Kapi, Kāpi, Kāpī: 32 definitions
Introduction:
Kapi means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Kapi (कपि) is the name of a mountain situated at lake Mānasa and mount Gandhamādana, according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 75. The Gandhamādana mountain lies on the eastern side of mount Meru, which is one of the seven mountains located in Jambūdvīpa, ruled over by Āgnīdhra, a grandson of Svāyambhuva Manu, who was created by Brahmā, who was in turn created by Nārāyaṇa, the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being.
Kāpī (कापी).—A river. (Mahābhārata Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 9, Verse 24).
1a) Kapi (कपि).—Asura (?) vanquished by Kṛṣṇa.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa II. 7. 34.
1b) An Aṅgirasa and mantrakṛt; a kṣatropetadvija;1 a Bhārgava.2
1c) Had two sons Pisācas Aja and Śaṇḍa, who were Kūṣmāṇḍas in the previous birth; their line described.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 7. 74-88.
1d) A god of Sukarmaṇa group.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 88.
1e) A sage of the Tāmasa epoch.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 9. 15.
1f) A son of Raivata Manu.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 9. 21.
1g) A rājaṛṣi becoming a Brāhmaṇa.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 91. 115.
1h) A son of Viśālā.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 163.
1i) A son of Durukṣaya, became a Brāhmaṇa (matsya p. speaks of three branches of Kavi Brāhmaṇas).*
- * Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 19. 25, 26.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Kapi (कपि) refers to the animal “Nilgiri Langur” (Presbytis johni).—The Smṛtis mention several domestic as well as wild animals that are enumerated in context of specifying expiation for killing them, the flesh being used as a dietary article to give satisfaction to the Manes (Pitṛs) in Śrāddha rites, the law of transmigration due to various sins committed as well as in the context of specifying gifts to be given on various occasions. These animals [viz., Kapi] are chiefly mentioned in the Manusmṛti, Parāśarasmṛti [Chap.6], Gautamasmṛti [17.2 and 15.1], Śātātapasmṛti [II.45-54], Uśānasmṛti [IX.7-9; IX.12-13], Yājñavalkyasmṛti [I.170-171; I.175; I.258- 260], Viṣṇusmṛti [51.3;51.6;51.26;51.33;80.3-14], Uttarāṅgirasasmṛti [X.15-17], Prajāpatismṛti [Śrāddhatyājyavastuvarṇanam. 138-143], 9 Kāśyapasmṛti [Section on Prāyaścittavarṇanam], Vṛddha Hārītasmṛti [6.253-255] and Kātyāyanasmṛti [27.11].
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Kapi (कपि) refers to a “monkey”, according to Āyurveda sections in the Garuḍapurāṇa.—The treatment pertains to horses was described in detail in Garuḍapuraāṇa Ācārakhaṇḍa the chapter entitled Gajāśvāyurveda.There are many types of horses but the horse, which does not possess one of the various features [e.g., Kapilocana (monkey-eyed)], is considered as healthy and fit one. Such type of horses only useful for riding, wars and other purposes.
Kapi (कपि) refers to the Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Johni), according to scientific texts such as the Mṛgapakṣiśāstra (Mriga-pakshi-shastra) or “the ancient Indian science of animals and birds” by Hamsadeva, containing the varieties and descriptions of the animals and birds seen in the Sanskrit Epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Toxicology (Study and Treatment of poison)
1) Kāpī (कापी) is the name of an ingredient used in the treatment of Maṇḍalī-snake-bites, according to the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā: an ancient Sanskrit text from the Pāñcarātra tradition dealing with both Tantra and Viṣacikitsā, which represents the Ayurvedic study on Toxicology (Viṣavidyā or Sarpavidyā).—A number of different permutation and combination of herbs are prescribed as Lepa and Pāna for removing the poison of Maṇḍalī snakes.—According to the Kāśyapasaṃhitā verse 9.80: “Paste of Kāpī, blue Lotus and sesame when used for fumigation destroy the poison of Ghoṇasa snake. Also fumigation with mango bark, sesame the lorement of the Boar and feather of peacock”.
2) Kapi (कपि) refers to a “monkey”, (the bile of which is) used in the treatment (cikitsā) of immobile or plant poison (sthāvaraviṣa), according to the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā.—Sage Kāśyapa recommends potent drugs to treat sthāvara or plant-poison. According to the Kāśyapasaṃhitā (8.29-30), “The bile of pigeon, monkey (kapi), cat, iguana, mongoose, boar, and peacock, mixed with honey and stored in cow’s horn can effectively cure snake and plant poisons when used as nasal application,ointment, and so on”.
