Merkitys: Dharmashastra
Dharma-Sastrat ovat muinaisia intialaisia tekstejä, jotka määrittelevät moraalisia ja eettisiä ohjeita sekä lakeja. Ne käsittelevät yksilöiden ja yhteiskunnan velvollisuuksia ja oikeuksia. Tekstit ohjaavat elämää eri näkökulmista, kuten oikeudenmukaisuudesta, käyttäytymisestä ja hengellisistä käytännöistä. Dharma-Sastrat sisältävät ohjeita eri yhteiskuntaluokille ja elämänvaiheille, ja ne ovat olleet merkittävässä asemassa hindulaisuudessa. Niitä pidetään edelleen tärkeinä moraalin ja etiikan lähteinä.
Englanniksi: Dharmashastra
Vaihtoehtoinen kirjoitusasu: Dharmashastran, Dharmashastras
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Buddhalainen käsite 'Dharmashastra'
Theravada-tekstit käsittelevät uskonnollisia lakeja ja ohjeita, sekä eri sääntökuntien rooleja [1].
Hindu käsite 'Dharmashastra'
Dharmashastra refers to a collection of ancient Indian texts within Hinduism that comprehensively outline moral, ethical, and legal duties. These texts serve as guidelines for righteous living and spiritual discipline, covering various aspects of individual and societal conduct [2]. They prescribe ethical guidelines and etiquette for different facets of life, including the behavior of householders towards ascetics [3].
These scriptures define duties and responsibilities for individuals in society, with works like that of Manu being prominent [4]. The texts also outline the principles of moral conduct and societal ethics, addressing even specific behaviors like joking with one's wife [5]. They guide moral and ethical conduct, offering rituals for honoring ancestors [6]. Religious texts guide moral and ethical conduct and are often studied by those who do not understand the Vedas [7]. These sacred texts outline the principles and duties of religion, referencing its manifest nature across different yugas [8]. The sacred texts in Hinduism provide guidelines for moral and ethical living [9].
Dharmashastra texts prescribe moral and legal duties for individuals and communities, categorizing them by adherence to theistic or secular teachings [10]. Manu Smriti is a prominent work detailing moral and ethical guidelines [11]. These texts encompass the principles of righteousness and ethical conduct [12]. They also compile moral and positive laws intended to guide conduct in society [13]. The codes of moral laws provide guidance on virtuous living according to Hindu principles [14]. The texts emphasize illustrating principles of behavior and ethics [15]. A moral and ethical authority governs righteous conduct . They guide individuals on performing righteous deeds and atonements for sins . The body of law and ethical guidelines guides righteous conduct and spiritual practice . The texts guide moral and ethical conduct in Hinduism . They encompass rules and rituals governing moral and ethical conduct in Hindu society . Religious texts outline duties, laws, and ethical principles .
Dharmashastra texts articulate moral principles and were promised to manifest upon Prayaga's request to the Linga . Literature outlines the moral and legal duties of individuals in society [16]. They also include laws and ethical guidelines within Hindu philosophy . The ancient texts discuss laws and moral duties, including rajadharma . The ancient Indian texts provide guidelines and laws pertaining to morality and ethics . The genre indicates qualities of legal and moral texts guiding societal norms and practices .
These texts constrain a king's powers and outline the laws he must adhere to while ruling . They also outline social conducts and guidelines for living a peaceful life . The body of law derived from sacred texts governs moral order and societal duties . The texts outline moral and legal duties prescribed for individuals based on their roles and stages in life . The scripture prescribes the highest moral and ethical duties in accordance with divine will . The sacred texts governing duty and ethics dictate moral behavior and principles of righteousness . A body of texts outlines moral and ethical laws . The scripture concerns moral duties and laws of righteous conduct [17]. The ancient legal texts and scriptures outline moral and legal principles for societal conduct . They outline the moral and ethical duties within the Indian societal framework . The study of works on dharma helps in defining and understanding the concept .
A traditional Indian text outlines laws and ethical guidelines, including social norms related to caste . The texts outline duties and moral laws governing Indian society, guiding conduct within respective varnas . The laws and ethical guidelines govern aspects of individual and societal conduct . The collection of texts outlines ethical and moral duties . Sacred texts outline moral and ethical conduct . A scripture prescribes guidelines for ethical and moral behavior [18]. The text teaches about morality and ethics [19]. The scriptures consider coitus among members of the same clan as a sinful act [20]. The term is related to dharma and punya [21]. Texts deal with law and ethics . Law texts relate to ethical and moral duties . The term encompasses Dharmasutras and Smritis . Religious texts outline laws, duties, and responsibilities according to varna . The ancient Indian texts address moral and legal duties . Texts and authors relate to law and ethics . Hindu texts outline moral and ethical guidelines [22]. Texts detail civil and religious law [23]. The category encompasses rules and guidelines based on the brahmanas [24]. Texts provide guidance on laws, ethics, and duties [25]. Ancient Indian texts codify moral laws and duties [26]. Ancient texts outline ethical and moral laws .
Dharmashastra delineates moral laws and ethical guidelines [27]. It is a genre of Sanskrit literature that codifies laws and ethical principles [28]. Ancient Indian texts chronicle laws and ethical guidance [29]. The texts are read and associated with satisfying the Pitris [30]. A text or treatise serves the purpose of teaching or ordaining Dharma [31]. The texts deal with law, ethics, and duty [32]. Legal and ethical texts govern duties and conduct [33]. Texts contain guidelines and laws pertaining to personal, familial, and societal duties [34]. The category encompasses law and ethics . Ancient texts include discussions and treatments of legal principles . The texts provide the legal framework and principles of justice . They provide guidelines on law, ethics, and justice . The genre outlines laws and ethical guidelines . The texts outline the laws and moral principles . Ancient texts codify laws, duties, and social norms . Ancient Indian texts articulate the laws and principles guiding moral conduct, law, and justice .
