Punnaga, Punnāga, Pumnaga: 26 definitions
Introduction:
Punnaga means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
One of the Hands indicating Trees.—Punnāga, the Pataka and Catura hands;
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Ayurveda (science of life)
Kalpa (Formulas, Drug prescriptions and other Medicinal preparations)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) refers to the medicinal plant known as “Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.” and is dealt with in the 15th-century Yogasārasaṅgraha (Yogasara-saṅgraha) by Vāsudeva: an unpublished Keralite work representing an Ayurvedic compendium of medicinal recipes. The Yogasārasaṃgraha [mentioning punnāga] deals with entire recipes in the route of administration, and thus deals with the knowledge of pharmacy (bhaiṣajya-kalpanā) which is a branch of pharmacology (dravyaguṇa).
Agriculture (Krishi) and Vrikshayurveda (study of Plant life)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) (identified with Calophyllum inophyllum) is used in various bio-organical recipes for plant mutagenesis such as manipulating the scent of flowers, according to the Vṛkṣāyurveda by Sūrapāla (1000 CE): an encyclopedic work dealing with the study of trees and the principles of ancient Indian agriculture.—Accordingly, “All types of flowering plants produce excellent fragrance if earth strongly scented by their own flowers is filled around the base (of the trees) and then fed with water mixed with Cyperus rotundus, Erythrina stricta, and Valeriana wallichii leaves. The same treatment used in the evening at their blossoming time along with fat, milk, blood and water extract of Saussurea lappa intensifies the natural fragrance of the blossoms of Calophyllum inophyllum [e.g., Punnāga/Punāga], Mesua ferrea, Mimusops elengi, etc.”.
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) refers to “Rottleria tinctoria” (whose odor is said to resemble certain certain elephants), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 8, “on marks of character”]: “4. A Gandharva (heavenly musician) they call him who has an odor like Gaertnera racemosa, yūthikā (kind of jasmine), abja (kind of lotus), Rottleria tinctoria [e.g., punnāga], nāga (some plant), or yellow sandal; who is fond of song, has an excellent gait, and handsome tusks, eyes, temporal bosses, head, trunk, and trunk tips, and has few (or small) spots (on the body)”.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) is another name (synonym) for Kampillaka, which is the Sanskrit word for Mallotus philippensis (kamala tree), a plant from the Cleomaceae family. This synonym was identified by Narahari in his 13th-century Rājanighaṇṭu (verse 13.99), which is an Ayurvedic medicinal thesaurus.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) is a Sanskrit word, identified with Calophyllum inophyllum by various scholars in their translation of the Śukranīti. This tree is mentioned as bearing good fruits. The King should plant such domestic plants in and near villages. He should nourish them by stoole of goats, sheep and cows, water as well as meat.
The following is an ancient Indian recipe for such nourishment of trees:
According to Śukranīti 4.4.105-109: “The trees (such as punnāga) are to be watered in the morning and evening in summer, every alternate day in winter, in the fifth part of the day (i.e., afternoon) in spring, never in the rainy season. If trees have their fruits destroyed, the pouring of cold water after being cooked together with Kulutha, Māṣa (seeds), Mudga (pulse), Yava (barley) and Tila (oil seed) would lead to the growth of flowers and fruits. Growth of trees can be helped by the application of water with which fishes are washed and cleansed.”
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) is the name of a tree found in maṇidvīpa (Śakti’s abode), according to the Devī-bhāgavata-purāṇa 12.10. Accordingly, these trees always bear flowers, fruits and new leaves, and the sweet fragrance of their scent is spread across all the quarters in this place. The trees (e.g. Punnāga) attract bees and birds of various species and rivers are seen flowing through their forests carrying many juicy liquids. Maṇidvīpa is defined as the home of Devī, built according to her will. It is compared with Sarvaloka, as it is superior to all other lokas.
