Image title: Sri Lanka: Social Change

English text:

Social Change and the maritime links in the modern period — Colonial expectations went beyond the governance of the island. These regimes influenced the cultural life of the people of the subjugated lands. During a short period of about 300 years of domination by three European nations, i.e. Portuguese, Dutch and the British, the social-cultural aspects of the internal society of Sri Lanka underwent important transformations. Propagation of the Christian faith and the introduction of the system of missionary education and somewhat later the establishment of the plantation economy were some of the influential factors that conditioned that change. Emergence of a new road network established by the plantation economy and the transformation of the village farmers into the system of hired labor decisively affected the traditional rural life in the country which was largely based on rice cultivation and animal husbandry. Due to the propagation of the Christian faith, a sub-culture which centered around the Church was soon to emerge in the maritime littoral areas of the country and is still alive in the cultural norms and the material culture of the inhabitants of those areas. The new bourgeois class which was the immediate recipients of the new commercial economy of the Europeans formed the middle class. The Colonial culture and economy gradually eclipsed the traditional lifestyle of the people, which was based on the social relationships that was mainly based on a rural agricultural economy. This eventually witnessed the emergence of a new system of social norms that was based on commercial relationships.

Sinhala text (not proofread):

නූතන යුගයේ සමාජ පරිවර්තන සහ මුහුදු සම්බන්ධනා — යටත් විජිත ක්‍රියාවලිය තුළ ඉස්මතු වන්නේ භූමිය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම පමණක්ම නොවේ. එකී භූමිවල වෙසෙන ජනතාවගේ සංස්කෘතික ජීවිතයද එමඟින් බලපෑමට ලක්වෙයි. පෘතුගීසි, ලන්දේසි සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි යන යුරෝපීය ජාතීන් සිය බලය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැතිර වූ සියවස් තුනක පමණ කෙටි කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළ මෙරට සමාජයේ ඇතැම් සංස්කෘතික අංග සැලකිය යුතු තරමේ වෙනස්කම් කිහිපයකට ලක්විය. වැවිලි ආර්ථික ක්‍රමය ව්‍යාප්ත වීම, ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම ස්ථාපනය වීම සහ මිෂනාරී අධ්‍යාපන ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වා දීම යන දෑ මෙම වෙනස්කම් ඇති කිරීම වෙත බලපෑ කැපී පෙනෙන ප්‍රධාන හේතු කිහිපයකි. වැවිලි ආර්ථිකය මගින් නව මාර්ග ජාලයක් ඇති කිරීමෙන් සහ කුලී ශ්‍රමයට මෙරට ග්‍රාමීය ජනතාව හුරු වීම, වී ගොවිතැන සහ පශු පාලනය කේන්ද්‍ර කොට ගෙන එතෙක් පැවති සාම්ප්‍රදායික ජන ජීවිතය වෙනස් කරලීමට තීරණාත්මක බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේය. ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම ප්‍රචලිත වීම නිසා විශේෂයෙන්ම මුහුදු බඩ පළාත් වල පල්ලිය සහ එහි ඉගැන්වීම මූලික කර ගත් උප සංස්කෘතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. මුහුදු බඩ තීරයේ ජීවත් වූ ජනතාවගේ සංස්කෘතික ඇගයීම් සහ ද්‍රව්‍යමය සංස්කෘතිය මගින් එය මැනවින් පිළිබිඹු වෙයි. යුරෝපීය ජාතීන් විසින් ප්‍රචලිත කළ නව වෙළඳ ආර්ථිකයට නැඹුරු වූ අභිනව දේශීය ව්‍යාපාරික කණ්ඩායම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වාණිජ මැද පන්තියක් සකස් වීමට අවශ්‍ය පදනම දැමීය. එය වසර දෙදහසකට වැඩි කාලයක් තිස්සේ මෙරට පැවති ඉඩම් බුක්තිය පදනම් කර ගත් සමාජ සම්බන්ධතා මත ගොඩ නැගී තිබූ කෘෂිකර්මය සහ පශු පාලනය යැපීම් ක්‍රම ලෙස ප්‍රධාන කොට ගත් සමාජ ව්‍යුහය අභිබවනය කරමින් යටත් විජිත මඟින් ප්‍රචලිත කළ වෙළඳ අරමුණු ඉලක්ක කර ගත් නව සමාජ ඇගයීම් පද්ධතියක් නිර්මාණය කළේය.

