Parama, Paramā, Pāramā: 37 definitions
Introduction:
Parama means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Parama (परम) refers to the “supreme region”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.23. Accordingly as Brahmā narrated to Nārada:—“[...] One day after delighting the lord with her devotion and obeisance Satī, the daughter of Dakṣa, spoke thus to Śiva: ‘[...] O lord, please explain that activity which enables people, to obtain the supreme region (parama) and free themselves from worldly bondage’”.
Paramā (परमा).—Sages.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 200. 17.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shilpashastra (iconography)
Parama (परम, “highest”) refers to a classification of Hindu images, as defined in the texts dealing with śilpa (arts and crafs), known as śilpaśāstras.—Images are classified into five forms, namely parama, vyūha, vibhāva, antaryāmi and arcā. Parama means the ultimate or the highest. In short, parama, vyūha and vibhāva stand for the subtle states in which the paramātman exists everywhere and eternally.
Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, śilpaśāstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Parama (परम) refers to:—Ultimate. (cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta).
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
1) Paramā (परमा) refers to the “supreme energy” which is associated with Kāmarūpa, one of the sacred seats (pīṭha), according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.
2) Parama (परम) refers to one of the eight Heroes (vīra-aṣṭaka) associated with Nādapīṭha (identified with Kulūta), according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—[...] The eight Heroes (vīrāṣṭaka): Vīreśa, Sumaṅgala, Mahājaṅgala, Huṃkāra, Suśānti, Parama, Prabodha, Praśānta.
Paramā (परमा) refers to one of the “thousand names of Kumārī”, as mentioned in the Kumārīsahasranāma, which is included in the 10th chapter of the first part (prathamabhāga) of the Rudrayāmala-Uttaratantra: an ancient Tantric work primarily dealing with the practice of Kuṇḍalinī-yoga, the worship of Kumārī and discussions regarding the Cakras. This edition is said to be derived of the Rudrayāmalatantra and consists of 6000 verses in 90 chapters (paṭalas) together with the Saralā-Hindīvyākhyopetam (i.e., the Rudrayamalam Uttaratantram with Sarala Hindi translation).—Paramā is mentioned in śloka 1.10.115.—The chapter notes that one is granted the rewards obtained by reciting the text even without the performance of pūjā (worship), japa, snāna (bathing) and puraścaryā
Parama (परम) refers to one of the 62 rays of the Maṇipūra-Cakra which (together with the 54 rays of the Anāhata) are associated with the solar plane called Viṣṇugranthi, according to Śaṅkarācārya’s Saudaryalaharī.—Accordingly, the Goddess is visualised (by Sādhaka) as dwelling above the six Ādhāracakras ruling over the 360 rays which emanate in them [e.g., Parama]. These 360 rays represent 360 syllables (i.e., a consummation of the śabdaprapañca or 50 alphabets) as well as the principles of nature. For the 360 syllables, together with haṃ and saḥ, Nyāsa should be performed for Śrīcakrapūjā.
Note: Parama also refers to one of the 72 rays of the Viśuddhi-Cakra.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaiva philosophy
Parama (परम) refers to the “highest (level of reality)”, according to the Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī.—Accordingly, “The highest level [of reality] (parama-bhūmi), although it is concealed to the highest point within the [Śaiva nondualistic] scriptures, is absolutely never unmanifest; rather, it is always [in the process of] manifesting [itself]—this is the gist [of Utpaladeva’s answer]. And [Utpaladeva] has explained this in the verse on [the Self being] always already established”.
