Viparyasa, Viparyāsa: 18 definitions
Introduction:
Viparyasa means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Source: VedaBase: Śrīmad BhāgavatamViparyāsa (विपर्यास) refers to “misapprehension”, as opposed to niścaya, “correct apprehension”; both mentioned as characteristics of intelligence (buddhi) in the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 3.26.30.—The study to determine whether one's identity is spiritual or material begins in doubt. When one is able to analyze his actual position, the false identification with the body is detected. This is viparyāsa. When false identification is detected, then real identification can be understood. Real understanding is described here as niścaya, or proved experimental knowledge.
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita SastraViparyāsa (विपर्यास) refers to “four mistakes” regarding the four “foundations of mindfulness” (smṛtyupasthāna), forming part of the thirty-seven auxiliaries to enlightenment (bodhipākṣika), according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra chapter XXXI.—Accordingly, “The foundation of mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna) on the body (kāya) and the foundations of mindfulness on feeling (vedanā), mind (citta) and dharmas are the four foundations of mindfulness... The worldly person (pṛthagjana), who has not yet entered into the Path, is deluded about these four things and produces four mistakes (viparyāsa): 1) the mistake that consists of taking what is impure to be pure; 2) the mistake that consists of taking what is suffering to be happy; 3) the mistake that consists of taking what is impermanent to be permanent; 4) the mistake that consists of taking what is not a ‘self’ to be a ‘self’”.
In order to destroy these four mistakes (viparyāsa), the Buddha preached the four foundations of mindfulness:
- to destroy the mistake about purity (śuciviparyāsa), he preaches the foundation of mindfulness on the body (kāya-smṛtyupasthāna);
- to destroy the mistake on happiness (sukhaviparyāsa), he preaches the foundation of mindfulness on feelings (vedanā-smṛtyupasthāna);
- to destroy the mistake on permanence (nityaviparyāsa), he preaches mindfulness on the mind (citta-smṛtyupasthāna);
- to destroy the mistake on the self (ātmaviparyāsa), he preaches the foundation of mindfulness on dharmas (dharma-smṛtyupasthāna).
It is for this reason that he preached four, no more and no less.
Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the GaganagañjaparipṛcchāViparyāsa (विपर्यास) refers to “(that which originate from) misunderstanding”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “[Bringing all beings to maturity (sarvasatva-paripācana)] [...] Again he thinks: ‘what is called ‘living being’ is a misunderstanding. Because of being occupied with the view of cause, ignorance, existence, thirst, and unreal mental constructions, it is called ‘living being’. However, the Bodhisattva still teaches the dharma to living beings in order to get rid of vices which originate from misunderstanding (viparyāsa-samutthita-kleśaprahāṇa), and he does not forget substances. Since he is devoid of a living being, and detached from a living being, he brings living beings to maturity. Thus the Bodhisattva brings living beings to maturity by the original purity”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha SutraViparyāsa (विपर्यास).—What is the meaning of viparyāsa? Wrong imagination or thinking is called viparyāsa. according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 1.32, “Owing to lack of discrimination between the real and the unreal, wrong knowledge is whimsical as that of a lunatic”.
How many type of viparyāsa are there? There are three types namely: i. cause; ii. nature and iii. identical-cum-different.
Source: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve ReflectionsViparyāsa (विपर्यास) refers to “change for the worse”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “[com.—Next he speaks about their change for the worse (viparyāsa)]—Those who are former friends (i.e. friends in a former life) are seen in life here endowed with enmity, having eyes filled with anger [and] prepared to kill”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryviparyāsa (विपर्यास).—m S Contrariety or oppositeness. 2 Reverse &c. It signifies as detailed above under viparyaya. 3 Change or alteration, especially deterioration.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishviparyāsa (विपर्यास).—m Contrariety; reverse; dete- rioration. Misrepresentation.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास).—
1) Change; कथं नाम विपर्यासाद्धुन्धुमारत्वमागतः (kathaṃ nāma viparyāsāddhundhumāratvamāgataḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.21.6.; contrariety, reverse; विपर्यासं यातो घनविरल- भावः क्षितिरुहाम् (viparyāsaṃ yāto ghanavirala- bhāvaḥ kṣitiruhām) Uttararāmacarita 2.27.
2) Adverseness, unfavourableness; as in दैवविपर्यासात् (daivaviparyāsāt).
3) Interchange, exchange; प्रवहणविपर्यासेनागता (pravahaṇaviparyāsenāgatā) Mṛcchakaṭika 8.
