Ha, Há: 28 definitions
Introduction:
Ha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Various
Ancient Egyptian mythology, history and philosophy
The Egyptian god of the west and of the western desert. Since the entrance was situated in the western desert, he plays a part in the death cult. He is portrayed as a human figure with on his head the hieroglyph that represents the west.
Egypt was an ancient civilization ruled by pharaohs that left behind an extensive cultural heritage and mythology. The Egyptians build the Pyramids of Giza and various temples of great size. Located in North Africa, part of this civilization’s success is the effective use of the River Nile. Their religious pantheon included many Gods dispersed over various belief systems, philosophies and cults.
In Hinduism
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
1) Ha (ह).—Representation of the consonant हू (hū) with अ (a) added for facility of pronunciation;
2) Ha.—A technical term for the internal effort between विवृत (vivṛta) and संवृत (saṃvṛta), which causes घोष (ghoṣa) in the consonants; cf. संवृतविवृतयोर्मध्ये मध्यमप्रक्रारे यः शब्दः क्रियते स हकारसंज्ञो भवति। संज्ञायाः प्रयेजनं (saṃvṛtavivṛtayormadhye madhyamaprakrāre yaḥ śabdaḥ kriyate sa hakārasaṃjño bhavati| saṃjñāyāḥ prayejanaṃ) 'हकारो हचतुर्थेषु (hakāro hacaturtheṣu)' इति (iti) (तै (tai). प्रा (prā). २/९)। (|) Tribhasyaratna on T.Pr. II.6;
3) Ha.—Name of an external effort causing घोष (ghoṣa); cf. सांप्रतिके प्रकृतिस्थे कण्ठे सति हृकारो नाम बाह्यः प्रयत्नः क्रियते । तेन च व्यञ्जनेषु घोषो जायते। (sāṃpratike prakṛtisthe kaṇṭhe sati hṛkāro nāma bāhyaḥ prayatnaḥ kriyate | tena ca vyañjaneṣu ghoṣo jāyate|) Vaidikabharana on T.Pr. II.6;
4) Ha.—Name of a kind of external effort of the type of अनुप्रदान (anupradāna) found in the utterance of the consonant (ह् (h)) and the fourth class-consonants; cf. हकारौ हृचतुर्थेषु (hakārau hṛcaturtheṣu) T.Pr.II.9.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
In Buddhism
Chinese Buddhism
蛤 [ha]—Bivalves, clams.
1) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [phonetic] “ha”; Domain: Buddhism 佛教 [fu jiao]; Notes: Sanskrit equivalent: ha, Japanese: gou, or: sou (BCSD '㖸 [xue]', p. 254).
2) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [phonetic] “gha”; Domain: Buddhism 佛教 [fu jiao]; Notes: Sanskrit equivalent: gha; see 伽 [jia] (FGDB '㖸 [xue]')..
Chinese Buddhism (漢傳佛教, hanchuan fojiao) is the form of Buddhism that developed in China, blending Mahayana teachings with Daoist and Confucian thought. Its texts are mainly in Classical Chinese, based on translations from Sanskrit. Major schools include Chan (Zen), Pure Land, Tiantai, and Huayan. Chinese Buddhism has greatly influenced East Asian religion and culture.
India history and geography
Ha-bahal (in Sanskrit: Ratnākara-mahāvihāra) is the name of a Bāhā (i.e., a sacred courtyard in the Newari community where Buddhist priests reside) situated in Patan.—The valley of Kathmandu is known as “Nepal Mandala”, encircling the three cities of Kathmandu (northwest), Patan (Lalitpur) (south) and Bhaktapur (east). The Vihāras, Bāhās and Bahīs were, and still are, the centre for Buddhist activities and also dwelling place of the monks or monastics. For example, the Ha-bahal, which is known in Sanskrit as Śrīlakṣmī-kalyāṇavarṇa-saṃskārita-ratnākara-mahāvihāra. These monstaries, courtyards and other buildings possess a central place in Buddhism and were mostly situated within the vicinity of these three cities.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
1) Ha in Nigeria is the name of a plant defined with Khaya senegalensis in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Swietenia senegalensis Desr. (among others).
2) Ha in Thailand is also identified with Syzygium cumini It has the synonym Calyptranthes jambolana (Lam.) Willd. (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Numer. List (3552)
· Encycl. (Lamarck) (1789)
· U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin (1912)
· Ned. Kruidk. Arch. (1848)
· Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (1830)
· Journal of Cytology and Genetics (1988)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Ha, for example pregnancy safety, chemical composition, health benefits, side effects, extract dosage, diet and recipes, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
ha (ह).—The thirty-third consonant. It corresponds with H.
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hā (हा).—pron (idam S) He; or this (person or thing expressed by a word of the masculine gender). 2 There is a striking use of this pronoun in order to convey the impression of instantaneity, or superlative briefness of time, or extreme celerity of action. Ex. tumhī puḍhēṃ calā hā mī māgūna yētōṃ; i. e. This very I (unaffected by the lapse even of a moment, the very identical composition now before you) will rejoin you; mī hāca ālōṃ, mī hāca yēīna &c. I am returned the very person that left you; i. e. I am back in a trice. The word is declinable. 3 An interjection of hasty prohibition or menacing repression. 4 interj (S) Alas! ha! ah!
ha (ह).—The thirty-third consonant.