Agriculture (Krishi) and Vrikshayurveda (study of Plant life)
Kapi (कपि) refers to a “monkey”, and is used by certain bio-organical recipes for plant mutagenesis, such as turning plants into creepers, according to the Vṛkṣāyurveda by Sūrapāla (1000 CE): an encyclopedic work dealing with the study of trees and the principles of ancient Indian agriculture.—Accordingly, “Musa paradisiaca tree definitely produces fruits as long as the pestle if the hollow tooth of a boar or a monkey (kapi), filled with the ichor is carefully kept in the core of its root”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
Son of Kotuhalaka and his wife Kali. When his parents fled from Ajitarattha to Kosambi from fear of the plague, they, being starved, found it very difficult to carry the child. Seven times the father tried to abandon the child, but the mother prevented him. DhA.i.169f
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Kapi (कपि) refers to a race or tribe of people, of which Hanumat belonged to, according to the Jain Ramayana and chapter 7.6 [Bringing news of Sītā] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.—Accordingly, as Hanumat said to Rāma: “There are many Kapis like me. King Sugrīva says this from affection. Gava, Gavākṣa, Gavaya, Śarabha, Gandhamādana, Nīla, Dvivida, Mainda, Jāmbavat, Aṅgada, Nala, and many other Kapi-chiefs are here, master. Completing their number, I am ready to do your work. Shall I lift up Laṅkā with Rākṣasadvīpa and bring it here? [...]”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Kapi refers to a “sacrificial axe” and represents one of the traditional agricultural implements of the Santals, one of the populous tribal communities of India, are mainly found in the districts of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Balasore in the State of Odisha.—[Regarding their household articles]: Santal houses called olah are large, neat and clean as well as attractive with multi-coloured paintings on the outside walls. [...] The household objects like string cots, husking lever (ukhud), winnowing fans (hatah), gourd ladles, earthen pots (hulutukuj), bamboo baskets (tunki), paddy containers (bandi), broomsticks (janah), different types of musical instruments like flute (tiriau), horn trumpets (sakua), string instruments (banam), double membrane drums (tumdah), dhak, agricultural implements like plough (nahel), yoke (aran), leveler (angam), sickles (datram), hunting implements like bow (aah) and arrow (sar), spear (barchi), sacrificial axe (kapi), knife (chaku), fishing traps like jhimiri, tardang, janjih and dhokra objects are found in a Santal house.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
Kapi [कपि] in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre from the Fabaceae (pea) family having the following synonyms: Millettia pinnata, Pongamia glabra, Derris indica, Cytisus pinnatus. For the possible medicinal usage of kapi, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
Kapi [காபி] in the Tamil language is the name of a plant identified with Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner from the Rubiaceae (Coffee) family having the following synonyms: Coffea robusta.
1) Kapi in India is the name of a plant defined with Coffea arabica in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Coffea arabica var. mokka Cramer (among others).
2) Kapi is also identified with Pterocarpus santalinus It has the synonym Lingoum santalinum (L.f.) Kuntze (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Mededeelingen uitgeven van het Department van Landbouw in NederlandschIndië (1913)
· Publications of the Bureau of Science Government Laboratories (1904)
· Species Plantarum (1753)
· Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia (1763)
· Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rubiaceae (1988)
· Pharmaceutical Biology (2007)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Kapi, for example health benefits, diet and recipes, side effects, pregnancy safety, extract dosage, chemical composition, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
kapi : (m.) monkey.
Kapi, (Sk. kapi, original designation of a brownish colour, cp. kapila & kapota) a monkey (frequent in similes) Sn. 791; Th. 1, 1080; J. I, 170; III, 148, cp. kavi.
kapi (ကပိ) [(pu) (ပု)]—
[kapi+i．,ṭī．614．kampa+i,kampa calane saṃyogādilopo,kampati calatīti kapi．,7．8．]
[ကပိ+ဣ။ ဓာန်၊ ဋီ။ ၆၁၄။ ကမ္ပ+ဣ၊ ကမ္ပ စလနေ သံယောဂါဒိလောပေါ၊ ကမ္ပတိ စလတီတိ ကပိ။ မောဂ်၊ ၇။ ၈။]
[Pali to Burmese]
kapi—
(Burmese text): မျောက်။
(Auto-Translation): Monkey.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
kapi (कपि).—m (S) An ape or a monkey. 2 Applied fig. to some elderly, experienced, leading person of an assembly; or to one long conversant with any business or work.
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kapī (कपी).—f A patch. 2 A pulley-block. 3 A piece cut out of a melon or gourd to declare its quality.
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kapi (कपि).—m A tribe of Brahmans, or an individual of it.
kapi (कपि).—m An ape or a monkey. One long conversant with any business or work.
