Paraga, Parāga, Pāragā, Pāraga, Para-ga: 25 definitions
Introduction:
Paraga means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Nighantu (Synonyms and Characteristics of Drugs and technical terms)
Parāga (पराग) refers to the “pollen” of flowers, as mentioned in a list of five synonyms, according to the second chapter (dharaṇyādi-varga) of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rājanighaṇṭu (an Ayurvedic encyclopedia). The Dharaṇyādi-varga covers the lands, soil, mountains, jungles and vegetation’s relations between trees [viz., Parāga] and plants and substances, with their various kinds.
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Parāga (पराग) refers to “powders” (mixed with jaggery) (administered to elephants), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 11, “On the keeping of elephants and their daily and seasonal regimen”]: “28. In the morning jaggery with butter is prescribed in the autumn, and in summer a rice porridge; in the evening the same with salt; but at other (seasons), contrary to that rule, (rice porridge) with sesame oil. He shall cause kulmāṣa (see verse 17) with jaggery and with rice porridge to be given to elephants, producing heat (or vigor), strength, and (digestive) fire in them; and also other powders (parāga) mixed with jaggery [tattejobalavahnikṛdgulayutānanyān parāgānapi]”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
1) Pāraga (पारग) refers to “having mastered (the Vedas and Vedāṅgas)”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.39 (“The gods arrive at Kailāsa”).—Accordingly: “[...] Lord Śiva thus requested by Viṣṇu, and being himself eager to follow worldly conventions performed the same duly. Authorised by Him, I performed all the rites conducive to prosperity, assisted by the sages. The sages [...], Vyāsa, with his disciples, and other sages came to Śiva. Urged by me they performed the sacred rites duly. All of them who had mastered (pāraga) the Vedas and Vedāṅgas performed the safety rites for Śiva and tied the auspicious thread round his wrist. [...]”.
2) Parāga (पराग) refers to “dust”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.4.6 (“The miraculous feat of Kārttikeya”).—Accordingly, as a Brahmin named Nārada said to Kumāra (Kārttikeya): “[...] Even the preceptor of the gods cannot eulogise you adequately. Then tell me, how can I a foolish and wretched creature? O Skanda, pure or impure, noble or ignoble, of whatever nature I be, I pray unto the dust (parāga) of your lotus-like feet. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Pāraga (पारग) refers to “crossing over (the ocean)” (of anxiety, etc.), according to the Amṛtasiddhi (verse 24.1-2).—Accordingly, [while describing kāyasiddhi in terms redolent of tapas (i.e., purification and bindu):] “When the accomplishment of [destroying] the [five] impurities [is achieved], as well as the union of the two Bindus, then one should know the body to be perfected and endowed with all good qualities. [Such a Siddha] is free from cold, heat, thirst, fear, desire and greed. He has crossed over the ocean (sāgara-pāraga) of anxiety, disease, fever, suffering and grief”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
A class of devas. D.ii.260.
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Pāraga (पारग) is a synonym for the Buddha according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter IV). Po lo k’ie (Pāraga) in the language of Ts’in means “having reached the other bank”.
Pāraga (पारग) refers to “having mastered (the Vedas and Vedāṅgas)”, according to the Vajratuṇḍasamayakalparāja, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.—Accordingly, “Now there lived a Brahmin called Viṣṇudatta in Navanagara. He was wealthy with great riches, great revenues; he was endowed with copious acquisitions and means of subsistence. He had mastered the Vedas and Vedāṅgas (vedavedāṅga-pāraga). He was a mantra-reciter and mantra-practitioner. He summoned Nāgas again and again. He sacrificed fire oblations. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Pāraga (पारग) refers to “those who are fully conversant (with various systems)”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “That [meditation] which is performed by Yogīs taking the support of auspicious words is regarded as abiding-in-words by those who are fully conversant with various systems (vicitra-naya-pāraga)”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
parāga (पराग).—m (S) The pollen or farina of a flower.
parāga (पराग).—m The pollen of a flower.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Parāga (पराग).—
1) The pollen of a flower; स्फुटपरागपरागतपङ्कजम् (sphuṭaparāgaparāgatapaṅkajam) Śiśupālavadha 6.2; Amaruśataka 54.