Transcription:

nūtana yugayē samāja parivartana saha muhudu sambandhanā — yaṭat vijita kriyāvaliya tuḷa ismatu vannē bhūmiya atpat kara gænīma pamaṇakma novē. ekī bhūmivala vesena janatāvagē saṅskrutika jīvitayada emaṅgin balapǣmaṭa lakveyi. prutugīsi, landēsi saha iṅgrīsi yana yurōpīya jātīn siya balaya śrī laṅkāvē pætira vū siyavas tunaka pamaṇa keṭi kāla parichchhēdaya tuḷa meraṭa samājayē ætæm saṅskrutika aṅga sælakiya yutu taramē venaskam kihipayakaṭa lakviya. vævili ārthika kramaya vyāpta vīma, kristiyāni āgama sthāpanaya vīma saha miṣanārī adhyāpana kramaya handunvā dīma yana dǣ mema venaskam æti kirīma veta balapǣ kæpī penena pradhāna hētu kihipayaki. vævili ārthikaya magin nava mārga jālayak æti kirīmen saha kulī śramayaṭa meraṭa grāmīya janatāva huru vīma, vī govitæna saha paśu pālanaya kēndra koṭa gena etek pævati sāmpradāyika jana jīvitaya venas karalīmaṭa tīraṇātmaka balapǣmak æti kaḷēya. kristiyāni āgama prachalita vīma nisā viśēṣayenma muhudu baḍa paḷāt vala palliya saha ehi igænvīma mūlika kara gat upa saṅskrutiyak nirmāṇaya viya. muhudu baḍa tīrayē jīvat vū janatāvagē saṅskrutika ægayīm saha dravyamaya saṅskrutiya magin eya mænavin piḷibiḅu veyi. yurōpīya jātīn visin prachalita kaḷa nava veḷanda ārthikayaṭa næḅuru vū abhinava dēśīya vyāpārika kaṇḍāyama śrī laṅkāvē vāṇija mæda pantiyak sakas vīmaṭa avaśya padanama dæmīya. eya vasara dedahasakaṭa væḍi kālayak tissē meraṭa pævati iḍam buktiya padanam kara gat samāja sambandhatā mata goḍa nægī tibū kruṣikarmaya saha paśu pālanaya yæpīm krama lesa pradhāna koṭa gat samāja vyuhaya abhibavanaya karamin yaṭat vijita maṅgin prachalita kaḷa veḷanda aramuṇu ilakka kara gat nava samāja ægayīm paddhatiyak nirmāṇaya kaḷēya.

Transcription:

nutana yugaye samaja parivartana saha muhudu sambandhana — yatat vijita kriyavaliya tula ismatu vanne bhumiya atpat kara ganima pamanakma nove. eki bhumivala vesena janatavage sanskrutika jivitayada emangin balapamata lakveyi. prutugisi, landesi saha ingrisi yana yuropiya jatin siya balaya shri lankave patira vu siyavas tunaka pamana keti kala parichchhedaya tula merata samajaye atam sanskrutika anga salakiya yutu tarame venaskam kihipayakata lakviya. vavili arthika kramaya vyapta vima, kristiyani agama sthapanaya vima saha mishanari adhyapana kramaya handunva dima yana da mema venaskam ati kirima veta balapa kapi penena pradhana hetu kihipayaki. vavili arthikaya magin nava marga jalayak ati kirimen saha kuli shramayata merata gramiya janatava huru vima, vi govitana saha pashu palanaya kendra kota gena etek pavati sampradayika jana jivitaya venas karalimata tiranatmaka balapamak ati kaleya. kristiyani agama prachalita vima nisa visheshayenma muhudu bada palat vala palliya saha ehi iganvima mulika kara gat upa sanskrutiyak nirmanaya viya. muhudu bada tiraye jivat vu janatavage sanskrutika agayim saha dravyamaya sanskrutiya magin eya manavin pilibiḅu veyi. yuropiya jatin visin prachalita kala nava velanda arthikayata naḅuru vu abhinava deshiya vyaparika kandayama shri lankave vanija mada pantiyak sakas vimata avashya padanama damiya. eya vasara dedahasakata vadi kalayak tisse merata pavati idam buktiya padanam kara gat samaja sambandhata mata goda nagi tibu krushikarmaya saha pashu palanaya yapim krama lesa pradhana kota gat samaja vyuhaya abhibavanaya karamin yatat vijita mangin prachalita kala velanda aramunu ilakka kara gat nava samaja agayim paddhatiyak nirmanaya kaleya.

