Nikshepa, Nikṣepa: 25 definitions
Introduction:
Nikshepa means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Nikṣepa can be transliterated into English as Niksepa or Nikshepa, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Nikshep.
In Hinduism
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) refers to “deposits”, and is commonly classified as one of the eighteen vyavahārapada, or “law titles” in the ancient Dharmaśāstras. These vyavahārapadas are categories of ‘legal procedures’ and define a major type of crime for which a person may be tried. The term is derived from vyavahāra (“lawsuits” or “case”) which defines the case between the plaintiff and the defendant, which is often related to social and commercial transactions.
Nikṣepa is mentioned in the following sources as one of the eighteen vyavahārapadas: the Manusmṛti (8.4-7) and the Nāradasmṛti (mātṛkā 1.30). In the Arthaśāstra this is known as Aupanidhika and in the Yājñavalkyasmṛti as Upanidhi.
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—Deposit; loss of, must be made good; failure to return deposit and false claim to it to be punished like theft with a fine of twice the amount involved.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 227. 1-2.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) is another name for Prapatti (“total dependence on a means of action offered to God”), as discussed in the commentary on chapter 4 of the Bhāradvājasaṃhitā (printed text, 1922 Calcutta edition): a short Pāñcarātra text containing 400 Sanskrit verses in four chapters outlining and eulogizing the behavior of a pious Śrī-vaiṣṇava devotee.—Description of the chapter 4 commentary: The commentary on this chapter is 98 ślokas in length. For the most part it extolls the virtues already mentioned in the text's chapters; but the noteworthy way in which this is done is by comparing prapatti (=nikṣepa) poetically to other well-known activities and ideas. The major metaphor employed concerns the figure of a tree—rooted, branching, growing, flowering, etc.; passing reference is also made to the image of a river and to a yāga-sacrifice.
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) refers to one of the four varieties of the Saśabda division of Kriyās, according to the Dattilakohalīyam, one of the works ascribed to Kohala—a celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Yāṣṭika, Śārdūla, Kāśyapa etc.—The concept of kriyā is explained, giving the two classes namely saśabda and niśśabda along with their varieties and the manifestation of these kriyās. The varieties of Saśabda-kriyās are—āvāpa, niṣkrāma, nikṣepa, candraveśaka. Later lakṣaṇagranthas however, have followed Śārṅgadeva’s terminology (according to the Saṅgītaratnākara).—Note: In Saṅgītaratnākara, the nikṣepa-kriyās has been called vikṣepa.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) refers to “placing” or “representation” and it is one of the factors making up the 108 kinds of adhikaraṇa (‘substratum’) of the non-living beings (ajīva). This substratum (instruments of inflow) represents the foundation or the basis of an entity.
Nikṣepa is a Sanskrit technical term defined in the Tattvārthasūtra (ancient authorative Jain scripture) from the 2nd century, which contains aphorisms dealing with philosophy and the nature of reality.
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) refers to “four aspects”, according to the first book (ādīśvara-caritra) [chapter 1] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism. Accordingly, “[...] we worship the Arhats, who at all times and all places purify the people of the three worlds by their name (nāma), representation (sthāpanā), substance (dravya), and actual existence (bhāva)”.
Everything is to be considered from four aspects (nikṣepa):
- nāma,
- sthāpanā (more usual term than the ākṛti of the text),
- dravya,
- bhāva.
In regard to a Tīrthaṅkara, nāma is the name, i.e., the mere word, and its repetition calls up his figure before the mind; sthāpanā, the representation, refers to any material representation of a Tīrthaṅkara; dravya, substance (in the case of a human being it is the ‘soul’), is the essential qualities that will be transformed into a Tīrthaṅkara in the future; bhāva, actual existence, is when he actually becomes a Tīrthaṅkara. (cf. Anuyogadvāra. 8, p. 10f; Outlines of Jainism p. 74).
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप, “position”) refers to one of the “four doors” explained in the Anuyogadvārasūtra: a technical treatise on analytical methods, a kind of guide to applying knowledge.—Its title can be understood as meaning ‘the doors of exposition’. This stresses that the text focuses on the ways of approaching and understanding concepts. There are four doors [viz., nikṣepa, ‘position’].
This nikṣepa consists of: name – nāma; arbitrary attribution – sthāpanā; substance – dravya; essence – bhāva.
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप, “placing”).—What is meant by placing (nikṣepa)? To place /keep articles on floor etc is called placing. Placing is of four types namely:
- quick (sahasā),
- carelessly (anābhoga),
- without inspection (apratyavekṣita),
- disinterested (duḥpramṛṣṭa).