Shaiva philosophy is a spritiual tradition within Hinduism that includes theories such as the relationship between the Atman (individual soul) and Siva, the nature of liberation (moksha), and the concepts of maya (illusion) and shakti (divine energy). Saiva philosophy teaches that union with Shiva can be achieved through knowledge, devotion, and spiritual practice. It encompasses major branches like Shaiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
1) Parama (परम) refers to the “highest (cosmic level)”, according to the Jñānaratnāvalī, (p. 268).—Accordingly, “Having purified the śivadharmī, he should join him with the highest cosmic level (parama-pada—parame pade), and after having performed his post-initiatory obligations liberation will come about at death. Having lifted up the lokadharmī to the desired [level] of the presiding deity, he should bring about the qualities of this [deity in the candidate] or [unite him] in Śiva, for those who desire liberation”
2) Paramā (परमा) (or Aghorī, Yogeśī) (seed-syllable: hā) refers to one of the eight Mother-goddesses (Mātṛs) of the pantheon of Mantra-deities, according to the Brahmayāmala-tantra (or Picumata), an early 7th century Śaiva text consisting of twelve-thousand verses.—Patterning the processes of inner and outer ritual is the Brahmayāmala’s pantheon of mantra-deities, whose core comprises the Four Goddesses or Guhyakās, Four Consorts or Handmaidens, and their lord, Kapālīśabhairava. Secondary members of the pantheon are a sextet of Yoginīs and an octad of Mother-goddesses [e.g., Paramā].
Note: The eighth Mātṛ, the supreme śakti, Paramā, also called Aghorī or Yogeśī, pervades the entire body, lacking a lotus base and being devoid of ancillary mantras.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
1) Parama (परम) is the name of an ancient Pāñcarātra Saṃhitā mentioned in the Padmasaṃhitā: the most widely followed of Saṃhitā covering the entire range of concerns of Pāñcarātra doctrine and practice (i.e., the four-fold formulation of subject matter—jñāna, yoga, kriyā and caryā) consisting of roughly 9000 verses.—[Cf. Jñānapāda chapter 1, verses 99-114]—First is explained the folly of following more than one Saṃhitā for a single series of rituals. Then the names of the 108 Tantras of the Pāñcarātra corpus are named [e.g., Parama]. Even those who repeat these 108 titles will gain salvation.
2) Parama (परम) or Paramasaṃhitā is also mentioned in the Mārkaṇḍeyasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising some 2200 Sanskrit verses mainly dealing with temple-building, iconography, pūjā (worship procedures), utsava (festivities) and prāyaścitta (expiatory measures).
3) Parama (परम) or Paramasaṃhitā is also mentioned in the Viśvāmitrasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising some 2600 Sanskrit verses covering topics such as initiation (dīkṣā) and the construction, decoration and consecration of temples and icons, as well as routines of regular and special worship cycles.—
4) Parama (परम) or Paramasaṃhitā is also mentioned in the Hayaśīrṣasaṃhitā: a large Pāñcarātra Āgama consisting of roughly 6500 verses dealing primarily with architecture, temple-building and consecration rituals and iconography.
Parama (परम) or Paramamudrā refers to one of the 81 Mudrās (hand-gestures) described in chapter 2 of the Ṛṣirātra section of the Sanatkumārasaṃhitā: an encyclopedic Sanskrit text written in over 3500 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as yoga, temple-building, consecration ceremonies, initiation and dhanurveda (martial arts).—[Cf. the chapter mudrā-lakṣaṇa].
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
Parama means farthest, superior, highest, most excellent, est.
Parama means: superior, highest;
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Parāma (पराम) refers to “supreme (doctrine)”, according to Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter 2).—Accordingly, [...] In this stanza, the Buddha does not say that it is the generous person who will obtain joy, or the person with knowledge, morality, patience, energy, dhyāna, or wisdom. The Buddha is speaking only of the faithful. His intention is the following: My supreme (parāma) profound doctrine is subtle, immense, incalculable, inconceivable, immoveable, without support, without attachment and without perceived object. But it is not true that the omniscient one (sarvajñā) is unable to explain it. That is why, in the Buddha’s doctrine, the power of faith is primordial. It is by faith that one enters into it and not by generosity, discipline, patience, energy, dhyāna or wisdom.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Parama (परम) refers to the “highest (bliss)”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “The one who is doing good actions, whose conduct is pure, is engaged in external asceticism to such an extent and then there is the highest meditation which is abstaining from anything perceptible by the senses [and] resting in the self. He destroys the mass of karmas accumulated for a very long time which is sticking within then he is immersed in the ocean of knowledge which is the abode of the highest bliss (parama-ānanda-nilaya). [Thus ends the reflection on] wearing away karma”.
