Pancama, Pañcama, Pamcama: 25 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
1. Natyashastra
2. Purana
3. Shiksha
4. Shilpashastra
5. Vyakarana
6. Shaivism
7. Yoga
8. Gitashastra
India history
Languages
1. Pali
2. Marathi
3. Sanskrit
4. Prakrit
5. Kannada
See also
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Introduction:

Pancama means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

Alternative spellings of this word include Panchama.

In Hinduism

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to the fifth of the seven “musical notes” (svara), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 6, chapter 19 and chapter 28. These seven notes are part of the ‘vocal representation’ (vācika), which is used in communicating the meaning of the drama and calling forth the sentiment (rasa). The seven notes (svara) are to be used in different sentiments (rasa). For example, madhyama and pañcama are to be used in the heroic (vīra), the furious (raudra) and the marvellous (adbhuta) sentiment.

The presiding deity of the pañcama musical note (svara) is defined by various sources:

Nāradīyā-śīkṣā 1.5.13-14 mentions that the pañcama note is sung by Nārada.
Bṛhaddeśī 75-76 mentions Indra as the presiding deity of pañcama.
Saṅgītaratnākara 1.3.57-58 mentions Viṣṇu as the presiding deity of pañcama.
Saṃgītamakaranda 1.1.38, Idem.
Cf. Saṃgītarāja 2.1.1.264.

The following animal sounds are associated with this note:

Nāradīyā-śīkṣā 1.5.3 assigns this note to the call of the cuckoo (kokila: cucculus indicus) in spring-time.
Bṛhaddeśī 64, p13, 2.1-5, Idem.
Saṃgītamakaranda 1.1.13, Idem, names the cuckoo pika.
Saṅgītaratnākara 1.3.4.6, Idem Nāradīyā-śīkṣā.
Cf. Saṃgītarāja 2.1.1.212.

context information

Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to “shouts of ‘well-done’”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.53 (“Description of Śiva’s return journey”).—Accordingly, as Brahmā narrated to Nārada: “[...] Then the ladies of the city indulged in the customary utterance of foul abusive words laughing, jingling and peeping at all of them. [...] On the fifth day (pañcama) [pañcame divase] the delighted gods lovingly intimated to the mountain about their desire to go back. On hearing that, the lord of mountains spoke to the gods with palms joined in reverence ‘O gods, please stay a few days more’. [...]”

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

1a) Pañcama (पञ्चम).—A pupil of Kṛta.^*

* Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 35. 51.

1b) Outside the pale of the four āśramas a mixed caste.^*

* Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 15. 37.

1c) The twenty-first Kalpa; consisting of prāṇa, apāna, samāna, udāna, and vyāna; mind-born sons of Brahmā.^*

* Vāyu-purāṇa 21. 47.

1d) The fifth note in music.^*

* Vāyu-purāṇa 21. 49. 86. 37.

1e) A pupil of Hiraṇyanābha's son; a Sāmaga.^*

* Vāyu-purāṇa 61. 44.

Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

Pañcama (पञ्चम) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.48.7, I.53) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Pañcama) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

context information

The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Shiksha (linguistics: phonetics, phonology etc.)

Source: Google Books: Dattilam: A Compendium of Ancient Indian Music [shiksha]

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to the fifth of six notes (svara) in Indian music.—The air, which, rising from the navel and striking the chest, the heart, the throat and the head, sptrings from these five places, is accounted to be the essence of pañcama. (Nāradīyā-śikṣā 1. 5.7-11)

Source: Wisdomlib Libary: Śikṣā

Pañcama (पञ्चम, “the fifth”) is the name of a note (svara) used by singers of the sāmas (religious songs from Sāmaveda), corresponding to the dhaivata-svara of the flute, according to the Nāradīyā-śīkṣā 1.5.1. The Nāradīyā-śīkṣā is an ancient Sanskrit treatise dealing phonetics and musicology. Its proclaimed author is the Nārada.

context information

Shiksha (शिक्षा, śikṣā) deals with Sanskrit linguistics and represents a branch of vedanga (vedic ancillary science). Shiksha deals with subjects such as phonetics, phonology, study of sound, letters of the Sanskrit alphabet and related topics. Much attention is also given to the study of recitation (patha) of Vedic verses.

