Tyaga, Tyāga: 32 definitions
Introduction:
Tyaga means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Tyag.
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In Hinduism
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “renunciation”. It is used throughout Dharmaśāstra literature such as the Manusmṛti and the Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra.
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Tyāga (त्याग).—Is to look on the useful and the useless equally; renunciation from affection, desire and difficulty; giving up of all Karmas and having an equal eye on good and evil;1 result of Jñāna or knowledge; gives the result of Karma, but difficult to achieve;2 leads to Vairāgya.3
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “renunciation of possessiveness”. (cf. Glossary page from Śrīmad-Bhagavad-Gītā).
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Ayurveda (science of life)
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “avoidance”, as mentioned in verse 4.33-34 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] avoidance [viz., tyāga] of offences against wisdom, assuagement of the senses, awareness, knowledge of region, season, and constitution, (and) imitation of the conduct of sages: this method (has been) taught in brief for the non-arising of endogenous and accidental diseases and for the alleviation of (those which have) arisen”.
Tyāga (त्याग):—[tyāgaḥ] Giving up, Renunciation
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
Tyāga (त्याग) means “letting go” or “abandoning” and represents a term used for renunciation.—Śaṅkara often uses terms for renunciation drawn from the Bṛhadāraṇyaka-upaniṣad: vyutthāna (“transcendence”—literally “intensely rising up or away from”), bhikṣācārya (“begging”) and parivrājin (“one who goes forth”—appearing mostly in its derivative form parivrājaka, which by the medieval period designated the most radical type of renunciation). But he also interjects the synonyms saṃnyāsa (“set down completely”) and tyāga (“letting go” or “abandoning”) or parityāga (“complete letting go” or complete abandoning) both widely used in epic sources such as the Bhagavadgītā and in more specialized medieval Vedānta sources focusing exclusively on renunciation.
1) Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “renunciation” (of one’s inclinations—vāsanā), according to the Aṣṭāvakragītā (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Vedānta topics.—Accordingly, [as Aṣṭavakra says to Janaka]: “[...] Is he not a Guru who, endowed with dispassion and equanimity, achieves full knowledge of the nature of consciousness, and leads others out of saṃsāra? If you would just see the transformations of the elements as nothing more than the elements, then you would immediately be freed from all bonds and established in your own nature. One’s inclinations are saṃsāra. Knowing this, abandon them. The renunciation of them (tyāga) is the renunciation of it (vāsanā-tyāga). Now you can remain as you are”.
2) Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “renunciation” (as opposed to Ādāna or “acquisition”), which are to be abandoned by those seeking inner freedom (svāsthya).—Accordingly, [as Janaka says to Aṣṭavakra]: “The inner freedom of having nothing is hard to achieve, even with just a loin-cloth, but I live as I please abandoning both renunciation and acquisition (tyāgādāna) [tyāgādāne vihāyāsmādahamāse yathāsukham]. [...]”.
Vedanta (वेदान्त, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “renunciation”, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—[...] From the Void of Oḍḍiyāna arises the undifferentiated (niṣkala) exhaled breath (prāṇa) of the Sun in Jālandhara. Its movement generates the Moon of inhaled breath (apāna), which is full and ‘filling’ (pūraka) in Pūrṇagiri. These three are Rudra's undivided fertilizing energy, which is Kāmarūpa present within the pure seminal potency of consciousness. Tisra is the bliss of the Yoni (bhagā-hlāda). Finally, Koṅkaṇa is the condition of supreme repose. It is the supreme state where the Yoga, transcendent and immanent, that penetrates into the Space (ākāśa) of supreme reality, practiced in the seat Tisra attains its ultimate goal. Thus is it the symbol (bimba) of renunciation (tyāga) of the other seats and their states, which is the liberated condition.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaiva philosophy
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “(being) devoid (of particularities)”, according to the Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī 1.93.—Accordingly, “[...] It is also this [set of six elements] that is manifest in cognitions that arise from hypothetical inferences or scripture [and not only in perceptions; and] anything else is nothing but a mere combination [of these elements]. For example, [the property of] consisting in the subtle sensory object of smell lies in the [element (dhātu) of earth]—that same earth that may possess various smells, some pleasant, others unpleasant, etc.—insofar as [earth] is devoid of particularities (viśeṣa-tyāga) and subtle”.