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hā (हा).—pro He, or this. interj Alas! ha! ah! An interjection of prohibition. Used to indicate instantaneity, as tumhī calā hā mī māgūna yētōṃ.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Ha (ह).—ind. An emphatic particle used to lay stress on the preceding word and translateable by 'verily', 'indeed', 'certainly', &c.; but it is often used expletively without any particular signification, especially in Vedic literature; तस्य ह शतं जाया बभूवुः (tasya ha śataṃ jāyā babhūvuḥ); तस्य ह पर्वतनारदौ गृह उषतुः (tasya ha parvatanāradau gṛha uṣatuḥ) &c. Ait. Br.; द्वया ह प्राजापत्या देवाश्चासुराश्च (dvayā ha prājāpatyā devāścāsurāśca) Bṛ. Up.1.3.1. It is sometimes used as a vocative particle and rarely of disdain or laughter.
-haḥ 1 A form of Śiva.
2) Water.
3) Sky.
4) Blood.
5) A cipher.
6) Meditation.
7) Auspiciousness.
8) Paradise.
9) Heaven.
1) Drying.
11) Fear.
12) Knowledge.
13) The moon.
14) Name of Viṣṇu.
15) War, battle.
16) A horse.
17) Pride.
18) Horripilation.
19) A physician.
2) Cause, motive.
-ham 1 The Supreme Spirit.
2) Pleasure, delight.
3) A weapon.
4) The sparkling of a gem.
5) The sound of a lute (-m. also according to some in these senses).
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Hā (हा).—ind. A particle expressing
1) Grief, dejection, pain, as expressed by 'ah', 'alas!', 'woe me', in English; हा प्रिये जानकि (hā priye jānaki) Uttararāmacarita 3; हा हा देवि स्फुटति हृदयम् (hā hā devi sphuṭati hṛdayam) Uttararāmacarita 3.38; हा पितः क्वासि हे सुभ्रु (hā pitaḥ kvāsi he subhru) Bhaṭṭikāvya 6.11; हा वत्से मालति क्वासि (hā vatse mālati kvāsi) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 1 &c.; (in this sense hā is often used with the acc. of person; hā kṛṣṇābhaktam Sk.).
2) Surprise; हा कथं महाराज- दशरथस्य धर्मदाराः प्रियसखीं मे कौसल्या (hā kathaṃ mahārāja- daśarathasya dharmadārāḥ priyasakhīṃ me kausalyā) Uttararāmacarita 4.
3) Anger or reproach.
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Hā (हा).—I. 3 Ā. (jihīte, hāna; pass. hāyate; desid. jihāsate)
1) To go, move; जिहीथा विख्यातां स्फुटमिह भवद्बान्धवरथम् (jihīthā vikhyātāṃ sphuṭamiha bhavadbāndhavaratham) H. D.28; Kirātārjunīya 13.23; Nalod.1.38.
2) To get, attain. -II. 3 P. (jahāti, hīna)
1) To leave, abandon, quit, give up, forsake, relinquish, dismiss; मूढ जहीहि धनागम- तृष्णां कुरु तनुबुद्धे मनसि वितृष्णाम् (mūḍha jahīhi dhanāgama- tṛṣṇāṃ kuru tanubuddhe manasi vitṛṣṇām) Moha M.1; सा स्त्रीस्वभावाद- सहा भरस्य तयोर्द्वयोरेकतरं जहाति (sā strīsvabhāvāda- sahā bharasya tayordvayorekataraṃ jahāti) Mu.4.13; R.5.72;8.52; 12.24;14.61,87;15.59; Ś.4.14; बुद्धिर्युक्तो जहातीह उभे सुकृतदुष्कृते (buddhiryukto jahātīha ubhe sukṛtaduṣkṛte) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.5; Bhaṭṭikāvya 3.53;5.91;1.71;2. 1; Meghadūta 51,62; Bv.2.129; Ṛtusaṃhāra 1.38.
2) To resign, forego.
3) To let fall.
4) To omit, disregard, neglect.
5) To remove.
6) To avoid, shun. -Pass. (hīyate)
1) To be left or forsaken; भिन्नतिमिरनिकरं न जहे शशिरश्मि- संगमयुजा नभः श्रिया (bhinnatimiranikaraṃ na jahe śaśiraśmi- saṃgamayujā nabhaḥ śriyā) Kirātārjunīya 12.12.
2) To be excluded from, be deprived of, lose (with instr. or abl.); विरूपाक्षो जहे प्राणैः (virūpākṣo jahe prāṇaiḥ) Bhaṭṭikāvya 14.35; जनयित्वा सुतं तस्यां ब्राह्मण्यादेव हीयते (janayitvā sutaṃ tasyāṃ brāhmaṇyādeva hīyate) Manusmṛti 3. 17;5.161;9.211.
3) To be deficient or wanting in; usually with परि (pari) q. v.; धैर्य यस्य न हीयते (dhairya yasya na hīyate) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.13.
4) To diminish, decrease, decay, decline, wane (fig. also); प्रवृद्धो हीयते चन्द्रः समुद्रोऽपि तथाविधः (pravṛddho hīyate candraḥ samudro'pi tathāvidhaḥ) R.17.71; H. Pr.42.