Shilpashastra (iconography)

Source: archive.org: Illustrations of Indian Music and Dance in Western Indian Style

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—Illustration of the pañcama-svara according to 15th century art.—The colour of the body of pañcama-svara is white. He has six hands. He holds a conch in his uper right hand and a lotus flower in the left hand, with the two middle hands hold a vīṇā (Indian lute); his lower one hand is in varadamudrā and the other in abhayamudrā. His vehicle is a cuckoo. The colour of his scarf is rosy with a red design and the colour of his lower garment is green with a black design.

The illustrations (of, for example Pañcama) are found scattered throughout ancient Jain manuscripts from Gujarat. The descriptions of these illustrations of this citrāvalī are based on the ślokas of Vācanācārya Gaṇi Sudhākalaśa’s Saṅgītopaniṣatsāroddhāra (14^th century) and Śārṅgadeva’s Saṅgītaratnākara (13^th century).

context information

Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, śilpaśāstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)

Source: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—The fifth consonant of the five classes of consonants; the nasal consonant, called also वर्गपञ्चम (vargapañcama); cf. यथा तृतीयास्तथा पञ्चमा आनुनासिक्यवर्जम् (yathā tṛtīyāstathā pañcamā ānunāsikyavarjam) M. Bh. on P. I. 1.9 Vārt. 2.

context information

Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

Source: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra Tantra

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to the “fifth” (i.e., ‘the fifth vowel’), according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 2.28cd-33]—“Now, I shall explain the limbs of the mantra, with which, tied together, he achieves perfection. The hṛdayamantra, [which] confers all perfections, is the letter that terminates in the middle [j], followed by the fifth (pañcama-anuga) sovereign vowel [u], and summits with the conclusion of wind [ṃ]. The śiras is terminal soma [v] joined with that from anala [y] and yoked with oṃ. [...]”.

context information

Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Yoga (school of philosophy)

Source: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to the “fifth (year)” (of Yogic breathing exercises), according to the Śivayogadīpikā, an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with Yoga possibly corresponding to the Śivayoga quoted in Śivānanda’s Yogacintāmaṇi.—Accordingly, [while describing a sequence of Haṭhayoga practices]: “Thus, by means of this Haṭhayoga which has eight auxiliaries, those [students who are] life-long celibates obtain the Siddhis of the [best of Sages] because of their untiring practice. [...] In the fifth (pañcama) year, he has clairaudience, the Siddhi of speech and [the power to] enter the bodies of other [beings]. Within six [years,] he cannot be pierced by even a thunderbolt, he can move extremely quickly and has clairvoyance. [...]”.

context information

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Gitashastra (science of music)

Source: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (gita)

Pañcama (पञ्चम) refers to one of the Seven svaras (“notes of music”), according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—The sound which has the quality of satisfying nature to please the listeners’ minds and also has śrutis immediately before it is called a svara. In the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa and the Saṃgītaratnākara, seven kinds of svara [e.g., pañcama] are accepted. [...] It is seen that when two separate musical sounds occur at one time and both are gradually rising in one pitch following a particular direction, those sounds can be called as svaras.

context information

Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, gītaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.

India history and geography

Source: Wisdom Library: India History

Pancama (or, Panchama, Pañcama) refers to one of the 84 castes (gaccha) in the Jain community according to various sources. The associated place of origin is known as Pancama-nagara (or, Pañcama-nagara). The Jain caste and sub-caste system was a comparatively later development within their community, and it may have arisen from the ancient classification of Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya and Śūdra. Before distinction of these classes (such as Pancama), the society was not divided into distinct separate sections, but all were considered as different ways of life and utmost importance was attached to individual chartacter and mode of behaviour.

According to Dr. Vilas Adinath Sangava, “Jainism does not recognise castes (viz., Pancama) as such and at the same time the Jaina books do not specifically obstruct the observance of caste rules by the members of the Jaina community. The attitude of Jainism towards caste is that it is one of the social practices, unconnected with religion, observed by people; and it was none of its business to regulate the working of the caste system” (source).

The legendary account of the origin of these 84 Jain castes (e.g., Pancama) relate that once a rich Jain invited members of the Jain community in order to establish a vaiśya-mahāsabhā (i.e. Central Association of Traders). In response, 84 representatives came from different places (e.g., Pancama-nagara), and they were later seen as the progenitors of these castes. Various sources however mention differences in the list.