Automated translation (not verified):

Social Transformations and Maritime Connections in the Modern Era — Colonization is not the only thing that emerges in the conquest of land. The cultural life of the people living in those areas is also affected by it. During the short period of about three centuries when the Portuguese, Dutch and English European nations spread their power in Sri Lanka, certain cultural aspects of the Sri Lankan society underwent several significant changes. The spread of the plantation economy, the establishment of the Christian religion and the introduction of the missionary education system are some of the main reasons that influenced these changes. The plantation economy, by creating a new road network and introducing rural people to hired labour, had a decisive effect on changing the traditional way of life, which had been centered on rice farming and animal husbandry. The spread of Christianity created a subculture centered around the church and its teachings, especially in the coastal regions. It is well reflected by the cultural values and material culture of the people who lived in the sea belt. The modern local business group oriented towards the new trade economy popularized by the European nations laid the necessary foundation for the formation of a commercial middle class in Sri Lanka. It overcame the social structure based on agriculture and animal husbandry, which had been based on social relations based on land tenure in this country for more than two thousand years, and created a new social evaluation system aimed at commercial goals promoted by the colonies.

Tamil text (not proofread):

நூதன காலத்தின் சமூக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் கடல் தொடர்புகள் — நிலப்பகுதியை கைப்பற்றிக்கொள்வது மாத்திரம் அயல் நாடுகளின் ஆட்சியில் இடம்பெறும் ஒருவிடயமாகாது. அந்த நிலப்பகுதிகளில் வாழும் அடிமைப்படுத்தப்பட்ட மக்களின் கலாசார வாழ்க்கையும் இதனால் பல செல்வாக்குகளை எதிர்நோக்கலாம். போர்த்துக்கேயர், ஒல்லாந்தார், ஆங்கிலேயர் ஆகிய ஐரோப்பிய இனத்தவர்கள் தமது ஆதிக்கத்தை இலங்கையில் நிலைநாட்டிய குறுகிய 3 நூற்றாண்டுளில் இந்நாட்டின் சமூக, கலாசார துறைகளில் பல்வேறு மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்பட்டன. பெருந்தோட்டை பொருளாதாரம் முறைமை விரிவடைந்தமை, கிறிஸ்தவ சமயம் நிறுவப்பட்டமை மற்றும் மிஷனாரி கல்வி முறைமை அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டமை இந்த மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்படுவதற்கு செல்வாக்குகளைக் கொடுத்த முக்கிய காரணிகளாக அமைந்தன. பெருந்தோட்ட பொருளாதாரம் ஊடாக புதிய வீதி கட்டமைப்புக்கள் உருவாக்கப்பட்டமைமூலமும் கூலி அடிப்படையின் கீழ் இந்நாட்டு கிராம மக்கள் அதற்கு பழகியமையும், நெல் விவசாயம் மற்றும் கால்நடை நிர்வாகத்தை அடிப்படையாக கொண்டு அதுவரை நடைமுறையிலிருந்த சம்பிரதாய வாழ்க்கை முறையை மாற்றுவதற்கு அது அழுத்தத்தை ஏற்படுத்தியது. கிறிஸ்தவ சமயம் வளர்ச்சியடைந்ததன் காரணமாக விசேடமாக கரையோரப் பகுதிகளில் தேவாலயங்கள் மற்றும் அதன் போதனைகளை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு ஒரு உபகலாசாரம் தோற்றம்பெற்றது கரையோரப் பகுதிகளில் வாழும் மக்களின் கலாசார விதிமுறைகள் மற்றும் பொருட்கள் ஊடாக அதனை தற்போதும் கண்டுகொள்ளலாம். ஐரோப்பிய இனத்தவர்களால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட புதிய வர்த்தக பொருளாதரத்துக்கு ஏற்ப இலங்கையில் புதிதாக ஒரு நடுத்தர வர்த்தக வகுப்பொன்றை ஏற்படுத்த தேவையான பின்னணியை அமைந்தது. அது இரண்டாயிரம் வருடங்களுக்கு மேலாக நாட்டிலிருந்த காணி உரிமையாளர்களை மையப்படுத்தி சமுக தொடர்புகள் மீது கட்டப்பட்ட விவசாய மற்றும் கால்நடை பராமரிப்பு ஆகியவற்றை முதன்மைபடுத்திய மரபைப் படிப்படியாக கிரகணம் செய்து அயல் நாட்டவரின் ஆட்சியில் பிரபலபடுத்திய வர்த்தக நோக்கங்களை நாடிய சமுதாய விதிமுறைகளின் ஒரு புதிதான வழிமுறையை உருவாக்கப்பட்டது.

