medini ) | 'tapa ' eva dhanam ' iva yasya iti 'tapodhanah ' ( iti kullukabhattah ) tesam pita-valkala-pari- hitanam rsinam 'madhye pandunam ' sita-pita varnanam jirnanamityaryah ('sita-pita samayuktah panduvarnah prakirtitah ' iti subhutih ) 'patranam madhye 'kisalayamiva ' navodgata - pallavamiva 'avagunthanam ' sasiro mukha- pravaranam tadvati, ataeva 'nati- parisphutam ' na samyak bahirudbhinam 'sarirasya lavanyam ' kantih yasyah tathaviva ('natiparisphute ' iti nau samasa iti yat raghavapavam raktam sa pramada eva | tathacoktam mahabhasya-karana- "narthasya na-sabdasya supsupeti samasa " | lavanya-laksanam pragevoktam ) | 'atrabhavati ' manya 'iyam 'agratah sthita nari 'ka ' | muni- striyastu prayena anavagunthita drsyante | ato muninam madhyemage avagunthana- yukta iyam keti samsayah (atropamalankarah | hetvanuprasau | arya jatih ) ||13|| 163 n. - 1. prasanna &c. -mulavarna here means the " outward app- -earance" ( Apte ), or the expression of the face. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha omits varna | deva - is unasual in the mouth of pratihari| Read 1561. - Remark. 2. vindha karya - The root 'sambha ' implies 'visvasa ' and it is never to be spelt with palatal '' as is found in some editions. The root 'srambha ', however, implies 'pramada ' and can be spelt also with dental 'sa' 'sambhu pramade | talavyadih dantadisca | srambhate | 'srambhate ' - Siddhanta-Kaumudi ' khambha visvase | dantyavirayam | talavyadistu pramave gatah - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 346; 'sambhu pratityatisaya ' iti govindabhattah | 'dantadirayam ' iti vargadesanadayah - Manorama. Thus visragsa ( with sa ) is the only form obtained with 'kta ' | Medini's 'visambha ' (with palatal sa) supports 'visvamma ' but it is doubtful whether it is in consonance with Panini's grammar. 3. avagunthanavati - Suggests the existence of ve il in old times, which fact again corroborates the existence of 'avarodha pratha ' in some from or other. But "the custom in its present rigour dates undoubtedly from the period of Muslim rule"-The Way Of Indian Life' by Sister Nivedita. "Moreover it must be noted that the seclusion**, which were once mainly due to the fear of the

163 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 445 Mahomedan conquerors provinces unaffected by those conquerors"-Brahmanism & Hinduism by (M). Referring to Rig-Veda (X. 85. 33) and Asvalayana Grhya Sutra (1. 8. 7), P. V. Kane observes-'This shows that no veil was worn by the bride, and she appeared in public without one *** in the Grhya & Dharma Sutras there is no re- -ference to any veil for women when moving in public" History of Dharma Sastras (P. 597 ). Cf. 'vyasanesu na krcche su na yuddhesu svayamvare | na rtau na vivahe ca darsanam dusyate striyah ' || -- Ram II. 114. 28. " svasurasya'grato yasmacchirah pracchadana - kriya | putrairdarbhena sa karya maturabhyu- dayarthibhih " - Angira; (164 n. 2.). 'adrstapurva ya naryah bhaskarenapi vesmasu | dadrsusta maharaja jana yatah puram prati ' - Maha. Salya, 29. 4. 0 lavanya- 'lavana ' is the pearl-like glimmer of the bodily complexion, (90 n. 2), 'lavana ' means diptih &c - (medini and sabdaratnavali ), syana, comes in svarthe | nati &c. - (54 n. 3.) ; madhye &c. - Cf. " mama matusca matusca madhyastha, tvam na sobhase ' - PN. III, 16 do not exist in the same degree in Text : - pratihari-deva, kutuhala- ganbho na me takko pasaradi | nam basaniya una se akivi lakkhiadi (deva, kutuhala - garbho ' na me tarkah prasarati | nnu darsaniya punarasya akrtirlaksyate ) | Portress - My Liege, my deliberation (also ) pregnant with curiosity does not proceed (to a conclusion). Worth-seeing, however, her shape appears. raja - bhavatu | anirvarnaniyam para- kalatram | King Well, another's wife should not be minutely gazed at². sakuntala (urasi hastam datva | svagatam ) - hiaa ! kim evvam vebasi 1 ajauttarasa tadisa bhavanubandham sumariya ghoratanam dava avalambassa (hrdaya, kimeva bepase | aryaputrasya tadrsa- bhavanubandham smrtva dhiratva tavadavalambasva ) | Sakuntala (Plucing her hand on her bosom, aside.) - Why tremble so, my heart? Be composed now, remembering the flows of affections of (my) lord. purodhah (puro gatva ) --svarita devaya | ete khalu vidhivacatastapasvinah | kascideva mupadhyaya - sandesah | tam devah srotumarhati | x 35

6 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 164 NOTES Priest - ( Advancing.) - Hail, Your Majesty. Here are indeed the anchorites received in due form. (They bring) some message from their preceptor 4. It behoves Your Majesty to hear it. raja - avahito'smi | King - 1 am all attentive.5 rsayah (hastamudyamya ) -- vijayasva rajan ! Hermits ( Raising the hands ) - Be victorious, O king raja -- sarvanabhivadaye vah | rsayah istena ' yujyasva | King - ( 7 ) salute you all. Hermits-Be united with your) cherished - desires. & V. L. :- pratihatah - B. 'prahitah - V. 'pratihitah ' - M. '0 upahita 'R. 'upahatah ' - Rs Com; S and some Devanagara Mss. omit 'R's these altogether. Mackenzie Mss, supported by K reads. 'pratibhati ' for 'prasarati ' | 'nanu darsaniya ' - R. M. S. 'darsaniya ' -- B. V. 'bhavam ' - R. V. S. 'bhavastham ' - M. ' smrtva ' for 'avadharya ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha, - 'tadrsam bhavanuvandham ' - B. pratihariti - 'kutuhalam ' jnaneccha 'garbhe ' madhye yasya tadrsah 'me tarkah ' iyam ka bhavitumarhati ityanusandhanam | " ramya vastu samaloke lolata syat kutuhalam " ) rajeti - 'bhavatu ' iti nisedha-sucakamavyayam | tathaca raghava - ghrtam ("astu bhavatu puryate iti nivese ') 'na nirvarnaniyam ' na nipunam drastavyam ['paradaran na vikseta ' iti visnu-sutram ) | sakuntaleti - 'vepase ' kampate | ( anena bhavi amangalam vyajyate | "anga-daksina bhage tu sastam prasphuranam bhavet | aprasastam tatha vame prsthasya hrdayasya ca " iti matsye yatra - nimitta deha spandanam nama 215 adhyaya h 1) tadrsa-bhava'nubandham iti 'vidhivat ' yathasastram | iti-- ' purvanubhutanuraga-pravaham | purodha 'sandesa ' vacikam | rrsaya iti--- 'istena yujyasva ' (asisi lot ) abhilasitamartham avapnuhi ityasayah ('istena ' ityatra saharthasya sabdasya aprayoge'pi trtiya | tathacoktam diksitena | "vinapi tadyogam trtiya, 'vrddhoyuna ' - - (11265 ) -- ityadi nirdesat " - 564 ) | 164 n: - 7. bhavatu - Implies nisedha | (Com.) It may also imply 'angikara ' The king admits that the portress is right to say that Sakuntala's person is worth-seeing ( darsanayogya ), still he thinks that

163 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 447 another man's wife should not be scrutinised. Note that an unmarried girl can be minutely observed specially in a forest (24 n. 9). Cf. also 'nirdosa-drsya hi bhavanti naryah yajne vivahe vyasane vane ca ' - PN. 1. 29, also 'na yuktam para- kalatra-darsanam ; - Mricchakatika 1. This speech of the king bears clear testimony to his high sense of morality. 2. hrdaya, kim &c. This throbbing of the heart prognosticates the coming evil (Com.) 3. aryaputrasya - (2 n. 1.) 4. upadhyaya - ( 1561. 2.) Text : -- raja - api nirvighna- tapaso munayah | King Are the anchorites unmolested (in the prosecution) of (their ) penances ? rsayah -- kuto dharma kriya-vighnah satam raksitaritvayi | (sloka ) tama stapati gharmasau ', kayamavirbhavisyati || 14 || Hermits You being the defender of the good, whence can there be impediments to the religious observances? The warm-rayed (sun) shining, how can darkness prevail ? (14) raja -- arthavan khalu me raja-sabdah | atha bhagavan lokanugrahaya kusali kasyapah | King (Then) my title of "Raja" (has) indeed (become) significant¹. Is the revered Kasyapa faring well to bless the world? svadhina -kusalah siddhimantah | svadhina -kusalah siddhimantah | sa bhavanta manamaya- sarngaravah -- rajan ! prasna- purvakamivamaha | Sarngarava O king! men of superhuman powers have ( their ) 2 welfare under their own control 2 He, with a previous & enquiry about ( your ) 'freedom from illness, " says this to Your Highness. raja --- kimajnapayati bhagavan | King What does His Holiness command ? 3' V. L. -'sarngakha - khadhina &c. -- B. V. S. 'rsayah &c ', - M. R. kuta iti - ' tvayi dusyante 'satam ' sajjananam 'raksitari paripalake vartamana sati 'dharmakriyasu ' ijadya-nusthanesu 'vighnah ' pratyuhah antaraya iti yavat (sahasupeti

8 abhijnana- sakuntalamh- [ 165 NOTES -samasah ) 'kutah ' kasmat sambhavati, na kuto'pi ityasayah | tathaca 'dharma ' usna 'amsavah ' kirana yasya tadrse surye ('dharmah syadatape grisme usna-svedambhasorapi iti visvah ) 'tapati ' kiranan vitarati sati 'tamah ' andhakarah 'katham ' kena prakarena 'avirbhavisyati ' na kathamapi prakati bhavisyati ityarthah (atra drstantalankarah sphuta eva | purvardha - parardhayoh arthapatti-dvayanca | hetvanuprasau | anena udaharanam nama natayalaksanancopaksiptam - " yatra tulyartha -yuktena vakyenabhipradarsanat | sadhyate 'bhimatascarthastadudaharanam matam - iti darpana - laksanat | sloko vrttam ) || 14|| rajeti - 'arthavan ' sarthakah ( prasamsayam matup vah -- 1894 ) khalu ' itya- vadharane | 'lokasya ' janasya bhuvanasya va 'anugrahaya ' ( tadarthye 4rthi, yadva loka- -nugraham kartumiti karmani 4rthi | 'tumarthacca bhavavacanat ' iti 4rthi iti kecit, sa prabhava eva ) | 'atha ' iti prasne 'kusali ' ksemavan ('paryapti-ksema-punyesu kusalam siksite trisu ' ityamarah | " brahmanam kusalam prcchet ' iti manu-vacanat ( 2|127 ) kusala - sabda'vatarana ) | sarngarava iti -- "siddhimantah ' animadyasta-siddhi- - samanvita yoginah (vistarastu markandeya purane dattatreya'lakam-samvade yoga-vallabha- namadhyaye drastavyah ) 'svadhinam ' svecchamatra - sulabham 'kusalam ' yesam tadrso bhavanti | 'anamayam ' arogyam ' ('anamayam syadarogyam ' ityamarah | 'ksatra-bandhumanamayamiti ' smaranat ) tasya 'prasnah purvah ' yasmin tat yatha tatha ( 'sesat vibhasa ' - 514ा 154 - iti kap ) | 165 n. - 1. satam raksitari - The king was a protector of the good, and of the evil-door he was no friend. The poet expresses similar idea through the mouth of the king himself. Cf. 'yena yena viyu- jyante prajah snigdhena bandhuna | sa sa papavrte tasam dusyanta iti ghusyatam - Sakuntala VI. 23. 'bubinitanam sasitari - 1.22; bhavaneva 'avinitanam sasita - (213 n, I) ; R, however, construes 'satam ' with 'dharmakriya ' | 'tvam raksita | tvayi raksitari sarve santah | tesam (arthat satam ) kriyamatra- vighno'pi na sambhavyate - R. "You being the protector, all were righteous and the rites which all of them performed, were free from impediments." This also gives good meaning; but do not the constant raids of the cannibals and the Slokas (8 & 9, Supra ) support the existence of wicked persons in his kingdom? 2. tamastapati &c. - Cf. rte raveh ksalayitum ksameta kah ksapatamaskandamalimasam

165 NOTES ] • pancanoh namah ' - Shishupala-badha 1. 38 'tamamsi tisthanti hi tavadamsuman na yati yavadudayadri- maulivam ' -- Mala. 'sarvatra no vartamavehi rajan nathe kutastvayi asubham prajanam | surye tapatyavaranaya drsteh kalpeta lokasya katham tamikha Raghuvamsha V. 13. 'virocane sati hi cakasati prage karoti no jana-nayanavrti tamah - Rukmini-Haraya (by HS) 1.24; Vikramorvasiya1. 8. 3. raja-sabdah--- Kali, seems to derive 'rajan ' from 'ra' | Cf. 'apyaksara -samyamatrani nirkrayat 'Nirukta, or thus rajate rajjayati praja iti raj (dhatunamanekarthatvat ranjanamevarthah ) + kanin | Cf. 'yatha prahladanat candrah pratapat tapano yatha | tathaiva so'bhut anvarthah raja prakrti-ranjanat - Raghuvamsha IV. 12 ; yadyapi raja-sabdo rajateh viptarthatvat kanin pratyayanto, na tu rajateh tathapi dhatunam anekarthatvat ranjanat raja ityuktam kavina ' - Mallinatha In exactly similar way Visnu-purana (7 n.4.) and Maha. (XII. 2032) derive rajan from, raj- 'to please' ('ranjitasca prajah sarva stena rajeti sabdyate ) | ( It will be interesting to note that the Kings in ancient time, used to take the following oath at the time of coronation :- " yanca ratrim ajayeham yanca pretasmi tadubhayamantarenesta purta me lokam sukrtamayuh prajam brbima yadi te duhyeyamiti " - " Let me be deprived of my issue of my good station in the next world and also of all the merits accrued to me from my good deeds done in my whole life (i.e. from the date of birth to the date of demise) if I oppress my subjects." The hermits, however, here compare the king to the sun, deriving from the root raju - " to shine ", - (U. 162), which is the real derivation. "Dr. Boehtlingk remarks that in this case it little signifies whether the derivation be true or false." raksitari - Read 'raksarthamasya sarvasya rajanam asrjat prabhuh - Manu-Samhita V.I.3. 4. lokanugrahaya - Don't say 'tumarthanca - iti 4ryo (Com.), Read (51 n. 1). 3. atha kusali - &c, So says Apstamba - 'kusalam avara - vayasam samana- vayasam va vipram prcchet | anamayam ksatriyam, komam vaisyam, arogyam sudram || ( Also Com.. kusanlati grhnati iti kusa +la +ka ( 3|2|3 ) = kusalah- Lit, one who plucks the (sharp ) blades of Kusa grass, (Raghuvamsha V. 4 ; Atharva. XIX, 28), hence 'skilful'. Next it means 'healthy', for one who is accustomed to roam by the river-side for plucking - -

450 abhijnana - sakuntalam [ 165 NOTES Kusas for the morning sacrifice must be healthy by inhailing the salubrious morning breeze.-(250 n. 6) ; 6. farfara:-(129 n. 6) 7. ajnapayati- Shows king's humility. Vide (76 n. 3). = Text : -sangaravah -- yanmithah 1 maya dimam madiyam duhitaram bhavan upayamsta tanmaya pritimata yuvayoranujnatam | kutah--- vamsasthavila ravamahamtam pragraharah smrto'si nah sakuntala murtimati ' ca salkiya | (jatajara ) "samanayamstulya-gunam vadhu-varam cirasya vacyam na gatah prajapatih || 15|| tibani mapana - satveyam pratigrhyatam saha-dharma-dharanayeti | Sarangarava-By mutual pact, this my daughter, Your Highness took to wife ; (and) that (act) of you two, has been ratified by me with gladness. For- Thou art esteemed by us as the 4 foremost of the worthy 4, and Sakuntala, as 6 pious deed embodied 5. 7 Uniting a groom and bride of equal merits, the creator has after a long time (now first) incurred no censure 8. (15) So let this one who is enceinte, be accepted now for joint discharge of piety. 'pragraharah ' - V. V. L. : - 'samayat ' - B. R. V. M. 'samavayat ' - S. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha; R's Com also supported by some South Indian Mss. 'agrasarah ' -- B. 'pragrasarah ' - M. R. S; Coleborooke Mss, supported by R reads yan ' for 'na: ' | murtimati ca ' - V. M. R. 'murtimativa - S. B. [sarngarava-iti-- ' miyah samayat ' 'tvam ' me patni ', 'tvam me svami ' iti paraspara- patha- purvaka gandharvena vidhina ityarthah ('samayah sapathacare ' iti medini || "asurah dravinadanat, mandharvah samayat mithah " iti yajnavalkyah ) | 'upa- masta ' (1/3/56 ) bharyatvena svikrtavan, vivahitavan ityarthah 'tat ' tavopayamanam 'pritimata ' paraspara-yogyatvat prasannena 'maya anujnatam ' 'anumoditam | [tena " ityadhikare, 'upasate (4|3|115 ) iti panini - nirdesat bhute kah | vistarastu caturtha drastavyah ] | tvamiti - 'tvam ' drsyantah 'arhatam ' pujyanam ['arhah prasamsayam ' - ( 3|2|133 ) - iti ahamdhatoh parah prasamsayam satr ] -

166 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 451 'prapraharah ' (3/5/6) agraganyah srestha iti yavat ('parardhya'gra- pragrahara ' ityamarah ) 'nah asmakam smrto'si ' ('mati - buddhi-pujarthebhyasca ' - ( 3089 ) iti vartamane ktah | 'ktasya ca vartamane ' (625 ) iti kartari masthi | tvamiti eka-vacanena pragraharesu api asya advitiyatvam vyajyate ) 'sakuntala ca murtimati sarira-varini 'sati ' pujya caso 'kriya ' ca iti satkriya satkarabhuta (anena ca ca akhila-jana-pujyatvamasya dhvanitam| ataeva tulya-gunatvam | satkararhasya satkara-labha yukta eva iti saralarthah ) 'prajapatih ' brahma arthat ayogyanam melana-sampadayita 'tulyagunam ' samana-gunam 'vaghusca ' 'varasca ' tat 'vadhuvaram ' ('sarvodvandvo vibhasaya ekavad bhavati ' iti pravrt-sarado vadhu-varam vayuvarau - iti prabha ) 'samanayan ' vivahena samanam kurvan ('masthibhisthini tvaca tvacam ' ityadisruteh | 'samanam sat samakesu trisu na nabhi marute ' iti medini ) 'cirasya ' bahukalat anantaram ('ciraya ciraratraya cirasyadyascirarthaka ' ityamarah ) ' vacyam ' ayogya-yoji vegha iti nindam [' vaco'sabda-samjnayam ' ]- (7|3|74- iti cakarasya kakara-nivedhah | 'vadhyantu kutsite hine vacanarha na pumsi tu | dusane palane -- ' iti sabdavidhah ) 'na gatah ' na prapta . jagatsrsteh prarambhat idam hi ekamatramudaharanam yasmin prajapatina sama-guna- sampannasya vadhu - varasya sammelanam vihitam | ( samalankarah | kriyotpreksa | vadhu-varasya padartha hetuka kavyalinga ityetesam gunapradhanabhavena'nga ngi-bhavat sankarah | hetvanuprasau | vamsastham vrttam | " smrto'si satkriyeva yanmrtimati sakuntala ' iti pathitva kama-ruksano bovah pariharaniya iti raghavacaranah ) || 15 || 'taditi vakyasamhare | 'apana -satva ' ( iti bahuvrihih dvitiyasamaso va -- 2124 ) garbhinityarthah ('apannasatva syat gurvinyantarvatni ca garbhini ' ityamarah ) 'iya ' sakuntala 'sahadharma - caranaya ' ( tathacoktam 'sa-strikam dharmamacaret ' iti | anena vidhivat udhatvam vyajyate ) 'pratigrhyatam ' svikriyatam 'iti ' bhagavata kasyape- noktam | 166 n. - 1. duhitaram - dogdhi iti duha + trc [ u- 260] - duhitr - One who used to milk the cows in old times. It belongs to 'svatradi ' class. 'svasa tisa racatasrasca nananda buhita tatha | yata mateti saptaite svasnavaya udahrtah || Hence 'svanaditvat ' (4.1.10) na di ' - Bhoja D. 'dure hita ' or 'duhita ' = duhita (One who is placed at a distant place