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप, “presentation”).—What is meant by nikṣepa (gateways of investigations by installing/ presenting / positionig)? Nikṣepa is the entry /starting points for investigation of truth and its categories. It is also called nyāsa /trust.
There are four:
- name-position (nāma-nikṣepa),
- symbols (sthāpanā-nikṣepa),
- substance/ potentiality presentation (dravya-nikṣepa),
- mode / actuality presentation (bhāva-nikṣepa).
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Nikṣepa.—cf. nidhi-nikṣepa (IE 8-5; HRS), deposits and finds on the soil (probably including beehives, cf. alīpaka, nidhāna); deposits; same as upanidhi; one of the eight kinds of enjoyment of the property allowed to the donees of rent-free land; sometimes wrongly explained as a treasure-trove (SITI). See nidhi. Note: nikṣepa is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
nikṣēpa (निक्षेप).—m (S) Placing, putting, depositing. 2 A deposit or trust: also a pledge or pawn. 3 A buried or hidden treasure.
nikṣēpa (निक्षेप).—m Placing. A deposit or trust. A buried treasure.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—
1) Throwing or casting on (with acc.); अलं मान्यानां व्याख्यानेषु कटाक्षनिक्षेपेण (alaṃ mānyānāṃ vyākhyāneṣu kaṭākṣanikṣepeṇa) S. D.2.
2) A deposit, pledge, pawn in general; निक्षेपे पतिते हर्म्ये श्रेष्ठी स्तौति स्वदेवताम् । निक्षेपी म्रियते तुभ्यं प्रदास्याम्युपयाचितम् (nikṣepe patite harmye śreṣṭhī stauti svadevatām | nikṣepī mriyate tubhyaṃ pradāsyāmyupayācitam) || Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.14; Manusmṛti 8.4.
3) Anything deposited without a seal in trust or as a compensation, an open deposit; समक्षं तु निक्षेपणं निक्षेपः (samakṣaṃ tu nikṣepaṇaṃ nikṣepaḥ) Mitā. on Y.2.67.
4) Sending away.
5) Throwing away, abandoning.
6) Wiping, drying.
7) Treasure-trove; निक्षेपस्वर्णसंपूर्णकटाहजठरां धराम् (nikṣepasvarṇasaṃpūrṇakaṭāhajaṭharāṃ dharām) Śiva. B.3.6.
Derivable forms: nikṣepaḥ (निक्षेपः).
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—(m.; compare next; presumably n. act. to prec., 1, q.v.), working out mathematical problems(?), in stock lists of arts, (gaṇanāyāṃ mudrāyām uddhāre nyāse) nikṣepe Divyāvadāna 3.19; 26.12; 58.17; 100.2; 441.28; same spelled niḥkṣepe Mūla-Sarvāstivāda-Vinaya iii.20.1; (lipiśāstra-mudrā-saṃkhyā)- gaṇanā-nikṣepādīni Daśabhūmikasūtra 45.22. See also nyāsa, nyasana; compare also nikṣepa-lipi (here in diff. sense).
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—m.
(-paḥ) 1. A pledge, a deposit in general, or one which is counted or particularised in presence of the receiver, and left without cover or seal. 2. Abandoning, parting with, throwing away. 3. sending or putting away. 4. Wiping, drying. E. ni prefixed to kṣipa to throw or reject, affix ghañ .
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—i. e. ni-kṣip + a, m. 1. Casting on, Sāh. D. 18, 14. 2. A deposit, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 4.
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप).—[masculine] putting down, placing, throwing, casting (also ṇa [neuter]); deposit, pledge, trust ([jurisprudence]).
1) Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—[=ni-kṣepa] [from ni-kṣip] m. putting down, [Hemacandra’s Yoga-śāstra] ([especially] of the feet, [Kālidāsa])
2) [v.s. ...] throwing or casting on ([locative case] or [compound]), [Meghadūta; Sāhitya-darpaṇa]
3) [v.s. ...] a deposit, pledge, trust, anything pawned, [Manu-smṛti; Yājñavalkya; Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] abandoning, throwing or sending away, [Horace H. Wilson]
5) [v.s. ...] wiping, drying, [ib.]
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—(paḥ) 1. m. A pledge, a deposit, a throwing away; wiping off.
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—(von kṣip mit ni) m.