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kapī (कपी) [-ppī, -प्पी].—f A patch; a pulley-block.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Kapi (कपि).—[kap-in nalopaḥ; Uṇādi-sūtra 4.143.]
1) An ape, a monkey; कपेरत्रासिषुर्नादात् (kaperatrāsiṣurnādāt) Bhaṭṭikāvya 9.11.
2) An elephant.
3) A species of Karañja.
4) Incense, storax or impure benzoin (śilārasa).
5) The sun.
6) Name of Viṣṇu.
-piḥ f.
-pī A female monkey.
Derivable forms: kapiḥ (कपिः).
Kapi (कपि).—m.
(-piḥ) 1. An ape or monkey. 2. The monkey Hanuman. 3. A title of Vishnu or Krishna. 4. Incense, storax or impure benzoin. 5. Emblic myrobalan, (Phyllanthus emblica.) 6. A kind of Bonduc or Bonducella. E. kapi to tremble, i Unadi affix, the nasal rejected.
Kapi (कपि).—i. e. kamp + i, m. 1. A monkey, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 11, 154. A name of Viṣṇu, Mahābhārata 13, 7045.
Kapi (कपि).—[masculine] ape.
1) Kapi (कपि):—m. (√kamp, [Uṇādi-sūtra iv, 143]), an ape, monkey, [Ṛg-veda x, 86, 5; Atharva-veda; Manu-smṛti; Suśruta] etc.
2) an elephant, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) Emblica Officinalis, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) a species of Karañja, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) Olibanum, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) the sun, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) Name of Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa, [Mahābhārata xiii, 7045]
8) Name of several men
9) m. [plural] Name of a school
10) f(i, ī). a female ape, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
11) mfn. brown [commentator or commentary] on [Uṇādi-sūtra];
12) cf. [Greek] κήπος κεῖπος κήβος; Old [German] affo; [Anglo-Saxon] apa; [English] ape.
13) Kāpī (कापी):—f. a [patronymic] [from] kāpya
14) Name of a river, [Mahābhārata vi, 9, 24; Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
Kapi (कपि):—(piḥ) 2. m. An ape or monkey; incense; myrobalan.
Kapi (कपि):—m. [Die Uṇādi-Affixe 4, 145.]
1) Affe [Amarakoṣa 2, 5, 3.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1291.] [Medinīkoṣa Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2.] [Ṛgveda 10, 86, 5.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 3, 9, 4. 4, 37, 11. 6, 49, 1.] [Yāska’s Nirukta 3, 18.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 154.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 65.] [Suśruta 1, 111, 2.] [Ṛtusaṃhāra 1, 23.] tasya yathā kapyāsaṃ puṇḍarīkamevamakṣiṇī [Chāndogyopaniṣad 1, 6, 7.] f. kapi und kapī gaṇa bahvādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 1, 45.] kapitva der Zustand eines Affen [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 2, 15.] —
2) Elephant [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 175.] —
3) Name einer Pflanze: Emblica officinalis Gaert. (dhātrikā) nach [Śabdamālā im Śabdakalpadruma] eine Species von karañja nach [Śabdacandrikā im Śabdakalpadruma] —
4) Weihrauch [Medinīkoṣa] Vgl. kapija, kapitaila, kapināman, kapila, kapiśa, kapyākhya . —
5) Sonne [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 7.] Vgl. kavi . —
6) ein Beiname Viṣṇu’s oder Kṛṣṇa’s [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 74.] [Medinīkoṣa] Neben kapila [Mahābhārata 13, 7045.] Vgl. kapīndra . —
7) Nomen proprium des angeblichen Verfassers von [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 2, 16.] Ahn Kāpya’s [] zu [Bṛhadāranyakopaniṣad 3, 3, 1.] ein Sohn Urukṣaya’s [Viṣṇupurāṇa 451] [?(Variante l.] kavi). kapayaḥ [Pravarādhyāya] in [Weber’s Verzeichniss 62, 13.] kapiśyāparṇeyāḥ gaṇa kārtakaujapādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 37.] — Viell. von kamp [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 217. 343.]
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Kāpī (कापी):—f.
1) Nomen proprium eines Frauenzimmers, f. zu kāpya (vgl. kāppa d. i. kāpya v.l. für kāvya im gaṇa śārṅgaravādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 1, 73]); kāpīputra Name eines Lehrers [Bṛhadāranyakopaniṣad 6, 5, 1.] —
2) Nomen proprium eines Flusses [Viṣṇupurāṇa 183.]
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Kapi (कपि):—adj. braun (varṇanāman) [UJJVAL.] zu [Uṇādisūtra 4, 143.] —
7) mit dem patron. Khārgali als Beiname des Luśas [Kāṭhaka-Recension 30, 2.] muni [Oxforder Handschriften 140,a, No. 280.] — Vgl. mahā, kāpeya, kāpya .