452 abhijnana- sakuntalam - - [166 NOTES after marriage ) - Yaska. 2. upayamsta - 'upa + yam ' is atmanepadi in the sense of 'acceptance' by 'upadyamah sva- karane ' - ( 2729). 'svakarana-sabdena bharya -svikaro (marriage) grhyate iti vrttikrt | bhattistu svikara - matre'pi prayuna kta, 'upayamsta mahastrani '-- T. 3. 'praprahara ' - Refers to ('uccaih ' kulacatmana ' &c. - Act IV. 17 Supra ), and sakuntala * * satkriya to ("svayi asyah kathamapi ** sneha " &c. - Ibid.) and is preferable to pragrasarah, for though 'agrasara ' is often met with (Raghuvamsha V. 71; IX.23), 'praya sara ' - is not found in Kali's works, while our poet repeats the word 'pragraharah ' in Raghuvamsha and Kumara-sambhava Cf. - 'pratyagrahit pragraharo raghunam ' - Raghuvamsha XVI. 23. 'visvavasu- pragrahah pravinah - Kumara-sambhava VII. 48. prakrstam agram | pragre harati | 'harate ranudyamane ac ' - ( 3.2.9;2923) - ('pragra +h +ac ) -Bhoja D. 'pragrasarah ' also gives the same meaning and is irregularly formed, the usual form being 'pragresarah ' | Read 'sutre agre iti evantatvamapi nipatyate | katham tahi, "yutham tavaprasara- garvita-krsnasaram " - bahulakat iti haradattah - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 2923 4. samanayan - (Refers to 'abandhavakrtam - Act IV. 17. Supra ) - A Nominal verb from 'samana ' (Com).. Thus the root is " anta - nivista karma " i.e. the meaning of is included in the root, hence it cannot further take a karma ( 'vadhuvaram ' ) | On this Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha observes- 'nanu 'antanivista-karmaka- dhatoh akarmakatvam " ityukteh 'samanayan ' ityasya antarnivista- karmakataya 'vadhuvaram ' ityasya katham karmatvam iti cet | na uktanusasane karma- - padasya pradhanyena vidheya-karmaparatvat uddesya-karmasthito badhakabhavat | | atra tu vadhuvaramityasya uddesya karmatvat | anyatrapi evam prayogo drsyate yatha, naisadhe- " katham na sa madagiramavilamapi svasevinimeva pavitrayisyati " || 5. vadhuvaram- ekavacana is optional. Cf. 'vivaha saksye vadhu-vari sangamayancakara " - Raghuvamsha VII. 20. (Vide Com ). 'vara ' (husband) being abhyamhita should have been placed first. [ Cf. ' vara-vadhu -samagamah - Raghuvamsha X 1.56. " vadhu-varanuraga " Harshacharita IV.36] but the rules sanctioning purvanipata, in indra is not strictly binding, as is inferred from Panini's Sutras. Read "samudrabhrat ghah " (4. 4. 118.), "laksana - helbo kriyaya " ( 5.2.126 ) ityadi - nirdesat anityamidam prakaranam | tena 'sa sausthavi- barya visesa-salinim ' iti bharavi-prayogah sangate " -T. Also Cf. the Sutras "nasika stanayoh ghya-ghamtoh- ( 32 /29 ) 'agrahayanya-svatpada thak ´- (4/2/22 ), kumuda-na-vetasebhyah matup - ( 41 /59 ).

166 NOTES] Also 11325 cirasya - ( 149 n. 1). pancamo'kuh - 453 - "yah 'yusma-vasmayoh anyatarasyam ' -- ( 4|3|1 ) ; 'pari-vya-vebhyah kriyah- (1|3|15 ) 'itaretara'nyonyo- papadacca (1|3|16 ) ; 'nigarana-calanarthebhyasca '- (1|3 /97 ), 'purana'rthat than ' (5|1148 ); 'sarvabhumi-prthivibhyam, anao ' (5|1|41 ) ; 1|3|15 ; 1|3|36 ; 13 /47 ; 1|3 /74 ; 2|3|16 ; 'vacyam - &c. Cf. dirghasya kalasya labdha-samjnah ' Maha, (stri, 7). vacyam = Censure, Vide Raghuvamsha VIII. 72; VIII. 54; Shishupala-badha -III. 58. The creator has enjoyed a very unenviable notoriety as taking pleasure by uniting pairs of unequal merits. This fact will be corroborated by the following subhasita sundarastadvanita kurupa, ya sundari sa patirupa hona | yatrobhayam tatra barivrata ca, vidhevicitrani vicestitani " | Also 'prayena samagryavidhau gunanam parana, mukhi visvasrjah pravrttih " - Kumara-sambhava III. 28 ; 'alpam tulyasilani dvandvani srjyante - PN. 1. But in this particular case the match-making deity has made a happy choice by uniting two pairs of equal merits, and thus has after a long time been freed from censure. Cf. 'parasparena sprhaniyasobham na cedidam dvandvamayojayisyat | asmin dvaye rupavidhanayatnah, patyuh prajanam viphalo'bhavisyat ' - Kumara-sambhava VII. 66 ; 'cirat skhalu yuktakari vidhih syat yadi yugalakametadanyonyanurupam ghatayet ' - Nagananda 'vidhatuh vyaparah phalatu manojnasca bhavatu ' - Malati-Madhava 'kulena ' kantya vayasa navena gunaisca taistavinayapradhanaih | tvamatmanastulyamamum vrsnisva ratnam samagacchatu kancanena ' - Raghuvamsha VI. 79. " taptena taptasya yathayaso nah sandhih parenastu " - BK. XII. 406 sahaghamam caranaya - tadarthye 4rthi - ( 51 n. I). You should give her the status of a wife for the performance of religious duties and nothing else - this may refer to "samanya pratipati-purvakamiyam Supra. • varesu drsya " &c. - Act IV. 17. Text : - gautami -- ajja ! asthi | karhati | arya -- kimpi vattukama mhi | na me basana-vasaro kimpi vattukama mhi | (ayam kimapi vaktukama 'smi | na me vacanavasaro'sti | kathamati ) | [12, 18 12, 15] naveklido guru-ano imai na hue bi pucchido bandhuh | ekkaphassa ca carie bhanavu ki ekka ekkassi || 16 || ( napeksito ' gurujanah anaya, na tvayapi prsto ' bandhuh | ekaikasya ca carite bhagatu kimeka ekasmin || )

454 abhijnana- sakuntalam [167 NOTES Guatami-Revered Sir, (I) wish¹ to add a few words². (But) there is no room for my remark 2. For By her the betters were not waited³ for, nor did you confer* with (her) kinsmen . In such a tete-a-tete. (lit, a transaction done singly by each) what need another say to either ? ( 16 ) sakuntala ( atmagatam ) - kimnu klu ajjauto bhanissavi (kim nu khalu aryaputro bhanisyati ) | Sakuntala (Aside) - What will My Lord say now ? raja ( sasakumakarnya ) -- aye ! kimivam upanyastam ' | King (In dread, listening worriedly) - Lo! what is this presented (to me)? V. L. - For 'arya ' B has 'bhadramukha ' | 'vacanavasarah ' -- R. V. M. B. 'vacana-vakasah- S. 'napeksitah ' R. V. M. B. 'naveksitah ' S. Sl. 16. is (B's ) reading. **khalu prstasca bandhujanah | parasparasminne bhanami kimekamkam ' - R. 'tvaya prstah na bandhujanah ' - Rs Com. 'ekakrama eva krte bhanami kimekamekasya ' - S. " ekaikameva carite kim bhanatyeka ekasya '- -M. S. 'ekaikamevam carite bhanami kimekamekasmai ' - V. -- gautamiti- 'vaktu ', 'kamah ' yasyah sa ('tu ' kama - manasorapi ' iti makara- lopah ) | napeksita iti - 'anaya ' sakuntalaya parinaya-vidhau asmadrsah gurujanah pitradih ('guruh pita guruvipra ' iti gadasimhah ) 'na apeksita ' pariganitah arthat kanvadina manumati pranamakrtva svayameva kartavyam sthirikrtam | 'tvaya ' dusyantena 'api ' iti samucyaye | svasya sakuntalaya va 'bandhuh ' jnativargah 'na prstah ' jijnasitah | anyatra vivaha vyapare varapaksah kanya - kartaram prcchati, kanya-paksasca tatkartr - mukhapeksi tisthati ityasayah | ekasya ekasya iti 'eka- kasya ' evam 'carita ' rahasi vihite vivaha karmani 'ekah ' itarah madrsah anyojanah ( 'eka samkhyantare sresthe kevale-tarayo strisu ' iti medini ) yuvayoh ubhayoh madhye 'ekasmin ' jane 'kim bhanatu ' vadatu | aparasya kimapi vaktavyam nasti iti bhavah | ( ataeva arthapattilankarah | arya jatih ) ||16|| rajeti | 'aye, sambhrame ('aye kope visade ca sambhrame smarane'pi ca ' iti medini ') 'upanyastam ' vaktumarabdham ( ' upamyasastu vakamulam ' ityamarah ) |

167 NOTES ] 167 n.-1. pancamo'nkah 455 na me vacanavasaro &c. - I want to say something to you, but I am afraid, whether there is any scope for the speech of me, a third person here, since the marriage took place out of reciprocal love, [Cf. " kathamapi abandhava - krtam " &c. - Act IV. 17. ] so much so that neither of you had deemed it necessary to take a formal permission from your respective superiors. For a similar idea, Vide (103 n. 2). 2. ekaikasya -- The reduplication is due to vipsa - ( 2140) and the reduplicated eka sabda is considered bahu- vrihivat by 'eka bahubrohivat - ( 8. 19 ) and it is a sarvanama | "dvirukta eka-sabdo bahuvrihivat syat | tena muvlopa- puvadbhavi | ekaikamaksaram 'na bahuvrihau ' - ( 1|1|29 ; 222 ) ityatra punarbahuvrihi-grahana mukhya bahuvrihi lama- rtham | tenatidista- bahuvrihau sarvanamata asti eva iti prancah | vastutastu bhasyamate pratyakhyatametat | sutramate'pi bahuvrihyarthe alokike vigrahe nisedhakam natu bahuvrihau iti iha atidesa-sankava nasti ' | " ekakasmai dehi " - Siddhanta-Kaumudi 2144. The reading with 'bhanami ' (R) violates the metre. 3. "kim nu &c Cf. " kim nu kkhu bhatta sampadam bhanadi " - Mala. V. Text : -- sakuntala ( atmagatam ) - - pavao kkha eso maanobannaso pavakah khalvesa vacano - panyasah ) | Sakuntala (Aside ) - The very introduction of the speech ' ( is) fire indeed. sarngarava--kathamidam nama | nanu bhavanta evam sutaram ' loka-vrttanta-nisnatah ' 3 satomapi jnati-kulaika-samsrayam, jano'nyatha bhartr matom visankate | atah samipe parineturisyate, priya priya va pramada svabandhubhih || 17|| (vamsasthavila jatajara ) - Sarngarava-How is this (from you)? Your Highness is surely very¹ well steeped in secular affairs (and knows that)- people suspect a (married) woman, having her husband alive, and residing³ exclusively in the family of the kinsmen,³ even though chaste, to be otherwise (i.e. unchaste). Hence a young woman is

da abhijnana- sakuntalam [168 NOTES ( always) preferred by (her ) relatives to be near (her) husband,. whether she is loved by him or not. (17) raja -kivatrabhavati maya parinita- purva | King-And before? what ? Was this lady married by me. sakuntala - ( savisadamatmagatam ) - hiama, samparka de asana | ( hrdaya ! sampratam te asanka ) | Sakuntala (Sadly, aside ) - heart ! your misgivings (haveproved) right. sarngaravah -- kim krta-karya-dvesa ' ddharma prati vimukhatocita ' rasah " | Sarngarava - On account of abhorrence for a deed (formerly) committed, is dislike for duty becoming in a monarch? raja -- kuto'yamasatkalpana- prasangah ' | King - Where (is) the occasion for this false & supposition ? sarngaravah -- "" murcchantyami vikarah prayenaisvarya-mattesu " || 18 || Sarigarava - Such affections ( " changes of purpose", "fickleness of disposition"-M.) do generally prevail? (wax strong) in those. that are intoxicated with power (of affluence ). ( 18 ), rada - visesena'dhiksipto'smi | King -- I am grossly censureds (by this speech). V. L. - ' pavakah khalu esah ' - M. Mackenzie Mss inserts 'esah ' after 'khala '; Others omit 'esah " | 'bhavanta eva ' &c. - R. V. M. 'bhavan lokavrttante nisnatah ' - D; 'priyapriya va ' - D. R. B. C. S. 'tadapriyapi ' -K. R's Com. V. M. 'tadujjhitapi ' - S. 'sampratama - R. B. V. M. 'sampratamucita ' - S. 'vimukhatocita rajnah ' - B. V. M. 'vimukhata krta- vajna ' - R. 'krsavajna ' - S. 'prasangah ' - B. 'prasnah ' - R. S. M . 0 mattesu ' - R. M. S. V. '0 mattanam - B. sakuntaleti - 'pavakah ' agnih iva marmadahaka ityarthah | ' vacanasya upanyasah arambha, arambha eva asya vakyam agnivaddahaka, sese na jane aparam va ki bhavisyati iti hrdayam | sarngarava iti | - 'nama ' iti krodhe garhayam va | ( ' nama krodhe'bhyupagame vimmaye smarane'pi ca | sambhavya- kutsa-prakasya-vikalpesvasi

168 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 457 | drsyate ' iti medini ) | 'nanu ' iti visesamantrane | 'sutaram ' nitaram ('kim- et- tina - avyaya - ghad amba, a- dravya - prakarse ' ( 5|4|11 ) iti utkarsarthe amu ) 'lokasya vrttante ' acare 'nisnatah -- ( 813|79 ) kusala abhijna iti yavat ('nisnatah kusale'pi ca ' ityajayah ) | satimiti - 'jnatinam ' pitradinam ' ( ' jnatih sagotre pitari ' iti visvaprakasah ) kulam ' bhavanam ('kula ' janapade gotre sajatiya- gane'pi ca | bhavane ca tanau klivam ' iti medini ) | 'ekah ' kevalah ( ' eko'lparthe pradhane ca prathama kevale tatha | sadharane samane'pi samkhyayamnca prayujyate || ) 'samsrayah ' nivasah yasyah tadrsi niyata pitr-geha-nivasinim ('eka ' ityanena kadacitka'vasthanam na nindaniyam ityarthah sucyate ) bhartr mati vidyamana patikam natu vidhava nari ('visesana - matra prayogah visesya-pratipatti ' iti vamanokteh ) 'satimapi ' sadhu caritamapi ('sati sadhvi pativrata ' 'ityamarah ' 'janah sadharana lokah 'anyatha " anya prakarena, nunam vyabhicariniyam yena pati- sakasam na gachati, iti 'visangate ' sambhavayati ( tathacoktam padme - "kanya pitrrguhe nam va suciram vasa mahamti | lokapavadah sumahan jayate pitrvesmani " iti ) | etat tu loka-vyavahara- nisnatena tvaya samyag jnatam, 'atah etadrsa-loka-parivada- pariharartham 'svasya bandhubhih pitradibhih pramada ' yuvatih natu, vrddha ('pramada ceti vijneya yuvatisca tatha smrta ' iti bhagurih ) bhartuh priya apriya va parinetuh ' svaminah 'samipe ' sthita iti sesah 'isyate ' vanchaghate ' (atra sakuntalayah tvat- samipe sthiti-yogyata iti visesa prastute yat samanya vacanam tena''prastutaprasamsa || asatyam ka katha satimapi ityarthantarapatanat arthapattisca | hetvanuprasau | anena arthavisesana-nama nataghalankarah upaksiptah | tallaksanam yathadarpana 'uktasyarthasya yattu svadutkirtanamanekadha | upalambha-svarupena tat syad- artha - visesanam ' iti || vamsasthavilam vrttam ) || 17 || rajeti - 'kim ' iti prasne 'ca' iti paksantare ('ca padapurane paksantare hetau viniscaye ' iti bhanuji-ghrta- trikandasesah ) | kimiti - 'krtam ' manasa avegavasat acaritam yat 'karya ' gandharva - vivaha - rupam, tatra kenapi karanena yah 'dvesah ' na maya etat sobhanam krtamiti manaso'rucih, tasmat hetoh 'dharma prati vimukhata ' dharma-bhrastata parinaya'nangikara ! 'rajnah sadaiva yena prajavrndah adharmat nivartaniyah tasya dharmaniyantuh nrpateh sambandhe ( sese pasthi ) 'ucita ' yukta ( iti hemacandrah ) kim ? kathamapi netyarthah | ( ekasya slokasya prathamardhamidam ) parardhanca rajavakyanantaram vaksyate | rajeti - 'asati ' avidyamana adharmya va ya 'kalpana ' udbhavana tasyah arthat mayeyam parinita- purva | samprati vitasprhatvat parinaya'palapasca ityevambhutayah | 'prasangah

458 abhijnana- akuntalam | [ 168 NOTES prastavah ( iti kalpadrume ) 'kutah | api tu kuto'pi netyarthah | murcchantiti- 'aisvaryena ' ghana madena 'mattesu yukta yukta- vicara - hinesu janesu 'prayena ' bahulyena 'ami vikarah ' etadrsa avalepa-mulah prakrti viparyaya 'murcchanti ' samusrayanti vardhante ityarthah ('murccha moha samusrayayoh ' iti dhatupathe - 2291 ) | ( adikaraka dipaka- samsaya hetva- rthantaranyasa'prastuta prasamsa'nuprasah | anena trotakam namangamupa- - ksiptam | "trotakam punah | samrabdhavak " iti darpana - laksanat | iyam gatha ) rajeti 'visesena ' adhikyena adhiksiptah bhavata tiraskrtah ||18|| - ( ' adhiksiptah kutsite pranihite bharta site trisu ' iti visva - medinyo ) | 168 n - 1. upanyasah- Lit. means what is juxtaposed or placed near, hence an introduction; preface. 'upanyasastu vana- pukham ' - Amara-Kosa Cf. 'niryatah sanakairalikavacanopanyasamalijanah - As. 23. For a bit different sense, Cf. 'atmanah upanyasa- purvam - ( 971. 4). 2. nisnatah -ni +sna + ktah - (3.4.72 ) = nisnatah | The word means 'expert' and 'na' is due to 'ni-nadibhyam snateh kausale - ' ( 8.3.89); dhatunamanekarthatvat sna- dhatuh iha naipunyarthakah " - Prabha. Cf. 'nisnato'pi ca vedante sadhutvam naiti durjanah ' - Bhaminibilasa 1. 87. Shishupala-badha VIII. 62 ; BK. II. 25; Manu-Samhita VI. 30 sutaram - Raghuvamsha II. 53; XVI. 9. 3. sati &c. - jnati = Agnate relative ( 137 n. 1). eka Suggests that occasional stay of a young woman during 'utsava ' or 'vyasana ' in her father's house is not abominable, but she must retrun as early as possible. Cf. "kulasya'nabhigamanamanyatra vyasanot savabhyam ||49 || tatrapi nayaka - parijana- ghisthitaya nati-kala-mavasthana-maparivartita pravasa - vesata ca ||50|| .Kama-Sutra (of Vatsayana) III. 4. bhatum mati - matup here signifies 'prasamsa ' | Cf. 'bhuma - ninda - prasamsasu &c. Varttika 1894. Hence the implication is this that if a husband happens to be of ill-character and behaves badly with his wife, then she may well live with her parents without incurring any censure. A widow, of course, may reside in her father's house. 3. priyapriya va 'priyapriya ca ' iti samicinah pathah - R. 'tapriyapi ' (K) is rejected, as apriyatva has not yet been proved ; 'tad ' also

