Laukika: 29 definitions
Introduction:
Laukika means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Laukik.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “worldly activities”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.36. Accordingly, as Bṛhaspati said to Indra:—“[...] there is the presiding deity of sacrifices who dispenses the fruits of all sacrifices. He does it with reference to the performer. He is not independent of the performer. Neither Mantras nor medicinal herbs, nor black magic, nor worldly activities [viz., laukika], nor the Vedas, nor the two systems of Mīmāṃsās, nor other sacred texts based on Vedic passages are able to know Śiva—so the ancient authorities say. [...]”.
Laukika (लौकिक).—A class of Manuṣya Pitṛs, as distinguished from Deva Pitṛs; fed in monthly ceremonies; attain this status after duly performing the seven-fold karma;1 their path cannot be known even by tapas, much less seen with mortal eyes; how they benefit by śrāddha in a wide sense; how those who get no śrāddha suffer.2
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Laukika (लौकिक).—Prevalent in common utterance of the people as contrasted with वैदिक (vaidika);cf.यथा लौकिकवैदिकेषु कृतान्तेषु (yathā laukikavaidikeṣu kṛtānteṣu) M.Bh.on Āhnika 1.See लोक (loka) above.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Nyaya (school of philosophy)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “ordinary perception”, representing one of the two types of pratyakṣa (perception), according to Gautama’s 2nd-century Nyāyasūtra (verse 1.1.3). Pratyakṣa represents the first of the four “means of valid knowledge” (pramāṇa), which in turn is classified as the first of the sixteen padārthas (“categories”).
Perception (pratyakṣa) is divided into two types laukika (ordinary) and alaukika (extra-ordinary). Ordinary perception is again divided into two types–savikalpaka (determinate) and nirvikalpaka (indeterminate). Laukika and Alaukika pratyakṣas are based on the way in which the sense-organ come in contact with their object. It is called laukika-pratyakṣa in which there is direct contact of the sense-organ with objects. The ordinary perception (laukika) is caused by ordinary sannikarṣa or sense object contact.
Nyaya (न्याय, nyaya) refers to a school of Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. The Nyaya philosophy is known for its theories on logic, methodology and epistemology, however, it is closely related with Vaisheshika in terms of metaphysics.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Laukika (लौकिक):—Belonging to or occuring in ordinary world
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Kavya (poetry)
Laukika (लौकिक) in Sanskrit (or Loia in Prakrit) refers to “worldly”, as is mentioned in the Vividhatīrthakalpa by Jinaprabhasūri (13th century A.D.): an ancient text devoted to various Jaina holy places (tīrthas).
Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Laukika (लौकिक) or Laukikamārga refers to the “worldly path”, according to the Vārāṇasīmāhātmya verse 1.116-125.—Accordingly, “[...] The gods, beginning with Brahmā, also proceed along the Laukika-mārga [i.e., laukikenāpi mārgeṇa]. The God of gods, Virūpākṣa, who is established in the Lokottaramārga, proceeds beyond [the institutes of] sacrifice, giving and asceticism. But those sages who are on that path, delighting in the knowledge of the self, also proceed along the Lokottaramārga, abandoning their bodies. [...]”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “ordinary people”, according to the Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā, belonging to the Pāñcarātra tradition which deals with theology, rituals, iconography, narrative mythology and others.—Accordingly, “The ritual procedure called Great Consecration, which is a means for the attainment of all purposes, should be performed for the King, for ministers and all those who are entitled and who wish to rise from their own position to the highest one. [It should also be performed] for the remaining ordinary people (laukika), whatever it is that they desire”.
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to a “non-Vedic mantra”, according to the Yogayājñvalkya 6.12, 16-6.19ab.—Accordingly, while discussing that yoga was practised by all four castes and women: “In [the practice of] Prāṇāyāma, a learned Brahmin should repeat thrice the Gāyatrī mantra with [an equal number of] oṃs and the [names of the first three of the seven] worlds (i.e., bhūr, bhuvar and svar). He should do thus again thrice at the three junctures [of the day] (trisandhi). Otherwise, the wise Brahmin can always practise with a Vedic or non-Vedic mantra [i.e., laukika], and he should repeat it forty times in Prāṇāyāma. [...]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “worldly (rewards)”, according to the 17th century Kaulagajamardana (“crushing the Kaula elephant”) authored by Kāśīnātha or Kṛṣṇānandācala.—Accordingly, [as Īśvara said to Pārvatī]: “Listen, O Pārvatī, I shall give a critique of the Pāṣaṇḍas. Knowing this, a wise man is not defeated by them. [...] He who wears ash from the cremation ground and delights in wine and flesh; he who performs such [rites] as bathing and the junctures for [mere] worldly rewards (laukika-artha); and he who is the vilest [of them all,] having become a hater of Viṣṇu, destroys everything; [all of them] are called Pāṣaṇḍas. [Now,] my dear, hear about the Kāpālika. [...]”