Kapi (कपि):—m. —
1) Affe. Das. *f. kapi und kapī. —
2) *Elephant. —
3) *Emblica officinalis , *eine Karañja-Species und *Olibanum ([Rājan 12,105]) —
4) *die Sonne. —
5) Beiname Viṣṇu-Kṛṣṇa's. —
6) Nomen proprium verschiedener Männer. Pl. ihr Geschlecht.
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Kāpī (कापी):—f. —
1) Patron. f. zu kāpya , patra m. Nomen proprium eines Lehrers. —
2) Nomen proprium eines Flusses [Mahābhārata 6,9,24.]
Kapi (कपि) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Kai.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Kapi (कपि):—(nm) a monkey.
2) Kāpī (कापी):—[[kāṃpī]] (nf) an exercise book; a copy ; ~[rāiṭa] copyright.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Kapi (ಕಪಿ):—
1) [noun] any of various mainly long-tailed agile tree-dwelling primates of the families Cebidae, Callithricidae, and Cercopithecidae; a monkey.
2) [noun] a mischievous person, esp. a child.
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Kāpi (ಕಾಪಿ):—[noun] (mus.) a mode (more popularly called as Karnāṭaka kāpi), in Karnāṭaka system, having all the seven notes in both ascending and discending orders, but having a mutative course while ascending, derived from Kharaharapriya.
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Kāpi (ಕಾಪಿ):—[noun] = ಕಾಫಿ [kaphi]2.
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Kāpi (ಕಾಪಿ):—
1) [noun] a thing made just like another; imitation of an original; full reproduction or transcription; a copy.
2) [noun] a method of learning alphabets using a book containing models of handwriting.
3) [noun] ಕಾಪಿಮಾಡು [kapimadu] kāpi māḍu to copy a) to make a copy or copies of (a piece of writing, etc.); reproduce; transcribe; b) to make or do something in imitation of (some thing or person); imitate; ಕಾಪಿ ಹೊಡೆ [kapi hode] kāpi hoḍe (esp. in school examination) to copy the answers from another’s papers or from a book, notes, etc.
4) [noun] (gen.) to copy illegaly or unethically, to imitate.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Kapi (கபி) noun < kapi. Monkey; குரங்கு. [kurangu.]
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Kapi (கபி) noun < Urdu qabb. See கப்பி³ [kappi³], 1. (W.)
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Kāpi (காபி) noun [K. kāpi.] (Music) A musical mode; ஓர் இராகம். [or iragam.] (பரதசாஸ்திரம் இராக. [magaparatham iraga.] 55.)
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Kāpi (காபி) noun < English Coffee. See காப்பி. [kappi.]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
1) Kapī (कपी):—n. copy; notebook;
2) Kāpī (कापी):—n. copy; notebook;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Kapi, I.
Starts with (+23): Kampasi, Kampatha, Kampati, Kampeyya, Kampi, Kampittha, Kapi cheet, Kapi Jataka, Kapi-bija, Kapi-kottai, Kapibhaksha, Kapichuda, Kapichuta, Kapicitta, Kapicuda, Kapicuta, Kapidamshtra, Kapidhvaja, Kapidvipa, Kapigana.
Full-text (+379): Kapittha, Kapila, Kapikacchu, Kampana, Kapitana, Kapisha, Kampi, Kapishthala, Pakampati, Vrishakapi, Kapidhvaja, Kapishirsha, Kapindra, Kapiketana, Kapinaman, Kapeya, Mahakapi, Kapyakhya, Kapitaila, Kapiloha.
Relevant text
Search found 118 books and stories containing Kapi, Kāpi, Kapī, Kāpī, Kaapi, Kapi-i; (plurals include: Kapis, Kāpis, Kapīs, Kāpīs, Kaapis, is). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 3: War between the Rākṣasas and Vānaras < [Chapter VII - The killing of Rāvaṇa]
Part 5: Search for Sītā < [Chapter VI - Bringing news of Sītā]
Part 5: Negotiations < [Chapter VII - The killing of Rāvaṇa]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 312 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 2]
Page 84 < [Hindi-English-Nepali (1 volume)]
Page 342 < [English-Urdu-Hindi (1 volume)]
The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Page 378 < [The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (pages)]
Page 50 < [The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (pages)]
Page 152 < [The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (pages)]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Rama-caritabdhi-ratna of Nityananda Shastri (by Satya Vrat Shastri)
Vishnudharmottara Purana (Art and Architecture) (by Bhagyashree Sarma)
2.2. Hand Postures (a): Asaṃyukta-hasta < [Chapter 3 - Drama and Dance]