168 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 459 is pro- 0kalpana has no propriety. Besides our reading has weighty support of Vishvanatha Kaviraja who quotes this very sloka as an instance of arthavisesana | (Sahitya-Darpana Ch. VI). parinetuh - A husband is so called as he leads ( pari + ni ) a girl to the sacrificial altar. 6. pramada - A young woman. The word suggests that the stay of an old woman in her father's place is not censurable. 7. vimukhatocita &c. - Dr. Boehtlingk prefers this reading of B and remarks probably an interpolation from the margin. 8. Supposition (based on falsehood). In the present case it is threefold i.e. the king actually performed the secret marriage; but somehow or other he has lost his former fancy for Sakuntala and hence he is intentionally feigning ignorance of Sakuntala , But the king says that all these assumptions are either false (or unfair). prasanga - Means prastava '| Cf. tatraiva ganga yamuna ca tatra godavari tatra sarasvati ca | sarvani tirthani vasanti tatra yatra'cyutodara - katha prasangah Quoted by napu. 9. vikarah - Affections or abberations of the mind. 'svarupadanya- thatvam vikarah ' - Sripati Datta; ( 251 n 5 ). 10. murcchanti == vardhante - (5); 'vyapnuvanti ' - K, murccha ' - Means to loose strength', but here it means 'to grow strong' hence, 'to prevail', 'appear' &c. - ' murccha moha ucchraye Vopadeva ; 'ucchrayo vrddhih * * mumuccham sakhyam ramasya samana vyasane haraviti raghuh ' (12|57 ) - Durgadasa. 'na padaponmulana-sakti raha ., siloccaye murcchati marutasya ' - Raghuvamsha II. 34. 'turyasvane murcchati mangalayem - Ru 11. 9. "svabhavikam vinitatvam tesam vinaya-karmana | mumuccham sahaja tejo haviseva havirbhujam || - Raghuvamsha .X. 79; .X 17.18, 'nakanari mumucche ' ti magha - Qid. Manorama. Also 'yacya cchalena murcchanti yadgunah sasa- lanchanena | na sa murcchati yenasau drstah sahrdayah prabhuh ' - Kavi-Rahasya 241 11. adhiksiptah - ( censured ) - Cf. 'bhavadrsesu pramada - janocitam bhavatya dhiksepa ivanusasanam -- KI. 1. 28. 'adhiksepah tiraskarah ' iti mallinathah | Cf. "ayam na me pada - rajasapi tulya ityadhiksiptah " - Mula. Act. I... - - lajja | -jave ' ! muhuttaam ma bhatta ahijanissavi ( jate ! muhurta ka Text : -- gautami ( sakuntalam prati ) - jave ' ! .avanaissam bava te ounthanam | tavo tumam

460 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 169 NOTES ma lajjasva | 'apanesyami te avagunthanam ' | tatastvam bharta abhisasyati ) | || ( tatha karoti ) || Gautami (To Sakuntala) - My child 1, lay aside your bashfulness for a moment. ( 7 ) will just put off your veils. (Your) husband will then recognize you. (Does as said). raja (sakuntalam nirvarnya atmagatam ) - malini ( idamupanata ' mevam rupa maklista- kanti ', prathama-parigrhitam syanna betyavyavasthan | ( nanamayaya ) bhramara iva vibhate ' kundamanta stusaram " na khalu sapadi bhoktu napi saknomi moktum || 19 || || ( iti vicarayan sthitah ) || King. (Minutely surveying Sakuntala, aside ) - Not determin-ing whether formerly accepted or not (in marriage), verily (1) am neither able just now to enjoy nor to abandon this beauty, thus presented (to me) with unimpaired 2 loveliness 2, like a drone, at the break of day³, the frosty-bellied* Kunda-flower. (19) (This said, remains pondering). V. L. :--'avyavasyan '- 'avyavasyan ' - R's Com. M. S. K. - - 'vyavasyan - R. V. 'adhyavasyan ' - B. R's Com. 'vibhate ' - R. V. S. M. 'nisante ' - B. The last line (B) is read in other recensions thus - 'na ca khalu pari ulag da vanifa zig-R. S. V reads exactly this, only '' is placed after 'khala '| gautamiti -- 'abhijnasyati ' jnatameva punah smarisyati, saiva iyamiti | ('anubhutasya punaranu bhavah pratyabhijna " ityukteh ) | ( ita arabhya vasthadu-samapti- paryantamavamasamsandhih | 'yatra pralobhana - krodha- vyasanadyam vimrsyate ! vijadau garbha- nirbhinnah so''vamarsa itiryate ' iti sudhakara -laksanat | atra sapa - laksana - vyasanema vimarsah iti raghavapadah ) | ivamiti -- 'prathamam ' adi ( ' prathamastu bhavedadi ' iti medini ) 'parigrhitam ' bharyatvena svikrtam ('parigrahah kalatre ca mula-svikarayo- rapi ' ityajayah ) 'syat na va iti avyavasyan ' cestayapi aniscinvan aham 'evam ' anena prakarena garbhini ityarthah | 'upanatam ' svayam agatam 'idam ' puro

169 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 462 drsyamanam 'aklista ' amlana ' nirdosa iti yavat 'klantih ' lavanyam yasya tat ujjvala - sobhamityarthah (anena prathamam tarunyam dhvanitam ) 'rupam ' saundayam ('rupam tu sloka - sabdayoh | pasavakase saundarye nanake natakadike ' iti haimah ) ' vibhate pratyusam 'bhramara ' satpadah 'antah ' madhye 'tusarah ' himam yasya tadrsa 'kundamiva ' madhya pusyamiva ' ( kundah madhye stri ' iti medini ) sapadyate asmin iti 'sapavi ' tatksane ('sadyah sapadi tatksane ' ityamarah ) 'khala ' ityavadharane 'na bhoktum ' sakuntalayah anta- -sattvatvat, kundasya anta stusaratvat ityasayah | 'napi bhaktu saknomi mama sakuntala - lavanya''krsta manasatvat, bhramarasya ca kunda- puspasya rasa- lubdhatvat iti hrdayam ('atra vibhate ityuktestadanantara ravikiranah tusare apanite makaranda- - bhogah avasya eva | evamihapi abhijnana darsanena sape apanite tatsvikara avasya eva iti dyotayantya upamaya rateh sthayitva - dadhartha dhvanitam ' iti raghava - padah | upamalankarah | atra "bhramarah saknoti ", ahantu saknomi " iti purusa- bhedat, 'lateva rajase tanvi " iti darpanodaharanavat prakrama bhanga-dosah | sa ca " napi bhokt samarthah " iti pathena samadheya - - iti siddhanta-vagisapadah | atra samsaya - namakam bhusanamuksiptam | tallaksanam yatha darpane - 'samsayo'jnata-tattvasya vakye syad yadaniscaya iti | malini vrttam ) ||19|| manner i.e. 1691 - 1. evam upatam - Arrived in such a as enceinte. The king is already informed that Sakuntala, is in her family way. 'tadidanim apannasattva ' &c. P. 465. Act V. Thus Sakuntala is happily compared to the Kunda flower which has dew inside it. evam atmecchaya ' - - (Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha) ; ayatna praptam ' - (R), also Com. Cf. 'sukhopanatam ' - ( 111 n. 2; P. 462.) 2. vibhate (Morning)-- For the significance of it vide R's remark (Com) 3. anta- stusaram - (Wah frost inside). Cf. 'virbhasa cakara-manirvrtanam mrnalini mamivoparagam '-Raghuvamsha XVI. 7.4. na bhoktum (Can't enjoy ) - Because Sakuntala is big with child (in the case of the king), and because the flower is surcharged with dew (in the case of the drone). 5. na moktu - ( Can't abandon) - Because both Sakuntala and the flower possess unblemished loveliness. Cf. "namva sodha़ na samhartum saknomi musitendriyah ' -- PN. 11. 9. speech of Ramark : - avamarsa - sandhi - begins with Gautami - (R); now (Vide 114 n. Remark ). the 36

462 abhijnana- sakuntalam Text : -- pratihari ( janantikam ) - aho | - [ 170 NOTES dhamma-veksio bhattino | idisam nama suhovanadam ruvam pevivaa ko anno biarebi ( aho dharmaveksita ' bhartuh | idrgam nama sukhopanatam rupam drstva kah anyah vicarayati ) | Portress (Aside to the audience)-Oh, My Lord's devotion¹ to righteousness¹. Beholding such an easily-arrived beauty surely who else will deliberate 2 ? sarngaravah -- bho rajan ! kimiti josamasyate | Sarngarava - Ho king! wherefore art (thou) sitting silent 3 ? raja -- bhostapodhanah ! smarami | tat kathamimam masankamanah " pratipatsye ' | cintayannapi na khalu svikaranama ' trabhavatyah abhivyakta sattva-laksanam pratyatmanam ksetriya King - Ho anchorites ! even after thinking, ( 7 ) do not indeed remember (my) acceptance 4 of (this) lady. How shall (7) then Stake her, dreading 7 myself to be an adulterers, as she bears 6 evident signs of pregnancy 5 ?. sakuntala ( apavarya ) - haddhi ! havi ! ajjassa parinaye evva sandeho | kudo danom me durahisehini asa ( ha dhik ! ha dhik | aryasya parinaye eva sandehah | kuta idani me duradhirohini ' asa ) | | Sakuntala (Aside to the audience.) - Woe ! Woe ! My Lord has (his) doubt about the marriage itself. where now (is) my Ifar-mounting hope ? - V. L. - 'pratihari ( 'svagatam ' ) - B, omitted by M and R. 'jananti- kam ' -S 'dharmaveksita ' - B. V. S. M 'dharmapeksita ' - R. 'dharmapeksina bhartarah ' - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'ksetriyam ' - Rs Com, P. 'ksetrinam ' - R. V. M. 'aksa- triyam - B. 'aksetrinam ' - S. 'asankamanah ' - R. M. S. V. 'manyamanah '-B. 'asa ' - R. S. M. 'asalata ' - B. pratihariti - 'aho ' idi vismaye | 'dharmam aveksate ' karyakarye vicara- yati iti dharmaveksi ' ( tacchilye ninih ) tasya bhavah | 'sukhopanatam ' anayasa- labdham 'vicarayati ' svikarisyami na va iti tarkayati | sarngarava iti- 6

170 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 462 'josam ' tusni ('josam sukhe prasamsayam tusnim langhanayorapi ' iti medini ) | rajeti -- 'svikaranam ' patnitvena grahanam | 'tat ' tammat, svikarana -smarana- 'bhavat 'abhivyaktam ' spastibhutam 'sattvasya laksanam ' cihna yasyam tadrsim spasta - garbha- cihnam, ataeva para-parinitam 'prati ' || 'laksane-tthambhuta''khyana -bhaga- vipsamu prati - parya- navah - (1|4|90, 552 ) iti prateh evamprakararthe karmapravacaniya samjna, tatah 'karmapravacaniya yukte dvitiya ' - ( 2/3/8) iti bhya ] 'atmanam ' nijam 'ksetriya ' ( 5/2/9 ) - para-darasaktam ( ' ksetriya ksetrajatrne para-dara - rate'pi ca ' iti raghava- dhrta- visvah ) 'asankamanah ' manyamanah 'katham imam ' sakuntalam 'pratipatsye ' grahisyami yadva pratyuttaram dasyami | sakuntaleti - " ha dhik " iti visada-sucako nipatah | tasyatisaye dviruktih | ' duram ' atyartha, tatra gatva mahisi padam prapsyami, tatah cakravartinam svaputram rajye nivesayeyam ityadi adhirod silam yasyah tadrsi '3 TTRIT' 1 170 n. -- 1. ki josam ( Silent ) &c. - Cf. 'ki tusnimevaste ' - - Vikramorvasiya IV. ksetriyah &c. - ksetriya - Adulterer -' paradara- ratah ' - Medini ksetra Wife. 'ksetra patni - sarirayoh ' - Amara-Kosa Next paramya ksetram = para-ksetram - Wiled another person. Then paraksetra + ghac (by 'ksetriyac paraksetre cikitsya . 5.2.92)== ksetriyah | 'para ' is dropped by nipatana | 'paraksetra - sabdat saptamyantat ghac | para-sabdasya lopasca nipatyate iti manorama | anyetu 'paraksetre cikitsya ' ityarthe 'ksetriyac ' iti nipatyate | vakyarthe pavavacanam srotriyavat ( 5|2|84 ) ityapyahuh | * ksetriya visam | yat para-sarire sakramayya cikitsyate | * * * kinca ksetriyah para-darikah | paradarah paraksetram | tatra cikitsyah nigrahitavyah | sarve'pyete akare sthitah ' - T. (1892). Literally ksetriya means a disease that can be cured in another body. hence incurable.) -- ( " etaccharira s cikitsyo yastatra ksetriyah smrtah - Quoted by Prabha) Secondarily it means, one deserving punishment in the matter of another's wife, hence an adulterer. The idea is this : - You say Sakuntala is my legal wife, and I have revolved the matter in my mind, but I do not, in sooth, remember to have any connection with her, and this is why I am keeping silence. Nor on the strength of polygamy should you egg me to accept this lady, as |

44 adulterers, be an ksetrinam | tu viji | abhijnana-sakuntalam [ 170 NOTES ] she is enceinte. So my wilful acceptance of her will surely make me an adulterer and guilty thereby. How can I, a chastiser of adulterer myself ? R reads ksetrinam on which he comments thus 'ksetram patni yasya asau ksetri, tam * * * yata iyam garbhini maya cedadhuna pratigrhyeta tattadaham ksetri syam na ata etajjatapatyam na aurasam apitu ksetrajam | tacca orasat hinamiti sanka | athaca anyena udha़ाyah parigrahe matksetratvameva syat, na tu dharmapatnitvam iti sanka ' | 'ksetrin ' is the legal owner of the field and 'viji ' is the man who actually sows the seed. Hence secondarily 'ksetrin ' is a nominal husband (Apte’s Sanskrit-English dictionary), while 'viji ' is the actual husband. Just as a person sowing seed in another's field, the fruit goes to the 'ksetrin ', the possessor of the 'ksetra ' (Manu-Samhita IX, 32, 48-54), similarly by accepting this pregnant Sakuntala , unto whom seeds have been sowed by another person, the king becomes merely a nominal husband and he will have no right upon the issue. Besides, the position of a 'ksetrin ' - practically an adulterer, is not at all honourable, this is why the king is unwilling to accept her. Ours is certainly a better reading. 2. pratipasye - Either receive, " or "reply," (referring to the previous speech of Sarngarava). Westgard gives respondere" as one sense of "prati + pad " | Cf. " tacchra ुtva tatheti pratyapadyata " - Ram. 1.10.15. 'katham prativacanamapi na pratipadyase " - Parsvabhyudayam&Meghaduta; VI. - (115 n. 2) apavarya = janantikam | 'tadbhavet apavaritam | rahamyantu yadanyasya paravrtya prakasyate ' Sahitya-Darpana (35 n,. 5), 3. aryasya - 'aryaputra ' is the usual address to a husband by the wife (3 n. 1) ; but here the marriage is not, acknowledged by the king, hence Sakuntala says 'aryasya ' and not 'arya putrasya ' | Cf. 'aryaputra ( ardhokte ), samsayite parinaye na esa samudacarah -- Act V. Infra. Text : - sarngaravah --ma tavat | upajati " krtabhimarsa 'manumanyamanah sutam tvaya nama muni vimanyah | 'mustam pratigrahayata ' svamartha patrikrto ' vasyurivasi yena || 20||

171 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah Sarngarava - Indeed do not (accept her ). 465 The sage-who²consents to the wrong¹ (thou) didst concerning his daughter and who in asking acceptance of his own filched³ property, has made thee like a thief, an object of gift 5-certainly deserves to be affronted. (20) saradvatah --- sarngarava ! virama tvamidanim | sakuntale, vaktavya mukta masmabhih | so'yamatrabhavanevamaha | diyatamasmam 'pratyaya- prativacanam | Saradvata - Stop you now, Sarngarava. Sakuntala, we have said our say. Here he - His Highness-speaks in this manner. Let him be given a convincing reply. | sakuntala -- ( apavarya ) -- imam avatthantaram gade tarise anurae ki va sumara- vivena | athava atta dani mem sohanio tti vavasidam evam (idam avasthantaram ' gate tadrge'nurage kimva smaritena | athava atma ' idanim me sodhaniya iti 'vyavasitametat ) | ( prakasam ) ajjautta ! (ityardhokte ) samsaiye parinae na eso samudaaro| poraba, juttam nama ve taha pura assama-pave sahabutana- hiaam imam janam taha samaa-punvam pataria idisehi akkharehi paccanalai ( aryaputra ! samsayite parinaye na esa samudacarah | paurava, yuktam nama te tatha pura asramapade svabhavo - ttana-hrdayam ' imam janam tatha samaya-purva pratarya " idrsam- -raksarah pratyakhyatum ) | Sakuntala (Aside to the audience.)-When such (an ardent) love has been reduced to this state¹, what will it avail to revive² (old recollections) 2? Or, ( at least my) own self has now to be acquitted 4 ; so (l) have set about it. (Aloud) My Lord ( this being half - said ) when marriage itself is doubted, this should not be the proper? from (of address ). 7 Paurava, it is indeed worthy of you to repudiate, in such terms, this naturally & frank-hearted 8 person, after having formerly hocussed 10 her with solemn pledges in the hermitage. 'abhimarsam ' - Aple. R. V.. 'istam ' - Taylor Mss; some V. L. - ' abhimarsam -- S. M. K. 'avamarsam ' - B. 'mustam ' -- R. V. M. B. of B Mss read 'dustam ' | sodhaniyah ' - B. C. Chezy, Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'socaniyah 'K. S. R. M. S. 'mocaniyah ' - V. yaktam ' - B. V. S. 'na yuktam ' - R. M. K. ---

