Utthana, Uṭṭhāna, Utthāna: 24 definitions
Introduction:
Utthana means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Utthan.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Utthāna (उत्थान).—On the part of a king could overcome even fate; daiva and kāla supplement one's efforts.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 221. 3-12.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Utthāna (उत्थान).—Elevation of tone.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Utthāna (उत्थान) refers to the “ritual when the mother gets up from childbed” and represents one of the eighteen bodily rituals (śārīraka-saṃskāras) mentioned in the Vaikhānasagṛhyasūtra (viz., vaikhānasa-gṛhya-sūtra) which belongs to the Taittirīya school of the Black Yajurveda (kṛṣṇayajurveda).—The original Gṛhyasūtra of Vaikhanāsa consists of eleven chapters or “praśnas”. Each praśna is subdivided into sub-divisions called “khaṇḍa”. But only the first seven chapters deal with actual Gṛhyasūtra section. Of these, the first three chapters dealing with the bodily rituals [viz., Utthāna].
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
1) Utthāna (उत्थान) refers to the “emergence (of Viṣṇu’s image)” (from His withdrawn state), as discussed in chapter 31 of the Pauṣkarasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text of almost 5900 verses divided into forty-three chapters presented as a frame-work dialogue between Pauṣkara and Bhagavān dealing with the esoteric meaning of maṇḍala-designs, worship routines and temple-building.—Description of the chapter [lokadharma]: After the pavitrārohaṇa-ceremonies have been taken care of, the small Viṣṇu image is to be allowed to enjoy repose [śayana] for a period of four months. How the Lord is to be attended to by the Ācārya during this period is given (1-23)-along with some injunctions relating to what the ministrants them elves may and may not do during the same period (82 ff.). At the end of two months, after remaining more or less undisturbed in His sleep-like trance [yoganidrā], the deity is gradually attended on more and more as His thoughts return to the world until, finally, He emerges [utthāna] altogether from His withdrawn state (24-28). [...]
2) Utthāna (उत्थान) refers to the “waking up (the Lord) (from his slumber)”, as discussed in chapter 41 of the Śrīpraśnasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising 5500 Sanskrit verses covering a number of subjects ranging from selecting a temple site through building and furnishing it to sanctifying and maintaining worship in the sacred complex.—[Cf. the chapter jyeṣṭhābhiṣeka-ādi-utthānotsava-anta-vidhi]: [...] On the twelfth day of the bright fortnight of āṣāḍha-month, a small icon of the Lord [or a kūrca-proxy] is placed in a special maṇḍapa on a special couch, and kept there for four months until the 11th day of the bright fortnight of kārttika-month, when the Lord is roused (utthāna) from His slumber (15-36). At that time, the Ācārya approaches God and requests Him for the benefit of the world to wake up [e.g., utthāna-utsava]. [...]
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
India history and geography
Utthāna.—(CII 1), exerting oneself. Note: utthāna is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
uṭṭhāna : (nt.) getting up; rising; origin; energy; industry; product.