Synonyms: Para, Prakṛṣṭa.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Parama (“highest”) is one of the gotras (clans) among the Kurnis (a tribe of South India). Kurni is, according to the Census Report 1901, “a corruption of kuri (sheep) and vanni (wool), the caste having been originally weavers of wool”. The gotras (viz., Parama) are described as being of the Brāhman, Kshatriya, and Vaisya sub-divisions of the caste, and of Shanmukha’s Sudra caste.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
parama : (adj.) superior; best; excellent.
Parama, (adj.) (Vedic parama; superl. formation of para, lit. “farthest, ” cp. similarly, although fr. diff. base, Lat. prīmus) highest, most excellent, superior, best; paraphrased by agga seṭṭha visiṭṭha at Nd2 502 A= Nd1 84, 102 (the latter reading viseṭṭha for visiṭṭha); by uttama at DhA. III, 237; VvA. 78.—D. I, 124 (ettaka°); M. II, 120 (°nipacca); S. I, 166; II, 277; V, 230; A. V, 64 (°diṭṭha-dhamma-nibbāna); Sn. 138 (yasaṃ paramaṃ patto), 296 (°ā mittā), 788 (suddhaṃ °ṃ arogaṃ), 1071 (saññāvimokhe °e vimutto); Dh. 184 (nibbānaṃ °ṃ vadanti Buddhā). 203, 243; Vv 161 (°alaṅkata= paramaṃ ativiya visesato VvA. 78) Pv. II, 910 (°iddhi); Pug. 15, 16, 66; SnA 453 (°issara); PvA. 12 (°nipacca). 15 (°duggandha), 46.—At the end of a cpd. (-°) “at the outmost, at the highest, at most; as a minimum, at least” Vin. IV, 263 (dvaṅgula-pabba°); esp. frequent in phrase sattakkhattu° one who will be reborn seven times at the outmost, i.e. at the end of the 7 rebirthinterval S. II, 185 (sa°); V, 205; A. I, 233; IV, 381; V, 120; It. 18; Kvu 469. See pāramī & pāramitā.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
parama (परम).—a (S) Best, superior, most excellent. 2 Chief, principal, uttermost. More frequently used in comp. with nouns, thus producing a superlativeness of signification; as paramamaryādā, paramānna &c.; or as an enhancing prefix to adjectives; as paramakaṭhōra, paramakaṭhina, paramanirdaya, paramacatura: also alone and adverbially, in the sense of Much, very, exceedingly.
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paramā (परमा).—m (pramēha S) Gonorrhœa or gleet. See paramēṃ.
parama (परम).—a Best, superior. Chief, principal. Alone and adverbially, in the sense of Much, very, exceedingly.
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paramā (परमा).—m Gonorrhœa or gleet. See paramēṃ.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Parama (परम).—a. [paraṃ paratvaṃ māti-ka Tv.]
1) Most distant, last.
2) Highest, best, most excellent, greatest; प्राप्नोति परमां गतिम् (prāpnoti paramāṃ gatim) Manusmṛti 4.14;7.1;2.13.
3) Chief, principal, primary, supreme; सर्वथा ब्राह्मणाः पूज्याः परमं दैवतं हि तत् (sarvathā brāhmaṇāḥ pūjyāḥ paramaṃ daivataṃ hi tat) Manusmṛti 9.319.
4) Exceeding, extreme.
5) Adequate, sufficient; परमं यत्नमातिष्ठेत् स्तेनानां निग्रहे नृपः (paramaṃ yatnamātiṣṭhet stenānāṃ nigrahe nṛpaḥ) Manusmṛti 8.32.
6) Worst.
7) Higher than, superior to; न मन्ये वाणि- ज्यात् किमपि परमं वर्तनमिह (na manye vāṇi- jyāt kimapi paramaṃ vartanamiha) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.11.
-mam The utmost or highest; the chief or prominent part; (at the end of comp.) consisting principally of, solely occupied with; कामोपभोगपरमा एतावदिति निश्चिताः (kāmopabhogaparamā etāvaditi niścitāḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 16.11; Manusmṛti 6.96.
-mam ind.