466 - abhijnana- sakuntalam " [171 NOTES -- sarngarava iti -- 'atmanam ksetriyam asankamanah katham imam pratipatsye iti rajokteh pratyuttaram savidrupamaha 'ma tavat ' grhana iti sesah | krteti- 'krtah abhimarsah ' balat sparsah arthat sparsatmakam suratam yasyah tadrsim (anena satisaya-paradhakrttvam dhvanyate ) 'sutam ' duhitaram sakuntalam 'anumanyamanah ' tvat- krtamasyah kopa- hetu bhutam gudho - payamanam anumodamanah 'munih ' daha-rupatmaka-teja- udvamana-ksama . kulapatih kanvah ( tallaksanam yatha -- srigitaya 'vota-raga-bhaya-krodhah sthitadhormuni rucyate ' iti ) 'tvaya ' krtaparadhena nrpena 'vimanyah ' avajnatavyah 'nama ' iti abhyupagama ('nama kope'bhyupagame ' iti medini ) | vidrupoktiriyam | 'yena ' krpaluna munina 'mustam ' (apaniniyo'yam prayogah 'musitam ' iti sadhuh ) balat apahrtam 'svam ' svakiyam 'artha ' dhanam kanyarupam ' ( punah praptamityarthah ) ( prati- grahyata ' svikarayata tadadhinam karayata sata 'dasyu ' caurah ('dasyuh caure ripo pusi ' iti medini ' ) ' iva tvam patrikrto'si ' ( 5/4150 ) apatramapi patra sampadyamanah arthat sampradanikrto'si ( 'danapatram sampradanam ' ityukteh ) | yatha caurena apahrtam dravya punastasmai evapitam agrhnan vimananam janayati tadvat ityarthah (atropama- laksanarthotpadanat visamalankarasca | dasyuh patrikrto ( asti ), tvam tu (asi ) iti purusa bhedat prakrama bhangadosah | sa ca "yana pratigrahayata svamartha patrikrto damyuriva pramustam " iti pathena pariharyah | evanca prakramasya arambharupatva- darambhasya coktereva vivaksanat pradarsitapathe ca " asi " ityasya anuvatatvat na taddosavasarah iti suvibhirbhavyam " -- iti siddhantavagisapadah | upajati- vrttam ) ||20 || saradvata iti -- ' pratyaya janaka ' visvasa- janakam 'prativacanam ' uttaram (uttara-padalopi samasah ) | sakuntaleti -- tadrse ' purvanubhrte satisayam 'anurage ' premani 'idam avasthantaram ' (2|1|72 ) viparitadasam 'gate ' prapte sati ' smaritena ' ( 3|3|114 ) smaranahetuna 'va kim ' na kimapi prayojanamityasayah | yatah anuragabhave kevalam smaranasya akincitkaratvad | (karane trtiya ) | 'atma ' nija-svabhavam ('atma kalevare yatne svabhave paramatmani ' iti dharanih ) 'sodhaniyah ' lokapavadat atmanah nirdosatvam pratipadaniyam 'iti ' hetoh 'etad- vyavasitam smaranaya yatnah krtah | esa samudacarah ' aryaputra-sabdena sambodhana- rupah acarah 'na' yogyah | (asramapade ' ityanena tvayacaritam patakam nitaram dosavaham iti sucyate | 'svabhavena ' prakrtya 'udgatah tanah ' vistarah yasmat tan 'uttanam ' agabhiram saralamityarthah ('uttanam agabhire syat urdhvasya- sayite trisu ' iti medini ') 'hrdayam yasya tadrsam (anena padadvayena atmanah atimugdhatvam, tena para- bancana'nabhijnatvam parama-jana- viveka-sunyatvam ca dhvanitam ) 'samaya-purvaka

171 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah ' " 467 parigraha - bahutve'pi dve pratisthe kulasya me, ityadi- vakyena pratijna-purvakam yadva sala- purvaka- gandharvena vidhina ( 'gandharvah samayat miya ' iti yajnavalkya - smaranat ) athaca 'mamaya-purva ' dinatraya - madhye madgrhe tvatrayanaya netaram presayami iti prakarena kala- niyama- purvam | 'pratarya ' vancayitva adhuna 'idrse aksare . - 'cintayannapi na gvalu svikaranam atrabhavatyah ' - ityadibhih hrdayavidarakam vavanam 'pratyakhyatum ( 3|4 /65 ) asvikartu "yuktam ucitam nama " iti kutsayam | ("upakrtam bahu tatra kimucyate " ityadi-darpanodaharanavat viparita-laksanaya ativayuktam inyasayah ) | 171 n. -- 1. ma tavat --- Cf. 'matavat prathitayasasa - - &c. Mala. ( prastavana ); (222 n. 3). The whole speech of Sarngarava is sarcastic. He is highly incensed at the previous speech of the king ( ' tat katham imamabhivyakta - sattva - laksanam ' &c. - Supra). His speech implies "O upright king, you should never accept one who is big with child." R construes 'ma tavat ' with 'vimanyah ' | 2. abhimarsam-- 'abhimarsa ' means 'touch, contact. ' hence 'carnal embrace, sexual intercourse.' The root 'mrs ' means 'to touch. 'mrsa amarsane | amarsanam sparsah '-Siddhanta-Kaumudi, 2541, while 'mrsa ' titiksayam means 'to forgive' 'arya marsaya ' - Vairagya-Sataka (1; 119 n. 4), Hence abhimarsa of R, V, Apte and others is erroneous and is to be rejected. Read 'vimarsah paramarsah | musi iti murdhanyantapatho heyah | tasya ksamevarthah | Also Cf. 'parabhimarsah na tavasti ' - Kumara-sambhava V. 43, where Mallinatha has 'parabhimarsah para gharsanam ' | Also 'para-darabhimarjnesu pravrttan nrn mahipatih ' -- Manu-Samhita VIII. 352. 'manusya-marana steyam paradarabhimarsanam - Narada. 'mudrasthanam paramrsya ' - Infra. 3. nama Implies admittance in an ironical sense. 4. mustam - Stolen, because the king married Sakuntala without previous sanction from her guardian who was absent at that time. '' is grammatically wrong; (it may be justified according to Vedic grammar ). ( Vide 83 n.1.) correct form ( musita ) in bhasa is elsewhere used by our poet. 'sainyarenu musita'kamdidhitih ' - Raghuvamsha XI. 51. pari-musitaratnam- M.M. V. 39 'bhusitam musitarthakam - 1 K. "devena musito'smi - Kad. ('yo mubati paradravyam tasya musnati yah sirah | musyati apahrtarthanam duhkham dhana Cf. - -- --

468 - abhijnanasakuntalam - [ 171 NOTES * samarpanat - Kavi-Rahasya 115 ). pratigrahayata - Despite your stealing his daughter, the sage (like Francois Bienvenu Myriel, the kind Bishop of D) took no congnizance of your fault and urged you to accept "the stolen property." Cf. "Why, I gave the candle-stick too why did you not take them away with the rest of the plates" -Les Miserables. Kali., as well as many old writers, takes grahi (also tyaji ) as dvikarmaka | Cf. 'idam sastram mam grahayamasa - Manu-Samhita I. 58; 'prahayitva atmanam tato dagdhva ca tam purim ' - Maha ; 'ayacitaram nahi devadevamadrisutam grahayitum sasaka ' - KU; Buddhacharita XII. 108. " bharatastatra gandharvan yudhi nirjitya kevalam | atodyam grahayamasa samatyajayata''yudham ' | -- Raghuvamsha XV. 88 ; 'tamadau kuvidyanam artham arthavidam varah ! pascat parthiva kanyanam panim agrahayat fqat'-Raghuvamsha XVII. 3. This is in quite consonance with the Karika -- ' tara - grahe stathamoceh tyaje dapesca samgrahah ' | Also " praheh dvikarmakatvam yadyapi 'ajigrahat janako dhanustat " iti bhatti prayogasya ', 'ayacitaram nahi devadevamadrisutam grahiyitum sasaka ' iti kalidasa prayogasya canugunam | tathapi bahunamasammatameva | ataeva 'tam dhanuh ajigrahat bodhitavan ' suta grahayitum udvahyatvena bodhayitum ' ityevamukta-prayoge samartha yancakrire - T. ' anyetu evam vidhan bahun mahakaviprayogan drstva kusa- kasavalambana - nyayena kimapi prakarantaramahuh - Goyicandra. 'apisaliyamate * *anyesam vivaksavasat kartrtvam karmatvam ca | tena pacayati odanam devavamityapi sadhu | apica tanmate sthaja-paca-mucadinamapi dvikarmakatvam vivaksa- vasat | tabuse - Refers to "tapati tanugatri " - &c - III. 15. "parigraha- bahutve'pi " - III. 18; " ki sikaramh " - &c. III. 19; 'apariksata " - &c.III. 21; 5. sitarat: &c.-Sakuntala feels it necessary to say something in self-defence, simply because her character is going to be sullied by the king's wording. samudacarah - ( Proper form ) - Cf. 'sarva samudacara madhyasthah ' - PN. III. 'atikrantah samudacarah ' - Svapna-Vasavadatta VI. 6. pauravah -- Expresses the acute ire of Sakuntala 7. asramapade Mark the significance of the word (Com) 8. svabhavo-tana- (Frank by nature) &c. -ut + tan + na = (by the Varttika 'tanoterupa- samkhyanam - 3 1 104; 2903) uttanah (also Com. ) - Lit, what is stretched out, hence open, frank. 6. yuktam nama - It is but quite proper. (Said ironically). Or, it may imply query. 10. - -

171 NOTES ] pancamo'nka 469 samaya-purva - samaya means pratiksa, sanketa, also jnana and kala| The idea is:-You considered me (pratijna - purvam ) as the only mainstay of your family and then married me according to form my ( sanketa - purvam ), fixed the time (kalapurvam - Act. VI. 12) of reception and now you are intentionally ( jnana - purvam ) cheating me. (Com).. Text : - raja ( karnau pidhaya ) -- santam papam | arya [12. 18 'vyapadesamavilayitum ' kimihase janamimanca patayitum ' | 12, 15] kulankabeva sindhuh " 'prasannamogham tata tarunca || 21|| King (Shutting his ears) - Let sin be palliated. Why seekest thou to sully 2 (thy own) lineage and demeans this person also, just as a river 5, fretting 4(her) marge, does (to stain her) lucid(R) water and (to fell or overturn) the riparian trees. (21) sakuntala --ho, jai paramattha do para-pariggaha- sankina tue evvam pauta ta ahisnanena imina tuha asankam avanaissam | ( bhavatu, yadi paramarthatah | para-parigraha-sankina ' tvaya evam pravrttam tadabhijnanena " anena tava asanka mapanesyami ) | Sakuntala - Very well, if really dreading' another's wife, 2 this procedure has been adopted by you,then with this keepsake³, your dread ( 7 ) will remove. raja -- udarah kalpah | King - An excellent proposal. V. L. - The last half of the 1 st line is read thus in B: -- samihase manca nama patayitum ' ; 'ambhah ' - R. M. V. S. 'ogham ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'para - parigraha - sankhina ' - R.B.V.M. 'parigraha- sankina ' - S. pravrttam ' - B.M.S.V. 'vaktum pravrttam ' - R. 'abhijnanena anena ' - R. V. S. M. 'abhijnanena kenapi - B. rajeti -- 'kanau pidhaya ' hastabhyam acchadya | papa-vrttanta sravanani - cchaya karna-pighanam ('vasti bhaguri rallopamava'pyo rupasargayoh ' iti bhaguri- vacanat a-lopah paksikah ') 'papa ' papajanakam tava bhasanam 'santam nivaritam

47 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 172 NOTES astu ityarthah | santam ityatra'vyayam | ( adhyayam varane santam ' iti medini ) | dhyapadesamiti -- 'kulam karsati ' bhinatti ya sa 'kulankasa ' tata-samgharsani ('sarva- kulana - karisesu kasah - ( 3 | 2|42 ) iti khac | khaci mumagamah ) 'sindhuh ' nadi ( 'sindhuh samudre nadyam ca nade desebha-danayoh ' iti visvah ) 'prasannam ' nirmalam "prasanna stri surayam syat, accha-santustayo strisu " iti medini ) 'osam ' jala- pravaham ('augho vege jalasya ca ' iti medini ) yatha kalankayitva 'tatajatam tarum vrksam ( ' sakaparthivadih ) patayati tadvat, vyapadisyate jana- samaje khyayate anena iti 'vyapadesah 'ta nirmalam kulam 'avilayitu ' patyuranirnayat kalusikartum ('kaluso'naccha avila ' ityamarah ) 'imam janam ' mallaksanam nirmala-vamsa- prasuta sadacaraputam athaca nihsamparkam ityasayah | 'patayitu ' dharmat prasslayitu 'tvam ki ' kimartham 'ihase ' cepta se ( ' tvam tu ihagamanenaiva patita'si iti nica dhvanyate | [ upamalankarah | atra bhinne api gunakriye atisayoktya'bhedena'dhyavasite | purvardhe guna kriyayoh samuccayah | yathasamkhyamalankara iti kecit | 'sindhuh ihate ', 'tvantu ihase ' iti purusa bhedat atrapi prakrama bhanga-dosah | sa ca 'ihate ' iti pathanaiva, samadheyah | asmin pathe "bhavati "tti kartr padanvayadupapatti | arya jatih || 21 || bhavatu iti | bhavatu iti nisedhe | - ( ' astu iti nisedha-suyangikarayah | bhavatu iti astuvat ' iti ganakarah ) | sakuntaleti --- 'paramarthatah ' yatharthyamna (trtiyam tasil ) | ' apanesyami ' durikarisyami ( ' asankam apanesyami ' ityatra 'asankam iti karmanah asariratve'pi 'apanesyami ' ityatra na atmanepadam, kartr ' sthitata'bhavat | rajeti -- 'udara ' mahan ('ubarah datr-mahatoh ' ityamarah ) 'kalpah nyayah ' ('kalpah sastre vidhau nyaye samvarta brahmano dine ' iti medini ) | - 172 n. - 1. vyapadesam &c. - vyapadesa - " That by which one is designated'- (vyapadisyate anena karane ghada ) ie a family or race. Cf. 'atha ko'sya vyapadesah ' - Sakuntala VII. 'vyapadesakule jatah - Ram. IV. 64 ; 20. 117 ; III 12. 13. Sometimes it means a 'name'. Cf. ' evam vyapadesa- bhajah ' - Uttara-rama-Charita VI. ogham - Is also derived with karane ghata [ a udyate anena " halasca " ( 3|3|121 ) iti ghan | nyana kvaditvat ( 7|3|53 ) kutvam Bhanuji Diksita] and means 'river current', and in this sense it has been elsewhere used by our poet, Cf. "punarosena hi yujyate navi " -- Kumara-sambhava IV. 44. The word being masculine is in better consonance

172 NOTES ] with vyapadesa, pancamo'nkah 471 So reject 'ambhah | 2. avilayitum -- iti avila + nic ( " tat karoti (Com. ). avilam - kartum - tadacaste ' - Gana-Sutra 2573) + tum = avilayitum - To soil', 'to render limpid water turbid. Thus it is 'antarnivista - karma ', hence it can not further take a karma ( vyapadesam ) | Now read (166 n. 4), 3. kula -- Itself is an epithet of the river as it undermines the bank. 'kulankasa nadi ' -- Vamana & Bhattoji Diksita (III-2-42); 'mu .m ' by 'aruddisadajantasya mm ' - (6. 3. 67 ). Cf. 'jalam kulavapatena prasannam kalusayate | --- Mudra-Raksasa IX. 24. "rodhah patana - kalasa " - VIK.1.7. Now vide Rs. XI. 8. 4. ferrer:- syandate iti syand ('prasravane ') +u- [ ' syandeh samprasaranam ghasca ' ( u:- 11 ) iti u: ] - Bhanuji Diksita A crorrupt woman is often compared to a river. Cf. " nadyasca naryasca sama-svabhavah svatantrata- vegavaladhikatvat | toryasca dosaisca nipatayanti nadyo hi kulani kulani naryah || nadi patayate kulam, nari patayate kulam | narinanca nadinanca svacchanda -lalita gatih " - Garuda-purana Ch. 109. 5. apanesyami - Here "kata sthe casarire karmani - ( 2710) dces not apply, as 'asanka ' ('karma ') though asarira, does not belong to the agent sakuntala | Read 'kartrsthe iti kim ? sisyah guroh krodham vinayati ' - -Prabha. 6. udarah kalpah prathamah kalpah (B ) -- Seems to be preferable. Read (236 n. 3). -- " Text : - sakuntala ( mudrasthanam paramrsya ') haddhi, haddhi, amguliaa-sugna mem amguli ( ha dhik, ha dhik | anga ुliyaka-sunya me anga ुlih ) | || ( iti savisadam gautamimukhamiksate ) || Sakuntala (Fcelingt the place of the ring) - Alas! Alas ! my finger is without the ring. - (This said, looks sadly at Gautami's face). gautami -nunam de sakkavadara -bbhantare saci-tittha-salilam vanyamanae pambhattha amguliaam ( nunam te sakravatara'bhyantare sacitirthamsalilam vandamanayah prabhrastamanga ुliyakam ) | Gautami - Surely the ring slipped off, as you were bowing 2 to the water of Sacitirtha in Sakravatara. 2

472 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 173 NOTES - ( sasmitam ) idam tat pratyutpannamati ' strena miti yaducyate | King (With a smile)-This is what is called "ready-witted' is womankind²." sakuntala - eltha dava vihina vamsivam pattanam | abaram de kahissam | ( atra tavadvidhina darsitam prabhutvam | aparam te kathayisyami ) | | Sakuntala-Here indeed fate has shown its power. Another (convincing incident) I'll relate to you. raja -- srotavyamidanim samvrttam | King - (It) has now become a thing to be heard. sakuntala - nam ekkassim diahe vebasa-lada-mandabe nalini-patta-bhaana- gavam uaam tuha hatthe sanihida asi ( nanu ekasmin divase vetasa - lata - mandape nalini - patra -bhajana - gatamudakam tava haste sannihitam asit ) | Sakuntala - Well, one day, in the cane bower, you had in your hand, water in a lotus-leaf-cup. raja -- srnu mastavat | King - Well, ( 1 ) am listening. ( Proceed ). sakuntala -- takkhanam so me putta-kidao vihapango nama mia-podao ubattao ( tatksanam sa me putra-krtako dirghapango nama mrga-potaka ' upasthitah ) | tavo tue abham dava padhamam piau tti anuampina upacchandido uaena | na una he aparicaavo hanyavabhasam ubagavo ( tatah tvaya ayam tavat prathamam pivatu iti anukappina upacchandita ' udakena, na punaste aparicayat ' hastabhyasam upagatah ) | paccha tassi evva mae gahide salile jena kido panao | tada tumam ittham pahasibosi --savvi sagandhesu vissasidi | duve vi tumhe arannaa si (pascat tasminneva maya grhite salile anena krta . pranayah | tada tvamityam prahasito'si - sarvah sagandhesu ' visvasiti, dvavapi yuvam aranyako ' iti ) | Sakuntala-Just at that moment, my foster-child, a little fawn, Dirghapanga by name, came up. (Then ) you saying. "Let him drink first," kindly coaxed him with the water, but he didn't get near your hand owing to unfamiliarity. (Immediately) afterwards, when that very water was taken by me, he made love (to it). Then you jested 4 thus -- "All naturally confide in (their) own kindred; even both of you are wild(R)."