The Devī-bhāgavata-purāṇa, or Śrīmad-devī-bhāgavatam, is categorised as a Mahāpurāṇa, a type of Sanskrit literature containing cultural information on ancient India, religious/spiritual prescriptions and a range of topics concerning the various arts and sciences. The whole text is composed of 18,000 metrical verses, possibly originating from before the 6th century.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) refers to one of the various flowers conjured by Vasanta (spring) in an attempt to charm Śiva, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.9. Accordingly as Kāma related to Brahmā:—“[...] Spring (Vasanta) too did the needful in enchanting Him. O, listen to it, O fortunate Being. I tell you the truth, the truth alone. He caused the various kinds of flowers to bloom in the place where Śiva was stationed—flowers such as Campakas, Keśaras, Punnāgas, Ketakas, Mallikās, Kurabakas etc. etc.”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) is the name of a tree (Rottleria tinctoria), and represents a technical term occurring in the Gaṇitasāra-saṅgraha—an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with ancient Indian algebra and mathematical problems written by Mahāvīra (Mahāvīrācārya) in the 9th century.
Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
Biology (plants and animals)
Punnaga [पुन्नाग] in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. from the Dilleniaceae (Karmal) family having the following synonyms: Dillenia floribunda, Dillenia hainanensis. For the possible medicinal usage of punnaga, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
Punnaga [পুন্নাগ] in the Bengali language is the name of a plant identified with Calophyllum inophyllum L. from the Clusiaceae (Garcinia) family.
Punnaga [ಪುನ್ನಾಗ] in the Kannada language, ibid. previous identification.
Punnaga [पुन्नाग] in the Marathi language, ibid. previous identification.
Punnaga [पुंनाग] in the Sanskrit language, ibid. previous identification.
Punnaga [పున్నాగ] in the Telugu language, ibid. previous identification.
1) Punnaga in India is the name of a plant defined with Calophyllum inophyllum in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Balsamaria inophyllum (L.) Loureiro (among others).
2) Punnaga is also identified with Dillenia pentagyna It has the synonym Dillenia hainanensis Merrill.
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Taxon (1980)
· Flora Cochinchinensis (1790)
· Quarterly Journal of Mythic Society (1963)
· Isis (1828)
· Species Plantarum (1753)
· FBI (1872)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Punnaga, for example chemical composition, extract dosage, side effects, pregnancy safety, diet and recipes, health benefits, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
punnāga : (m.) the Alexandrian laurel tree.
Punnāga, (dial. ?) a species of tree J. I, 9 (°puppha); VI, 530; KhA 50 (aggacchinna°-phala), 53 (id.). (Page 467)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
punnāga (पुन्नाग).—m (S) A flower, Michelia Champaca, or Alpinia nutans. Grah. 2 Pinnay-oil tree, Calophyllum Inophyllum.
punnāga (पुन्नाग).—m A kind of flower.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग).—m.
(-gaḥ) 1. A white elephant 2. A white lotus. 3. A nutmeg. 4. A name of the tree commonly called Nagakesara, (mesua ferrea.) 5. A distinguished man.
Punnāga (पुन्नाग).—m.
(-gaḥ) 1. A tree, from the flowers of which a yellowish dye is prepared, (Rottleria tinctoria.) 2. A white lotus. 3. Nutmeg. 4. A chief, a head or pre-eminent man. 5. A white elephant. E. puṃ male, nāga an elephant, or aff. or eminence.
Punnāga (पुन्नाग).—m. 1. i. e. puṃs -nāga, A pre-eminent man. 2. A white elephant. 3. A tree, from the flowers of which is prepared a yellowish dye, Rottleria tinctoria. 4. A white lotus. 5. Nutmeg.
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग).—[masculine] [Name] of a tree.
1) Puṃnāga (पुंनाग):—[=puṃ-nāga] [from puṃ > puṃs] m. ‘elephant among men’, any distinguished man, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
2) [v.s. ...] a white elephant, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) [v.s. ...] Name of a plant (Rottleria Tinctoria or Calophyllum Inophyllum), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) [v.s. ...] a white lotus, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) [v.s. ...] a nutmeg, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
Punnāga (पुन्नाग):—[pu-nnāga] (gaḥ) 1. m. A tree (Rottleria); a lotus; nutmeg; a chief.
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग):—(pumaṃs + nāga) m.