1) das Werfen auf (loc.): alamupajīvyānāṃ mānyānāṃ vyākhyāneṣu kaṭākṣanikṣepeṇa [Sāhityadarpana 18, 14.] —
2) Depositum, ein zur Aufbewahrung anvertrauter Gegenstand [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 870.] [Halāyudha 1, 82.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 4. 149. 179. 181. 185. 188. 190. fgg. 194. 11, 57. 88.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 67.] [Nalopākhyāna 20, 23.] [Śākuntala 97, v. l.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 7, 79.] [Pañcatantra I, 16. 7, 16. 100, 1. 3.] rahasya [Vikramorvaśī 18, 6.] —
3) in nikṣepalipi [Rgva tch’er rol pa 122] dem Anscheine nach Nomen proprium einer Gegend; vgl. utkṣepa, prakṣepa, vikṣepa ebend.
--- OR ---
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—
1) das Niedersetzen (des Fusses) [Spr. 991.] pakṣanikṣepa das Stellen auf die Seite von, das Rechnen zu, das Halten für eine Art von: sukhasya sātiśayatayā u.s.w. duḥkhapakṣanikṣepāt [SARVADARŚANAS. 118, 13. fgg.] tasmānna vṛttinirodho yogapakṣanikṣepamarhati [164, 2.]
--- OR ---
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—
1) das Niedersetzen, Hinstellen [Hemacandra] [Yogaśāstra 1, 34.]
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—m. —
1) das Niedersetzen , Hinstellen , Daraufwerfen [Meghadūta] pakṣanikṣepa das Stellen auf die Seite von , das Rechnen zu , das Halten für eine Art von. —
2) das Werfen — , Richten des Auges (im Comp. vorangehend) auf *Loc.). —
3) Depositum , ein zur Aufbewahrung anvertrauter Gegenstand.
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Ṇikkhiva, Ṇikkheva, Ṇicchubha.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप) [Also spelled nikshep]:—(nm) throwing; depositing; deposit.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Nikṣēpa (ನಿಕ್ಷೇಪ):—
1) [noun] a throwing or casting off or away.
2) [noun] the act or an instance of removing by or as if effacing; obliteration.
3) [noun] an amount of money kept in a bank usu. for a fixed duration of time, on condition that the bank pays interest at a fixed rate on that; a fixed.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Nikṣepa (निक्षेप):—n. 1. throwing or casting on; 2. deposit; pledge; 3. anything deposited without a seal in trust or as a compensation; 4. investment;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Kshepa, Mi, Ni.
Starts with: Nikshepa-cihna, Nikshepacintamani, Nikshepadhikarana, Nikshepadipa, Nikshepaka, Nikshepalipi, Nikshepam, Nikshepana, Nikshepanem, Nikshepanidhi, Niksheparaksha, Nikshepavanik.
Full-text (+67): Upanikshepa, Vinikshepa, Nikshepalipi, Nikshepadipa, Nikshepacintamani, Sarvanikshepa, Niksheparaksha, Nikshepavanik, Rahasyanikshepa, Pakshanikshepa, Atmanikshepa, Nikshepa-cihna, Tailanikshepa, Bandhanikshepa, Nidhi-nikshepa-sahita, Nikshepanidhi, Sa-nidhi-nikshepa, Bhavanikshepa, Sa-vrikshamala-nidhi-nikshepa-sahita, Nishra-nikshepa-hatta.
Relevant text
Search found 43 books and stories containing Nikshepa, Ni-kṣepa, Ni-ksepa, Ni-kshepa, Nikṣepa, Niksepa, Nikṣēpa; (plurals include: Nikshepas, kṣepas, ksepas, kshepas, Nikṣepas, Niksepas, Nikṣēpas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 8.179 < [Section XXXII - Deposits (nikṣepa)]
Verse 8.191 < [Section XXXII - Deposits (nikṣepa)]
Verse 8.181-182 < [Section XXXII - Deposits (nikṣepa)]
Vivekachudamani (by Shankara)
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 6.9 - The non-living substratum (ajīva-adhikaraṇa) < [Chapter 6 - Influx of Karmas]
Verse 1.6 - Attainment of knowledge of the seven categories < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
Verse 1.5 - Avoid deviation from established conventions < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
Discovery of Sanskrit Treasures (seven volumes) (by Satya Vrat Shastri)
8. Sanskrit Synonyms (Study) < [Volume 1 - Grammer and Linguistics]
Gommatsara by Acharya Nemichandra (by Bai Bahadur J. L. Jaini)
Index < [Volume 2 - Karma-kanda, part 1]
Chapter 22 - Appendix 2: Further Distinctions (Alapa) < [Volume 1 - Jiva-kanda (the soul)]
The concept of Samvara (stopping the inflow of karmic matter) < [Introduction (volume 2)]