173 NOTES ] pacamo'nkah 473 V. L. : - ' gautamimukham iksate ' - B, 'gautamim aveksate - R. M. V. S. ' treta salata ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'navamalika ' ; -- R.V.S.M.; putrakrtakah- R. B.V.M. 'krtakaputrakah ' -- S. 'dvavapi yuvam ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'dvavapyatra ' -- R. M. V. S. | gautamiti-- 'sakavatarah ' bhagirathi - tira-sthito janapada- visesah tasya 'abhya- -ntare ' madhye 'sacitirthasya salilam vandamanaya ' upasprksya namaskurvatyah ['laksana- htvoh kriyayah ' ) - ( 3|2|126 ) - ityatra sanac hetvarthah | anga liyakam ('jihvamula- nga ुleh chah- (4|3|62 ); cha = iya - ( 7/12 ), tatah svarthe kan ), 'prabhrasta ' tasya purusa - hasta parinahat sakuntalayah krsanga ुlya nadyam vicyutam | nunamityavadharane | rajeti -- 'strena ' strisamuhah | stri jatih ( iti katayavemah | 'stri-pusabhyam na nau bhavanat ' - ( 4|1187 ) iti jatyarthe samuharthe va nanna - pratyayah ) | 'pratyutpannamiti ' pratibhanvitam ( iti jatadharah ) | ( tallaksanam yatha sudhakare-- " tatkaliki tu pratibha pratyutpannamatih smrta " || apica, "prajna navanavo- mesa- salini pratibha mata " iti rudrakosah ) | ' iti yat ucyate ' lokaih kathyate 'tat idam ' pramanam | 'sakuntaleti -- 'atra ' anga riyaka- prapate 'vidhina ' 'prabhutvam " abhijnana- haranatmika ksamata 'tavat darsitam ' - daivamevatra'tiricyate iti bhavah | rajeti - - drastavya mabhijnanam 'idanim ' srotavyam samvrttam, drastavyat srotavyasya durbalatvat sollunthana-vacanametat | 'sakuntaleti 'nanu ' iti vakyarambhe (iti hemacandrah ) | ' vetasa - lata - mandape ' vanira- viracita- visrama grhe ( " atha mandapo'stri janasrayah ' ityamarah ) | sakuntaleti - 'putra - krtakah ' krtrimaputrah | ' mrgapotakah ' harinasisuh ('potah sisau vahitre ca grhasthane ca vasasi ' iti medini ) 'upacchanditah ' panaya abhyarthitah pralobhita ityarthah 'hastasya abhyasah ' antikah tam, (abhyaso'bhyasane'ntike ' iti visva - medinyo ) | 'anena ' mrgapotakena ana- -hutenapi 'pranaya ' svatah yacya salila-paneccha ityarthah | 'prahasitah ' ( kartari ktah, akarmakatvat - 3|4|72 ) | 'sarva ' prani 'samanah ' tulyah gandhah ' 'sambandhah yesam tesu, tulya-sambandhesu atmiyesu iti yavat | ('gandhe gandhaka . amode lese sambandha - garvayoh ' iti visvaprakasah, "samanasya "- (6|3|84 ) - iti yoga-vibhagat prthaksutram krtva 'samanasya ' sa-bhavah- (1912 ) | vistaratu prathamanke drastavyah ) 'aranyako ' banyo ( anena purvabhutanam karyanam samgrhitatvat abanam namangamupa- - ksiptam | tallaksanam yatha dasarupake - " avanam karyasamgrahah " | punah va "bhuta-karya''khyanam utkirtanam matam ' iti darpana-laksanat utkirtanam nama nataghalankarasvoktah ] |

474 - abhijnana-sakuntalam - [ 173 NOTES 173 n. -1 vandamanayah - ( While bowing ) - sanac here implies hetuh (Com.). ' ( hetvarthe yatha 'sa arjayan aste, 'iha uparjanam eva asya pravasasya karanam ) | 'sa sevyamanah vilasati ', (atra seva eva tasya vilase karanam ) | 'vicintayanti yam ananyamanasa tapodhanam vetsi na mamupasthitam (atra kanta -visayini cintamva tapodhanasya avajnayah karanam ) - Prabha. vidhina &c. Cf. 'bhavitavyatatra balavati ' - Vikramorvasiya IV. 2. srotavyam &c. - Said tauntingly. You wanted first to give me an ocular proof. But now you are producing an auricular proof, or rather a story that is to be heard. Still I must give a patient hearing to your got-up story. For 'sa' ce t maya na srotavyah mamasravanaparadha eva syat iti prayojanabhave'pi sravanamatre vidhiriti samvrtta-pada- dyotyam ' - R 3. vetasa - lata &c. - Vide (86 n. 2); Act-III. 4. 4. srnumah &c. - Mark the utter indifference of the king owing to the worthlessness of the evidence. 5. putra-krtakah --- ( 14 In 3 ) 6. upacchanditah - upacchanda means 'to entreat'. 'to coax with flattering language'. Cf. 'tasmat upacchandayati prayojyam ' - Raghuvamsha V. 58. where Mallinatha remarks 'upacchandayati prarthayamane sati ' | - [ Obsecro (supplicate)' - Stenzler]. 7. sagandhesu - samanah gandhah yesam te sagandhah | 'samana ' = 'sa' (Com) and (23 n. 6); 8. aranyakau - Is to be derived with bujha - (4 2129) ; vuda = ak- ( 7. 1. 1.), and with 'na' (Varttika 4. 2. 140) in the case of Sakuntala, and the fawn respectively. Next svarthe kan (127 n. 1.) For reasons Vide 52 n. 2. Sakuntala chose this particular incident, as the king out of love perhaps often used to taunt her as "wild" (jamli ) | (Cf. 'kva vayam kva paroksa- manmatho mrga-sah samamesito janah - Act. II. 18. For similar idea Cf. The sallow knows the basket-making thumb'-Emerson. Text : - raja -- eva madibhi ratma-karya-nirvatinina ' madhurabhi ranrta- vagbhi rakrsyante visayinah ' | King Voluptuaries are enticed by such and other sweet untruthful words of women seeking to compass their own end'. '

174 NOTES ] pancamo'h gautami - mahabhaga ! barahasi evvam mandisu | 475 tabovana-samvadiyo ana- | bhinno aam jano kaivavassa ( mahabhaga ! narhasi evam mantrayitum | tapovana- sambadhitah anabhijnah ayam janah kaitavasya * ) | Gautami-Speak not thus, O illustrious (king) penance-grove, this person is unaware of deceit 4. raja -- tapasavrddha ! vasantatilaka ( tabhajajagaga ) strinamasiksita - patutva ' mamanusinam ' samdrsyate kimuta yah pratibodhavatyah | pragantariksa- gamanat svamapatya jatam anyamdvijah parabhutah kila posayanti || 22 || Bred in a King Old hermit-matron! Intuitive 5 cleverness 5 is observed ( to exist even) amongst (untutored ) females & other than human ; what then in the case of those that are gifted with intelligence?? The female cuckoos 9, as is well-known, cause their own young ones to be reared by other birds, before soaring in the sky. ( 22 ) V. L.-'fadfadlam-R. V. S. Taylor Mss., Dr. Burkhard. 'pravartinibhih ' - B. 'nirvataninam ' - M. K. 'madhurabhih anrta- vagbhih ' - B. - -B. 'anrtamaya vana, madhubhih ' - R. M. V. 'yositam madhura - gibhih ' - Mackenzie Mss. 'anrta-vana madhurabhih - S. 'amanusinam - B. 'amanusosu ' - R. V. M. 'kli ' - B. 'khalu ' - R. V. S. M. - - rajeti -- 'atmajnam kamani ' svoddesyani avasyam nirvartayanti sadhayanti yah tasam [avasyaka''dhamarnayoh ninih -- 2 |3|110 ] svoddesya sadhane tatparanam dustanam narinam ityarthah ( 'visesana - matraprayogah visesya-pratipattau ' iti vamanah ) 'evamadibhih ' idrsibhih 'anrtavagbhih ' asatya - vakyamh 'visayinah ' kamukah na tu madrsa-jana ' | 'akrsyante ' akrsya svavasam niyante | gautamiti - 'kamtavasya ' chalanayah 'anabhijnah ' ('kaitavam tu cchale dyute kamtavah kitave strinamiti - 'amanusinam ' manusi bhinnanam 'strinam ' buk ca - 4|1|161 ) - ( anena menaka ca vyajyate, api 'asiksitam ' anupadistam yat 'patutvam ' arthat upadesam antarena sahajam vidyamanam kausalam, svabhavika caturyam ityarthah 'samdrsyate ' parilaksyate | 'ya ' naryah ' - ripau ' iti medini ('manojatavanna, yatau asya amanusitvat )

476 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 174 NOTES 'prativodhavatya ': visista buddhayo manusyah tasam 'kimuta ' anupadista-vancakatva- kausalam kimadhikam vaktavyam ( 'kimu sambhavanayam syat vimarsa capi drsyate | kimutatisaye prasne vikalpe ca prayujyate || " iti visva - medinyau ) | [ ataeva arthapattiralankarah | 'vyatireka ' iti raghavapadah ) | 'paraih ' karkah 'bhrtah ' palitah iti 'parabhrtah ' kokila ' ('vanapriyah parabhutah kokilah pika ityapi ityamarah | athaca 'para ' anyamh 'bhrtah pusta, deva dhana-parivardhita iti sva-vaisya menaka api dyotyate | apica 'parena ' anyena maharsina kanvena maricena va 'bhrtah ' palita raksita va iti sakuntalapi laksyate ) 'svam ' svakiyam 'apatya - jatam savakasamuham ('jatam jani - samuhayoh ' iti kosah | athaca 'apatyajatam ' sakuntala-rupam ) 'anta- riksa-gamanat (2|3|26 ) prak ' akasodda yanat prak (anena sakuntalamujjhitva menakayah svarga-gamanat prak ityarthantaramapi labhyate ) 'anyamh dvijah ' ( 3|2|101 ) vayasadibhih paksibhih (athaca anyah ' visvamitra- bhinnamh 'dvijaih ' vipraih kanvam- rityarthah | 'danta vipra'ndaja dvija ' ityamarah ) 'posayanti ' vardhayanti 'kila ' iti vartayam | ( atra sakuntala- laksane visese prastute stri-samanyasyoktatvat aprastuta- prasamsa | arthantaranyaso'pi | 'tayah tya ' iti 'mana manyah iti cheka-vrtya- nuprasau | atra kakaireva kokila- savaka-posana- darsanat anyasca'darsanat kakairiti paksi-visese vaktavye 'anye dvijah ' iti, paksi- samanya'bhidhanat visese avise sasya- dosah | sa ca "kakaih pika kila rahah pariposayanti " iti pathitva samadheya " iti siddhantavagisapa | dah | vasantatilaka vrttam ) ||2|| - 174 n. - 1. tapasavrddhe - paranipata ' of 'vrddha ' is optional by 'kada़ाra karmadharaye ' (2.2. 38 ) The king seems to be extremely irritated. 2. amanusinam-na manusi = amanusi - Lower animals, tasam| Here 'na ' is indicative of 'tadanyatva ' (160 n. 6). Hence the epithet also indirectly refers to the celestial nymph Menaka who is also other than human beings. 3. kimutah ( 'avyaya ) - "What more " ~ (Com). "Much more"-M. 'balavat susthu kimutah svatyativa ca nirbhare " - Amara-Kosa pratibodhavatyah- prati + budha +ghana karane = pratibodhah -- Intellect ie the instrument of This is expressive of his acquiring knowledge. Next contrast with 'asiksita ' | asiksita - ( Untutored) &c. - ' asiksita ityatra pradhanasya narthasya samase gunibhavat vidheyavimarsa-dosah, sa ca "sathyam

174 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 477 na janmavadhi siksito yah " iti pathena samadheyah ' - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 4 antariksa-gamanat- dyava- prthivyoh antar (madhye ) iksyate iti antara + is + ghann karmani (3.3.19) antar rksa - (ni ) naksatranyasya | asmin pakse 'antariksam ' iti = antariksam | vede tu chandasa hasvatvam | prsodaraditvat - (6. 3. 109 ) itvam | hasva-madhyah | adhikarana- vyutpattistu nocita, lyuta ghano bagha prasangat - Bhanuji Diksita The phrase also indirectly refers to Menaka's return to heaven after Sakuntala's birth. Also Infra, 5. anyadvijah - dija means both 'bird' and 'Brahmana", Thus the phrase means 'by birds other than cuckoos, i.e. the crows'. Hence visese avisesasya-dosah (Com.). Next it means - " By a Brahmana (Kanva or Marica) who was other than Visvamitra' (Com). 6. parabhuta - Directly refers to cuckoo (134 n. 7), and indirectly to Menaka who is a kept-woman (Com.). The king was absolutely ingorant of Sakuntala-affair owing to the imprecation of Durbasah, still his unconscious speech flung correct indecent reference to her birth from a prostitute and also perhaps to her chastity. Most likely she has come to fulfil her own mission (Cf. atmakarya- nirvartininam - Supia) ie to make the king to be the father of her illegitimate child. Thus. the king's speech is a beautiful instance of Dramatic Irony ( 152 n. 6). In this connexion read Dusyanta's speech to Sakuntala -- 'jati scapi nikrsta te kulineti vijatpase | janayitva tvamutasrsta ko kileva paramrbha ta ' - Adi. 94; Also 'atra kavyartho'pi dyotyate | tathahi antariksa- gamanat prak dusyantasya matalina saha svargagamanat purvam svamapatyajata svakiya putram anyedvijah maricadibhih posayanti "-- Srivasa C 1 - striyo hi nama khalveta nisargadeva panditah | purusana tu panditya sastra revopadisyate || - Mudra-Raksasa II. 19;- 'vayasya, nisarga - nipuna . striyah - Mala. Ill hiabha-numanena Text :- sakuntala ( sarosam ) --anajja asano hiaa - numanena kila sadhyam pekkhasi | ko dani agno dhamma-kancua-padesino tina-khana- kabo- camassa tava anukivi padiyavissadi (anarya ' atmano hrdayanumanena kli 37 i

478 abhijnana-sakuntalam [ 175 NOTES sarva preksase | ka idanimanyo dharma-kancuka pravesina ' strna cchanna- kupopamasya tavanukrti pratipatsyate ) | Sakuntala (Inwruth) - Jgnoble man' ! (Thou) judgest of others. 2 after the manner of (thy) own (evil) heart 2 Who else will act (so basely) in imitation of thee. that donning the garb of virtue 3. 4 resemblest a straw-covered pit. 1 raja - ( atmaganam ) - sandigdha-buddhim mam kurvan akamtava ivasyah kopo tatha hyanaya-- laksyate ! vasantatilaka ( tabhajajagaga ) ( prakasam ) madhyamva vismarana- daruna-citta- vrttau " vrttam raha pranayamapratipadyamane | 'bhedaya voh 'kutilayoratilohitaksya 80 bhagna sarasanamivatirusa smarasya ||23|| bha . prathitam dusyantasya caritam | prajasvapidam na drsyate | King (Aside) - Her ire. rendering me wavering in mind. appears like that of one free from fraud, For-With the attitude of (my) mind ( towards her ) turned dreadful, owing to forgetfulness, 1, having disowned 7 the love made in secrecy 6 (between us),-by her with crimson eyes because of extreme anger, is snapped asunder, as it were, the bow of Cupid, 10 through the knitting 8 of her curved eyebrows. (23) (Aloud) Good lady! Dusyanta's actions are well-known (to all ). Such a thing is not noticed even amongst (his) subjects. V. L. :- 'prajasvapidam na drsyate ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha 'tathapidam na laksaye - R. V. M. 'tathapidam na laksyate ' - S. In some Mss, the speech has been assigned to purodhah ' | -- sakuntaleti - 'atmanah ' svasya 'hrdayena anumanam ' tena | arthat svahrdayam yatha vancana purnam anyesamapi tatha ityanumanena | 'preksase ' manyase | 'anyah ' ( ityanena tvattulyah dustah nasti iti dhanyate ) 'dharma ' eva 'kancukah ' bahiranga-pravaranam ( rupaka - karmadharayah ), tam pravestum silamasya arthat vyajena sadhutvam prakhyapayatah ataeva 'trnaih chanah ' pihita acchadita ityarthah ('channam rahas chaditayoh ' iti

175 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 479 svasya satya-sandhatva - pragyapana (arthapatiralankarah | roga hamah | ' va danta- santa purna- dasta- spasta chana jasta . - ( 7/2/23 ) iti idagama vaikalpikah ) yah 'kupah ' vapi tasya upamiyate anena iti 'upama ' sadrsya yantra tathabhutasya 'tava ana krtim ' anukarana dharma - vacanam 'ka pratipatsyate ' vidhasyati na ko'pi ityartha . | bhagagat atra sampheta-namanga-mupaksinnam 'samphetah rasa-bhasanam iti darpana sat | ) mayiti -- 'mayi " dusyante 'eva vigata smarana yasya tat vismarana vismrti . tata daruga ' bhavavaha nisthura iti yavat ( " daruno rasabhede na trisu tu syat bhayavahe ' iti visva medinyo ) 'cittavrtti " manavartana yamya tasmin, ataeva nha nirjane 'vrttam ' sampadinam 'pranaya ' pranaya- ghatita-parinayadikam 'apratipadyamane ' ajanane asvikurvvati sati 'anirusa ' mahata kopena hetuna 'anyanta lohine ' raktavarna ' 'aksini ' yaya tadrsya, anaya, simantinya 'kutilayam " vatrayam 'bhruvoh bhedat ' prabhanga ' vidhaya ityartha . ('vyaklope karmanyadhikarane ca iti karmani (mi ) 'smarasya madanasya 'saramana ' dhan 'bhagnamitra ' | yena puna ramona prarhatam saknuyat ityartham | `bhaji amadane ' iti dhata aditaca - (5) ini vana ktavatu-pratyaya-da-karasya natvam ] | atra bhavabhimanini vacya kriyotpreksa- -lankarah | kavyalinganca | runaruneti vrtto vrttamiti prapreti smarasyeti chekanupraso vrttyanuprasasca | vasantatilaka vrttam ||33 || prakasamiti - 'prathita ' sarvavijnatam ('pratite prathita khyata- vitta - vijnata- visruta ' ityamara ) ida vancakattva 'prajasvapi na drsyate ' ka katha praja-ranjake dusyante ityasayah arthapattiralankarah | Aryan 175 n. - 1. sarosam -- Anger is here due to the speech of the king which made bitter reflections on Sakuntala 's birth and breeding, (P.102) and it is quite justified on the part of a devoted wife for she can brook all but scandal about her character. Here sakuntala has been depicted as an 'adhira ' woman. Cf. 'priyam sotprasa- vakroktya madhya dhira dahet rusa | dhiradhira tu ruditaih, adhira parusoktibhih ' -Sahitya-Darpana 2. anarya - Even though highly incensed, she has not forgotten the advice of her father (i.e. bhartuviprakrtapi rosanataya masma pratipa gamah ' -- IV, 18) and she does not use a harsher epithef than anarya | (3 n. 1.) trna-mantra- (covered with straw) &c. - kutsita

480 abhijnanasakuntalam - [ 175 NOTES isadva apo'tra iti kupah | 'rk - pura- v -' (5|4|74 ) iti a:, 'udanor dese ' ( ( 6 | 3 | 98 ) ityatra dirgha-nirdesat anyatrapi ut iti va " - Bhanuji Diksita Cf. Vali's rebuke of Rama- 'tvam vinihatatmanam vinihata-tmanam dharma- dhvajamadharmikam | jane papa-samacaram trrnah kupamivavrtam ' - Ram. IV. 17 ; III. 46; ' bhasma - cchana- -- mivanalam ' - Padma-Purana V. 42.84 ; Even virtue's self by Knaves is made. A cloak to carry on their trade " - Miser and Plutus. 'A raven's heart within a dove' - Twelfth Night, V. I. 4. dharma - kancuka &c. -- Mark the confusion of metaphor owing to her excessive anger anukrtim &c. - Sakuntala means to say that nobody will debase himself by imitating the king who has acted so vilely towards her For " yadyadacarati srestha stadeva itaro janah | sa yatpramanam kurune loka stadanuvartate " - Gita asyah ( kopah ) - Is not in consonance with 'atrabhavatyah (p. 478) and ' atrabhavati -- (p. 472) 'atrabhavati - pratyayat ' (481) ; also 37 n. 2. - ( Com.). This raises great doubt about the authenticity about this line and the following Sloka(23). See Remark. tathahi - (12 n. 3) 5. mayi eva - May go with 'bhruvoh bhedat ' i.e. eyebrows darted against me. 'atirusa ' is the instrument of 'atilohitaksya ' - With eyes that were exceedingly crimson owing to intense ire. The epithet may also be taken as an attribute of 'anaya ' understood - ' by her whose anger was intense and whose eyes were &c. 6. bhruvoh bhavat - "bhrubheda ', 'bhrubhanga ',and 'bhruksepa ' all mean 'contraction of the eyebrows, a frown Cf. bhrubheva- matrena padanmadhonah ' - Raghuvamsha X 111.36; bhruksepa matranumatapravesamh - Kumara-sambhava III. 69, 71; VI. 45. 'taranga -- bhanga ' - Vairagya-Sataka IV. 28; 'sa bhu - bhangamukhamiva 'Parsvabhyudayam&Meghaduta 25. 7. smarasya &c. The eyebrows of women are often compared to Cupid's bow. Cf. 'bhru- pallavam dhanurapanga-tarangitani vana ' &c. - Gita-Govinda 'atha sa lalita - yosid bhru - lata - caru-srngam ' &c. Kumara-sambhava ; Naisadha-Carita 2. 28. "The double entendre in the word 'smara' (smara ) which means 'recollection' as well as 'the god of love' is noticeable". - M 8. sarasanam bhagnam-- The idea is :- The king did make love with Sakuntala but now he is knowingly trying to evade that. At this the god of love became exceedingly exasperated and determined to