Uṭṭhāna, (nt.) (fr. ut + ṣṭhā) — 1. rising, rise, getting up, standing (opp. sayana & nisīdana lying or sitting down) D. II, 134 (sīha-seyyaṃ kappesi uṭṭhāna-saññaṃ manasikaritvā); Dh. 280 (°kāla); J. I, 392 (an°-seyyā a bed from which one cannot get up); Vism. 73 (aruṇ-uṭṭhānavelā time of sunrise) DhA. I, 17.—2. rise, origin, occasion or oppertunity for; as adj. (-°) producing J. I, 47 (kapp°); VI, 459; Miln. 326 (dhaññ° khettaṃ atthi).—3. “rousing”, exertion, energy, zeal, activity, manly vigour, industry, often syn. with viriya M. I, 86; A. I, 94; II, 135 (°phala); III, 45 (°viriya), 311; IV, 281 (°sampadā); It. 66 (°adhigataṃ dhanaṃ earned by industry); Pv IV. 324; Pug. 51 (°phala); Miln. 344, 416; ThA. 267 (°viriya); PvA. 129 (+ viriya). —an° want of energy, sluggishness A. IV, 195; Dh. 241. ‹-› Note. The form vuṭṭhāna appears for uṭṭh° after a vowel under the same conditions as vuṭṭhahati for uṭṭhahati (q. v.) gabbha-vuṭṭhānaṃ J. I, 114. See also vuṭṭh°, and cp. pariy°. (Page 129)
uṭṭhāna (ဥဋ္ဌာန) [(na) (န)]—
[u+ṭhā+yu]
[ဥ+ဌာ+ယု]
[Pali to Burmese]
uṭṭhāna—
(Burmese text): (၁) (က) ထခြင်း (အိပ်ရာ,ထိုင်ရာ စသည်မှထခြင်း)။ (ခ) အထက်သို့ တက်ခြင်း။ (ဂ) (ရေမှ) ပေါ်လာခြင်း။ (ဃ) ဖြစ်ခြင်း၊ ပေါ်ကြွလာခြင်း။ (င) ဝမ်းလေပွ၍ ဓာတ်လျှောခြင်း၊ ဝမ်းသွားခြင်း။ (၂) လုံ့လဝီရိယ၊ တက်တက်ကြွကြွ အားထုတ်ကြောင်းတရား။ ဥဋ္ဌာနဝီရိယာဓိဂတ-ကြည့်။ (၃) (က) လယ်ယာထွက်သီးနှံ။ (ခ) တိုင်းပြည်မှထွက်သော အခွန်ဘဏ္ဍာ။
(Auto-Translation): (1) (a) Rising (getting up from bed, sitting, etc.). (b) Ascending. (c) Emerging (from water). (d) Occurring, arising. (e) Digestion, moving the bowels. (2) Vigorous enthusiasm, energetic effort. See also functional vigor. (3) (a) Agricultural produce. (b) Tax revenue generated from the country.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
utthāna (उत्थान).—n (S) Rising, standing, getting up.
utthāna (उत्थान).—n Rising, standing, getting up.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Utthāna (उत्थान).—a. Causing to arise or spring up.
-nam 1 The act of rising or standing up, getting up; शनैर्यष्टयुत्थानम् (śanairyaṣṭayutthānam) Bhartṛhari 3.9.
2) Rising (as of luminaries); इन्दुं नवोत्थानमि- वेन्दुमत्यै (induṃ navotthānami- vendumatyai) R.6.31 newly risen.
3) Rise, origin.
4) Resurrection.
5) (a) Effort, exertion, activity; मेदच्छेद- कृशोदरं लघु भवत्युत्थानयोग्यं वपुः (medaccheda- kṛśodaraṃ laghu bhavatyutthānayogyaṃ vapuḥ) Ś.2.5; °शीलः (śīlaḥ) Daśakumāracarita 153 disposed to work; Mv.6.23; यद्युत्थानं भवेत्सह (yadyutthānaṃ bhavetsaha) Manusmṛti 9.215, effort (for money), acquisition of property. (b) Manly exertion, manhood, Mahābhārata (Bombay) 1.2.6; राज्ञो हि व्रतमुत्थानम् (rājño hi vratamutthānam) Kau. A.1.19. also अर्थस्य मूलमुत्थानम् (arthasya mūlamutthānam)
5) Energy. उत्थानेन सदा पुत्र प्रयतेथा युधिष्ठिर । न हयुत्थानमृते दैवं राज्ञामर्थं प्रसाधयेत् (utthānena sadā putra prayatethā yudhiṣṭhira | na hayutthānamṛte daivaṃ rājñāmarthaṃ prasādhayet) || Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.56.14.
6) Joy, pleasure.
7) War, battle.
8) An army.
9) Evacuating (by stool &c.).
1) A book.
11) A court-yard.
12) A shed where sacrifices are offered.
13) A term, limit, boundary.
14) Business (cares &c.) of a family or realm.
15) Reflection.
16) Proximate cause of a disease.
17) Awakening.
18) A monastery.