Transcription:

nūtaṉa kālattiṉ camūka vaḷarcci maṟṟum kaṭal toṭarpukaḷ — nilappakutiyai kaippaṟṟikkoḷvatu māttiram ayal nāṭukaḷiṉ āṭciyil iṭampeṟum oruviṭayamākātu. anta nilappakutikaḷil vāḻum aṭimaippaṭuttappaṭṭa makkaḷiṉ kalācāra vāḻkkaiyum itaṉāl pala celvākkukaḷai etirnōkkalām. pōrttukkēyar, ollāntār, āṅkilēyar ākiya airōppiya iṉattavarkaḷ tamatu ātikkattai ilaṅkaiyil nilaināṭṭiya kuṟukiya 3 nūṟṟāṇṭuḷil innāṭṭiṉ camūka, kalācāra tuṟaikaḷil palvēṟu māṟṟaṅkaḷ ēṟpaṭṭaṉa. peruntōṭṭai poruḷātāram muṟaimai virivaṭaintamai, kiṟistava camayam niṟuvappaṭṭamai maṟṟum miṣaṉāri kalvi muṟaimai aṟimukappaṭuttappaṭṭamai inta māṟṟaṅkaḷ ēṟpaṭuvataṟku celvākkukaḷaik koṭutta mukkiya kāraṇikaḷāka amaintaṉa. peruntōṭṭa poruḷātāram ūṭāka putiya vīti kaṭṭamaippukkaḷ uruvākkappaṭṭamaimūlamum kūli aṭippaṭaiyiṉ kīḻ innāṭṭu kirāma makkaḷ ataṟku paḻakiyamaiyum, nel vivacāyam maṟṟum kālnaṭai nirvākattai aṭippaṭaiyāka koṇṭu atuvarai naṭaimuṟaiyilirunta campiratāya vāḻkkai muṟaiyai māṟṟuvataṟku atu aḻuttattai ēṟpaṭuttiyatu. kiṟistava camayam vaḷarcciyaṭaintataṉ kāraṇamāka vicēṭamāka karaiyōrap pakutikaḷil tēvālayaṅkaḷ maṟṟum ataṉ pōtaṉaikaḷai aṭippaṭaiyākak koṇṭu oru upakalācāram tōṟṟampeṟṟatu karaiyōrap pakutikaḷil vāḻum makkaḷiṉ kalācāra vitimuṟaikaḷ maṟṟum poruṭkaḷ ūṭāka ataṉai taṟpōtum kaṇṭukoḷḷalām. airōppiya iṉattavarkaḷāl uruvākkappaṭṭa putiya varttaka poruḷātarattukku ēṟpa ilaṅkaiyil putitāka oru naṭuttara varttaka vakuppoṉṟai ēṟpaṭutta tēvaiyāṉa piṉṉaṇiyai amaintatu. atu iraṇṭāyiram varuṭaṅkaḷukku mēlāka nāṭṭilirunta kāṇi urimaiyāḷarkaḷai maiyappaṭutti camuka toṭarpukaḷ mītu kaṭṭappaṭṭa vivacāya maṟṟum kālnaṭai parāmarippu ākiyavaṟṟai mutaṉmaipaṭuttiya marapaip paṭippaṭiyāka kirakaṇam ceytu ayal nāṭṭavariṉ āṭciyil pirapalapaṭuttiya varttaka nōkkaṅkaḷai nāṭiya camutāya vitimuṟaikaḷiṉ oru putitāṉa vaḻimuṟaiyai uruvākkappaṭṭatu.