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “things of the world” (which does not affect a true Yogī), according to the Aṣṭāvakragītā (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Vedānta topics.—Accordingly, [as Janaka says to Aṣṭavakra]: “Using the tweezers of the knowledge of the truth I have managed to extract the painful thorn of endless opinions from the recesses of my heart. [...] For me established in my own glory, there is no life or death, no worlds (loka) or things of the world (laukika) [kva mṛtyurjīvitaṃ vā kva lokāḥ kvāsya kva laukikam], no distraction and no stillness of mind. [...]”.
Vedanta (वेदान्त, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
General definition (in Hinduism)
Laukika (लौकिक, “mundane”).—One of the five levels of religious injunctions relevant to Śaivas;—Laukika refers to merit-generating brahmanical religious practice directed to the attainment of heaven (svargaḥ), emphasizing the kind of lay Śaiva piety that is seen in the Śivadharma corpus as the means of reaching the highest of the heavens, namely that of Śiva [śivalokaḥ]).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Laukika (लौकिक) refers to the “mundane point of view” and represents one of the four Siddhānta (“points of view”, according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra chapter 1.—Accordingly: The Buddha preaches the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra to explain the absolute point of view. There are four points of view (siddhānta): [e.g., the mundane point of view (laukika-siddhānta)], [...] In these four points of view (siddhānta) are contained, in its entirety, the twelve-membered scriptures and the eighty-four thousand baskets of the doctrine. All four points of view are true and do not contradict one another: in the Buddhadharma, there are realities of mundane order, realities of individual order, realities of antidotal order and realities of absolute order.
1) Laukika (लौकिक) refers to “mundane (dharma)”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “How then, son of good family, is the Bodhisattva supported by the presence of the Buddha as unhindered and uninterrupted eloquence (pratibhāna)? Son of good family, there are the Bodhisattvas’ twenty-four sorts of eloquence. What are those twenty-four? [...] 18) eloquence adorned with the congregations of gods; 19) eloquence of cutting off all doubts; 20) eloquence of the mundane (laukika) and transcendental (lokottara) dharma; [...]”.
2) Yamalaukika (यमलौकिक) refers to “inhabitants (of a particular world)”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā.—Accordingly: “Then the Bodhisattva Apāyajaha addressed himself to the Bodhisattva Gaganagañja: ‘Son of good family, please pacify three evil existences’. Immediately after that, a bright light shone from the open space, and the inhabitants of hell, animals, and the inhabitants of Yāma’s world (yama-laukika), all those who were touched by the light were filled with happiness, and so all beings in the three evil existences were pacified. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
India history and geography
Laukika.—(laukikaº) (IA 18), abbreviation of laukika-gaṇanayā. Laukika-saṃvatsara is a year of the Laukika era. Note: laukika is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
laukika (लौकिक).—a (S) Popular, general, familiar from long establishment or extensive prevalence--a custom, practice, usage.
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laukika (लौकिक).—m (S) Celebrity, renown, fame. 2 Notoriety or publicity. 3 Public affairs or public life; secular business or the secular form and state; the world. Ex. hā gṛhastha laukikānta huśāra āhē. laukikānta yēṇēṃ To enter into public life, or into secular business; to begin the world. laukikāvara yēṇēṃ To begin (as in disputations), because foiled or posed, to speak vulgarly and abusively; to descend generally into coarseness and rudeness.
laukika (लौकिक).—m Fame; publicity; public affairs. laukikānta yēṇēṃ Enter into public life; begin the world
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Laukika (लौकिक).—adj. (Sanskrit id.; [Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit] also like Pali, lokika), with citta, (thought) about the world; said of the Buddha when he concerns himself with the welfare of some person or persons: °kam (137.16 °ka-) cittam utpāditam, or utpā- [Page466-b+ 9] daya(n)ti (subject, a Buddha or Buddhas) Divyāvadāna 63.11 ff.; 77.14 ff.; 137.16; 161.23 f.; in the last contrasted with a Buddha's lokottara (q.v.) citta; Mūla-Sarvāstivāda-Vinaya i.255.19.
Laukika (लौकिक).—mfn.
(-kaḥ-kī-kaṃ) Mundane, worldly, human, what prevails amongst or is familiar to mankind. f. (-kī) 1. Common, vulgar. 2. Secular, temporal. 3. Customary. n.
(-yaṃ) Any usage or general custom. E. loka mankind, the world, and ṭhaṇ aff.