19) Readiness of the army for fight; युद्धानुकूलव्यापार उत्थानमिति कीर्तितम् (yuddhānukūlavyāpāra utthānamiti kīrtitam) Śukra.1.325.
Utthāna (उत्थान).—n.
(-naṃ) 1. Effort, exertion. 2. Manhood, manly exertion. 3. An army. 4. War, battle. 5. A book. 6. Joy, pleasure. 7. Rising, getting up. 8. A court yard. 9. A shed where sacrifices are made. 10. A term, a limit. 11. Evacuating by stool, &c. 12. Business of a family or realm, as the care of subjects or dependents. 13. Reflexion. 14. Proximate cause of disease. E. ut above, sthā to stand, and lyuṭ affix, sa is dropped.
Utthāna (उत्थान).—i. e. ud-sthā + ana, I. n. 1. Rising, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 3, 10; of the moon, Ragh, 6, 31. 2. Resurrection, Mahābhārata 3, 10811. 3. Exertion, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 215. Ii. m. A causer, Mahābhārata 13, 1242.
Utthāna (उत्थान).—[neuter] rising, coming forth, origin, setting out, starting, exertion, endeavour, energy (poss. vant†); leaving off, conclusion.
1) Utthāna (उत्थान):—[=ut-thāna] [from ut-thā] n. the act of standing up or rising, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Suśruta; Gautama-dharma-śāstra; Śāṅkhāyana-gṛhya-sūtra; Bhartṛhari] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] rising (of the moon etc.), [Bhāgavata-purāṇa; Raghuvaṃśa] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] resurrection, [Mahābhārata; Pañcatantra]
4) [v.s. ...] rising up to depart
5) [v.s. ...] leaving off, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Taittirīya-saṃhitā; Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra] etc.: starting on a warlike expedition, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.
6) [v.s. ...] coming forth, appearing, [Kapila]
7) [v.s. ...] bursting open, [Jaimini]
8) [v.s. ...] tumult, sedition, [Rājataraṅgiṇī]
9) [v.s. ...] rise, origin, [Suśruta]
10) [v.s. ...] effort, exertion
11) [v.s. ...] manly exertion, manhood, [Mahābhārata; Rājataraṅgiṇī; Āpastamba-dharma-sūtra] etc.
12) [v.s. ...] evacuating (by stool etc.), [Suśruta; Kauśika-sūtra]
13) [v.s. ...] an army, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
14) [v.s. ...] joy, pleasure, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
15) [v.s. ...] a book, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
16) [v.s. ...] a court-yard, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
17) [v.s. ...] a shed where sacrifices are offered, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
18) [v.s. ...] a term, limit, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
19) [v.s. ...] business of a family or realm, the care of subjects or dependants, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
20) [v.s. ...] reflection, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
21) [v.s. ...] proximate cause of disease, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
22) [v.s. ...] mfn. causing to arise or originate, [Mahābhārata]
Utthāna (उत्थान):—[utthā+na] (naṃ) 1. n. Effort; war; rising.