175 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 481 punish the king with an arrow forcibly discharged from the bow which was drawn to such an extent as to break the staff. kutilayoh - Cf. Arched brow' - All's Well That Ends Well. Remark - This Sloka is quoted by Bhoja in sarasvati - kanthabharana | But before this Sloka B has the following which is decidedly superior to $1. 23 in diction, style and import, Second line is quoted by DD - Vide (112 n. 8). Read raja (atmagatam ) --- vanavasadavibhramah ' puna ratrabhavatyah kopo laksyate | tathahi - na tiryagavalokitam ' bharvata caksuralohitam vaco'pi parusaksaram na ca padesu samsajjate | himarta " iva vepate ' sakala esa vimbadharah, svabhava-vinate bhruvau yugapadeva ' bhedam gate || || ( prthvi chandah ) || 5 King ( Aside ) - Owing to her residence in the wood-land, the anger of this lady appears to be genuinel. Thus - " ( She) is not looking askance², but (her) eyes have become extremely red. (her) speech though (fraught with)³ rough wordings is not wavering 8. The whole of (her) under-lip imitating the (red) Bimba fruit is trembling like one bitten with frost. 5 ( Her) eyebrows, naturally curved have even synchronously turned³wry 8. Text : - sakuntala - suttha dava ata sacchanda-carini kidamhi ja aham imassa puruvamsa-paccaena muha-mahuno hiaa -visassa hatthagbhasam ubagada (susthu tavat atra svacchanda carini krtammi | yahamasya puruvasa-pratyayena mukha-madho hrdaya-visasya ' hastabhyasamupagata ) | | ( iti patantena mukhamavrtya roditi ) || Sakuntala Full well now in this I have been represented as a wanton woman, who from confidence in Puru's race, got near the hands of one honey-mouthed' but poison-hearted 1. (This said, covering her face with the cloth-end weeps). sarngaravah -- itthamatmakrta mapratihatam capalam ' vahati | sloka atah pariksya kartavyam visesat sangatam rahah | ajnata-hrdayesvam vam vamribhavati ' sauhrdam ||24||

482 abhijnana-vakuntalam [ 176 NOTES Sarngarava-Thus dces a self-committed hastiness 2 when ' nct counteracted', lead to burning. Therefore a secret union should be formed after special circumspection. Thus does a friendship turn into hostility 4 in those whose hearts are not known (10 each other ). ( 24 ) V. L. - ' hrdaryavapasya ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha "hrdaya sthitavisasya ' - R. V. M. 'hrdayasya visasya ' - S. 'apratihatam - B.M.S. 'parihrtam ' - V. K. 'pratihatam ' - S. Mackenzie Mss. R. sakuntaleti -- ' svasya . chandana ' abhiprayana ( 'abhiprayaschanda agaya ' ityamara ) carati tacchila (tacchilye gini ' ) svarini ityarthah | ( sakrosakti riyam | 'tena ca " upakrta vahu tatra kimucyate ityadi-darpani-daharanavat viparita- laksanaya niyata-gurujana-matanucarini parama- pativrata evaha tatrapi tadanyatha-mana- nat tvamativa nibamdha, pratarako va iti siddhantavagisadada ) | 'puruvase '-- puru-sadrsa - visrutakule yah pratyayah ' visvasah tena hetuna | yata'ya mahati puruvagam jatah, atojya na adharmika iti visvasat ityasayah | 'mukhe madhu yasya tathavidhasya | 'hrdayam visa halahala yasya tadrsasya (ubhayatra vyadhikarana bahuvihih ) | 'visasya ' ityanena kapatya nigaranat atisayoktih | visesana-dvayamna ati khala-svabhavatva dhvanitam ) | ata iti-- 'ata . ' purvoktat karanat arthat capatyasya dahakatvat, nirjane yat sangata vadhu-varasya sammelana pranayadikam ityarthah ( bhave ktah ) tat 'visesat ' visesa prayatnatisayam asritya ( tyavlampe karmani 5mi, va --- 594 ) pariksya kartavyam kanyaya iti sesah | vipakse badhakamaha | 'ajnata hrdayesu vyavaharadina aparijnata-cittamsu 'sauhrda maitri 'evam ' anena prakarena avara vaira bhavati iti 'vairibhavati ' (abhutatadbhave cica . ) pranayo'pi vidvesayate ityartha . (purvardha sakuntala dusyantayoh sagatasya kartavye visese prastute yat samanya-sangatamatrasyaprastutasya vacanam sa'prastuta prasamsa | vaidhamryena syantiranyasah | vakyartha- hetuka kavyalinganca | iloko brttam ) ||24 || 176 n. - 1. mukha-maghoh &c. - Cf. " varjayet tadrsam vandhum visakumbham payo- mukham || Also "sammukhe sundara sadhu, yena sudha varse vidhu vane vyaghra, mane ta janina ' - DaSarathi Raya. 'navanitam hrdayam brahmanasya, vaci ksuronisita- stiksna-dharah | tadubhayametad viparitam ksatriyasya, vana, navanitam hrdayam tiksnadharam ||

176 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 483 - Maha, 'visa ' is both masculine and neuter 2. apratihatam - A rash act should always be checked; otherwise it will bung remorse in the long run. 3. capalamvahati &c. - Cf. 'sahasa vidadhana na kriyamaviveka . paramapadam padam ' - Kiratarjuniya II. 30. 4. atah pariksya &c - This is certainly the poet's own view about matrimonial alliance contracted in secrecy. He seems to be against such love-affairs and points out its evil consequences. Cf. 'mujana dekhiya karivi piriti, prahari rakhiva amkhi || sujane sujane haile piriti, thakivi parama sukham | arasika mane karile piriti janama gonanavi dukhe - Mukunda dasa. Shakespeare also expressed his own view about marriage this way- "Duke- "Too old, by heaven ; let still the woman take An elder than herself." &c.-Twelfth Night, II. 4 5 vairibhavati &c. -- 'dhartarastrah saha pritih vairamasmasvamuyate | asanmamtri hi dipaya kuthacchayeva sevita ' Kiratarjuniya X 1 55 6. sauhrvam - Vide (35 n. 3). 1 ext :- raja -- ayi bhoh kimatrabhavati-pratyayadeva 'sman samyula- dosaksaram ksinutha | 2 King--O gentle Sir, why do you simply giving credence to this lady 1, wound me with " words of heaped up accusations 2 ? upajati ( tatajagaga sarngarava ( sasuyam ) - srutam bhavaradharottaram | ajanmanah sathadhamasiksito ' yastasyapramanam ' vacanam janasya | jatajagaga ) 'paratisandhana madhiyate yam vidyeti te santu kila''ptavacah || 25 || Sarngarava- (Sarcastically ) - Do you hear the base 3 (R) reply. The declaration of a person who from his birth is un-1 trained to sleight 4 (whatsoever ). is without 5 validity and let those by whom (the art of ) 2 deceit is studied as a science be ( regarded ) as infallible³ speakers of truth³. (25) V. L. - " samyuta - dosaksareh ' - V. R. 'sambhrta - dosah ' - B. M. 'sambhrta- dosa- ksarena ' - K. 'samvrta dosaksarena ' - S. M reads 'adhiksipatha ' for ksinutha ' | 'yamh ' -R.V.M.B. 'ye ' - S. Breads 'abhisandhanam for 'atisandhanam | - rajeti - 'ayi ' iti komala''mantrane [ iti kumare (5/62 ) mallinathapadah ] 'atrabhavatyam pratyayah ' visvasah tasmat 'eva ' ityanena pramanantara - nirasah | kevala I

vev -- - abhijnanasakuntalam [ 177 NOTES masya vacanat na tu yuktyantara mapeksya ityasayah | ' samyak ' na tu isat, 'yutah ' samprktah na tu samsprstah 'dosah ' yesu tadrsani 'aksarani ' te | ('asambhrta-dosah iti pathe akrta- dosah iti vyakhyeyam ) | 'ksinutha ' himstha pida़yatha (ksi himaya miti kavikalpadrumah ) | sarngarava iti- 'adharam ' hinam ca tat 'uttaram ca 'adharottaram ' (iti raghavapadah ) | 'adharottaram ' viparitam ( iti nyaya- - pancananapadah ) | 'vibhasa vrksa- mrga-trna dhanya- vyanjana - pasu- sakunya-sva- vada़va- purva-para- gharo- taranam ' - ( 2/4112 ; 916 ) - iti ekatvam paksikam ) | ajanmana iti -- 'yo ' janah sakuntala-rupah 'ajanmanah ' jananat arabhya adya yavat (samasasya vibhasitatvat na samasah | samasapakse ' 'ajanma ' iti syat ) 'sathyam ' para pravancanam 'asiksitah ' adhya ' tumapi nakhdhavan ( ' adi - karmani kta ' kartari ca ' - (3|4|71 ) - iti pra-sabda'bhave'pi kartari ktah | tathacoktam prabhayam - "pra-sabdah adi karmadyotakah | kadacit pra-sabda'bhave'pi adikarma-prayogo drsyate | yatha dhatavah pathitah " ) | 'tasya ' sathya- virvajatasya 'janasya ' saku- ntala-rupasya 'vacanam apramanam ' avisvasyam apitu kathamapi na iti tatparyam ( ataeva arthapattiralankarah ) | ' paresam atisandhanam ' vancanam ('vancanam cati (cabhi ) sandhanam vyalikanca prataranam ' iti hemacandrah ) 'vidyaiti ' vidya- rupa- -tvena vibhavya ( ' kvacinnipatenabhidhanam ' va 537 iti prathama ) 'ya: ' dusyanta- 'yaih ' sadrsaih nrpaih adhiyate yatnena'nuragena ca abhyasyate 'te kila ' ityarucau ('vartaya- marucau kila ' iti trikandasesah | raghava-mate 'sambhavanayam kila ' | 'kila- dastu vartaya sambhavya'nunayarthayoh ' iti visvah ) " aptah " pratyayitah visvasa- yogyah ('aptah pratyayita strisu " ityamarah ) 'vacah ' yesam tadrsah santu, apitu kuto'pi na iti hrdayam | ( sollunthana- vacanametat | atrapi arthapattiralankarah | raghavamate -- " sakuntala - vacanam satya dusyanta vacanam amatyamiti visese prastute yat samanyavacanam sa vaidharmyena prastutaprasamsa " | 'asiksita ' ityatra pradhanasya narthasya samase gunibhavat vidheyavimarsa-dosah | saca "sathayam na janmavadha siksito yah " iti pathena samadheya iti siddhantavagisapadah | " sakuntala- susthu tavat " ityadina etadantena 'dravo ' namangamupaksiptam | 'dravo ' guruvyatikrantih soka - vegadi-sambhava " iti darpana-laksanat | upajati sam ) ||25|| 177 n. - 1. samyuta &c. - With wordings every syllable of which is fraught with censure (Com.). 2. " ksinuthaksinati duritam -

177 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 485 -- drstya ksinotparyasca duhsthatam | bhrtyanam nityamajnanam ksinute yah saduktibhih "Kavi-Rahasya 110. 3. adharottaram - adharam ( hinam ) uttaram ie a base reply - (R & Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha). But the king has not given any such reply : he simply wants to know why Sakuntala, is to be believed and his humble self disbelieved. N explains it as 'viparita ie something done topsyturvy or in a contrary manner. C explains it as 'nikrsta-pradhanyam ' i.e. ascendency of the low,' 'placing that at the top which ought to be at the bottom '- M. For this sense Cf. 'adyat samyanca na syat kasmiscit | - kakah purodasam, sva ca lihyat havistatha | pravartata'sarottaram ' - Manu-Samhita VII. 21, where Kulluka Bhatta notes -'brahmanadivarnanam ca madhye yadadharam sadradi tadevottaram pradhanam pravatisyata ' | Also Cf. 'adesya ' yascadisati nirdisyapahna ुte ca yah | yasca'dharottaranarthanvigitanabatrudhyate "Manu-Samhita VIII. 53; Devayani's complaint to her father against his maid sarmistha - 'adharmena jito dharmah pravrtta madharottaram | sarmisthayativrttasmi duhitra vrsaparvanah || - Maha. Adi. 77. 'papamadharottaram - Karna. 37. Dropa. 198. 'nicoccayoh vaiparitya-karanam mahatpapam - Nilakantha. The whole thing is an address to the audience. "Do you notice the inversion of the proper order of things, by which high (Sakuntala ) has been made low, i.e. stigmatised as liar, and the low (King). who is taught in the various surreptitious and unscrupulous method (See Kuntilaya's Artha - Sastra), to be employed against enemy, has been raised high". Or, by Sarngarava. (Cf. 'rajnah bhavisyati - Mala. 1.). You this is an address to the king samaksameva avayoh adharottaram vyakti have misunderstood me and words in a preposterous way. consequently have taken my I meant nothing to you with 'atah pariksya etc. I was only sermonizing Sakuntala Surely no body will give greater credence to the wordings of a forest-girl than the statement of one who is none other than a king. The whole thing is of course sarcastic. 3. asiksitah - Involves vidheyavimarsadosah- (Com.& 4 n. 7). 4. 0 ati- samdhanam -- abhisandhanam (B&Com. ). Cf. 'parabhisandhanaparam yadyapyasya vice- stitam ' - Raghuvamsha XVIII. 76 ; ( 84 n. 1.) 5. aptavacah -- means 'bhrama -

486 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 177 NOTES pramada - vipralipsa karanapatava-rupa- dosa-catustaya-rahitah | sa ca rsyadih ' iti smrtih- ie. One whose advice is always correct. Cf. "apta- vaganumanabhya sadhya tvam ka katha " - Raghuvamsha X. 28. kila - Either in aruci or sambhavana | 'The usual definition of the 4 th pramana (sabda ) is aptavakya, you would make it anaptavakya-- the word of an imporper person' - M. Text : -- raja -- bhoh satyavadin, abhyupagatam ' tavadasmabhirevam | ki punaramamatisandhaya ' labhyate | King Ho truth-teller ! granted now by us it is so, but what is to be gained by having deceived her ? sarngaravah - - vinipatah | Sarngarava - Damnation'. raja - vinipatah pauravam prarthyate iti na ' sraddheyametat | : King - That 'damnation' is sought after by Puru's descendants is not credibleª. saradvatah -- sarngarava | kimuttarottarena | anusthito guru-niyogah pratinivartamahe vayam | - ( rajana prati ) -- tadesa bhavatah patni, tyaja vanam grhana va | sloka 'upayantuhi daresu prabhuta sarvatomukhi ||26|| gautama, gacchavratah | ( iti prasthitah ) | Saradvata - Sarngarava, enough of altercation. (Our) preceptor's commission has been executed. Let us return. (To the king ) - This is then your wife. Either desert or accept her. For, a husband' (has) absolute mastery over (his) wife. (26) Gautami, go ahead. (This said, they began to move ). sakuntala -- kaham imina kivavena bippalddha riha | tumhe bimam paricaca aha ( kathamanena kitavena ' vipralabdha'smi, 'yuyamapi mam parityajatha ) | ( anupratisthate ) | Sakuntala - How now ! (I) have been hocussed by this perfidiouss man (and) you too, are leaving me ? (This said, starts after them ).

178 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 487 gautami ( sthitva ) -- baccha sangarava ! anugacchadi jo karuna- paridevini saunhala | pacadesa - parase bhattuni kimva me puttia karetu ( tratma sarngarava, anugacchati na karuna- paridevini sakuntala | pratyadesa-parupe ' bhartari kim va me putrika karotu ) ? Gautami (Stopping)-My child Sarngarava. Spiteous-bemoaning Sakuntala is following us. Her husband cruelly* disowning her, what possibly can my poor child do ? V. L. 'na sraddheyama- RVM 'asraddheyama ' -- B. Somits 'na'' 'saradvata '--'bho sarngava '-- KVMR 'sarngarava - bho rajana ' -- B uttare ' - B. 'uttarega ' -R.Balamanorama -- 'uttarottarena 'S 'niyoga 'B 'sandesa ' - R. V. M. S. 'patni ' B. 'kanta '-- Rig-Veda M. S 'upapanna ' - Rig-Veda, Ma 'upayantu ' - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha P. 'sarvatomukhi ' Rig-Veda M.Siddhanta-Kaumudi 'visvatomukhi ' -- B. M inserts 'paridevinima ' before 'parityajya ' | B reads 'tapasvini ' li 'putrika ' | rajeti -- 'bho satyavadin ' a-siksita-saya milandanamenana | 'evam arthat vayam para pratarana-parayanah | 'ati (abhi ) manvaga pranarya "ki labhyate " kim labhakaram prayojana mirdhyata | sarngarava iti 'vinipatah jananamavaja devadi vyasanam va ( 'vinipato'vamane syat, devadi vyasane'pi ca ' iti visva ) labhyate iti vakya- samaptih | ( 'raja- bho satyavadina ' ityadina enadantena aksama-nama nataghalankara nivaddha | 'aksama ma paribhava svalpojara nabhimate " iti darpanalaksanat ) | rajeti - 'pora ' puru-pama- punya-purusa kulodbhutaih pavanaih rajabhih 'vinipata ' taraka-praptih 'prarthyate ' isyate iti na sraddheyam ' (anamna purva- purusasya purih nama-kirtanat prasanga-namangamupaksiptam | " guruh kirtanam prasangah " iti dasarupaka-laksanat ) | taditi-- uttara- pratyattaro-pahare | 'esa ' purodrsyamana sakuntala bhavatah 'patni ' sastranusarena gandhatrena vidhina parinita yajnadhikarini stri, na tu kevalam kanta | 'enam ' ['dvitiya tovenah - ('2 |4| 34 ; 351 ) iti anvadese enadesah ] yatheccha 'tyaja ' va grhana va tadvisaye asmakam kimapi vaktavyam nastityasayah | 'hi ' iti karanamaha | 'upayantuh ' patyuh (iti jatadharacarya-krtah paryaya nanarthakopah ] 'daresu ' yathasastram parinitayam bharyayam, na tu kantayam, 'sarvatomukhi ' sarvaprakara (iti sankarapada ), adhikaranasamartha ( iti candrasekharacaranah ') arthat taड़ne svikare athava dane ' 'prabhuta ' bhartuh

488 abhisama-sakuntalam [ 178 NOTES ksamata asti iti sesah | ( arthantaranyasah | sloko vrttam ) ||26 || sakuntaleti- 'kitavena ' vancakena ( 'kitavah dhurta vanmate vancake kanaka''hnaye iti visvah ) 'vipralabdha ' vancita ( 'vipralabdhastu vancita ' ityamarah ) | mahavisa- doktiriyam | 'anupratisthate ' pascadagacchati [ 'samavapravibhyah sthah ' - ( 2189 ) iti tana ] | ( anamna kheva -- namangamupaksiptam | 'manascesta - samutpannah sramah kheba iti smrtah ' iti darpana - laksanat | ) gautami 'karuna - paridevini ' dayajanakam vilapanti ( ' vilapah paridevanam ' ityamarah | 'paridevana api ' iti bhanujih ) | 'pratyadesena ' pratyakhyanena ( ' pratyakhyanam nirasanam pratyadesah nirakrtih ' ityamarah ) 'paurusah ' nisthurah tadrse sati ityarthah | -- 178 n. -- 1. satyavadin - Uttered tauntingly. - 2. ki labhyate &c.-The idea is : - Nothing is done without any purpose. Even if it be granted that all you say is true, still for what material gain shall I do as such? Inquisitive students, for the fallacy in the king's argument, are referred to the Commentary of Sri Sarkara- -carya on the aphorism - 'lokavattu lila - kaivalyam ' - Brhama - Sutra. Ch II. 3. vinipatah - This is elliptical for 'vinipatah tvaya labhyate ' | Do you ask me what you will gain? Then know, it is "eternal damnation." Cf. "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king"-Shakespeare. na sraddheyam - Because even a booby will not aspire after eternal damnation." 4. kimuttarottarena - No use of bandying words. Cf. 'uttarottara - vadinam ' - Ram. VI. 79, 17; 'alamuttarottarena ' - Mudra-Raksasa III, 5. 'grhana graha + lot hi . [ sna- vikarana = sanac by 'halah snah sanaj hri ' ('3|1|83 ), [so pus pusana, musa- musana, manth-mathana, bandhu- badhana ] | patni- kanva (R) is not in consonance with 'daresu ', or in other words an upayanta has "sarvatomukhi prabhuta " upon his legally married wife (patni ) only, and not upon his mistress ( kanta ) | 'bharta hi devatam strinam bharta ca gatirucyate | jivapatyah striyo bharta daivatam prabhureva ca ' - Agni-purana " vrajantu caratu dharma bhatr natha hi naryah " -PN. 1. 25. Vide (144 n. 6). upayantuh (Husband ) - Cf. 'athopayantaramalam " -KU.V.45. vipralabdha &c. Cf. 'Betrayed, I am 0 false soul of Egypt'-- - - Cf.

