You po tuo ye, Yōu pó tuó yé: 2 definitions

[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]

優婆馱耶 [you po tuo ye]—Upādhyāya—【Term】Also written as 鄔波柁耶 [wu bo duo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē), 優波那訶 [you bo na he] (Yōubō nàhē), 憂波第耶夜 [you bo di ye ye] (Yōubō dìyèyè), 鄔波陀耶 [wu bo tuo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē), 優波陀訶 [you bo tuo he] (Yōubōtuóhē), 郁波弟耶 [yu bo di ye] (Yùbōdìyē), 鄔波 [wu bo][亭也 [ting ye]]耶 [ye] (Wūbōdáiyē), 塢波陀耶 [wu bo tuo ye] (Wùbōtuóyē), 鄔婆提耶 [wu po ti ye] (Wūpó tíyē), 郁波弟耶夜 [yu bo di ye ye] (Yùbōdìyèyè), etc. It is translated as "close teacher" (親教師 [qin jiao shi]), "relying teacher" (依止師 [yi zhi shi]), "one who relies on to learn" (依學 [yi xue]), etc. It is a term for addressing a teacher. The Shan Jian Lü (善見律 [shan jian lu]) vol. 4 states: "優波那訶 [you bo na he] (Yōubō nàhē), in Chinese means 'intense anger' (瞋盛 [chen sheng])." The Bai Yi Jie Mo Yi Zhu (百一羯磨一注 [bai yi jie mo yi zhu]) says: "鄔波馱耶 [wu bo tuo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē) is translated as 'close teacher' (親教師 [qin jiao shi]). The term 'he shang' (和尚 [he shang]) is a common saying in the West, not a classical term. However, in the Sanskrit texts of various sutras and vinayas, it is always referred to as 鄔波馱耶 [wu bo tuo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē)." Ji Gui Zhuan (寄歸傳 [ji gui chuan]) vol. 3 states: "鄔波 [wu bo] (Wūbō) means 'close proximity' (親近 [qin jin]). The prolonged 'bo' (波 [bo]) character contains the sound 'a', which signifies 'teaching and reading' (教讀 [jiao du]). Saying 'he shang' (和尚 [he shang]) is incorrect. In the West, all scholars are generally called 鄔社 [wu she] (Wūshè). (omitted) In the northern countries, they all say 'he she' (和社 [he she]), which led to the transmission and translation adopting their corrupted pronunciation." Pu Ti Zi Liang Lun (菩提資糧論 [pu ti zi liang lun]) vol. 5 states: "憂波弟耶 [you bo di ye] (Yōubōdìyē), in Sui (隋 [sui]) means 'close recitation' (近誦 [jin song])." Xuan Ying Yin Yi (玄應音義 [xuan ying yin yi]) vol. 21 states: "鄔波柁耶 [wu bo duo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē), formerly called 'he shang' (和尚 [he shang]) or 'he zha' (和闍 [he du]), are all corruptions. This means 'close teacher' (親教 [qin jiao]), also 'close recitation' (近誦 [jin song]), because disciples are young and do not leave their teacher. They constantly follow and stay close, receiving and reciting scriptures." Vol. 23 of the same work states: "Formerly called 'he shang' (和尚 [he shang]) and 'he zha' (和闍 [he du]) are all corruptions from Khotan (于闐 [yu tian]) and other countries. The meaning is translated as: 'one who knows sin and knows no sin' (知罪知無罪 [zhi zui zhi wu zui]) is 'he shang' (和尚 [he shang])." Ye Shu (業疏 [ye shu]) vol. 3, part 1 states: "The Middle Indian (中梵 [zhong fan]) pronunciation is 鄔波陀耶 [wu bo tuo ye] (Wūbōtuóyē). In Tang (唐 [tang]) translation, it is named 'one who relies on to learn' (依學 [yi xue]), because one relies on this person to learn the way to liberation. Ancient translations often mixed foreign and barbarian terms. The barbarians transmitted the heavenly language without getting the true sounds, hence there were corruptions and deviations, changing it to 'he shang' (和上 [he shang]). For example, ancient people explained it as 'most supreme in harmony' (和中最上 [he zhong zui shang]), which is a word-by-word explanation that does not understand the original sound. Others explained it as 'power-born' (力生 [li sheng]), meaning the disciple's spiritual power is generated through teaching, which gets its distant meaning but loses its close meaning. The Ming Liao Lun Shu (明了論疏 [ming le lun shu]) translated by Paramārtha (真諦 [zhen di]) says 優波陀訶 [you bo tuo he] (Yōubōtuóhē), which is somewhat close to the Sanskrit sound but still deviates from the phonological rules. I personally participated in the translation and carefully inquired about the original sound, as described above. Yan Cong (彥琮 [yan cong]) translated it as 郁波弟耶 [yu bo di ye] (Yùbōdìyē), which has a similar sound."