2) Dust in general; प्रतापोऽग्रे ततः शब्दः परागस्तदनन्तरम् (pratāpo'gre tataḥ śabdaḥ parāgastadanantaram) R.4.3.
3) Fragrant power used after bathing.
4) Sandal.
5) An eclipse of the sun or moon.
6) Fame, celebrity.
7) Independence, self-will.
8) Medicinal powder; Mātaṅga L.11.28.
9) Powder; कायेऽपि कर्पूरपरागपूरः (kāye'pi karpūraparāgapūraḥ) Mv.7.17.
Derivable forms: parāgaḥ (परागः).
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Parāga (पराग).—1 P.
1) To return; तदयं परागत एवास्मि (tadayaṃ parāgata evāsmi) Uttararāmacarita 5.
2) To surround, encompass, pervade; स्फुटपरागपरागत- पङ्कजम् (sphuṭaparāgaparāgata- paṅkajam) Śiśupālavadha 6.2.
3) Ved. To go away, depart.
4) To die.
Derivable forms: parāgam (परागम्).
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Pāraga (पारग).—a.
1) crossing over, ferrying across.
2) one who has gone to the end of, one who has completely mastered anything, completely familiar of conversant with (with gen. or in comp.); वेदपारगः (vedapāragaḥ) Manusmṛti 2.148; Y.1.111.
3) profoundly learned.
-gam keeping, fulfilling (of a promise).
Pāraga is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms pāra and ga (ग).
Pāragā (पारगा).—name of the mother of Śyāmaka in the Ś. Jātaka: Mahāvastu ii.210.6 ff.; 218.9; 229.12. In the corresp. Pali Sāma Jātaka (Pali) she is named Pārikā
Parāga (पराग).—m.
(-gaḥ) 1. The pollen or farina of a flower. 2. Dust. 3. Fragrant powder used after bathing. 4. Sandal. 5. The name of a mountain. 6. Fame, celebrity. 7. An eclipse of the sun or moon. 8. Following one’s own inclinations. E. parā implying supremacy, &c. and ga who goes, ḍa aff.
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Pāraga (पारग).—mfn.
(-gaḥ-gā-gaṃ) 1. Crossing, crossing over. 2. Going over or beyond the world. 3. Completely familiar or conversant with. 4. Profoundly learned. E. pāra the opposite bank, and ga who goes.
Parāga (पराग).—i. e. probably upa or apa-rāga, m. The pollen or farina of a flower, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 1, 39.
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Pāraga (पारग).—[pāra-ga], adj. 1. Crossing Mahābhārata 2, 2418. 2. Intending to cross, 4, 451. 3. Accomplishing, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 53, 8. 4. Having studied, knowing, [Pañcatantra] 155, 4.
Parāga (पराग).—[masculine] sgl. & [plural] the pollen of a flower (poss. gin), dust i.[grammar]
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Pāraga (पारग).—[adjective] crossing over, going through (lit. & [figuratively]); thoroughly familiar or conversant with ([genetive], [locative], or —°).
1) Parāga (पराग):—m. ([probably] for apa-r), the pollen of a flower, [Kāvya literature; Purāṇa] etc.
2) dust, [Raghuvaṃśa iv, 30]
3) fragrant powder used after bathing, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) sandal, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) an eclipse of the sun or moon, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) fame, celebrity, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) independence, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) Name of a mountain, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
9) Parāgā (परागा):—[=parā-gā] -√1. gā (only [Aorist] -gās, -gāt), to go away, fly, escape, [Ṛg-veda; Atharva-veda]
10) Pāraga (पारग):—[=pāra-ga] [from pāra] mf(ā)n. going to the opposite shore, crossing over, [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa]
11) [v.s. ...] one who has gone through or accomplished or mastered, knowing thoroughly, fully conversant or familiar with ([genitive case] [locative case] or [compound]), profoundly learned, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
12) [v.s. ...] n. keeping, fulfilling (of a promise), [Harivaṃśa 11565] ([wrong reading] for pāraṇa?).