Utthāna (उत्थान):—(wie eben)
1) n. [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 3, 170.] a) das Aufstehen, Sichaufrichten, = udgama [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 359.] [Medinīkoṣa Nalopākhyāna 41.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 4, 6, 8, 2.] [Suśruta 1, 69, 17.] [Kāśikīvṛtti] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 2, 57.] prātarutthānam [Cāṇakya 72.] śanairyaṣṭyutthānam [Bhartṛhari 3, 10.] vom Aufgang der Gestirne: indumiva navotthānam [Raghuvaṃśa 6, 31.] das Wiederaufstehen eines Verstorbenen [Mahābhārata 3, 10811. fg. 11087] [?(Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 572). Pañcatantra I, 306.] — b) Erhebung, Aufbruch zu einer Handlung, zum Kampfe, = pauruṣa [Amarakoṣa 3, 4, 120.] = udyama, pauruṣa und yudh [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] bhrātṝṇāmavibhaktānāṃ yadyutthānaṃ bhavetsaha . na putrabhāgaṃ viṣamaṃ pitā dadyātkathaṃ ca na .. [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 215.] utthānaṃ rāvaṇasya [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 3, 19.] mama dharmārthamutthānaṃ na kāmakrodhasaṃjñitam [5, 87, 13.] utthānamabhijānanti sarvabhūtāti bhārata . pratyakṣaṃ phalamaśnanti karmaṇāṃ lokasākṣikam [Mahābhārata 3, 1207.] utthānaśīlin [13740.] utthānaśīla [Daśakumāracarita 180, 11.] medaśchedakṛśodaraṃ laghu bhavatyutthānayogyaṃ vapuḥ [Śākuntala 38.] sūtthāna rasch an’s Werk gehend [Amarakoṣa 2, 10, 19.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 384.] — c) das Entstehen, Ursprung [Suśruta 1, 268, 15. 2, 398, 18.] — d) euphem. für Ausleerung [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 360.] [Medinīkoṣa] (malaroga). utthānacchardaneṣu [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 141.] [Suśruta 2, 71, 17.] — e) das Aufbrechen, womit-Aufhören: sattrotthāna [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 4, 6, 9, 6. 10.] sāmyutthāna [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 6, 24. 7, 1, 31. 32. 24, 6, 15.] [Aśvalāyana’s Śrautasūtrāni 12, 6.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 7, 2, 1, 4.] — Die Lexicogrr. haben noch folg. Bedd.: f) Freude; g) Buch (pustaka); h) Hof [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa]; i) Heer; k) = caitya; l) = vāstvanta [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha]; m) = tantra [Medinīkoṣa -] [Amarakoṣa 3, 4, 120] : utthānaṃ pauruṣe tantre saṃniviṣṭodgame; die beiden letzten locc. haben zu jenen verschiedenen Deutungen mit Anlass gegeben. —
2) adj. mit caus. Bed. der ausgehen —, entstehen lässt: utthānaḥ sarvakarmaṇām [Mahābhārata 13, 1242.]
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Utthāna (उत्थान):—
1) a) sūryotthāna Sonnenaufgang [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 10, 20, 47.] das Wiederauftauchen: magnavadutthānam [Kapila 3, 54.] — b) an allen angeführten Stellen Bemühung, Anstrengung, Thätigkeit; vgl. noch [Mahābhārata 5, 1086. 10, 75. 80. 12, 2104.] [Spr. 449. 1450. 3482. 3769. 3771. fg. 4333. 4634.] vīra ein Mann der That (Gegens. vāgvīra) [3770.] utthānayuktaḥ satataṃ parepāmantaraiṣaṇe bemüht [Mahābhārata 3, 1258.] anutthāna n. Unthätigkeit [Rājataraṅgiṇī 5, 252.] adj. nicht durch eigene Anstrengung unterstützt (daivata) [Mahābhārata 10, 75.] — c) in der Med. die Entstehung einer Krankheit [Oxforder Handschriften 305,b,18. 312,a,18.] — n) Bez. eines best. Processes, der mit Mineralien vorgenommen wird, [Oxforder Handschriften 320,a,9.]
Utthāna (उत्थान):——
1) m. Urheber. —
2) n. — a) das Aufstehen [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtra 1,24,25.] (einer Wöchnerin) [Gautama's Dharmaśāstra] (VOM Mahl). Sichaufrichten. — b) Aufgang (der Gestirne). — c) das Auferstehen eines Verstorbenen. — d) das Herauskommen , Emportauchen [The Sankhya Philosophy 3,54.] das Aufschiessen (von Pflanzen) [Jaimini's Mimāṃsādarśana 6,5,36.] — e) Aufstand , Aufruhr [Rājataraṃgiṇī 8,868.] — f) Bemühung , Anstrengung , Thätigkeit , Arbeit [Āpastamba’s Dharmasūtra 2,28,1.] — g) Entstehung , Ursprung , insbes. einer Krankheit. — h) das Aufbrechen , Aufhören mit , Einstellung , Schluss. — i) euphem. für Ausleerung. — k) ein best. mit Mineralien vorgenommener Process. — Nach den Lexicographen noch aṅgana ( prāṅgaṇa) , caitya , tantra , pustaka , yudh ( raṇa) , vāstvanta , sainya und harṣa.