Shaiva philosophy is a spritiual tradition within Hinduism that includes theories such as the relationship between the Atman (individual soul) and Siva, the nature of liberation (moksha), and the concepts of maya (illusion) and shakti (divine energy). Saiva philosophy teaches that union with Shiva can be achieved through knowledge, devotion, and spiritual practice. It encompasses major branches like Shaiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “true abandonment (of action)”, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] Whenever volition dissolves through constant practice, then the true abandonment of action (karma-tyāga) arises for the Yogin. One should reveal this teaching [only] to those superior students [who are] restrained, clever, constantly desiring liberation and have confidence [in the efficacy of this path]. [...]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
General definition (in Hinduism)
Tyāga (त्याग) is a Sanskrit word referring to renunciation of activities, performed with material consciousness.
Tyāga (त्याग, “abandonment”) refers to giving up of all anxieties for enjoying the fruits of actions; through practice of this kind of tyāga infusing discipline in daily activities the momentary anxiety to enjoy fruits of actions is overcome. It is a subjective renunciation of selfishness and desire. The Tejobindu Upanishad belonging to Krishna- yajurveda explains that in Tyāga (renunciation) one abandons the manifestations or objects of the universe through the cognition of Atman that is Sat and Cit and this is practiced by the wise as the giver of immediate salvation.
Tyāga is associated with offering. There are three kinds of offerings:
- yāga (sacrifice)
- dāna (giving)
- homa (offering)
Of these, the word yāga refers to principal rite and the other two are associated with subsidiary rites.
Dāna is transferring one’s right over what is given, to the one who is taking. This does not involve any expectation of result (though it has an invisible result, and it ensues only when the result is not desired for).
Homa is offering of havis in Agni. This involves tyāga of what is being offered, with the mention “na mama”, meaning what is being offered is no more mine, it belongs to the Devata (or the pitri as the case may be) to whom the offering is being made[8]. There is no expectation of result in the homa itself, but its result will become part of the result of the entire sacrifice.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Tyāga (त्याग):—Generosity (tyāga) is of two kinds:
- Making a gift by giving up a material object (āmiṣa);
- obtaining bodhi by giving up the fetters (saṃyojana).
The former is ‘abandoning’ insofar as it rejects avarice (mātsarya); by contrast, the latter, the ‘abandoning’ of the fetters, plays the role of cause and condition (hetupratyaya). It is necessary to reach the seventh ground in order to abandon the fetters.
According to chapter 36, there are two kinds of abandonment (tyāga):
- abandonment consisting of generosity (dāna-tyāga);
- abandonment of all the disturbing emotions (sarvakleśa-tyāga).
Abandonment consisting of generosity is of two kinds: i) material gifts (āmiṣadāna); ii) gift of the Dharma (dharmadāna) or preaching. Altogether these three kinds of abandonment make up abandonment (tyāga).
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “renunciation”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “What then, son of good family, is the recollection of renunciation (tyāga-anusmṛti), which is authorized by the Lord for the sake of the Bodhisattvas? What we called renunciation (tyāga) is to abandon and renounce any material thing. Why is that? There is not any dharma that is to be renounced, and any dharma to be renounced does not appear. That which is not to be entangled in any dharma is the highest renunciation. That which is not entangled is without renunciation That which is without renunciation is without haughtiness. That which is without haughtiness is without apprehending. That which is without apprehending is without [mental] activity. That which is without [mental] activity is without information by thinking. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
General definition (in Buddhism)
Tyāga (त्याग, “generosity”) or Tyāgānusmṛti refers to one of the “six recollections” (anusmṛti) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 54). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., tyāga). The work is attributed to Nagarguna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Tyāga (त्याग, “renunciation”).—Ahiṃsa-vrata practiced by the Śvetāmbras refers to the renunciation of killing. Basically, there are five kinds of tyāgas included in the eleven pratimās viz.
- sacitta-tyāga pratimā, the stage of renouncing uncooked food;
- ārambha-tyāga pratimā, the stage of abandonment of all professional activity;
- parigraha-tyāga pratimā, the stage of transferring publicly one’s property to a son or relative;
- anumati-tyāga pratimā, the stage of leaving the household and refraining from counselling in household matters,
- uddiṣṭa-tyāga pratimā, the stage of not eating food especially prepared for oneself.
Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “abandoning (of infatuation)”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “One who is restrained continually accumulates good karma by the activity of the body through his body which is well-controlled or by abandoning the body [com.—the abandoning (utsargaḥ), which is the abandoning of infatuation (mohatyāgaḥ), with regard to the body (kāye)]. The body of embodied souls attaches to bad karmas through actions which possess constant exertion and which kill living beings”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
tyāga (त्याग).—m (S) Leaving, abandoning, forsaking, quitting. 2 The remuneration made to the gōndhaḷī, bharāḍī, ḍaurakarū &c. for their services.
tyāga (त्याग).—m Leaving, quitting, abandoning.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Tyāga (त्याग).—[tyaj-bhāve ghañ]
1) Leaving, forsaking, abandoning, deserting, separation; न माता न पिता न स्त्री न पुत्रस्त्यागमर्हति (na mātā na pitā na strī na putrastyāgamarhati) Manusmṛti 8.389;9.79.
