India history and geography

Source: Mandala Texts: Trübap: The 'Descent of Blessed Water' Festival

Tongpanyi (སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་) or Emptiness is the central philosophy of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Thus, it has a pervasive presence in the Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna systems of thoughts which inform the main religious cultures and traditions of Bhutan. As a philosophical topic, it is studied and discussed by the scholars and monks in the Buddhist monastic institutions across Bhutan. It also forms a fundamental topic of practice and meditation among Buddhist practitioners including both monastics and lay followers.

The philosophy of Emptiness (tongpanyi) saw further elaboration and implementation with the development of the syncretic Vajrayāna tradition after the middle of the first millennium. The tantric traditions introduced a wide range of expedient and powerful practices to instill the realisation of emptiness. Blending meditation on emptiness with the use of physical energy and vitality, the Vajrayāna thinkers promoted new and radical ways of generating the experience of emptiness coupled with bliss through its powerful techniques. The Bhutanese Vajrayāna traditions is rich in meditation instructions and techniques to actualise the experience of emptiness and bliss. Both the Kagyu and the Nyingma schools of tantric Buddhism in Bhutan proclaim the efficacy and swiftness of Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā practices to stimulate the experience of emptiness and cut off clinging to the conceptual constructs.

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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

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