1) Name eines Baumes, Rottleria tinctoria Roxb. [Amarakoṣa 2, 4, 2, 6.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 62. 233.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1134.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 128.] [Medinīkoṣa g. 43. fg.] [Hārāvalī 180.] [Halāyudha 2, 53.] [Vyutpatti oder Mahāvyutpatti 142.] [Mahābhārata 1, 2374. 7585. 3, 2440. 11573. 14862.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 94, 23. 4, 41, 27. 5, 17, 16] (puṃnagāḥ gedr.). [Suśruta 1, 22, 5. 141, 7. 2, 175, 17. 285, 14. 485, 15.] [Raghuvaṃśa 4, 57.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 52, 87. 54, 3.] [Scholiast] zu [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 150, 16.] —
2) eine weisse Lotusblüthe [Medinīkoṣa] —
3) Muscatnuss. —
4) ein ausgezeichneter Mensch (ein Elephant unter den Menschen) [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] —
5) ein weisser Elephant [Medinīkoṣa]
--- OR ---
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग):—
1) und zugleich
4) Cit. bei [UJJVAL.] zu [Uṇādisūtra 1, 108.]
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग):—m. —
1) Rottleria tinctoria Nach [Materia medica of the Hindus 232] Calophyllum Inophyllum —
2) *eine weisse Lotusblüthe. —
3) *Muskatnuss. —
4) ein Elephant unter den Menschen , ein ausgezeichneter Mensch. —
5) *ein weisser Elephant.
Punnāga (पुन्नाग) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Puṃnāga.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Prakrit-English dictionary
Puṃnāga (पुंनाग) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Punnāga.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Punnāga (ಪುನ್ನಾಗ):—
1) [noun] an excellent man.
2) [noun] a male elephant.
3) [noun] a white elephant.
4) [noun] a royal elephant.
5) [noun] a male buffalo.
6) [noun] a snake.
7) [noun] the middle-sized, evergreen tree Calophyllum inophyllum ( = C. apetalum, = C. spurium) of Guttiferae family, which is grown as ornamental tree.
8) [noun] the tree mallotus philippensis ( = Rottlera tinctoria) of Euphorbiaceae family.
9) [noun] the tree Mammea suriga ( = Ochrocarpus longifolius) of Clusiaceae family.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Pu, Pum, Fu, Naga.
Starts with: Punnaga-hoovu, Punnaga-huvu, Punnagah, Punnagamu, Punnagapupphiya, Punnagatodi, Punnagavarali, Punnagavrikshaha, Punnakai, Punnakam.
Full-text (+31): Punnakam, Giripunnaga, Surapumnaga, Mahapunnaga, Punnagavarali, Aggacchinnapunnagaphalasanthana, Punnagatodi, Punnagah, Kumbhika, Nagapushpa, Adipada Punnaga Khanda, Kesara, Kesarin, Kesava, Curapunnakam, Raktapushpa, Narruti, Punye, Punnaga-hoovu, Punnaga-huvu.
Relevant text
Search found 74 books and stories containing Punnaga, Pu-nnaga, Pu-nnāga, Pum-naga, Puṃ-nāga, Pumnaga, Puṃnāga, Punnāga, Puṇṇāga, Punnagas; (plurals include: Punnagas, nnagas, nnāgas, nagas, nāgas, Pumnagas, Puṃnāgas, Punnāgas, Puṇṇāgas, Punnagases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Appendix 3.2: new and rare words < [Appendices]
Appendix 2.2: botanical notes < [Appendices]
Part 7: Candraprabha’s omniscience < [Chapter VI - Candraprabhacaritra]
Markandeya Purana (by Frederick Eden Pargiter)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Page 18 < [Volume 6 (1882)]
Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine
Pharmaceutico-analytical study of punnaga taila malahara < [Volume 10, issue 3 (2022)]
Ghrita kalpana – current issues and possible alternatives < [Volume 10, issue 5 (2022)]
Acharya Sushrutokta Gana and their Pharmacological actions- A review < [Volume 11, issue 2 (2023)]
Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri) (by Hari Prasad Shastri)
Chapter 50 - Hanuman and his Companions enter the Rikshdbila Cavern < [Book 4 - Kishkindha-kanda]
Chapter 22 - The Duel between Ravana and Yama; Brahma intervenes < [Book 7 - Uttara-kanda]
Chapter 75 - Rama reaches the Lake Pampa < [Book 3 - Aranya-kanda]
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