2) Giving up, resigning, renouncing; Manusmṛti 1.112; सर्वकर्मफलत्यागं ततः कुरु यतात्मवान् (sarvakarmaphalatyāgaṃ tataḥ kuru yatātmavān) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 12.11.
3) Gift, donation, giving away as charity; करे श्लाघ्यस्त्याग (kare ślāghyastyāga) Bhartṛhari 2.65; वित्तं त्यागनियुक्तम् (vittaṃ tyāganiyuktam) (durlabham) H. 1.139; त्यागाय संभृतार्थानाम् (tyāgāya saṃbhṛtārthānām) R.1.7; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.169.
4) Liberality, generosity; Manusmṛti 2.97; R.1.22.
5) Secretion, excretion.
6) Dismissing, discharging.
7) Sacrificing oneself; मिथो यत् त्यागमुभयासो अग्मन् (mitho yat tyāgamubhayāso agman) Ṛgveda 4.24.3.
8) A sage.
Derivable forms: tyāgaḥ (त्यागः).
Tyāga (त्याग).—m.
(-gaḥ) 1. Gift, donation. 2. Abandoning, leaving, parting from, separation, deserting, &c. 3. A sage, one who separates himself from worldly thoughts. E. tyaj to abandon, bhāve ghañ aff.
Tyāga (त्याग).—i. e. tyaj + a, m. 1. Abandoning, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 111; [Pañcatantra] 261, 6; forsaking, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 389; resigning, [Rāmāyaṇa] 4, 7, 9. 2. Giving away, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 499; liberality, [Daśakumāracarita] in
Tyāga (त्याग).—[masculine] leaving, abandoning, rejecting, avoiding, giving up; donation, sacrifice (also [figuratively] of one’s life); also = seq.
1) Tyāga (त्याग):—[from tyaj] m. ([Pāṇini 6-1, 216]) leaving, abandoning, forsaking, [Manu-smṛti] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] quitting (a place, deśa-), [Pañcatantra]
3) [v.s. ...] discharging, secretion, [Mahābhārata xiv, 630; Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā] giving up, resigning, gift, donation, distribution, [Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra; Manu-smṛti] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] sacrificing one’s life, [Ṛg-veda iv, 24, 3]
5) [v.s. ...] liberality, [Manu-smṛti ii, 97; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.
6) [v.s. ...] a sage, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] cf. ātma-, tanu-, deha-, prāṇa-, śarīra-.
Tyāga (त्याग):—(gaḥ) 1. m. A gift, donation; abandoning; a sage, forsaking all.
Tyāga (त्याग):—und tyāga (von tyaj) [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 1, 216] (vgl. [159]). tyāga [Ṛgveda] m. = varjana [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 32.] [Medinīkoṣa g. 6.]
1) das Verlassen, im-Stich-Lassen, das Verstossen (einer Person): na mātā na pitā na strī na putrastyāgamarhati [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 389. 9, 79. 10, 113.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 1, 72.] [Mahābhārata 1, 3909.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 52, 45.] gurumātṛpitṛ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 59. 62.] [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 1, 33.] [Nalopākhyāna 10, 9.] [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 13, 71.] aṅganā das Meiden der Weiber [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 7, 29.] —
2) das Verlassen (eines Ortes): deśa [Pañcatantra 261, 6.] —
3) das Entlassen, von-sich-Geben: retomūtrapurīṣāṇām [Mahābhārata 14, 630.] śleṣma [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 50, 33. 45, 58.] —
4) das Aufgeben, Verzichten, Entsagung, Hingabe [Kapila 3, 75.] tyāgaviyogau freiwilliges Aufgeben und gezwungene Trennung [4, 5.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 10, 111.] svakarmaṇām 24. sarvakarmaphala [Bhagavadgītā 12, 11. 18, 1. 2. 4.] sukha [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] vaira [Yogasūtra 2, 35.] upārjitānāmarthānām [Pañcatantra II, 157.] dhanānāṃ jīvitasya ca [Hitopadeśa I, 38.] dhana [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] jīva [Prabodhacandrodaja 89, 5.] [Sāhityadarpana 182.] atyāge pi tanoḥ [Bhartṛhari 3, 91.] Hingabe eines Gutes (im Opfer): dravyaṃ devatā tyāgaḥ [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 2, 2. 7, 21.] [Scholiast Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 208, 2. 394, 3 v. u. 423, 1 v. u.] —
5) Aufopferung, Hingabe des Lebens: mi.ho yattyā.amu.hayāso.agman [Ṛgveda 4, 24, 3.] —
6) Freigebigkeit, = dāna [Amarakoṣa 2, 7, 28.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 386.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 97.] dhanadena samastyāge [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 9.] [Suśruta 1, 122, 19.] [Bhartṛhari 2, 34. 55.] [Raghuvaṃśa 1, 7. 22.] [Pañcatantra 201, 19.] [Dhūrtasamāgama 68, 3.] yuta freigebig [VARĀH.] [LAGHUJ. 9, 15.] śīlatā ad [Hitopadeśa I, 100.] —
7) ein Weiser (vivekipuruṣa) [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] — Vgl. ātma (Verlust des Bewusstseins [Suśruta 1, 192, 6]), tanu, deha, prāṇa, śarīra .