4) An error, a mistake.
5) Expiration, lapse (of time).
6) Deterioration, death.
Derivable forms: viparyāsaḥ (विपर्यासः).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास) or Viparyyāsa.—m.
(-saḥ) 1. Contrariety, opposition. 2. Reverse. 3. Investing imaginary things with real attributes, imagining what is unreal or false to be real or true. E. vi and pari, before as to be, aff. ghañ.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास).—i. e. vi-pari-as + a, m. 1. Reverse (cf. the two last), [Uttara Rāmacarita, 2. ed. Calc., 1862.] 96, 15; interchange, ib. 47, 6 (ghana-virala-bhāvaḥ kṣitiruhāṃ yāto viparyāsam, As for the trees, their state of being close together, or scanty, has interchanged, i. e. where there were before plenty of trees, there are at present few, and vice versā). 2. Error, mistake, Bhāṣāp. 136; [Pañcatantra] 129, 5. 3. Investing imaginary things with real attributes.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास).—[masculine] upsetting (of a carriage), transposition, expiration (of a time); inversion etc. = viparyaya.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Viparyāsa (विपर्यास):—[=vi-paryāsa] [from vipary-as] m. overturning, overthrow, upsetting (of a car), [Gṛhya-sūtra]
2) [v.s. ...] transposition, transportation, [Mahābhārata]
3) [v.s. ...] expiration, lapse (of time), [Mahābhārata]
4) [v.s. ...] exchange, inversion, change, interchange, [???; Mahābhārata] etc.
5) [v.s. ...] reverse, contrariety, opposition, opposite of (e.g. stuti-v, the opposite of praise id est. blame), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
6) [v.s. ...] change for the worse, deterioration, [Mahābhārata]
7) [v.s. ...] death, [Rāmāyaṇa]
8) [v.s. ...] perverseness, [Rājataraṅgiṇī]
9) [v.s. ...] error, mistake, delusion, imagining what is unreal or false to be real or true, [Kāvya literature; Bhāṣāpariccheda; Pañcatantra]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास):—[vi-paryā+sa] < [vi-paryāsa] (saḥ) 1. m. Idem; reverse.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Viparyāsa (विपर्यास) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Vippariyāsa, Vivaccāsa, Vivajjāsa.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास):—(nm) upsetting, disarray; contrariety; interchange; peripeteia/reversal (of the situation).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusViparyāsa (ವಿಪರ್ಯಾಸ):—
1) [noun] an impeding, obstructing; impediment; obstruction; an adverse,unfavourable condition.
2) [noun] the act or an instance of interchanging.
3) [noun] a mistake; an error; a fault.
4) [noun] the act or fact of dying; end of one’s life; death.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English DictionaryViparyāsa (विपर्यास):—n. 1. change; contrariety; reverse; 2. adverseness; unfavorableness; 3. interchange; exchange; 4. error; mistake;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Viparyasam, Viparyasana, Viparyasopama.
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Full-text (+24): Viparyasopama, Aviparyasam, Viparyasam, Dashaviparyasa, Kathaviparyasa, Vidhiviparyasa, Shuciviparyasa, Sukhaviparyasa, Nityaviparyasa, Atmaviparyasa, Mativiparyasa, Vipariyacam, Vippariyasa, Viprayasa, Vivajjasa, Nirjaya, Nirjiti, Vivaccasa, Gativiparyasa, Viparyas.
Relevant text
Search found 22 books and stories containing Viparyasa, Vi-paryasa, Vi-paryāsa, Viparyāsa; (plurals include: Viparyasas, paryasas, paryāsas, Viparyāsas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön)
II.6. Dharma of unhindered penetration < [II. Recollection of the Dharma (dharmānusmṛti)]
Part 5 - Other kinds of generosity < [Chapter XIX - The Characteristics of Generosity]
I. Knowledge of the Śrāvakas < [Part 3 - Outshining the knowledge of all the Śrāvakas and Pratyekabuddhas]
A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 2 (by Surendranath Dasgupta)
Part 1 - The World-Appearance < [Chapter XI - The Śaṅkara School of Vedānta (continued)]
Mandukya Upanishad (Madhva commentary) (by Srisa Chandra Vasu)
Karika verses 2.6-7 < [Chapter 2 - Second Khanda]
Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)
The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux (by Satkari Mookerjee)
Chapter XIII - The Theory of Soul based on the Upaniṣads < [Part I - Metaphysics]
Mahayana Buddhism and Early Advaita Vedanta (Study) (by Asokan N.)
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