178 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah • 489 Antonio & Cleopetra. IV. 12. 6. paridevini -pari- div means to lament'. Cf. 'avyaktanivananyeva tatra ka paridevana -- Gita. 11. 28. 'na mantra - bala-viryena prajnaya paurusena ca | alabhyam labhate martya tatra ka paridevana || 'ekavrkse yada ratrau nanapaksi-samagamah | prabhate darsadiso yanti tatra ka pari- -devana ' || ' ekasartha - prayatana sarvesa tatra gaminam | yadyeka stvarito yati ka tatra parivedevana ' - - Garuda-purana III. Kumara-sambhava IV. 25 "kasya mata kasya pita kasya bhrata sahodarah | kaya pranam nam sambandhah ka kasya paridevana || " 'paridevanantaram ' - Raghuvamsha XIV. 83. Text : -- sarngaravah ( sarosam pratinivrtya ) --- a purobhagini ' | kimidam 'svatantrya mavalambase ? || ( sakuntala bhita vepate ) || Sarnigarava (In wrath, turning, back) - What ! back)-What! forward' woman ! do you resort to self-rule ? (Sakuntala totters in fright). sarngaravah - sakuntale ! "yadi yatha vadati ksitipastatha drutavibambita tvamasi kim piturutkulaya tvaya | ( nabhabhara ) atha tu vetsi suci vratamatmanah patikule tava dasyamapi ksamam tistha | sadhayamo vayam | ||27|| Sarngarava-Sakuntala, if thou art exactly what the ruler of the earth asserts, then what (use has) thy father in thee outcast 3 ? But if thou believest thy vow to be immaculate, even salvery in the house of thy husband is proper for thee. (27) Stay (here). We go. V. L. - 'a: purobhagini ' - B. K. S. S. C. 'ki purobhage ' - R. V.M. S ; B supported by Sreads 'punah ' for 'pituh ' | sarngarava iti - 'a' iti kope | 'purah prathamam bhajate ' 'dopamadhatte iti puro- bhagini, tatsambuddhau 'purobhagini ' ('kumati ca ' iti natva 3|4|15 ) dosaikadasani (dosaikadrk purobhagi ' ityamarah ) sastra - vigarhita 'svatantryam ' yatheccha vartanam 'avalamba se ' asrayasi (anena dyuti- namangamupaksiptam | "tarjanodvejane dyutih '

490 - abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 179 NOTES iti dasa-rupaka -laksanat ) | yaviti--ksiti pati iti 'ksitipah ' ( 3|2|3 ) raja dupyantah 'yatha ' yadrsa, neya maya prak parinita iti yat ' vadati yadi tvam tatha tadrsi, anena aparinita athaca garbhavati ityasayah | 'asi ', tada kulat utkranta 'utkula ' vyabhicarini ityarthah [ 'niradayah krantadyarthe pancamya ' - ( 780 ) iti praditat ] tadrsya 'tvaya pituh ' kanvasya 'ki ' prayojanam sidhyet na kimapi | ataeva na punarasman anusareh ityasayah | ( rajnah vakyam satyam cet tada drsyantah asya na bharta, ataeva aha 'ksitipah ' na tu 'patih ' iti ) | 'atha tu ' (iti parvato vyatireke ) paksantare yadi atmanah svasya 'vrata ' niyamam pativratya laksanam 'suni ' pavitram 'vetsi ' atmamatrasya atra saksitvat svayam janami taha 'pratikule svami-bhavane ' (sakuntala- vakya satya cet tada drsyantah asyah pati syat, ataeva 'patikule ' iti na prakrama bhanga-dosah ) 'dasyamapi ' dasikarma api 'taba ksamam ' yogya ' ('yogyam sakte hite ksamam ' iti dharani ) | ( heturalankarah | prathamardham ya-karanam asakrtmamyat vrtyanuprasasca | "yadi tatha tvamasi ' iti vakyamadhye "yatha vadati ksitipah " iti vakyantarasya pravesat garbhitata- dosah | sa ca " vadati yan nrpati namnu vettatha " iti pathena samadheya | drutavilambitam vrttam ) || 27|| tistheti - 'sadhayamah ' gacchama ( iti sahitya-darpana ) || ' ( anena prarocana - namakangamupaksiptam | tallaksana yatha darpane -- "prarocana tu vijneya samharartha-pradarsani " ) | - 179 n.-1. a:-- Implies anger. (116 n. 3). 2. purobhagini (B) R & his followers read purobhage (from purobhaga ) and curiously enough explain it with a quotation from Amara-Kosa (Com.) ; but Ak's purobhagi is a quite different word from 'purobhaga ' | ( purah bhagah yasyah sa ), as the former is formed by a special Sutra viz.. "samprcanurudha- (3. 2. 142 ) with ghinun | purah purva bhajate | bhaja sevayam | 'samprca - 'iti 'ghinun ' - dve dosakagrahakasya " - Bhanuji Diksita natvam by ' kumati ca ' - ( 8. 4. 13). Cf. 'snehah prcchati na purobhagita ' - Mricchakatika II. It has been already used by our poet. Cf. "mam ma purobhagini iti samarthayasi " - Vikramorvasiya III. purobhagah, however, has been used in the sense of 'Jealous' Cf. 'prayah samana vidyah parasparayasah purobhagah - Mala. 1. 20. Also 'kimidanim purobhagam ' - Ram. IV. 20. 4; krtaparadham ityarthah- Rama. 'purobhagini -

179 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 491 means one who first chooses the fault, as generally it is taken notice of by people before merit is accounted for. Or, the word may be explained as one that tries to be conspicuous by being put in the front and this is possible only by pointing out faults of others, hence in any case it means fault - finding'. Then the sentence means-You only find fault with the king, because he has disowned you. But you forget that you are also committing an offence by following us without the permission of your husband (See next ). 3. svatantram &c. - The scriptures sanction no liberty in the case of women. cr. 'kaumare raksita tato datva patraya matkrti | sarvada raksita kanta stadabhave tatsutah || tripvavasthasu narinam raksitara straya sada | ya . svatantrasca ta nasta sarvadharma - bahiskrtah | - BP XIII : Garuda-purana XCV: Manu-Samhita TX.3; V. 148 ; Y. 85; Sukra-niti. III ; 115. vasyamapi -- Cf. 'ya dasyamapyasya labheta nari sa syat krtartha kimutankusayyam ' - Kumara-sambhava VII. 65. For Remark-In the last line the word 'fa' is used, while in the first line we have 'ksitipa ', still there is no prakramabhangadosa | reasons and the proprieties of the two words vide Com. Text : --- raja -- bhostapasvin kimatrabhavatom vipralabhase ' | arya [12, 18, kumudanyeva sasanka ssavita ' bodhayati pankajanyava | 5 12, 15] vasinam hi para-parigraha -samslesa- paranamukhi ' vrttih ||28|| King - Ho hermit why do you bamboozlet this lady ? The hare-specked (moon) unfolds lilies only, (and) the sun² (arouses) lotuses alone. The inclinations of the self-controlled 3 is averse t to hugging other's spouses*. (28) sarngaravah -- rajan ! atha purvavasam " vyasanga ' dvismrto bhaveta tada katha- madharma-bhiro variparityagah | Sarngarava O king, in case the former¹ event be forgotten owing, to your attachment to something else, then afraid as you are of demerit, what (will you say about this ) repudiation 7 of ( your own ) wife 7 ?

492 abhijnana- sakuntalam [180 NOTES Variac Lectiones - 'vipralabhase ' - B. R. V. M. 'vipralapami ' - S. The speech of sarngarava (B) is found in Rig-Veda M as follows - 'yadatu purvavrtta- manyamangan vismrto bhavastada kathamadharmabhiruh ' | ' * anyasangat * bhiruta ' - S. , kumudaniti -- 'sasankah ' mrgalanchanah candrah 'kumudani eva ' na tadbhinani padmani 'savita ' suryah 'pankajani eva na tadbhinnani kumudani ( iti ubhayascatra eva-karah anya-yogarudha-sambandham varayati | tatha coktam " ayoga manyayoganca atyantayogameva ca | vyavacchinatti dharmasya evakara stridha matah " ) 'bodhayati ' vikasayati | vasayanti indriyani ye tesam 'vasinam ' nijitendriyana 'vrttih ' vartanam 'paresa parigrahah ' kalatrani ( ' parigrahah kalatre ca mula-svikarayorapi " ityajayah ) tesam 'samslesah ' alinganam tasmat 'paranmukhi ' virata anasakta iti yavat 'hi ' ityavadharane (atra dusyanta sakuntala-nangikare visese prastute samanya-vacanena aprastutaprasamsa | purvadham vaidhamryena malavrstantalankara iti yat raghavapadah uktam taccintyam | vastutastu eva-kara-dvayena kumuda - pankajana bodhanasya itara- parigraha-samslesa-paranamukhatvena saha aikyarupyena avabhasanat atra prativastupama- lankarah | 'bodhayati ' ityekaya kriyaya aprastutayoreva sasanka-savitroh kartr taya- -bhisambandhat tulyayogita ca | ankanketi, nyevanyeveti parapariti, cheka-vrttyanu- prasau | arya jatih ) ||28 || sarngarava iti - 'aya ' iti vikalpamaha ('atha'yam | masayam syatam adhikare ca mangale | vikalpa- nantara - prasna-kartasna''rambha- samuccaye ' iti medini ) 'vyasangat ' visayantara - samprktatvat 'purvavrttam ' asya parinayadikam tvaya yadi 'vismrta bhavet ' ( sabhavanaya lina ) tada adharmat bhiruh 'adharmabhiruh ' [ iti suveti samasah - ( 699 ), yuktistu pragukta ] tadrsasya tava idanim sakuntalayah pratyakhyanena 'dara - parityagah syat | tat karya tvaya 'katham ' kimvidha manyase | kimetat papam punyam va tat buhi mam iti saralarthah | ( anena utprasana - namako natayalankara upaksiptah | tallaksanam yatha darpane- 'utprasanantu upahaso yo'sadhau sadhumanini ' iti ) | 180. - 1. vipralabhase - Deceive - ( 'vipralabdhastu vancita ' ityamarah | 'vipralambhah pratarana ' iti ganadarpanah ) by making her cherish a hope that she will be received by me in the long run as wife, if she persisted in staying here. But 'vipralabhase parityajasi | 'vipralambhah viprayoga ' ityamarah " - N. "vitralabhase virahayasi parityajya

180 NOTES ] - pancamo'ngah , - 493 gacchasi kathamapi naham grhnami iti bhavah ( atra sakuntalamavasthapya gamane avasyameva raja grahisyati iti vibhavya munibhirevamacaryamta iti matva rajna uktiriyamiti bodhyam ' - Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha para-parigraha samsleva - &c. 'samslesa ' means embrace. 'parirambhah parisvangah samslesa upaguhanam ' - Amara-Kosa 'para-parigrahasya samslesah ' - Embrace with another's spouse. tasmat parana, mukhi -supasupeti samasah - One who is averse to such an embrace. R has construed differently by taking sam (as an attribute of paranamukhi ) to mean excessive ( atisayena ) | Cf *** "tasya baslesah samparkah, tasmat samyag atisayena parana mukhi "** para kalatra-paranmukhatvam napi tu tat-samparka-parana mukhatvam, tadapi tanmatra, napi tu samyagati, tena sam-sabdah parana mukha-visesanataya 14:"-R. adharma - bhiroh - (Vide 80 n. 4 ) Balamanorama & T on 699. Remark-For similar idea in the latter half, Cf. "ka tvam kasya parigraho va kim va madabhyagama-karanam te | vasinam raghunam manah parastri- vimukha pravrttih -- Raghuvamsha XVI. 8. subhe ! } Text : -- raja -- bhavantamevatra gurulaghavam pucchami | sloka mudhah syamahameva va vadenmithyeti samghaye || varatyagi bhavamyaho para stri-sparsa-pamsulah ||29|| acacaksva matva King-In this matter, I ask you yourself (about) the¹ relativeimportance (of sins. Lit. the superiority and inferiority of the two courses of conduct.). In a doubt as to whether I may be infatuated or she may be lying, should I be the (base) repudiator of my wife, or a² defiled (adulterer) by contact with another's wife 2? (29) purosah (vicarya ) yadi tavat evam kriyatam | Priest (After deliberation ) - If so, let this be done. raja - anusastu ' mam bhavan | King - Command i me, Your Honour. purodhah - atrabhavati tavadaprasavad asmadgrhe tisthatu | kuta ivamucyate iti cet | tvam sadhubhiravista- purvah | prathamameva cakravartinam 'putram janayisyasiti | | | sa cenmuni-bauhitra stallaksano-papano ' bhavisyati, tatah abhinandya ' suddhontamena " pravesayisyasi | 'viparyaye tu piturasyah samipanayanamavasthitameva ' |

494 ramasana - sakuntara [ 181 NOTES Priest - Let Her Ladyship then, till child-bearings, stay in our house. Why do I say so ? - If you ask this, you have the soothsayers' prophecys that at the very first, you will beget a son, who will be a paramount ruler. If the hermit's grandson be 5 possessed of those signs', then you would cause her to enter your seraglio 7 with felicitations. But on the contrariety 8 ( of the case), sending (her) back to her father is certain. V. L. - ' purodhasam prati ' - Only N. - 'gurulaghavam ' - R. B. V. M. 'gurulaghavajnam ' -- S. 'bhavan ' - R. B. V. M. 'purohitah ' - S. In B kuta- idam ' is uttered by the king. '0 adistapurvah : ' - S. R. ' 0 uddistah ' - M.V. 'sadhu- naimittikah upadistapurvah - B. Mahamahopadhyaya Haridasa Siddhanta-Vagissha - rajeti - sarngaravam prati etaduktam purodhasam prati va | 'guru ' va 'laghu ' ca iti gurulaghu [ 'vipratisiddham canadhikaranavaci ' (2|4|13 ), iti paksikam ekatvam ] tasyah bhavah 'gurulaghavam ' ('parimanantasya'samjna- sanayoh ' ( 7|3|17 ) iti uttarapaya- vrddhih | laghu-sabdasya parimana vacitvat | na catra sarvaya samkhyaya ityasya'nuvrtti mantavya, kasikadi 'uttamanaiskikah, paramanaiskika ityadisu uttara- padavrddhih anenaiva samarthanat iti bhasavrtti - tippani ) | vaksyamana-paksa-dvaye- guru kim, laghu va kim iti bhavatah sakasat jnatumicchami iti rajokterasayah | mudha iti-- 'aham ' smrtibhramsat 'mudha़h ' nasta -buddhih (tathacoktam srigitayam - 'smrti-bhramsad buddhinasah ' iti ) 'syam ' bhaveyam, 'va ' athava 'esa ' sakuntala 'mithya vadet ' [ ubhayatra 'vidhi - nimantrana''mantrana'sista samprasna- prarthanesu lina- ' ( 3|3|161 ) - iti samprasne lina | samprasno nama jijnasa || sambhavanayam va lina ] 'iti ' evamprakare 'samdehe ' agate sati, kimaham asyah parityagena 'dara tyagi ' [ 'sampuca -- ( 3|2|142 ) iti tyajeh ghinun ] 'bhavami ' ki 'dara tyaga rupam ' patakam mam sprset | 'aho ' iti paksantare 'parastriyah sparsana " 'pamsu ' papam asti yasya sa 'pamsulah ' pataki 'bhavami ' asya mithyabhasitve iti bhavah [ 'kapila- kadi ' - (bah 8 |2018 ) ; - 'sismaditvat ' - ( 5/2197 ) ya laj ] | samsayasthale para-stri-samsparsat bara- sthano varam na veti prcchami ityasayah | ( ilokovrttam ) ||29 || 'raja -- bhoh satyavadin ' ityadina etadantena birodha- namakamangamupaksitam | tallaksanam yatha -- ' uttarottara-vakyam tu virodha iti samsitah ' ) | rajeti -- ' anusastu ' siksayatu | purosa iti-- purodha iti-- 'sadhubhih ' siddhapurusah nimittajnairva | purvam adistah vijnapita iti 'adista purvah [ bhuta-

181 NOTES ] pancamo'nkah 495 purve carat ' - ( 5|3|53 ) - iti panini - nirdesat purva-sabdasya paranipatah paksikah ] | 'cakravartinam ' sarvabhaumam ('cakravarti sarvabhauma ' ityamarah ) | 'muneh kanvasya 'dauhitrah ' duhituh sakuntalayah putrah | 'tasya ' cakravartinah laksanaih ' capa'nka sadi cihnah 'upa- pannah ' yuktah | (cakravarti-laksanam yatha samudrake - ' atiraktah karo yasya grathi- tanga ुliko mrduh | capa'nka sankito yasya cakravarti bhavet dhruvam || apica - 'yasya padatale padmam cakram vapyatha toranam | aju sam kulisam capi sa sabhrad bhavati dhruvam ' || ) ( suddhantah ' rajantahpuram ( 'suddhanto'ntahpure guhyakaksabhede ca bhupateh ' iti ajayapalah ) | 'viparyaye ' jatasya arbhakasya samudrakokta cakravata I laksanabhave- ityarthah | 'tu ' iti paksantare | 'asyah pituh ' kanvasya 'samipa- nayanam ' asrame preranam 'avasthitam ' nirdharitam 'eva ' ityavadharane | 181 - 1. bhavantameva &c. - The passage is obscure, for it is not certain to whom the speech is addressed. M takes it to refer to the priest, In that case the idea is :-Sir, you have all along heard the conversation that passed between Sarngarava and me. The sage insists on my taking this woman as my wife, but I do not remember to have married her at all. The sage, however, suggests an alternative, and a possible one toothat I actually married her, but my attention being diverted by multifarious duties I have forgotten her at the present moment. Hence tell me, of the two alternatives (viz., the repudiation of the legally married wife and the fornication, with another's wife), which is less sinful. In this explanation the following defects should be noticed. (a) There is no earthly reason why a stage-direction like 'purosasa prati should be omitted when the speech is uttered respecting a third person. (d) 'eva ' in 'bhavanta meva ' seem to lose its force. Again a reference to the priest will suggest an indecision on the part of Dusyanta who had been all the while thinking that he was right; besides the speech will go against the saying- 'arya ', prathitam dusyantasya caritam | prajasvapidamna drsyate ' - Supra. The next stage direction ( viz. 'vicarya ') of course,