5) To fail (as in a low-suit); भूतमप्यनुपन्यस्तं हीयते व्यवहारतः (bhūtamapyanupanyastaṃ hīyate vyavahārataḥ) Y.2.19.
6) To be left out or omitted.
7) To be weakened. -Caus. (hāpayati-te)
1) To cause to leave, abandon &c.
2) To drive away, expel.
3) To lose.
4) To neglect, omit, delay the performance of; द्रुतमेतु न हापयिष्यते सदृशं तस्य विधातुमुत्तरम् (drutametu na hāpayiṣyate sadṛśaṃ tasya vidhātumuttaram) Śiśupālavadha 16.33; Manusmṛti 3.71; 4.21; Y.1.121. -Desid. (jihāsati) To wish to leave &c.
Ha (ह).—The thirty-third and last consonant of the Deva-Nagari alphabet the letter “H.”
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Ha (ह).—Subst. mfn.
(-haḥ-hā-haṃ) Laughter. Adj. Mad, drunk. m.
(-haḥ) 1. Siva. 2. Water. 3. A cypher. 4. Meditation. 5. Auspiciousness. 6. Sky heaven. 7. Paradise. 8. Blood. 9. Dying. 10. Fear. 11. Knowledge. 12. The moon. 13. Vishnu. 14. War, battle. 15. Horripila tion. 16. A horse. 17. Pride. 18. A physician. 19. Cause, motive f.
(-hā) 1. A bandoning, leaving. 2. Coition. 3. A lute. n.
(-haṃ) 1. God, the supreme soul. 2. Pleasure, delight. 3. Calling, calling to 4. A weapon. 5. The sparkling of a gem. 6. The sound of a lute. Ind. 1. An expletive. 2. A vocative particle, (ho ! holla !) 3. A term or rejection or disdain. 4. A particle of abuse or reproach see hā, hī &c. 5. An emphatic particle laying stress on the preceding word and equivalent to “varily,” “indeed,” “evidently.” E. hā to abandon, or han to strike, &c., aff. ka or ḍa .
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Hā (हा).—r. 3rd cl. (o, ka) ohāk (jahāti) 1. To quit, to leave, to abandon. 2. To wander or deviate. 3. To let fall. 4. To resign. 5. To neglect. With pari, 1. To relinguish. 2. To omit, to neglect. With pra, 1. To give up. 2. To let go. With ap, To abandon. With vi, To give up. (o, ṅa) ohāṅ (jihīte) 1. To go, to move. 2. To attain. With ud, 1. To go up, to rise. 2. To revive, to come to life. 3. To spring up. 4. To rise, (as the sun or moon.) 5. To depart. 6. To raise. With upa, To come down. With sam, To attain.
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Hā (हा).—Ind. 1. An interjection of pain, weariness, “ah,” “alas.” 2. Of sorrow. 3. An exclamation of pleasure or surprise, “oh” “ha.” 4. A term of anger or reproach. In the sense of “woe be to” hā is used with the accusative of the object of reproach. E. hā to abandon, aff. kā .
Ha (ह).—1. = ved. gha, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 98, 2 = [Rigveda.] vi. 64, 5. 2. A particle laying a stress on the preceding word (as ), or without a distinct signification, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 28;
— Cf. [Latin] ha, ho, hi, in hic, hæc, hoc; [Gothic.] prefix, ga-; [Anglo-Saxon.] ge-; see gha.
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Ha (ह).—[-ha] (vb. han), at the end of comp. adj. Killing, [Pāṇini, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] iii. 2, 49.
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Hā (हा).—ii. 3, jihā, [Ātmanepada.] 1. To give way (ved.). 2. To go, [Kirātārjunīya] 13, 23.
— With ud ud, 1. To rise, [Daśakumāracarita] in
— With upa upa, To descend, [Śiśupālavadha] 1, 37.
— With sam sam, To obtain, [Nalodya, (ed. Benary.)] 1, 54.
— Cf. [Latin] in-hiare, hiscere; O. H. G. gīên, ginên, geinôn; A. S. ginan, cinan, geonan, gynian, ganian.
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Hā (हा).— (akin to the last), ii. 3, jahā, [Parasmaipada.] 1. To abandon, to leave, Mahābhārata 3, 12339; to forsake, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 6, 42. 2. To avoid, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 71. 3. To remove, Mahābhārata 1, 2301. 4. To resign, [Bhagavadgītā, (ed. Schlegel.)] 2, 50. 5. To let fall, [Hitopadeśa] ii. [distich] 120. 6. To lose, [Rāmāyaṇa] 2, 63, 50. Pass. hīya, 1. To be forsaken, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 6, 42. 2. To be lost, [Pañcatantra] ii. [distich] 6. 3. To be deprived, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 17; 5, 161. 4. To be omitted, Mahābhārata 1, 6424. 5. To become weary or weak, Mahābhārata 1, 6291. 6. To be lowered, [Hitopadeśa] pr. 42. 7. To fail (in a lawsuit), [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 56; cf. [Pañcatantra] 166, 18. Ptcple. of the pf. pass. hīna. 1. Deprived, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 232; [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 51, 40. 2. Free from. 3. Wasted, decayed, feeble, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 133. 4. Dencient, defective. 5. Lower, less, Man 2, 194. 6. Blameable, vile, bad, low, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 107. m. An objectionable witness. Comp. Pāda-hīnāt, abl., adv. on a sudden, [Suśruta] 2, 145, 12. Phala-, adj. yielding no profit, [Pañcatantra] i. [distich] 168. Absol. hitvā, Neglecting, without regarding, [Hitopadeśa] iv. [distich] 17. Desider. jihāsa, To wish to leave, [Daśakumāracarita] in
— With apa apa, To leave, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 33, 13; [Nala] 24, 11. Absol. apahāya, Besides, [Raghuvaṃśa, (ed. Stenzler.)] 6, 19 (whom did Lakṣmī worship besides him?).