Transcription:

nuthana kalathin samuga valarchi marrum kadal thodarpugal — nilappaguthiyai kaipparrikkolvathu mathiram ayal nadugalin adsiyil idamberum oruvidayamagathu. antha nilappaguthigalil vazhum adimaippaduthappatta makkalin kalasara vazhkkaiyum ithanal pala selvakkugalai ethirnokkalam. porthukkeyar, ollanthar, angileyar agiya airoppiya inathavarkal thamathu athikkathai ilangaiyil nilainattiya kurugiya 3 nurrandulil innattin samuga, kalasara thuraigalil palveru marrangal erpattana. perunthottai porulatharam muraimai virivadainthamai, kiristhava samayam niruvappattamai marrum mishanari kalvi muraimai arimugappaduthappattamai intha marrangal erpaduvatharku selvakkugalaig kodutha mukkiya karanigalaga amainthana. perunthotta porulatharam udaga puthiya vithi kattamaippukkal uruvakkappattamaimulamum kuli adippadaiyin kizh innattu kirama makkal atharku pazhagiyamaiyum, nel vivasayam marrum kalnadai nirvagathai adippadaiyaga kondu athuvarai nadaimuraiyiliruntha sambirathaya vazhkkai muraiyai marruvatharku athu azhuthathai erpaduthiyathu. kiristhava samayam valarchiyadainthathan karanamaga visedamaga karaiyorap paguthigalil thevalayangal marrum athan pothanaigalai adippadaiyagak kondu oru upagalasaram thorramberrathu karaiyorap paguthigalil vazhum makkalin kalasara vithimuraigal marrum porudkal udaga athanai tharpothum kandugollalam. airoppiya inathavarkalal uruvakkappatta puthiya varthaga porulatharathukku erpa ilangaiyil puthithaga oru naduthara varthaga vagupponrai erpadutha thevaiyana pinnaniyai amainthathu. athu irandayiram varudangalukku melaga nattiliruntha kani urimaiyalarkalai maiyappaduthi samuga thodarpugal mithu kattappatta vivasaya marrum kalnadai paramarippu agiyavarrai muthanmaipaduthiya marapaip padippadiyaga kiraganam seythu ayal nattavarin adsiyil pirapalapaduthiya varthaga nokkangalai nadiya samuthaya vithimuraigalin oru puthithana vazhimuraiyai uruvakkappattathu.

Automated translation (not verified):

Social Development and Maritime Relations in the Early Modern Period — Conquest of land was not simply a matter of foreign rule. The cultural life of the enslaved people living in those lands could also be expected to have many influences. In the short 3 centuries when Europeans such as Portuguese, Dutch and British established their dominance in Sri Lanka, various changes took place in the social and cultural fields of this country. The expansion of the plantation economy, the establishment of Christianity and the introduction of missionary education were the main factors that influenced these changes. Through the creation of new road structures through the plantation economy and the habituation of the country's villagers under a wage-based system, it put pressure to change the traditional way of life that had been practiced until then, based on rice farming and livestock management. Due to the development of Christianity, especially in the coastal areas, a subculture based on the churches and its teachings emerged, which can still be seen through the cultural norms and materials of the people living in the coastal areas. In line with the new commercial economy created by the Europeans, Sri Lanka formed the necessary background to establish a new middle class. It gradually eclipsed more than two thousand years of land-owning traditions based on community relationships that prioritized agriculture and animal husbandry, and created a new system of social norms that pursued the commercial goals popularized under foreign rule.

Gallery information:

These photos were taken at the Maritime Museum in Galle (Sri Lanka) which include objects recovered from the 2nd century B.C. Godawaya shipwreck. The Maritime Museum is housed in Galle's historic Dutch warehouse (built in 1671) and opened its doors on May 9, 1992. The Maritime Archaeology Museum is serving as a centre of education for various groups of visitors and researchers of Southern region of Sri Lanka.