Laukika (लौकिक).—i. e. loka + ika, adj., f. kī, 1. Relating to worldly things, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 117; mundane (opposed to holy), [Uttara Rāmacarita, 2. ed. Calc., 1862.] 8, 2. 2. Usual, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 11, 184
Laukika (लौकिक).—[feminine] ī worldly, popular, ordinary, common, vulgar. [masculine] [plural] ordinary people or men of the world; [neuter] the ways of the world, common usage, [abstract] tva [neuter]
1) Laukika (लौकिक):—mf(ī)n. ([from] loka) worldly, terrestrial, belonging to or occurring in ordinary life, common, usual, customary, temporal, not sacred (as opp. to vaidika, ārṣa, śāstrīya ; laukikeṣu ind. = loke ‘in ordinary or popular speech’, opp. to vaidikeṣu, [Nirukta, by Yāska]), [???; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
2) (ifc.) belonging to the world of (cf. brahma-l)
3) m. common or ordinary men (as opp. to ‘the learned, initiated’ etc.), [Śaṃkarācārya; Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha]
4) men familiar with the ways of the world, men of the world, [Uttararāma-carita]
5) men in general, people, mankind, [Mahābhārata]
6) n. anything occurring in the world, general custom, usage, [Śakuntalā; Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa]
7) a person’s ordinary occupation, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
Laukika (लौकिक):—[(kaḥ-kī-kaṃ) a.] Mundane, current, worldly.
Laukika (लौकिक):—(von loka) adj. (f. ī) das gemeine Leben betreffend, ihm angehörig, darin vorkommend, gemein, gewöhnlich, alltäglich (Gegens. vaidika, ārṣa, śāstrīya) [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 1, 44.] [Prātiśākhya zur Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 1, 2.] agni [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 1, 14. 3, 27. 4, 3, 7.] [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 55.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 2.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 282.] jñāna [2, 117.] pretakṛtyā [3, 127.] yātrā (vgl. lokayātrā) [11, 184.] divi devā mumudire bhūtasaṃghāśca laukikāḥ [Mahābhārata 1, 937. 12, 3889. 12018.] [Harivaṃśa 500. 2840.] salila [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 42, 18.] samayācāra [2, 1, 16. 4, 17, 4.] gir die gewöhnlich gesprochene Rede [KĀM. NĪTIS. 3, 22.] [Kumārasaṃbhava 7, 88.] karman [Pāraskara’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 2, 17.] [Spr. 4961.] śruti [3039.] pravāda [5133.] pravrajita [Sânkhya Philosophy 47.] prasiddhi [Nīlakaṇṭha 164. 173.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 17, 2. 8, 286. fgg. 10, 298.] [Prabodhacandrodaja 110, 11.] [] zu [Bṛhadāranyakopaniṣad] [?S. 8. 118. Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1074.] vākyaṃ dvividhaṃ vaidikaṃ laukikaṃ ca [TARKAS. 51.] abda [Rājataraṅgiṇī.1,52.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa.5,14,18. 10,24,7.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 118,19.] [Oxforder Handschriften 129,b,10. 197,b, No. 460,] [Śloka 4.] Schol. zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2,1,3.4,2,39.] [Siddhāntakaumudī] zu [112.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 26,220.] [Kullūka] zu [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1,21.] [Sāhityadarpana 37.] Comm. zu [Jaimini 1,3,26.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 24,20. 135,15.] priyataddhitā dākṣiṇātyā yathā lokavedayoriti prayoktavye yathā laukikavaidikeṣviti prayuñjate [Patañjali] in [MAHĀBH. ed. BALL. 54.] laukikeṣvapyetat in der gewöhnlichen Rede [Yāska’s Nirukta 1, 16.] a (s. auch bes.) ungewöhnlich, ausserordentlich [Vikramorvaśī 19, 6.] [Sāhityadarpana 37. 297, 5. 22.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 10, 23, 38.] [KUSUM. 4, 1 v. u.] [Bhāṣāpariccheda 62.] [Scholiast] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 1, 3.] m. pl. gewöhnliche —, alltägliche Menschen (im Gegens. zu Gelehrten, Eingeweihten) [] zu [Bṛhadāranyakopaniṣad] [?S. 117. 318. morgenländischen Gesellschaft 7, 312, Nalopākhyāna SARVADARŚANAS. 38, 7.] mit der Welt vertraute Männer [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 947,] [SCHL.] [UTTARAR. 5, 8 (8, 2).] Menschen überh. [Mahābhārata 13, 5849.] n. sg. was in der Welt vorgeht, die Gesetze der Welt, allgemeine Sitte: vanaukaso pi santā laukikajñā vayam [Śākuntala 55, 19.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 95, 23.] kulaṭānāṃ na satyaṃ ca na ca dharmo bhayaṃ dayā . na laukikaṃ na lajjā syāt [PAÑCAR. 1, 14, 84.] tyakta der die gewöhnlichen Beschäftigungen aufgegeben hat [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 10, 47, 9.] Am Ende eines comp. zu der Welt gehörig: brahma [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 194.] [Mahābhārata 13, 7124]; vgl. jīva, mānuṣa .