The category outlines codes of legal and ethical conduct . Yajnavalkya's teachings contributed to and influenced the texts . The category focuses on law, morality, and ethics . The category includes works of various authors on dharma . The category refers to treatises regulating rights and liabilities . Textual guidelines inform how one should engage with worldly pleasures [35]. Sacred texts prescribe the rules and practices of dharma [36]. A handbook lays down ways of life aiming at achieving nihshrayas [37]. Texts guide moral and religious principles [38]. Legal and ethical texts can inform the moral themes of poetry . The texts outline duties, rights, and responsibilities within the social order [39]. The texts outline the laws and principles governing moral and ethical conduct [40].
Jainisti käsite 'Dharmashastra'
Jainalaisuudessa henkiset lait ja etiikka tarinan yhteydessä [41].
Dharmashastra käsite paikallisissa ja alueellisissa lähteissä
Dharmashastrat ovat muinaisia hindulaisia tekstejä, jotka määrittelevät moraaliset lait ja velvollisuudet . Ne ovat osa hindulaisen filosofian ja lain kokonaisuutta [42]. Nämä tekstit ohjasivat opetusta ja koulutusta moraalisessa käytöksessä .
Dharmashastrat määrittävät säännöt, määräykset ja velvollisuudet uskonnollisen lain mukaiseen elämään . Ne ovat keskeisiä hindulaisessa laissa ja etiikassa [43]. Apastamba on tunnettu kirjoittaja [44].
Tekstit antavat ohjeita moraalisista ja eettisistä periaatteista hinduyhteiskunnassa . Niiden merkitys on vähenemässä nykykontekstissa yhteiskunnallisten muutosten vuoksi [45]. Dharmashastrat ovat tärkeitä uskonnollisissa ja yhteiskunnallisissa yhteyksissä . Ne korvattiin Koraanilla muslimien valtakaudella [46]. Sanskritin kielen havainnot ja mytologia sanskritoivat alueen [47]. Garga'n ihmismerkit integroitiin kirjallisuuteen [48]. Teksteissä esiintyy sairauden ja anatomian peruskäsitteitä [49].
Dharmashastra käsite tieteellisissä lähteissä
Ancient texts in health sciences dictate the behavior of menstruating women . Ethical considerations and deeds are linked to health consequences, connecting morality and physical ailments.
The Dharmashastra, in health sciences, presents a legal and ethical code alongside Jyotisha Shastra and Ayurveda . Morality in deeds may lead to certain health consequences .
Lähteet ja viitteet lisälukemista varten
Yllä oleva luettelo perustuu useisiin (englanninkielisiin) artikkeleihin buddhalaisuudesta, hindulaisuudesta, jainismista, historiasta ja muista henkisistä perinteistä. Käytetyt lähteet ja lisätietoja siitä, mitä “Dharmashastra” symboloi, löytyy alta:
-) Vinaya Pitaka (1): Bhikkhu-vibhanga (the analysis of Monks’ rules) door I. B. Horner: ^(1)
-) Chaitanya Bhagavata door Bhumipati Dāsa: ^(2), ^(3), ^(4), ^(5), ^(6), ^(7)
-) Sri Krishna-Chaitanya door Nisikanta Sanyal: ^(9), ^(10)
-) Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation door S. Satyamurthi Ayyangar: ^(11)
-) Markandeya Purana door Frederick Eden Pargiter: ^(12)
-) Garuda Purana door Manmatha Nath Dutt: ^(13), ^(14)
-) Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) door Somadeva: ^(15)
-) Brihaddharma Purana (abridged) door Syama Charan Banerji: ^(16)
-) Bhagavad-gita-rahasya (or Karma-yoga Shastra) door Bhalchandra Sitaram Sukthankar: ^(17)
-) Yoga-sutras (with Bhoja’s Rajamartanda) door Rajendralala Mitra: ^(18)
-) Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences: ^(19), ^(20)
-) Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology door Martin Gansten: ^(21)
-) Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari door K. A. Subramania Iyer: ^(22)
-) Taittiriya Upanishad door A. Mahadeva Sastri: ^(23)
-) Brahma Sutras (Ramanuja) door George Thibaut: ^(24)
-) Thirty minor Upanishads door K. Narayanasvami Aiyar: ^(25)
-) Shakti and Shakta door John Woodroffe: ^(26)
-) Apastamba Dharma-sutra door Āpastamba: ^(27)
-) Gautama Dharmasutra door Gautama: ^(28)
-) Baudhayana Dharmasutra door Georg Bühler: ^(29)
-) Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi door Ganganatha Jha: ^(30), ^(31), ^(32), ^(33), ^(34)
-) Parama Samhita (English translation) door Krishnaswami Aiyangar: ^(35), ^(36), ^(37), ^(38)
-) Kamashastra Discourse (Life in Ancient India) door Nidheesh Kannan B.: ^(39), ^(40)
-) Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra door Helen M. Johnson: ^(41)
-) Triveni Journal: ^(42), ^(43), ^(44), ^(45)
-) The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda door Srila Narayana Maharaja: ^(46)
-) Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages door Satya Vrat Shastri: ^(47)