1) A particle of assent, acceptance or agreement (well, very well, yes, be it so); ततः परममित्युक्त्वा प्रतस्थे मुनिमण्डलम् (tataḥ paramamityuktvā pratasthe munimaṇḍalam) Kumārasambhava 6.35.
2) Exceedingly, very much; परमक्रुद्धः (paramakruddhaḥ) &c.
Parama (परम).—m. or nt., a high number: °masya Gaṇḍavyūha 105.20. Corresponds to mapara, nt., mavara, also savara (2), qq.v.
Parama (परम).—mfn.
(-maḥ-mā-maṃ) 1. Best, most excellent. 2. Chief principal, preceding 3. First, chief part. 4. Adequate. ind.
(-maṃ) 1. A term of assent, yes 2. A term of command. E. para best, mā to mete, aff. ḍa or ḍam.
Parama (परम).—[para + ma], I. superl. of para, f. mā. 1. Most excellent, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 1, 108; best, 4, 14. 2. Highest, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 319. 3. Extreme, 8, 302. 4. Worst, [Brāhmaṇavilāpa] 1, 15. 5. With cetas, All (the heart), [Rāmāyaṇa] 2, 34, 36. 6. With an abl. it has the signification of the comparat., More excellent, superior, worse; ko nyo sti paramaḥ śivāt, Who is higher than Śiva, Mahābhārata 13, 793. Ii. paramam, adv. Yes, Mahābhārata 3, 17056. Very well, [Johnson's Selections from the Mahābhārata.] 37, 20. Iii. When latter part of a comp adj. it implies sometimes, 1. Amounting at the most to, Mahābhārata 2, 2080. 2. Consisting principally of, 5, 1143. 3. Occupied only with, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 6, 96.
Parama (परम).—[adjective] farthest, last, extreme, best or worst, highest, chiefest; surpassing, better or worse than ([ablative]). °— as adj. supreme, chief, [adverb] highly, exceedingly; —° = para; [neuter] paramam yes, very well, with pleasure.
1) Parama (परम) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—Kautukalīlāvatī jy. B. 4, 120.
2) Parama (परम):—son of Yadumaṇi, grandson of Prayāga, wrote in 1535 for king Mukundasena: Mukundavijaya jy.
1) Parama (परम):—[from para] mf(ā)n. (superl. of para) most distant, remotest, extreme, last, [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.
2) [v.s. ...] chief, highest, primary, most prominent or conspicuous
3) [v.s. ...] best, most excellent, worst (meṇa cetasā, with all the heart; ma-kaṇṭhena, ‘with all the throat’, roaring, speaking aloud), [ib.]
4) [v.s. ...] (with [ablative]) superior or inferior to, better or worse than, [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa]
5) [v.s. ...] m. Name of 2 authors, [Catalogue(s)]
6) [v.s. ...] n. highest point, extreme limit (catur-viṃśati-p, at the utmost 24), [Mahābhārata] etc.
7) [v.s. ...] n. chief part or matter or object (ifc. f(ā). = consisting chiefly of, completely occupied with or devoted to or intent upon), [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
8) [from para] n. (also paramain [compound]; See below) very much, excessively, excellently, in the highest degree, [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature etc.]
9) Pārama (पारम):—Vṛddhi form of parama in [compound]
Parama (परम):—[(maḥ-mā-maṃ) a.] Best; chief; first. n. Yes; term of command.
Parama (परम):—(superlat. zu para) adj. Declin. mit Ausnahme von paramasyās und paramasyām .