— With ava ava, pass. To be left, Mahābhārata 3, 11558.
— With vyava vi-ava, To abandon, Mahābhārata 3, 13661.
— With apā apa-ā, 1. To leave, Mahābhārata 1, 4946. 2. To pass by, Mahābhārata 3, 2963 (= [Nala] 24, 13, Bopp., apahāya, against the metre). Absol. apāhāya, Except (except immortality, speak what you wish for), Mahābhārata 3, 11982 (= [Arjunasamāgama] 3, 47, Bopp., apahāya, against the metre).
— With ni ni, nihīna, Low, vile.
— With pari pari, pass. 1. To decrease, Mahābhārata 3, 12858; with aṅgais, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] 34, 12 ([Prakrit] Thy limbs become thinner). 2. To be wanting, [Rāmāyaṇa] 1, 2, 16 (act so that nothing may be wanting); to be unacquainted with, [Mālatīmādhava, (ed. Calc.)] 69, 18. 3. To be deprived, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 254. 4. To be lost, [Hitopadeśa] ii. [distich] 68. 5. To be avoided, [Hitopadeśa] ii. [distich] 54. 6. To be omitted, to be sinped, Mahābhārata 2, 2460 (with the termination of the [Parasmaipada.]). parihīna, 1. Deprived, Bhāṣāp. 14. 2. Waned, decayed. [Causal.] To abandon, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 206.
— With pra pra, 1. To leave, Mahābhārata 1, 4620. 2. Pass. To be lost, to perish, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 4, 41; to be relinquished, [Kirātārjunīya] 14, 13.
— With vipra vi-pra, viprahīṇa, 1. Abandoned,
— With vi vi, To abandon, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 2. ed. 77, 65; to leave, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] [distich] 67; [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] [distich] 41. vihīna, 1. Deprived, void of, without, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 2, 17; [Rāmāyaṇa] 2, 52, 37; [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 24. 2. Free from, [Raghuvaṃśa, (ed. Stenzler.)] 18, 13. Comp. Pṛcchā-, adj. one who has not asked, [Pañcatantra] i. [distich] 438. [Causal.] vihāpita, 1. Given. 2. Extorted. n. Gift.
— With pravi pra-vi, To neglect, to disdain, [Pañcatantra] iv. [distich] 36.
— Cf. [Gothic.] gaidv, giban; A. S. gifan (= hāpaya, cf. vihāpita), gafol, gaefel, gif; Engl. if; [Latin] habere.
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Hā (हा).—an interj. 1. Of pain, weariness, grief, Ah! [Mālatīmādhava, (ed. Calc.)] 153, 21; [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 50, 22; 55, 35; sorrow, Woe! [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 61, 7. 2. Of joy. 3. Of reproach, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 51, 25. 4. Of wrath, [Mālatīmādhava, (ed. Calc.)] 82, 5. Repeated, hāhā hā-hā, interjection of, 1. Surprise. 2. Grief, [Pañcatantra] 35, 10.
Ha (ह).—1. ([enclitic]) to be sure, indeed ( = older gha), often expletive, [especially] at the end of a verse.
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Ha (ह).—2. (—°) killing, slaying.
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Hā (हा).—1. jihīte [participle] hāna (only —°) start up, go forth, move on; run away from, yield ([dative]); rush upon ([accusative]), fly (arrow).
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Hā (हा).—2. jahāti , [participle] hīna & jahita (q.v.) leave, forsake, abandon; emit, discharge, take off, cast aside, remove; give up, avoid, shun, lose. [Passive][Middle] hīyate (hīyate, ti) be left etc., remain behind, come short or be deprived of ([ablative] or [instrumental]); come to harm, be a loser, fail (in a lawsuit etc.); decrease, wane, perish, be lost. [Causative] hāpayati, te neglect, omit, give up, miss, lose. [Desiderative] jihāsati wish to leave etc.
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Hā (हा).—3. [exclamation] of pain, astonishment, or joy, mostly [with] vocative; [with] [accusative] woe to! Often repeated or connected [with] dhik, hanta etc.
1) Ha (ह):—1. ha the thirty-third and last consonant of the Nāgarī alphabet (in Pāṇini’s system belonging to the guttural class, and usually pronounced like the English h in hard; it is not an original letter, but is mostly derived from an older gh, rarely from dh or bh).