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary

Pañcama, (adj.) (compar. -superl. formation fr. pañca, with °ma as in Lat. supremus, for the usual °to as in Gr. pέmptos, Lat. quintus, also Sk. pañcathaḥ) num. ord. the fifth D. I, 88; Sn. 84, 99, 101; VvA. 102; PvA. 52 (°e māse in the 5^th month the Petī has to die); DhA. III, 195 (°e sattāhe in the 5^th week).—f. pañcamā PvA. 78 (ito °āya jātiyā) and pañcamī Sn. 437 (senā); PvA. 79 (jāti). (Page 389)

context information

Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

Marathi-English dictionary

Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

pañcama (पंचम).—m (S) or pañcamasvara n The fifth note of the gamut. 2 A Rag or musical mode. 3 A covert term for tobacco (when wanted to be chewed). 4 One of two divisions (pañcama & catura) of the śrāvaka-people. They are traders. 5 The name of the first chord of the vīṇā or lute. So called because it sounds the fifth note. The two following chords are called jōḍa, and the fourth or brass one, sounding the bass, ghōra. 6 fig. Notoriety. v kara g. of o. 7 or pañcamasālī A distinction, or an individual of it, amongst the worshipers of the lingam. See the four distinctions under cilavanta.

--- OR ---

pañcama (पंचम).—a (S) Fifth.

Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

pañcama (पंचम).—m pañcamasvara n The fifth note of the gamut A Rag or musical mode. A covert term for tobacco (when wanted to be chewed).

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—a. (-bhī f.) The fifth.

2) Forming a fifth part.

3) Dexterous, clever.

4) Beautiful, brilliant.

-maḥ 1 The fifth (or in later times the seventh) note of the Indian gamut; it is said to be produced by the cuckoo (kokilo rauti pañcamam Nārada), and is so called because it is produced from 5 parts of the body:-- वायुः समुद्गतो नाभेरुरोहृत्कण्ठमूर्धसु । विचरन् पञ्चमस्थानप्राप्त्या पञ्चम उच्यते (vāyuḥ samudgato nābherurohṛtkaṇṭhamūrdhasu | vicaran pañcamasthānaprāptyā pañcama ucyate) ||.

2) Name of a Rāga or musical mode (sung in the above note); व्यथयति वृथा मौनं तन्वि प्रपञ्चय पञ्चमम् (vyathayati vṛthā maunaṃ tanvi prapañcaya pañcamam) Gītagovinda 1; so उदञ्चितपञ्चमरागम् (udañcitapañcamarāgam) Gītagovinda 1.

3) The fifth consonant of a class; i. e. a nasal.

-mam 1 A fifth.

2) Sexual intercourse (maithuna), the fifth मकार (makāra) of the Tāntrikas.

-mam ind. For the fifth time, fifthly; Manusmṛti 8.125.

-mī 1 The fifth day of a lunar fortnight.

2) The ablative case (in gram.).

3) An epithet of Draupadī.

4) A chequered board for playing at draughts.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—mfn.

(-maḥ-mī-maṃ) 1. Fifth. 2. Beautiful, pleasing. 3. Dexterous, clever. m.

(-maḥ) 1. The fifth note of the Hindu musical scale. It is called Panchama, from being said to be formed by air drawn from five places; the navel, the breast, the heart, the throat, and forehead. 2. One of the Ragas or modes of music. f. (-mī) 1. A name of Draupadi, the wife of the five Pandus. 2. A chequered cloth for playing at draughts, &c. a chess board. 3. The fifth day of a half month. 4. The ablative case, (in gram.) n.

(-maṃ) 1. The fifth. 2. Sexual intercourse. E. pañcan five, and ḍaṭi aff. with maṭa augment; or pañcapatīn minoti vadhnāti premṇā . mī-vandhe .

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—i. e. pañcan + ma, I. ordinal number, f. mī, Fifth, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 37, Ii. acc. n. mam, adv. Fifthly, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 125. Iii. with aṃśa, A fifth part, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 164. Iv. m. 1. One of the seven musical notes, originally the fifth, afterwards the seventh, Mahābhārata 14, 1419. 2. One of the modes of music, [Gītagovinda. ed. Lassen.] 10, 13. V. f. mī. 1. The fifth day of the half month, [Harivaṃśa, (ed. Calc.)] 10241. 2. The name of a river, Mahābhārata 6, 333.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pañcama (पञ्चम).—[feminine] ī fifth or forming the fifth part, [with] aṃśa [masculine] a fifth. —[feminine] ī the fifth day of the half month, the fifth case & his endings ([grammar]); [neuter] a fifth, [adverb] for the fifth time, fifthly.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Pañcama (पञ्चम):—[from pañca] mf(ī)n. the fifth, [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā; Atharva-veda] etc. etc. (cf. [Pāṇini 5-2, 49])

2) [v.s. ...] forming the 5th part (with or sc. aṃśa = 1/5), [Taittirīya-brāhmaṇa; Manu-smṛti] etc.