1) adj. f. ā a) der fernste, äusserste, letzte: parāvat [Ṛgveda 4, 50, 3. 10, 95, 14.] [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 11, 72.] etaddha paramaṃ dūraṃ yatsahasrayojanam [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 9, 1, 1, 28.] pareṇaitu pa.hā vṛkaḥ para.eṇo.a taskaraḥ [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 4, 3, 2.] agnirvai devānāmavamo viṣṇuḥ paramaḥ der fernste und höchste [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 1, 1.] avama, madhyama, parama [Ṛgveda 1, 108, 9. 10. 27, 5.] sadhastha [108, 8. 8, 11, 7.] pada [1, 22, 20. 72, 2.] vyoman [7, 5, 7. 5, 63, 1.] rajas [7, 99, 1. 3, 30, 2.] janman [2, 9, 3.] saṃ para.āṃsamava.ānatho.saṃ dyāmiva madhya.ān [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 6, 103, 2.] mātrā [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 10, 2, 2, 8. 11, 1, 6, 16.] gati [2, 6, 4, 9.] sa paramaṃ lokamajayat [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 1, 21.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 14, 7, 1, 31.] imaṃ ca lokaṃ paramaṃ (= paraṃ) ca vindati [KĀM. NĪTIS. 3, 37.] pāda [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 16, 36.] paramaprakṛti das äusserste, letzte, erste Thema [Scholiast] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 1, 155.] — b) der vorzüglichste, ausgezeichnetste, höchste. beste, grösste, ärgste, summus; = para [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 469.] [Medinīkoṣa Manu’s Gesetzbuch 47.] = agresara, prathama [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] = pradhāna, ādya [VIŚVA im Śabdakalpadruma] paśu [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 4, 26.] paramo śvaḥ paśūnām [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 13, 3, 3, 1.] gāvaḥ [Ṛgveda 5, 47, 4. 4, 23, 10.] ūti [6, 25, 1.] vasu [7, 32, 16.] dhi.ā para.ayā [6, 38, 3.] a.nirīśe.vājasya para.asya rā.aḥ [4, 12, 3. 7, 60, 11.] nidhi [2, 24, 6.] brahman [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 14, 6, 10, 6. 7, 1, 31. 32.] etadu paramamannaṃ yaddadhi madhu dhṛtam [9, 2, 2, 12.] daivata [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 319.] vapus [Nalopākhyāna 13, 27.] dharma [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 108.] [Nalopākhyāna 26, 7.] [Hitopadeśa 19, 22.] gati [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4, 14. 6, 88. 93. 96. 8, 420.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 57, 21.] siddhi [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 1.] mantra 58. pramāṇa [2, 13.] tapas [167. 229. 6, 70.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 57, 2.] medhā [Mahābhārata 3, 14008.] prīti [Nalopākhyāna 13, 39.] mud [24, 46.] dyuti [12, 52.] dharme paramā sthitiḥ [5, 37.] vismaya [19, 23.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 2, 1.] bala [Nalopākhyāna 20, 5.] yatna [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 302. 9, 16.] vaiṣamya [Nalopākhyāna 9, 20.] vaiklavya [23, 21.] duḥkha, jvara [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 1, 15.] parameṇa cetasā so v. a. mit ganzem Herzen: tathā hi rāmaṃ vanavāsaniścitam parameṇa cetasā [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 24, 36.] Mit seinem subst. (das seinem Ton bewahrt) componirt [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 1, 61.] gaṇa kāṣṭhādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 1, 67.] cikitsaka [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 11, 5, 7, 1.] saugata [Kathāsaritsāgara 27, 12.] vaiṣṇava [36, 10.] Inschr. in [Journ. of the Am. Or. S. 6, 542.] māheśvara [539.] brahmaṇya [539. 542.] bhāgavata [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 1, 6.] paramāṅganā [Nalopākhyāna 3, 15. 12, 44.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 25, 26.] paramāpsaras [1, 63, 4.] vāri [Daśaratha’s Tod 2, 3.] pūruṣa [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 7, 7.] paramāyana [2, 6, 2.] paramotsava [Indralokāgamana 5, 23.] paramākulatā [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 157.] paramaujasā [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 54, 5.] paramakaṇṭhena krośet so v. a. aus vollem Halse [LĀṬY. 9, 8, 15.] parama, wie para mit einem ablat. verbunden, vorzüglicher, grösser, ärger: ko nyo sti paramaḥ śivāt [Mahābhārata 13, 793.] kiṃ nvataḥ (so ist zu lesen) paramaṃ duḥkhaṃ yat [1, 6196.] yasmānna paramaṃ bhūtaṃ vānareṣviha vidyate [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 3, 17. 22.] —