2) 2. ha m. (only [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]) a form of Śiva or Bhairava (cf. nakulīśa)
3) water
4) a cipher (id est. the arithmetical figure which symbolizes o)
5) meditation, auspiciousness
6) sky, heaven, paradise
7) blood
8) dying
9) fear
10) knowledge
11) the moon
12) Viṣṇu
13) war, battle
14) horripilation
15) a horse
16) pride
17) a physician
18) cause, motive
19) = pāpa-haraṇa
20) = sakopa-vāraṇa
21) = śuṣka
22) mf. laughter
23) Hā (हा):—[from ha] a f. coition
24) [v.s. ...] a lute
25) Ha (ह):—n. the Supreme Spirit
26) pleasure, delight
27) a weapon
28) the sparkling of a gem
29) calling, calling to the sound of a lute
30) ind. = aham (?), [Indische Studien by A. Weber]
31) mfn. mad, drunk.
32) 3. ha ind. ([probably] [originally] identical with 2. gha, and used as a particle for emphasizing a preceding word, [especially] if it begins a sentence closely connected with another; very frequent in the Brāhmaṇas and Sūtras, and often translatable by) indeed, assuredly, verily, of course, then etc. (often with other particles e.g. with tv eva, u, sma, vai etc.; na ha, ‘not indeed’; also with interrogatives and relatives e.g. yad dha, ‘when indeed’; kad dha, ‘what then?’ sometimes with [imperfect tense] or [perfect tense] cf. [Pāṇini 3-2, 116]; in later language very commonly used as a mere expletive, [especially] at the end of a verse), [Ṛg-veda]; etc.
33) 4. ha mf(ā)n. ([from] √han) killing, destroying, removing (only ifc.; See arāti-, vṛtra-, śatruha etc.)
34) 5. ha mf(ā)n. ([from] √3. hā) abandoning, deserting, avoiding (ifc.; See an-okaand vāpī-ha)
35) Hā (हा):—[v.s. ...] b f. abandonment, desertion, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
36) Ha (ह):—[from han] a See 4. ha, p. 1286, col. 1.
37) Hā (हा):—1. hā ind. an exclamation expressive of pain, anger, astonishment, satisfaction etc. (= ah! alas! oh! ha! often before or after a [vocative case] case, also repeated hā-hā cf. 1. hahā above, or followed by other particles, [especially] dhik, hanta, kaṣṭam etc.), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.,
38) 2. hā (not always separable [from] √3. hā) [class] 3. [Ātmanepada] ([Dhātupāṭha xxv, 7]) jihīte (p. jihāna q.v.; [perfect tense] jahire, [Atharva-veda]; [Aorist] ahāsta, [Ṛg-veda] etc.; [future] hātā [grammar]; hāsyate, [Brāhmaṇa; Mahābhārata]; [infinitive mood] -hātum, [ib.]; [indeclinable participle] hātvā [grammar]; -hāya, [Ṛg-veda]),
—to start or spring forward, bound away, give way to ([dative case]), [Ṛg-veda];
—to spring or leap upon (?), [Ṛg-veda x, 49, 5];
—to go or depart or betake one’s self to have recourse to ([accusative]), [Nalôd.] ;
—to fall or come into any state, [Kirātārjunīya] :—[Passive voice] hāyate ([Aorist] ahāyi) [grammar]:—[Causal] hāpayati ([Aorist] ajīhapat), [ib.] :—[Desiderative] jihāsate, [ib.] :—[Intensive] jahāyate, jāhāti, jāheti, [ib.]
39) 3. hā [class] 3. [Parasmaipada] ([Dhātupāṭha xxv, 8]) jahāti (rarely [class] 1. jahati 3. [dual number] jahItaH [imperative] jahIhi [or jahāhi, [Pāṇini 6-4, 117]]; jahītāt, [Atharva-veda]; [Potential] jahyāt, [Atharva-veda] etc.; [perfect tense] jahau, jahuḥ, [Ṛg-veda] etc.; jahe, [Brāhmaṇa]; [Aorist] ahāt, [ib.] etc.; ahāsīt [grammar]; 3. sg. ahās, [Ṛg-veda]; ahāsi, [Atharva-veda]; hāsiṣṭa, [ib.],; [future] hātā [grammar]; hāsyati, te, [Atharva-veda] etc., jahiṣyati, [Mahābhārata] etc.; [infinitive mood] hātum, [ib.]; [indeclinable participle] hitvā. q.v. [Ṛg-veda] etc.; hitvī tvāya, [Ṛg-veda]; -hītvā [grammar]; -hāya, [Brāhmaṇa], hīyam, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā]),
—to leave, abandon, desert, quit, forsake, relinquish (with śarīram, deham, prāṇān, asūn, jīvitam etc. - ‘to die’), [Ṛg-veda] etc., etc.;
—to discharge, emit, [ib.];