Laukika (लौकिक):——
1) Adj. (f. ī) — a) das gemeine Leben betreffend , ihm angehörig , darin vorkommend , gemein , gewöhnlich , alltäglich , landläufig. — b) am Ende eines Comp. zu der Welt von — gehörig. —
2) m. Pl. — a) gewöhnliche — , alltägliche Menschen. — b) mit der Welt vertraute Männer. — c) Menschen überh. —
3) n. — a) was in der Welt vorgeht , die Gesetze der Welt , allgemeine Sitte. — b) die gewöhnliche Beschäftigung. — c) laukikeṣu (Gegens. vaidikeṣu) so v.a. loke in der gewöhnlichen Rede.
Laukika (लौकिक) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Loia.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Laukika (लौकिक) [Also spelled laukik]:—(a) secular; earthly; worldly, mundane; ~[tā] secularity; earthliness; worldliness; mundaneness; —[vyutpatti] folk/popular etymology; —[saṃskṛta] Classical Sanskrit (as opposed to Vedic); —[sāhitya] secular literature.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Laukika (ಲೌಕಿಕ):—
1) [adjective] worldly; mundane.
2) [adjective] relating to the ordinary, everyday life.
3) [adjective] not spiritual, heavenly.
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Laukika (ಲೌಕಿಕ):—
1) [noun] that which is relating to the physical world.
2) [noun] that which is related to, observed or practised in the ordinary, everyday life.
3) [noun] that which is not to do anything with spiritual or heavenly life.
4) [noun] the common behaviour, likings, taste, opinions, etc. of common people.
5) [noun] a man capable of exercising sound judgement in practical matters; a prudent, practical man.
6) [noun] any profession, occupation engaged in mainly for earning one’s livelihood.
7) [noun] (log.) the knowledge derived from the sense organs, actual experience, etc., used as a proof in upholding an argument.
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Laukīka (ಲೌಕೀಕ):—[noun] = ಲೌಕಿಕ [laukika]2 - 4 & 5.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Laukika (लौकिक):—adj. 1. worldly; temporal; 2. ordinary; customary; conventional;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+11): Laukika-pirakkiriyai, Laukika-samskrita, Laukika-vivaha, Laukikabhanavadarahasya, Laukikacara, Laukikacatura, Laukikadharma, Laukikagni, Laukikagra, Laukikagradharma, Laukikahita, Laukikajna, Laukikakarma, Laukikalokottara, Laukikamantra, Laukikamarga, Laukikanyaya, Laukikapratyaksha, Laukikariti, Laukikartha.
Full-text (+186): Paralaukika, Alaukika, Sarvalaukika, Aihalaukika, Brahmalaukika, Laukikatva, Manushalaukika, Jivalaukika, Laukikata, Satyalaukika, Laukikacara, Laukikariti, Laukikadharma, Laukikakarma, Laukikavirutti, Laukikam, Lokuttara, Vaidika, Loia, Lokika.
Relevant text
Search found 129 books and stories containing Laukika, Laukīka; (plurals include: Laukikas, Laukīkas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 3.8.8 < [Chapter 8 - The Opulences of Śrī Girirāja]
Verse 3.7.25 < [Chapter 7 - The Holy Places of Śrī Girirāja]
Verse 3.1.5 < [Chapter 1 - The Worship of Śrī Girirāja]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 2.117 < [Section XXIII - Rules regarding Salutation]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 204 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 3]
Page 185 < [Hindi-Marathi-English Volume 1]
Page 132 < [Hindi-English-Nepali (1 volume)]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.1.39 < [Chapter 1 - Vairāgya (renunciation)]
Verse 1.7.82 < [Chapter 7 - Pūrṇa (pinnacle of excellent devotees)]
Verse 1.7.84 < [Chapter 7 - Pūrṇa (pinnacle of excellent devotees)]
Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)
Verse 2.370 < [Book 2 - Vākya-kāṇḍa]
Verse 3.3.82 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (3): Sambandha-samuddeśa (On Relation)]
Verse 3.3.88 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (3): Sambandha-samuddeśa (On Relation)]
Consciousness in Gaudapada’s Mandukya-karika (by V. Sujata Raju)
The three levels of knowledge < [Chapter 6: A Study of Māṇḍūkya Kārikā: Alātaśānti Prakaraṇa]
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