2) n. am Ende eines adj. comp. (f. ā) das äusserste —, höchste Maass: sahasraparamāṃ bhṛtim höchstens 1000 betragend [Mahābhārata 2, 2080.] saptadaśāvarāḥ, caturviṃśatiparamāḥ höchstens 24 [Scholiast] zu [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 103, 24.] Hauptbestandtheil, das Vorwiegende: āḍhyānāṃ māṃsaparamaṃ madhyānāṃ gorasottaram . tailottaraṃ daridrāṇāṃ bhojanam vorzugsweise aus Fleisch bestehend [Mahābhārata 5, 1143.] svakārya ganz mit seinen Obliegenheiten beschäftigt [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 6. 96.] kāmopabhoga [Bhagavadgītā 16. 11.] cintā [Mahābhārata 1. 5774.] niḥśvāsa nichts als seufzend [Nalopākhyāna 2, 2.] [Mahābhārata 1, 4613.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 62, 7.] —
3) paramam adv. a) Partikel der Bejahung, Einwilligung, ja wohl, schön, gut [Amarakoṣa 3, 5, 12.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1540.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] api tuṣyati te putri brāhmaṇaḥ paricaryayā . taṃ sā paramamityeva pratyuvāca [Mahābhārata 3, 17056. fg.] paramaṃ saumyamityuktaṃ tābhyām [12, 1056.] tataḥ paramamityuktvā pratasthe [Kumārasaṃbhava 6, 35.] — b) im comp., vor einem adj. oder partic. mit abgeworfener Flexionsendung, in hohem Grade, überaus, sehr: śobhana [Mahābhārata 3. 2798.] [Nalopākhyāna 5, 26.] manyumant [9, 5.] paramātmavant [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 46, 18. 57, 9.58, 12.] saṃmata [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 2, 25.] saṃhṛṣṭa [Nalopākhyāna 13, 48.] prīti [Arjunasamāgama 2, 11.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 41. 52, 1.] saṃtuṣṭa [1, 84.] duḥkhita [Nalopākhyāna 22, 28.] kruddha [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 54, 19.] [BRAHMAP.] in [Lassen’s Anthologie 49, 2. 51, 10. 53, 4.] [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 17.] [Spr. 1233.]
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Parama (परम):—
1) b) [Z. 7] lies yaddadhi madhu ghṛtam [9, 2, 1, 12]; am Schluss hinzuzufügen [Spr. 3020.]
Parama (परम):——
1) Adj. (f. ā) — a) der fernste , äusserste , letzte. — b) der vorzüglichste , ausgezeichnetste , höchste , beste , grösste , ärgste , summus. parameṇacetasā (vgl. paramātman
1) so v.a. mit ganzem Herzen , paramakaṇṭhena so v.a. aus vollem Halse. — c) vorzüglicher — , grösser — , ärger als (Abl.). —
2) am Ende eines adj. Comp. (f. ā — a) Höhepunct , die äusserste Grenze. caturviṃśati höchstens 24. — b) Hauptbestandtheil , das Vorwiegende , Hauptziel , Hauptzweck , Hauptsache. Wiederzugeben durch ganz beschäftigt mit , ganz aufgehend in , nur bedacht auf. —
3) paramam Adv. ja wohl , schön , gut (als Bejahung , Einwilligung). —
4) parama Adv. in hohem Grade , überaus , sehr (als Bejahung , Einwilligung). —
5) m. Nomen proprium eines Sohnes des Manu Auttami [Viṣṇupurāṇa 3,1,15.]
Parama (परम) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Parama.
Parama (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 圓滿 [yuán mǎn]: “Pūrṇa” [Sanskrit personal name]; Alternatively: “complete”.
Note: parama can be alternatively written as: paramam.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Parama (परम) [Also spelled param]:—(a) extreme; ultimate; absolute; supreme; best; utmost; (nm) the Supreme Being, God; —[agratā] absolute priority; —[gati] liberation, salvation; —[gahana] extremely complicated/incomprehensible; too deep; too difficult; insurmountable; —[tattva] the Essential Element, the Supreme Being; —[tāpa] absolute temperature; —[pada] the highest seat, liberation, salvation; —[pāvana] His Holiness; extremely holy, of supreme holiness; —[pitā] the Creator of all, God; —[puruṣa] God; —[puruṣārtha] highest Good, summum bonum; —[brahma] God; —[bhaṭṭāraka] an ancient honorofic title or form of address to an Emperor; —[mahāmānya] His Exalted Highness; —[māpakrama] absolute scale; ~[haṃsa] the supreme amongst the [saṃnyāsī]s; a liberated soul, one who has attained transcendental existence.