1) Parāga (पराग):—[parā-ga] (gaḥ) 1. m. The pollen or farina of a flower; fragrant powder; dust; sandal; fame; eclipse.
2) Pāraga (पारग):—[(gaḥ-gā-gaṃ) a.] Crossing.
[Sanskrit to German]
Pāraga (पारग) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Paraga, Parāya, Pāraya.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Pali-English dictionary
Pāraga refers to: “going beyond, ” traversing, crossing, surmounting S. IV, 71 (jātimaraṇassa); Sn. 32, 997.
Note: pāraga is a Pali compound consisting of the words pāra and ga.
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Pāraga refers to: “going beyond, ” traversing, crossing, surmounting S. IV, 71 (jātimaraṇassa); Sn. 32, 997.
Note: pāraga is a Pali compound consisting of the words pāra and ga.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Hindi dictionary
Parāga (पराग) [Also spelled parag]:—(nm) the pollen (of a flower); -[kaṇa/kesara] pollen grain, pollen containing fine filament (of a flower).
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Paraga (परग) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Paraka.
2) Paraga (परग) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Pāraga.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Parāga (ಪರಾಗ):—
1) [noun] the fine, dustlike mass of grains that are produced in the anthers or microspore sacs of seed plants, containing the male sexual cells (gametophytes) of the plant; pollen.
2) [noun] any dry substance in the form of very fine, dustlike particles, produced by crushing, grinding, etc.
3) [noun] a kind of cosmetic powder used after bathing.
4) [noun] sandal powder.
5) [noun] an eclipse of the sun or moon.
6) [noun] good reputation; fame; renown.
7) [noun] freedom or release from slavery, imprisonment, captivity or any other form of arbitrary control; liberty.
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Pāraga (ಪಾರಗ):—
1) [noun] = ಪಾರಂಗತ [paramgata]2.
2) [noun] he who has crossed over (from this side to the other).
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Pāraga (ಪಾರಗ):—[noun] = ಪಾರಕ [paraka]3.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Parāga (पराग):—n. 1. pollen; 2. a kind of powder used before bathing; 3. sandalwood;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+15): Para-kayacaritar, Para-kayapiravecam, Para-kecarikal, Paraga-anuvijnana, Paragada-jamina, Paragadamda, Paragakesar, Paragakesara, Paragakosha, Paragam, Paragama, Paragama Vihara, Paragamana, Paragami, Paragamin, Paragana, Paraganahakim, Paraganamathana, Paraganapatila, Paraganda.
Full-text (+54): Paragam, Vedaparaga, Kanakaparaga, Vedavedangaparaga, Khaparaga, Marmaparaga, Paragavat, Shrutaparaga, Mantaparaga, Paragapushpa, Pratijnaparaga, Paragakesara, Kausuma, Paragapamsu, Paraga-anuvijnana, Shastraparaga, Bo luo jia, Paragin, Paragakosha, Paragasparsha.
Relevant text
Search found 52 books and stories containing Paraga, Para-ga, Pāra-ga, Parā-gā, Parā-ga, Parāga, Pāragā, Pāraga, Parāgā; (plurals include: Paragas, gas, gās, Parāgas, Pāragās, Pāragas, Parāgās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 798 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 2]
Page 698 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 2]
Page 698 < [Hindi-Marathi-English Volume 2]
Matangalila and Hastyayurveda (study) (by Chandrima Das)
Food and Diet of Elephants < [Chapter 3]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 9.23 < [Chapter 9 - Ornaments of Sound]
Mahavastu (great story) (by J. J. Jones)
Chapter XX - Śyāmaka Jātaka < [Volume II]
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala (study) (by Shri N. M. Kansara)
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