—to put away, take off, remove, lay aside, give up, renounce, resign, avoid, shun, abstain or refrain from, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.;
—to disregard, neglect, [ib.];
—to lose, be deprived of [Rāmāyaṇa; Kāmandakīya-nītisāra];
—to get rid of. escape from, [Upaniṣad; Mahābhārata] etc.;
—to cause to emit (with śardham, ‘to cause to break wind’), [Vopadeva] :—[Passive voice] hīyate or hīyate ([Epic] also hīyati; [Aorist] ahāyi),
—to be left or abandoned or deserted etc.;
—to be left behind, fall short of ([ablative]), [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.;
—to be excluded from or bereft of ([ablative] or [instrumental case]; with prāṇaiḥ, ‘to die’), [Kaṭha-upaniṣad; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.;
—to be overtaken by ([instrumental case]), [Mahābhārata];
—to be deficient or wanting, suffer loss or injury, fail (also in a lawsuit), decrease, wane, decline, come to an end, [Chāndogya-upaniṣad; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.;
—to weigh less (at the ordeal of the balance), [Yājñavalkya [Scholiast or Commentator]];
—to be given up or avoided, [Bhartṛhari] ([varia lectio]);
—to be subtracted, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā];
—to become detached from (with [ablative] or [instrumental case]), fall out (as hair), [Bhāgavata-purāṇa] :—[Causal] hāpayati (mc. also te [Aorist] ajīhapat; -jīhipaḥ, [Ṛg-veda]),
—to cause to leave or abandon etc.;
—to omit, neglect, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.;
—to fall short of. be wanting in ([accusative]), [Mahābhārata; Cāṇakya];
—to give up (asūn, ‘life’), [Harivaṃśa];
—to lose (kālam, ‘time’), [Kāmandakīya-nītisāra];
—to abandon (pratijñām, ‘a thesis’), [Jātakamālā] :—[Desiderative] jihāsati, to wish to leave or abandon, [Daśakumāra-carita; Bhāgavata-purāṇa; Hemacandra’s Pariśiṣṭaparvan];
—to wish to reject or disdain, [Prabodha-candrodaya];
—to wish to escape, [Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha] :—[Intensive] jehīyate, jāhāti, jāheti [grammar]
40) Ha (ह):—[from hā] b See 5. ha, p. 1286, col. 1.
1) Ha (ह):—The letter h.
2) (haḥ) 1. m. Shiva; water; meditation; auspiciousness; heaven; dying; blood; battle; horse; pride; a physician; fear; horripilation; Vishnu; cause. 1. f. Leaving; coition; a lute. n. God; joy; calling; a weapon; a gem; sound of a lute. a. Laughing; mad; drunk. adv. Ho! hola! expletive or particle of abuse.
3) Hā (हा):—(li ñā) jahāti 3. a. To quit, to wander from. jihate 3. d. To go.
4) interj. Expressive of weariness, sorrow, pleasure, reproach.
Ha (ह):—
--- OR ---
Ha (ह):—2. (von 1. han) adj. (f. ā) am Ende eines comp. tödtend, Tödter; vernichtend, zerstörend [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 3, 2, 49] (āśiṣi). [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 26, 33.] — Vgl. arāti, ākhuviṣa, kṛmi, mala, viṣa, vṛtra, vraṇa, śatru, śleṣma, satrā, sapta, sahasra .
--- OR ---
Ha (ह):—3. (von hā verlassen, meiden)
1) adj. verlassend, meidend in anoka und vāpī . —
2) f. ā das Verlassen, Meiden [ŚABDĀRTHAK.] bei [WILSON.]
--- OR ---
Ha (ह):—4.
1) m. = śiva, salila, śūnya, dhāraṇa, maṅgala, gagana, nakulīśa, rakta und nāka [Medinīkoṣa Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1.] = pāpaharaṇa und candra [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] = sakopavāraṇa und śuṣka [EKĀKṢARAK. im Śabdakalpadruma] dying; fear; knowledge [WILSON] nach ders. Aut. Viṣṇu; war, battle; horripilation; a horse; pride; a physician; cause, motive. —
2) f. ā coition; a lute. —
3) n. God, the supreme soul; pleasure, delight; calling, calling to; a weapon; the sparkling of gem; the sound of a lute. —
4) m. f. (ā) und n. laughter. —
5) adj. mad, drunk [WILSON] nach [ŚABDĀRTHAK.] —
6) indecl. (!) = aham (!) [Weber’s Indische Studien 2, 86,] [Nalopākhyāna 3.]