Re abhijnanasakuntalam [ 182 NOTES in quite consonance with the speech. The priest, being asked abruptly to give his opinion, cannot say anything haphazardly, hence the necessity of deliberation. According to a N the passage is an address to Sarmgarava himself as suggested by (ga). Of course in this case no stage-direction is necessary. Then the idea is :-"You mean to say that I am repudiating this lady sheer whimsically and not because I am afraid of sin ; but I ask you yourself, sir, if you yourself were in such a dilemma, what would you do ?" Certainly Sarngarava could not say that the second alternative was less sinful. His only recourse was to keep silent. But in this explanation the stage-direction fawra' has no significance, for an advice gratis of the priest, a third person, is quite uncalled for, specially to a king. Read "asque: kasyacid bruya canyayena prchatah | janannapi hi medhavi jada़valloka acaret ' Manu-Samhita II. 110. The first explanation, however, seems to be preferable, as later on (in Act. VII. 31), the king admits that he had doubt about his own action towards Sakuntala Also 'faragte mam &c.-Supra. ''in this Sl. also suggests the same. N alone notices a variant Stage-direction 'gerei fe' which solves the difficulty to some extent. 2. -- An extremely common word in Sanskrit works, specially in 'ayurveda ' | Cf. 'arabheta tatah karyam samcintya gurulaghavam ' - Manu-Samhita IX 299. 'niscitya gurulaghavam - Ram. 3. 27.2; 'vimrsya gurulasavam ' Ibid; 2. 63. 7; Maha. XII. 1273 ; III. 10572; 'gurulaghava - vidvaidyo naranam vardhayatyasun, tasmadekam vijaniyat dravyanam gurulaghavam - Bhela-Samhita ; 'gurulaghavam yatha bhisak &c. - Srimad-Vagabata. VI. 1-8; Susruta-Samhita (cikitsa ) -VI. 19; (*) 46, 130; 391; 442; Caraka-Samhita (**),-5. 105; 27.261 276; 340; 344; 352%; But the word is not easily derived. For we may add an to guru-laghu (Com.), but an would cause gaqa-afa by 'afaaqaziq ana:' (7. 2. 117). Now 22 Sutras beginning from '' (7.3.10) and ending with 'qamq- yathapurayoh paryayena - 7.3.31) mention the exceptions where syna- -

181 NOTES] pancamo'nkah 497 kakaranubandha Taddhita- affixes cause only uttarapada vrddhi | According to bhasavrtti & its tippani 'uttara-pada-vrddhi, in 'gurulaghavam ', "pitrpaitamaham is caused (as in paramanam skika ) sajna - sanayoh - (VII. 3. 17). that the form is not by the rule 'parimanantasya (See Com.) But others opine available in this way. So supa (V. 1. 7.) and samksiptasara (VII. 37 ) had to frame Special Sutra for this : - 'guru- laghvadeh uttara-parasya | harinamamrta follows suit- 'guru-laghvadeh ' (VII.9); Also "guru- laghu- samhata pararthodhvam muhurtadinamuttarapadasya ' Sarasvati-Kanthavarana VII.1.24 ; Sarana Deva, author of 'durghatavrtti ' observes : 'katha guru- laghavam ? ucyate | paryaya sabdanam gurulaghava cinta nastiti bhasyakara-vacana- pramanyat purva- vipratisedhena igantacca (V. 1. 131 ) ityan | 'uttara- padasya ' ca ityasya vrddhe statra svikarat siddhih " - but this must be a slip (Lapsus memoriae) on the part of the great scholar, as the underlined portion does not occur anywhere in the mahabhasya (Vide ''mahabhasya-sabda-kosa " by Sridhara Sastri, Pathaka), and this mistake on the part of the great scholar has not been noticed in any other editions. Might be he was thinking of 'sauraveviya paribhasavrtti ' which has 'paryaya- sabdanam "guru-laghava-carca " nadriyate (P. 125) but in paribhasendusekhara is found "laghava-gaurava-carca " instead Sarana Deva, however, suggests an alternative explanation- "guru sabdena dharma-vacanena laghava-sabdasya va dvandvah " | This is quite in keeping with the view of Bhatta Abhinava Gupta, according to whom words like guru, mrdu &c are used as gunavacana| So mrdu = mardavam | guru -- gauravam, laghu - laghavam ("mudu-prabhrtayo hi mukhyataya bhavavrttaya eva ) Hema-Candra-Brhat-vrtti also follows suit :- " gurulaghavamiti guroh laghavam, gurusca ( gurutvam laghavam ceti va " | Kaiyata in his Visnu-purana (VI. 4. 55 ) has the following : 'bhasyakaro guru- laghavamanadrtya yatha nyasam samarthayitumaha " &c. 3. samsaye -- ' sam + si - lit means to lie down together', hence when two or more propositions come together they create some sort of doubt. pamsulah- Defiled. (Raghuvamsha 77.2). 4. kuta ivam &c. - The speech is quite in keeping with ) --

498 abhijnanasakuntalam [ 182 NOTES the peculiar style of the old Professors of Philosophy carrying on discussion on abstruse subjects. avista-purvah 'a + vis ' means to pronounce as a boon', 'to predict' Cf. 'siddhadesakena sadhuna vyavistah - Mala V.; 'siddhadesena avista yo'syah panigrahanam karisyati ' &c. -- Rat. IV; 'siddhavesa - pratyaya ' &c. - Ibid I. 'adesikaih mavista devi bhavisyati ' - Svapna-Vasavadatta I ; also V; 'siddhavesa bhagna-ksapanakam prapaccha - Kad P. 254. 'siddhadesa-pratyaya ' &c. - Mricchakatika IV; 'siddhavesa- janita &c. - Ibid. VI, 'ut + dis ' in this sencse is very rare and occurs in Ram. "uddista " dirghamayuste " - VI. 32.12.; 5. cakravartinam-- (15 n. 4) ; ( Com. ). 6. tallaksanopapatrah Com. and Sakuntala VII. 16. 7. viparyaye -- The reverse happening. Cf. 'viparyaye tasyadhipaterullanghitah ksatradharmah syat ' -- Vs. V. samipa nayanam - Cf. "samipe parinetuh &c. - V. 17. Text : - raja yatha gurubhyo rocate | King - As (it) pleases (my) preceptor. purodhah -- (utthaya ) vatse, anugaccha ' mam Priest (Rising)-Follow¹ me, my child! sakuntala - bhaavadi vasuhe dehi mem vivaram ( bhagavati vasudhe, dehi me vivaram ' | ( rudati prasthita | niskranta saha purosasa tapasvibhisca | rajna sapa-vyavahita-smrtih sakuntala gatameva cintayati ) | Sakuntala-O Almighty wealth-bearing ( earth) ! give me ( room in) a cleft [This said, starts weeping. Exit with the priest and the hermits. The king with his memory intercepted by the curse thinks only about Sakuntala]. (nepathye ) - masvayam mascaryam ! ( In the tiring room) - A miracle ! A miracle ! raja ( karna dattva ) -- ki na khalu syat | King - ( Listening ) -- what indeed may it be l ( pravisya ) purodhah (savismayam ) ) - deva, adbhutam khalu samvrtam | (Entering) Priest (with astonishment ) Sir, a miracle, indeed, has happened.

182 NOTES ] pancamo'kuh raja - kimiya | King -- What ( is it ) ? purodhah-deva, paravrtesu ' kamya-sisyesu -- salini ( matatagaga ) sa nimbanti svani bhagyani bala bahutksepa " kranditum ca pravrtta | 499 Priest-Sir, on the turning back of Kanva's disciples, that girl upbraiding her own (cruel) fate began to cry by tossing up ( convulsively ) her arms s ;- raja -- kinca | King - And then ? purosah -- 'stri-samsthananca'ptarastirya marav utksipyamnam jyotirekam jagama ||30|| || ( sarve vismayam rupayanti ) || salini ( matatagaga ) Priest When all of sudden a shining, ( apparition ) having s the outline of a woman, 5 snatched her up near the Nymphs' shrine and went off with her. (3) (All gesticulate surprise). V. L. - Breads 'antaram ' for 'kimevam ' - M. kinca ' - R. B.V.M. B.V.M. 'aksipya nam ' - S. 'vivaram ' | 'fafa-R.B.V.S. 'kimanyat ' - S. 'utksipyamnam " - R. - 'utksipyanke ' - B. Mackenzie Mss and B read 'tirobhut ' for 'jagama ' | sakuntaleti-- 'vivaram ' gartam ('vivaram dusane garte ' iti bhanujighrta kosah ) 'prasthita ' gantumarabdha [ 'adi-karmani ktah kartari ca ' - (3|4|71 ) - iti kari ktah ] 'purosasa ' purohitena 'saha ' | [ puro'gre dhiyate | 'purasi ca ' ( u:- 680 ) iti dhano'si | 'purodhastu purohita ' ityamarah ] | 'sapena ' durvasasah abhisampatena 'vyavahita ' krta-vyavadhana vilupta iti yavat 'smrtih ' yasya tavrsah | seti- 'kanvasisyesu ' sarngaravadisu 'paravrttesu ' svasramam prasthitesu 'sa bala ' sakuntala 'svani ' svakiyani 'bhagyani ' duradrstam 'nindanti ' [ 'sapusyano- nityam ' - (7|1|81 ) - iti nam ] sati 'bahu utaksipya ' urdhvam ksitva iti 'bahutksepa ' ( 3 | 4|54 ; 3376 ) 'kranditum ' uccaih aratitum 'pravrtta ca ' (iti svabhavoktih ) | 'striyah samsthanam ' akrtih ("samsthana makrtau mrtyo samnivese catuspathe- iti medinikarah ) stri- samsthanamiva 'samsthanam ' yasya tadrsam (iti ustra-mukhavat uttara-pada-kopi bahuvrihih ) 'eka jyotih apsarastirtham arat ' samipe ('arad

500 abhijnana- sakuntalam 183 NOTES dura-samipayoh ' iti tattvabodhini | arakhoge 2tha ) 'enam upaksipya ' urdhvam nitva 'jagama va ' tadabhimukham prasthitamityarthah ( matra adyatane lit | vaidiko'yam prayogah ) | ca-vayam avilamba-yotanaya | kriyayoh samucitatvat samuccaya'- lankarah | hetvanuprasau ca | salini vrttam ||30|| 'nepathye ' ityadyetadantena sakti namaja mupaksiptam | 'virodha-prasamo yastu sa saktiriti kirtita ' iti tallaksanat | anena adbhuta - raso'pi dhvanitah ) | 182 n,-1. fa &c.-The idea is-'Mother Earth, my face has been defiled by repudiation and as such I am ashamed to show it to the world any more. Please give me a shelter in your bosom'. Cf. 'tatha me madhavi devi vivaram datumarhati ' - Ram. 'nedu mam asano gamgesu vilaam amba ' - Uttara-rama-Charita VII. 2. purodhasa - This is the reading in all the editions, but excepting B, all others have 'purohita ' elsewhere throughout in Act V. Thus B's is the genuine reading. Vide(162 n. 1). tapasvibhisca - Suggests the presence of ascetics other than 'sarngarava ' and 'saradvata ' - Vide (134 n. 6). 3. ascaryam &c. - Exactly occurs in Prabodha-Candrodaya (prastavana ) | The reduplication is due to sambhrama | Ordinarily 'car ' with upasarga does not take 'yat ' by 'gada-mada-vara- yamasca'nupasarge ' (III.1.100) but the vart. - ' care ani ca'gurau allows yat after 'bana +car ' | Next by 'ascarya manitye ' - (VI.1.147), 'ascaryam ' is obtained by nipatana in the sense of something unusual. 'anityam nagantukam adbhutam ' - 'Prabha. 'anitye kim ? acaryam karma sobhanam Siddhanta-Kaumudi 1062. 4. bahutlepa - bahu utksipya iti bahu + ut + sip + namul bhave (by 'svave ' - III. 4. 54), throwing her arms convulsively- 'maghusa ' is any part of the body the loss of which does not lead to the destruction of life. Cf. 'yena vina na jivanam tada dhruvam ' - Bhattoji Diksita yatha 'sira ura ityadi ' - Prabba Also - 'adravam murtimat svangam pranistha - mavikarajam | atatstham tatradrstanca tena cet syat tathayutam ' - Varttika (IV. 1.54.) 'adhuve iti kim ? utksipya sirah kathayati ' - Vamana M wrongly considers this to be used in a similar sense as 'latanupatam ' &c. BK.II.I., as 'namul ' there comes by a different Sutra. (III. 4. 56 ). Cf --

182 NOTES ] - pancamo'nkah ---- 501 'panibhyam rudati duhkha dudaram prajaghana ha ' - Ram. III. 45, 38; Iv. 19. 20. 5. ( rnvitu ) ba- ( samsthanam ) ca- 'ca' is frequently repeated to express simultaneousness or undelayed occurrence of two events Cf. 'te ca prapu rudanvantam bubudhe cadipurusah ' - Raghuvamsha X. 6; II. 40. Kumara-sambhava III. 58; 66. Malati-Madhava IX.39; Sakuntala VI. 8. 6. kinca - The king had seen that Sakuntala was bewailing tossing up her hands and this fact was neither unusual nor astonishing in her condition; hence he asked 'what next ?" 'idam jnatameva iti raja prcchati -- kinca ' - R. 7. jyotireka &c. - 'tejorupatvena spasta madrsyamana mataeva samsthana- sabda prayogah ' - R. The party saw only a luminous something, having the ontline ( samsthana ) of a woman but could not exactly determine what it was. 'kidrsam tasya samsthanam -- Ram. V. 35.4; 6. 'kabandhamiva samsthanam ' - Ibid. 19. 20. ( 2ya with arat ) is frequently met with. Vide. Raghuvamsha II. 1; Shishupala-badha III. 31. ; VII. 29 ; XII. 28. Our supposition is that like 'rte ', 'arat ' was at one time freely used with sya, ('tato'nyatrapi drsyate ' -- Varttika 45 ), or construe 'arat utksipya apsarastriyam jagama - Snatched her up from afar and went towards Nymph's shrine With 'tirobhut " (Cf. 'sarirabandhenana tirobabhuva ' - Raghuvamsha XVI. 23; 'visvayoni stirodadhe ' - Kumara-sambhava II. 61 ; 'tena tirobabhuve ' - KI. XI. 81). apsara - stirtham - May also be taken as an attribute of jyotih, where 'tirtham = varsanam | Cf. 'tirtha ' sastre gurau yajne yonau * * patre darsane ca - H & N. apsarovat tirtham darsana yasya - A luminous something ( jyoti ) looking (beautiful ) like a mymph. 8. jagama - The priest saw the whole thing with his own eyes, so the use of lita (in parokse ) may seem to be inaccurate. But this is a Vedic use of 'lit ' for 'luna ' ( III. 2. 110 ) and refers to immediate past (adyatana ) For Kali's fancy for Vedic uses Vide ( 68 n. 1 ) and (225 n. 1). • Text : - raja - bhagavan, pragapi so'smabhiraryah pratyavista ' eva | ki budha tarkena'nvisyate | visramyatu bhavan | King - Revered Sir, from the very first, that object 1 was. ....

502 abhijnana- sakuntalam [ 183 NOTES repudiated by us. Why is it being uselessly sought with conjectures ? Please rest yourself. purodhah ( vilokya ) visayastha | (niskrantah ) | Priest (Staring ) - Be victorious. (Exit). raja -- ksetravati, paryakulo'smi | samana-bhumi-margamadesaya | King-Vetravati, I am perturbed. Direct the way to the bed-chamber. pratihari-ivo ido devo ( ita ito devah ) | ( prasthita ) | Portress - This way, My Liege, this way, ( Starts). raja (parikramya svagatam ) Text :- kamam pratyavistam smarami na parigraham munestanayam | arya 12, 18 12, 15 balabattu ruyamanam pratyayayativa ' mam hrdayam ||31|| || (niskranta sarve ) 11 King (Walking round, aside ). - Truel that I do not remember the repudiated daughter of the sage (as) espoused' (by me), yet my heart aching poignantly, leads me to believe it (all) as it were. (3). (Exeunt Omnes.) || 9=247 sg: || (End of the Fifth Act.) V. L. - mam hrdayam ' - B.M.S. 'me hrdayam - V. R. - rajeti 'sah arthah ' tat sakuntala-rupa-vastu ( idanim manusyatye'pi sambehat artha - sabda-prayogah ) 'pratyadistah ' tatsaulabhye'pi pratyakhyatam | idani kutra kena kimartham va nitam iti vicarenalam | rajeti | 'pratyadistam ' pratya- khyatam 'muneh ' kanvasya 'tanayam ' 'parigraha ' mayam parinita purvam iti 'na smarami kamam ' anicchyapi tanmaya anumantavyam ('akama'numata kamam asu- pagame'pi ca ' iti rudrah ) | 'hrdayam tu ' punah 'balavat ' ativa 'duyamanam ' pidadhamanam sat 'mam ' (anikartuh karmasamjna --- 1 /4/52 ) 'pratyayayati ' (224146 ) maya iyam

186 NOTES 1 pancamo'ngah 503 parinita purvi iti visvasam utpadayati 'hava ' (isyutpreksa | piड़ाyah karanasya smaranasyabhave'pi pida़ेti vibhavanalankarah | anumana'lankaro'pi | tat pratyayanasya sadhyatvam hrdaya-piड़ा hetutvat anumanam | anena prasanga - namanga mupaksiptam | tallaksanam - prasanga scaiva viseyo gurunam kirtanam hi yat ' iti | arya jatih ) || 31 || iti gautama - sriramendra - mohana vasu-viracitayamabhijnanasakuntala-tikayam kumara-santosiyam pancamo'nkah samaptah || news that 183 n. - 1. so'rthah- The king uses this epithet for he now doubts whether she is at all a human. being. This also suggests his non-challant attitude towards Sakuntala See next. 2. vilokya - - The priest looks at the king with bewilderment at his utter non-chaIlance (as expressed by the epithet - - so'rthah ) to such a startling astounded everybody - (Cf. 'sarve vismayam rupayanti ' ) balavat - ( Here adverb For its Adjective use Vide 89 n. 3.) 3. pratyayayati = prati + i + nic + lat ti - Makes me believe. 'i' is not replaced by 'gam ' by 'no gamir abodhane ' (2.4.46); 'nic-pratyaye pare in- dhatu-sthane gami dhatuh adesah syat | gami-sabdasya ikara uccaranarthah bodhanayem ma bhut | * * gamayati | bodhanarthe tu pratyayayati ( jnapayati ) ' Prabha. Cf. the idea with the third line of Act. V. 2. Supra. Time-analysis of Act V-The action of the Fifth Act takes place on the day following the departure of Sakuntala and her party from the hermitage of Kanva. This is inferred from the following reasons-Kanva's hermitage was situated somewhere near the valley of the mount Himalaya. ('ete khalu himagirerupatyaka 'ranyavasinah kasyapa ' &c. - Act. V) ; and from the speech of the king to Sakuntala on the eve of his departure from the hermitage. Cf. ('ekaikamatra divase ' &c. - VI. 12) we know that three, four or eight days, (205 n. 6) are necessary for a journey from the

504 afanta-ngwasa [183 NOTES hermitage to the city and back, and for necessary preparations to receive the bride. This places the hermitage at a considerable distance from the king's capital. Besides this statement is also in quite consonance with the statement of the Maha, where the metropolis of Dusyanta (ie the city of 'pratisthana ' or 'hastiाpura ' is said to be 2 als (i.e. a little more than 18 miles) from the hermitage. (Cf. 'vanamalokayamasa nagarad yojanadvaye | Also 'asramattu * dvitiya yojane viprah pratisthanam pratisthitam ' | Also ' syad yojana krosa- catustayam ' - Lilavati. krosa = asta sahasra - hasta parimanam - (Ibid). Thus one Again -4000 yds.-2 miles+480 yds.). The Party arrived at the king's place when Dusyanta was taking rest in his inner-apartments, after finishing his mid-day duty (Read 'na garida qafaangfeqatar' &c.-Kancuki's speech]. This must be the sixth part of the day i.e. roughly 1. 30 P.M, to 3 P.M. (Cf. 'vyomamadhye sasthe kale tvamapi labhase deva visrantimahna - -Vikramorvasiya II. 1 ; Dr. Wilson's Hindu Theatre P. 209; Manu-Samhita VIII. 221 and Medhatithi and Govindaraja thereon. The scene perhaps ended a bit late in the afternoon.