Kruddha, Kruddhā: 19 definitions
Introduction:
Kruddha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Kruddh.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstraKruddhā (क्रुद्धा, “angry”) refers to a specific “glance” (dṛṣṭi), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. This is a type of glance that expresses the ‘dominant state’ (sthāyibhāva) of anger (krodha). There are a total thirty-six glances defined.
Source: archive.org: Natya ShastraKruddhā (क्रुद्धा).—A type of glance (dṛṣṭi) expressing a dominant state (sthāyibhāva);—The rough Glance in which eyelids are motionless and drawn up, eyeballs are immobile and turned up, and the eyebrows are knitted, is called Kruddhā (angry); it is used in anger.
Source: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (natya)Kruddhā (क्रुद्धा) refers to one of the Thirty six kinds of Glances (dṛṣṭi) or “proper accomplishment of glances” (in Indian Dramas), according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—Dṛṣṭi is very important in a dance form. The appropriate movements of eyes, eyeballs and eyebrows of an artist make the performance more charming. There are thirty six kinds of glances (dṛṣṭi) accepted in the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, for example kruddhā, belonging to the sthāyībhāvadṛṣṭi division.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Source: Wisdom Library: ŚāktismKruddha (क्रुद्ध, “angry”) refers to one of the sixty defects of mantras, according to the 11th century Kulārṇava-tantra: an important scripture of the Kaula school of Śāktism traditionally stated to have consisted of 125.000 Sanskrit verses.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Śrī Devī: “For those who do japa without knowing these defects [e.g., kruddha—angry], there is no realization even with millions and billions of japa. [...] Oh My Beloved! there are ten processes for eradicating defects in Mantras as described. [...]”.
Source: Google Books: ManthanabhairavatantramKruddhā (क्रुद्धा) refers to “she who is angry”, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—Accordingly, [while desribing the Northern Tradition] “Mounted on the seed-syllable of the Three Heads, he wanders through the three worlds. She is the great and venerable Śāmbhavī energy that operates within the energy of consciousness. When angry (kruddhā) she destroys, when content she is the means to achieve success. Devoted to the practice of heroes, she is (one with the goddess) Kulālikā in the Western (tradition). Thus, that goddess is passionate and initiated into the Western Transmission”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationKruddha (क्रुद्ध) [=Kuddha?] (Cf. Saṃkruddha) refers to “anger”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.5.—Accordingly, after Goddess Śivā (i.e., Umā/Durgā) granted a boon to Menā:—“[...] O sage, when their mutual sexual intercourse took place, Menā conceived and the child in the womb gradually grew up. She gave birth to a beautiful son Maināka who later on became the worthy recepient of the love of Nāga ladies and who later on entered into an alliance with the lord of ocean. O celestial sage, when Indra, the slayer of Vṛtra, became angry [i.e., kruddha] and began to chop off the wings of mountains, he retained his wings, nay, he did not even feel the pain of being wounded by the thunderbolt. He had good limbs. He had neat strength and prowess. He was the most important of all the mountains born of him. He too became the lord of mountains. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Source: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the HindusKruddha (क्रुद्ध) refers to the “anger” (of Agni), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 1, “on the origin of elephants”]: “[...] The creation of elephants was holy, and for the profit of sacrifice to the Gods, and especially for the welfare of kings. Therefore it is clear that elephants must be zealously tended. [...] 36. Once the Oblation-carrier (Agni) hid himself in anger (kruddha) because the gods did not give him his proper share of the oblation. Brahmā sent forth the elephants of the quarter-regents to search for him, the Fire-god. They went to Agni ’s place of abode and treated violently his consort. Because of her complaint he cursed them, not being able to burn them by reason of his (Brahmā’s) power”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on AgricultureKruddha (क्रुद्ध) refers to “(extremely) angry”, according to the Vajratuṇḍasamayakalparāja, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.—Accordingly, “Now there lived a Brahmin called Viṣṇudatta in Navanagara. [...] He enchanted an iron stake and placed it on the head of that Nāga. The head of the Nāga burst and it felt great pain. The Nāga became extremely angry (kruddha-tara) with great fury. Then in a moment, an instant, a short time, the Nāga’s body was overcome with great pain by the intensity of swaying. Then because of this rays came forth from its body and the fields of the Brahmin were burnt. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Source: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): (Tibetan Buddhism)Kruddha (क्रुद्ध) refers to “(being) angry ”, according to verse 14.24bd-27 of the Laghuśaṃvara, an ancient Buddhist Yoginī Tantra.—Accordingly, [while describing the Siddhi of speech]: “The Sādhaka [who has] the Siddhi of speech can certainly attract a king or queen by [merely] thinking [it]. He quickly controls gods, demons and men. When angry (kruddha), he can kill with his speech and drive away his adversary. The practitioner can thus effect a curse with his speech. And he can stop a river, a cart, a machine [like a water-wheel,] the ocean, elephants and horses, clouds, a man or bird merely by means of his speech. He achieves everything which he desires by his speech”.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van Svayambhūdeva’s PaümacariuKruddha (क्रुद्ध) participated in the war between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in Svayambhūdeva’s Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or Rāmāyaṇapurāṇa) chapter 57ff. Svayambhū or Svayambhūdeva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular Rāma story as known from the older work Rāmāyaṇa (written by Vālmīki). Various chapters [mentioning Kruddha] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as akṣauhiṇīs) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishkruddha (क्रुद्ध).—a Angered, enraged.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryKruddha (क्रुद्ध).—p. p.