3) [v.s. ...] = rucira or dakṣa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

4) [v.s. ...] m. (in music) the 5th (later 7th) note of the gamut (supposed to be produced by the air drawn from 5 parts of the body), [Mahābhārata; Sāhitya-darpaṇa]

5) [v.s. ...] = -rāga, [Gīta-govinda]

6) [v.s. ...] the 21st Kalpa (called after the musical note), [Vāyu-purāṇa]

7) [v.s. ...] the 5th consonant of a Varga (id est. the nasal), [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā-prātiśākhya; Pāṇini [Scholiast or Commentator]]

8) [v.s. ...] Name of a Muni, [Catalogue(s)]

9) [from pañca] n. the fifth part, 1/5 (cf. above and, [Pāṇini 5-3, 49])

10) [v.s. ...] copulation (as the 5th of the Tattvas of the Tāntrikas; cf. pañca-tattva)

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pañcama (पञ्चम):—[(maḥ-mī-maṃ) a.] Fifth; beautiful; clever. m. A musical note. f. (mī) Draupadī; a chequered cloth for chess; the fifth day of the half month.

[Sanskrit to German]

Pancama in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Prakrit-English dictionary

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary

Paṃcama (पंचम) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Pañcaṇa.

context information

Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.

Kannada-English dictionary

Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Paṃcama (ಪಂಚಮ):—

1) [adjective] next after the fourth in a consecutive series; fifth.

2) [adjective] favourable; propitious; auspicious.

--- OR ---

Paṃcama (ಪಂಚಮ):—

1) [noun] the fifth one in a consecutive series.

2) [noun] the fifth letter in any of the five classified consonants (ಙ, ಞ, ಣ, ನ [na, na, na, na] and ಮ).

3) [noun] a member of Śudra class.

4) [noun] that which is beautiful, lovely.

5) [noun] a skilful man; an expert.

6) [noun] sexual intercourse.

7) [noun] a man belonging to the lowest caste, caṇḍāla.

8) [noun] (mus.) the fifth note in the ascending scale in the classical music systems of India (corresponding to "G" of C-Major of western system), which does not have a sharp or flat variations.

9) [noun] either of the two strings of a musical instrument that produce this note when played or plucked allowing it to be free.

10) [noun] (mus.) a mode in Karnāṭaka system derived from the mode Mālava Gauḷa (as per some classification).

11) [noun] (mus.) a mode in Hindūstāni system, derived from the main mode Śuddhabhairav.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Relevant text

Search found 88 books and stories containing Pancama, Pañcama, Pamcama, Paṃcama, Panca-ma; (plurals include: Pancamas, Pañcamas, Pamcamas, Paṃcamas, mas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Twenty-five Tattvas of Sāṃkhya philosophy < [Chapter 4 - Sāṃkhya thoughts in the Śānti-parva of Mahābhārata]

Thirty-eight Tattvas of Sāṃkhya philosophy < [Chapter 4 - Sāṃkhya thoughts in the Śānti-parva of Mahābhārata]

Twenty-four Tattvas of Sāṃkhya philosophy < [Chapter 4 - Sāṃkhya thoughts in the Śānti-parva of Mahābhārata]

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Music (Nāṭya-varga) < [Chapter 4 - Cultural Aspects]

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Verse 90-94 [Śakti’s Pañcavāha-tanu (Pañcaśloka-kulaka)] < [Chapter 3 - Third Vimarśa]

Verse 284 [Progressive transcendence of the mental states by Sādhaka] < [Chapter 4 - Fourth Vimarśa]

Verse 144 [Śakti as source of Pañcavāha Śaktis] < [Chapter 3 - Third Vimarśa]

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An Introduction of the Purāṇas < [Chapter 1 - An Introduction of the Purāṇas]

Relation between History and Purāṇa < [Chapter 2 - History and Historical elements]