Utthāna (उत्थान) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Uṭṭhāṇa, Utthāṇa.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Utthāna (उत्थान) [Also spelled utthan]:—(nm) rise (up), act of rising; -[patana] rise and fall; [utthita] risen (up).
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Uṭṭhāṇa (उट्ठाण) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Utthāna.
2) Utthāṇa (उत्थाण) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Utthāna.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Utthāna (ಉತ್ಥಾನ):—
1) [noun] the act, fact or an instance of rising or standing up.
2) [noun] an achieving of welfare, prosperity, etc. and such an achievement.
3) [noun] the actual or refracted appearance of the sun, moon, etc. above the horizon.
4) [noun] resurrection a) a rising from the dead or coming back to life b) the state of having risen from the dead; c) (fig.) a coming back into notice, practice, use, etc.; revival, as of old customs.
5) [noun] a hard, sincere endeavour.
6) [noun] the quality of being fearless or brave; courage; valour.
7) [noun] an army of soldiers.
8) [noun] a fight, esp. a large-scale engagement, between armed forces on land, at sea or in the air; a battle.
9) [noun] a court-yard.
10) [noun] the raised platform in a shed where a sacrifice is conducted.
11) [noun] an evacuating of faeces.
12) [noun] a book.
13) [noun] joyous feeling or occasion; pleasure.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Utthāna (उत्थान):—n. beginning; enhancement; rise; rising up; elevation;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Ut, U, Ao, Yu, Yu, Ou, Thana, Tha, Ta, Tana.
Starts with (+15): Utthana Sutta, Utthana-dvadashi, Utthana-vancita, Utthanabhandaka, Utthanadhigata, Utthanadvadashi, Utthanahina, Utthanaikadashi, Utthanak, Utthanaka, Utthanakabhanda, Utthanakadaya, Utthanakala, Utthanakalonadimala, Utthanakammaphalupajivi, Utthanakara, Utthanapadacariya, Utthanaphalasutta, Utthanaphalupajivi, Utthanaporisa.
Full-text (+94): Utthahana, Samutthana, Anutthana, Abhyutthana, Vyutthana, Pratyutthana, Utthanashila, Punarutthana, Utthanaikadashi, Paryutthana, Paccutthana, Utthanaka, Yashtyutthana, Utthanavira, Dhvajotthana, Abbhutthana, Sutthana, Shakrotthana, Utthanavantu, Utthanashilin.
Relevant text
Search found 43 books and stories containing Utthana, U-tha-yu, U-ṭhā-yu, Ut-thana, Ut-thāna, Uṭṭhāna, Utthāna, Uṭṭhaṇa, Uṭṭhāṇa, Utthāṇa; (plurals include: Utthanas, yus, thanas, thānas, Uṭṭhānas, Utthānas, Uṭṭhaṇas, Uṭṭhāṇas, Utthāṇas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
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Page 247 < [Hindi-Gujarati-English Volume 1]
Page 244 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 1]
Buddhist Perspective on the Development of Social Welfare (by Ashin Indacara)
2. The Definition and Interpretation of Uṭṭhāna (Effort) < [Chapter 1 - The Accomplishment of Persistent Effort and Watchfulness or Protection]
3. The Accomplishment of Persistent Effort (Uṭṭhāna-sampadā) < [Chapter 1 - The Accomplishment of Persistent Effort and Watchfulness or Protection]
1. Introduction < [Chapter 1 - The Accomplishment of Persistent Effort and Watchfulness or Protection]
Vratas depicted in the Gangajala (study) (by Maitreyee Goswami)
Part 3.7 - A study on the Śayanādi-vrata < [Chapter 4]
Part 3.6 - A study on the Saṃkrānti-vrata < [Chapter 4]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 8.23 < [Chapter 8 - Literary Qualities]
Agni Purana (by N. Gangadharan)
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 9.215 < [Section XXVII - Property of Brothers, and their Mutual Relationship]