1) Angry, provoked.
2) Fierce; cruel.
-ddham Anger.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryKruddha (क्रुद्ध).—mfn.
(-ddhaḥ-ddhā-ddhaṃ) 1. Angry, wrathful. 2. Fierce, cruel. n.
(-ddhaṃ) Anger. E. krudh to be angry, kta aff.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Kruddha (क्रुद्ध):—[from krudh] mfn. irritated, provoked, angry with ([dative case], [genitive case] [locative case], or upari or prati) on account of ([accusative] with anu, [Bhaṭṭi-kāvya]), [Ṛg-veda; Atharva-veda; Taittirīya-saṃhitā; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Mahābhārata] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] fierce, cruel, [Horace H. Wilson]
3) [v.s. ...] n. anger, [Horace H. Wilson]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryKruddha (क्रुद्ध):—[(ddhaḥ-ddhā-ddhaṃ) p.] Angry; cruel.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Kruddha (क्रुद्ध) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Kuddha.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryKruddha (क्रुद्ध) [Also spelled kruddh]:—(a) angry, infuriated, enraged, wrathful.
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Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusKruddha (ಕ್ರುದ್ಧ):—[adjective] violently angry; full of fury or wild rage; furious.
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Kruddha (ಕ್ರುದ್ಧ):—[noun] a man in violent anger; a furious man.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English DictionaryKruddha (क्रुद्ध):—adj. angry; rageful; wrathful; furious; irascible;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Kruddhadrishti, Kruddhamanasa, Kruddhamudre, Kruddhatara, Kruddhavarga.
Full-text (+30): Sankruddha, Atikruddha, Krudh, Sukruddha, Parikruddha, Avalehin, Mahakruddha, Kuddha, Pratisamkruddha, Samabhikruddha, Paramakruddha, Abhikruddha, Kruddhavarga, Thintha, Cruddh, Kruddhamudre, Anjalikarman, Kruddhadrishti, Pratikunjara, Antahkruddha.
Relevant text
Search found 29 books and stories containing Kruddha, Kruddhā; (plurals include: Kruddhas, Kruddhās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 6.1.36 < [Chapter 1 - Jarāsandha’s Defeat]
Verses 5.7.28-29 < [Chapter 7 - The Killing of Kuvalayāpīḍa]
Verse 8.13.51 < [Chapter 13 - A Thousand Names of Lord Balarāma]
Yavanajataka by Sphujidhvaja [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 2.31 < [Chapter 2 - One’s Own Form of the Horās]
Studies in Indian Literary History (by P. K. Gode)
52. The Commentary of Caturbhuja Misra on the Amarushataka < [Volume 1 (1945)]
19. An Echo of the Siege of Jinji in a Sanskrit Grammatical Work < [Volume 3 (1956)]
Vishnudharmottara Purana (Art and Architecture) (by Bhagyashree Sarma)
2.6. Dṛṣṭi (sight or glance) < [Chapter 3 - Drama and Dance]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.2.162 < [Chapter 2 - Jñāna (knowledge)]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
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