--- OR ---
Hā (हा):—
--- OR ---
Hā (हा):—
--- OR ---
Hā (हा):—3. interj. gaṇa cādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 4, 57.] des Schmerzes und des Staunens; viṣādaśugārtiṣu [Amarakoṣa 4, 4, 32 (28), 18.] vismaye pramode ca [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 465.] sukhaduḥkhaviṣādeṣu [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 7, 17.] viṣāde ca śoke ca [Medinīkoṣa avyaya (s. Med.) 85.] vor einem voc.: hā kṛṣṇe kiṃ jahāsi mām [Mahābhārata 2, 2604. 3, 2364. 2384. 2419.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 40, 37. 42, 30. 57, 11. 64, 70. fg. 66, 18.] [Rāmāyaṇa] [Gorresio 2, 10, 20. fg. 83, 42. 3, 50, 22. 51, 25. 55, 35. 79, 46. 4, 5, 15. 6, 23, 2.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 130, 22.] [Raghuvaṃśa 9, 75.] [MĀLATĪM. 153, 21.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 18, 170. 244. 20, 211.] [Prabodhacandrodaja 90, 12.] nach einem voc.: kaikeyi hā nṛśaṃsāsi [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 10, 19.] mit acc.: hā kṛṣṇābhaktam [Siddhāntakaumudī] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher.2,3,2.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik.5,7.] hā karṇamiti (karṇa iti ed. Bomb.) cākrandan [Mahābhārata 7, 44.] hā janma nṛpayoṣitām [Spr. (II) 6826.] hā hatāsmi [Mahābhārata 3, 2364.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 26, 15.] [Pañcatantra 135, 1.] [Hitopadeśa 18, 12.] hā gatiṃ kāṃ gamiṣyāmi [Harivaṃśa 7116.] kiṃ śeṣe hā hato bhuvi [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 93, 11.] hānyeṣāṃ tena kā gatiḥ [Kathāsaritsāgara 52, 262.] hā na kaścinmāṃ vṛddhamanāthaṃ saṃbhāvayati [Prabodhacandrodaja 89, 15.] hā hanta hanta [Spr. (II) 5777.] hā dhik [7383.] [MĀLATĪM. 82, 5.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 1, 212.] hā kaṣṭam [Suśruta 1, 108, 17.] [Spr. (II) 7316.] [Hemacandra] [Yogaśāstra 2, 49.] hākaṣṭaśabda [Kathāsaritsāgara 56, 123.] hā dhikkaṣṭam [Vikramorvaśī 61, 7.] huṃ (uṃ die neuere Ausg.) hā [Harivaṃśa 9709.] hā hā gaṇa cādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 4, 57.] hā heti rudatī [Mahābhārata 3, 2107. 2219.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 63, 23.] [Spr. (II) 1989.] hā hā tathāpi viṣayānna jahāti cetaḥ [4584.] hā hā naśyati [Mṛcchakaṭikā 130, 23.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 19, 7.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 62, 8.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 4, 28. 8, 11, 2.] hā hā kṛtvā [morgenländischen Gesellschaft 27, 19.] hā heti cakre [14, 573, 25.] hāhāśabda ebend. rava [Kathāsaritsāgara 56, 127.] vor einem voc. [Mahābhārata 3, 2380.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 34, 19.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 130, 21.] [Spr. (II) 7389.] hā hā muṣṭo smi [Pañcatantra 35, 10.] hā hāhaṃ patitāsmi [Kathāsaritsāgara 12, 182.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 84, 2.] hā hā dhik [Mahābhārata 14, 2365.] hā hā kaṣṭam [Kathāsaritsāgara 15, 33.] hī hī (hā hā die neuere Ausg.) hā heti vādinau als Ausdruck des Behagens [Harivaṃśa 14578.]
--- OR ---
Ha (ह):—1. [?Z. 6 füge Pāṇini’s acht Bücher vor 8, 1, 58 hinzu.]
Ha (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 唅 [hán]: “to put in the mouth”..
2) 憾 [hàn]: “resent”.
Note: ha can be alternatively written as: haṃ.
2) Hā (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 唅 [hán]: “to put in the mouth”..
2) 悍 [hàn]: “strong”..
3) 憾 [hàn]: “resent”.
4) 棄捨 [qì shě]: “abandon”.
5) 減少 [jiǎn shǎo]: “diminished”.
6) 滅除 [miè chú]: “remove”.
7) 罷 [bà]: “cease”.
Note: hā can be alternatively written as: hāṃ; √hā.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Ha (ह) [Also spelled h]:——the last and the thirty-third letter of the Devnagri: alphabet, aspirated in sound.
2) Hā (हा):—(int) oh !, Gosh !, a particle expressive of pleasure, pain, regret, contempt, amazement, etc.; a Persian suffix which imparts plurality (as [bārahā, hajārahā,] etc.).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Ha (ಹ):—
1) [noun] (gen. pronounced with the vowel 'a') the forty seventh letter of Kannaḍa alphabet and the thirty third consonant.
2) [noun] (math.) a symbol for the number eight.
--- OR ---
Hā (ಹಾ):—[interjection] an interjection used to express pain, wonder, mental shock, etc.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Ha (ஹ) . The compound of ஹ் [h] and அ. [a.]
--- OR ---
Hā (ஹா) . The compound of ஹ் [h] and ஆ. [a.]
--- OR ---
Hā (ஹா) interjection Expr. of surprise, pain, sorrow, etc.; வியப்பு நோவு துயரம் முதலியவற் றைக் குறிக்குஞ் சொல். [viyappu novu thuyaram muthaliyavar raig kurikkugn sol.]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
1) Ha (ह):—n. the thirty-third and last consonant of the Devanagari alphabet with the sound /h/; the phonetic symbol for ह [ha ] in this dictionary is /hə/ and /ha/;
2) Hā (हा):—interj. 1. 'Oh!'; 'Alas!'; 2. 'Oh!'; 'Good!'; 'Excellent!';
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
Chinese-English dictionary
[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]
蛤 [há] [ha]—
See the entries for '蜊 [li]', '文 [wen]', etc.
蛤：參見「蛤蜊」、「文蛤」等條。
há: cān jiàn “há lí” ,, “wén há” děng tiáo.
ha: can jian "ha li" ,, "wen ha" deng tiao.
[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]
哈 [hā] [ha]—
See the entry for 喇 [la].
哈：參見「哈喇」條。
hā: cān jiàn “hā lǎ” tiáo.
ha: can jian "ha la" tiao.