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Prakrit-English dictionary
Parama (परम) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Parama.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Parama (ಪರಮ):—
1) [adjective] situated, lying very far.
2) [adjective] very important or paramount.
3) [adjective] of par-excellence; superior.
4) [adjective] absolutely pure.
5) [adjective] situaed or lying at very end.
6) [adjective] in the fullest sense; complete; absolue.
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Parama (ಪರಮ):—
1) [noun] the quality of being preeminently great; par excellence.
2) [noun] the Absolue Being.
3) [noun] (jain.) the Jina, as the supreme religious teacher.
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Paramā (ಪರಮಾ):—[noun] an infectious venereal disease caused by gonococci, characterised by inflamation of the mucous membrane of the genitourinary tract and a discharge of mucous and pus; gonorrhea.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Pāramā (பாரமா) [pāra-mā] noun < பாரம்² [param²] + மா. [ma.] Mango tree; மாமரம். ((சங்கத்தகராதி) தமிழ்சொல்லகராதி) [mamaram. ((sangathagarathi) thamizhsollagarathi)]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
Parama (परम):—adj. 1. primordial; first; 2. supreme; excellent; greatest; 3. the highest or the smallest; the most or the least;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Para, Ma.
Starts with (+17): Parama-bhagavata, Parama-bhagavati-bhakta, Paramabhisheka, Paramadbhuta, Paramadharmika, Paramadvaita, Paramadvaya, Paramaguru, Paramaha, Paramaishvarya, Paramakasha, Paramakshara, Paramaloka, Paramamrita, Paramananda, Paramanandar, Paramananta, Paramanantam, Paramangana, Paramanna.
Full-text (+769): Parameshvara, Paramarsha, Paramatman, Paramahamsa, Paramarthika, Paramanu, Paramartha, Paramananda, Paramagati, Paramahamsya, Paramasana, Paramapurusha, Paramanna, Paramarishi, Paramata, Paramesha, Parameshvari, Paramaishvarya, Paramapada, Paramayus.
Relevant text
Search found 273 books and stories containing Parama, Paaramaa, Pāra-mā, Para-ma, Paramā, Pārama, Pāramā; (plurals include: Paramas, Paaramaas, mās, mas, Paramās, Pāramas, Pāramās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 8.21 < [Chapter 8 - Tāraka-brahma-yoga (the Yoga of Absolute Deliverance)]
Verse 8.15 < [Chapter 8 - Tāraka-brahma-yoga (the Yoga of Absolute Deliverance)]
Verses 16.11-12 < [Chapter 16 - Daivāsura-sampada-yoga]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.4.80 < [Chapter 4 - Vaikuṇṭha (the spiritual world)]
Verse 2.2.202 < [Chapter 2 - Jñāna (knowledge)]
Verse 1.4.99 < [Chapter 4 - Bhakta (the devotee)]
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Prasthanatrayi Swaminarayan Bhashyam (Study) (by Sadhu Gyanananddas)
7. Videhamukti (Introduction) < [Chapter 5 - Analysis on the basis of Soteriology]
6. Jīvanamukti (Introduction) < [Chapter 5 - Analysis on the basis of Soteriology]
4.1. Akṣarabrahman is not Parabrahman < [Chapter 3 - Analysis on the Basis of Metaphysics]
Tirumantiram by Tirumular (English translation)
Verse 2274: In Para-atita Turiya State Jiva Becomes Beyond-Param < [Tantra Eight (ettam tantiram) (verses 2122-2648)]
Verse 44: Shines In Love < [Payiram (preface) (verses 1 to 112)]
Verse 2726: It is End of Jnana < [Tantra Nine (onpatam tantiram) (verses 2649-3047)]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)