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Tyāga (त्याग):—
2) sthāna [Spr. 3348.]
Tyāga (त्याग):—m. —
1) das Verlassen , im Stich Lassen , Verstossen (einer Person). —
2) das meiden. —
3) das Verlassen (eines Ortes). —
4) das Entlassen , Vonsichgeben. —
5) das Aufgeben , Verzichten , Entsagung , Hingabe. vāsasām das Ablegen — , Wechseln der Kleider. —
6) Hingabe des Lebens , Aufopferung. —
7) Hingabe eines Gutes (im Opfer). —
8) Freigebigkeit. yuta Adj. freigebig.
Tyāga (त्याग) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Cāya.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Tyāga (त्याग) [Also spelled tyag]:—(nm) abandonment; relinquishment, renunciation forsaking; sacrifice, abnegation; -[patra] (letter of) resignation; ~[maya] full of sacrifice/renunciation; ~[śīla] sacrificing, renunciative, prone to forsake/abnegate/sacrifice; hence ~[śīlatā] (nf).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Tyāga (ತ್ಯಾಗ):—
1) [noun] a giving of something valuable that belongs to oneself to others for a noble cause; the act of offering one’s life, time, enjoyment, pursuit, etc. for the good of others.
2) [noun] that which is so given; a gift; a donation.
3) [noun] the quality of being generous; willingness to sacrifice, donate; unselfishness.
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Tyāga (ತ್ಯಾಗ):—[noun] the deciduous tree Tectona grandis of Verbenaceae family with white flowers and hard, yellowish brown wood used for shipbuilding, furniture, etc,; teak.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Tyāga (त्याग):—n. abandonment; sacrifice; desertion; resignation;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+9): Tyagabhoga, Tyagacitta, Tyagadana, Tyagadana, Tyagadosha, Tyagagata, Tyagagraha, Tyagala, Tyagamana, Tyagamaya, Tyagamayi, Tyagamga, Tyagamgi, Tyagana, Tyaganem, Tyaganusmriti, Tyagapara, Tyagapatra, Tyagaraja, Tyagarajakavaca.
Full-text (+196): Parityaga, Dehatyaga, Atmatyaga, Pranatyaga, Tyagashila, Tanutyaga, Shariratyaga, Karmatyaga, Stanyatyaga, Mahatyaga, Shastratyaga, Sthanatyaga, Samtyaga, Bhojanatyaga, Uttyaga, Asutyaga, Shilatyaga, Tyaganusmriti, Deshatyaga, Svadharmatyaga.
Relevant text
Search found 124 books and stories containing Tyaga, Tyāga; (plurals include: Tyagas, Tyāgas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 18.2 < [Chapter 18 - Mokṣa-yoga (the Yoga of Liberation)]
Verse 18.8 < [Chapter 18 - Mokṣa-yoga (the Yoga of Liberation)]
Verse 18.1 < [Chapter 18 - Mokṣa-yoga (the Yoga of Liberation)]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 3.5.7 < [Chapter 5 - The Dispute Among the Gopas]
Hari-bhakti-kalpa-latikā (by Sarasvati Thkura)
Text 15 < [First Stabaka]
Svacchandatantra (history and structure) (by William James Arraj)
Chapter 4.2: The Rites of Joining < [Summaries]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 903 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Page 92 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 3]
Page 246 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 7.7 - The observances for the vow of chastity (brahmacarya) < [Chapter 7 - The Five Vows]
Verse 7.38 - The nature of charity (tyāga or dāna) < [Chapter 7 - The Five Vows]
Verse 9.6 - The ten virtues (dharma) < [Chapter 9 - Stoppage and Shedding of Karmas]