[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]
哈 [hā] [ha]—
[Verb]
1. To open one's mouth and exhale; to pant. E.g., "气 [qi]" (hā qì) (to exhale), "欠 [qian]" (hā qian) (to yawn). From Six Chapters of a Floating Life (《浮生六记 [fu sheng liu ji]》), Volume 2, The Pleasures of Idleness (《闲情记趣 [xian qing ji qu]》): "The maidservant, catching a duck and making it pant with its mouth open, accidentally let go. The duck twisted its neck as if to swallow, and she was startled and cried loudly."
2. To bend. E.g., "鞠躬腰 [ju gong yao]" (jū gōng hā yāo) (to bow and scrape; to fawn).
[Onomatopoeia]
Describes laughter. E.g., "大笑 [da xiao]" (hā hā dà xiào) (to laugh heartily).
[Interjection]
Expresses triumph or satisfaction. E.g., "！这下你惨了 [zhe xia ni can le]。" (Hā! Zhè xià nǐ cǎn le.) (Ha! Now you're in trouble.)
[Noun]
A surname. E.g., "铭 [ming]" (Hā Míng) in the Ming Dynasty.
哈：[動]
1.張口舒氣。如：「哈氣」、「哈欠」。《浮生六記．卷二．閒情記趣》：「捉鴨開口哈之，婢嫗偶釋手，鴨顛其頸作吞噬狀，驚而大哭。」
2.彎。如：「鞠躬哈腰」。
[擬]
形容笑聲。如：「哈哈大笑」。
[歎]
表得意或滿意。如：「哈！這下你慘了。」
[名]
姓。如明代有哈銘。
hā:[dòng]
1. zhāng kǒu shū qì. rú: “hā qì” ,, “hā qiàn” . < fú shēng liù jì． juǎn èr． xián qíng jì qù>: “zhuō yā kāi kǒu hā zhī, bì yù ǒu shì shǒu, yā diān qí jǐng zuò tūn shì zhuàng, jīng ér dà kū.”
2. wān. rú: “jū gōng hā yāo” .
[nǐ]
xíng róng xiào shēng. rú: “hā hā dà xiào” .
[tàn]
biǎo dé yì huò mǎn yì. rú: “hā! zhè xià nǐ cǎn le.”
[míng]
xìng. rú míng dài yǒu hā míng.
ha:[dong]
1. zhang kou shu qi. ru: "ha qi" ,, "ha qian" . < fu sheng liu ji. juan er. xian qing ji qu>: "zhuo ya kai kou ha zhi, bi yu ou shi shou, ya dian qi jing zuo tun shi zhuang, jing er da ku."
2. wan. ru: "ju gong ha yao" .
[ni]
xing rong xiao sheng. ru: "ha ha da xiao" .
[tan]
biao de yi huo man yi. ru: "ha! zhe xia ni can le."
[ming]
xing. ru ming dai you ha ming.
[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]
蛤 [há] [ha]—
See the entry for '蟆 [ma]' (hámá).
蛤：參見「蛤蟆」條。
há: cān jiàn “há má” tiáo.
ha: can jian "ha ma" tiao.
[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]
哈 [hā] [ha]—
See '巴 [ba]' entry.
哈：參見「哈巴」條。
hā: cān jiàn “hā bā” tiáo.
ha: can jian "ha ba" tiao.
1) 哈 ts = hā p refers to “abbr. for 哈薩克斯坦 | 哈萨克斯坦 [Ha1 sa4 ke4 si1 tan3], Kazakhstan/abbr. for 哈爾濱 | 哈尔滨 [Ha1 er3 bin1], Harbin”.
2) 哈 ts = hā p refers to “(interj.) ha!/(onom. for laughter)/(slang) to be infatuated with; to adore/(bound form) husky (dog) (abbr. for 哈士奇 [ha1 shi4 qi2])”..
3) 哈 ts = hā p refers to “a Pekinese; a pug/(dialect) to scold”..
4) 蛤 ts = há p refers to “(bound form) clam/used in 蛤蚧 [ge2 jie4]”..
5) 蛤 ts = há p refers to “used in 蛤蟆 [ha2 ma5]”..
6) 铪 t = 铪 s = hā p refers to “hafnium (chemistry)”..
1) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [onomatopoeia] “sound of laughter”; Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 [xian dai han yu]; Notes: (Guoyu '哈 [ha]' onom; Unihan '哈 [ha]').
2) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [verb] “to yawn”; Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 [xian dai han yu]; Notes: As in 哈欠 [ha qian] (Guoyu '哈 [ha]' v 1)..
3) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [verb] “to bend”; Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 [xian dai han yu]; Notes: In the sense of 弯 [wan] (Guoyu '哈 [ha]' v 2)..
4) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [particle] “expressing satisfaction”; Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 [xian dai han yu]; Notes: (Guoyu '哈 [ha]' particle)..
5) 哈 ts = hā p refers to [proper noun] “Ha”; Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 [xian dai han yu] , Subdomain: Names , Concept: Surname 姓氏 [xing shi]; Notes: (Guoyu '哈 [ha]' n)..
Chinese language.
Vietnamese-English dictionary
Ha (in Vietnamese) can be associated with the following Chinese and English terms:
1) Hạ with 下 [xià]: “lesser”.
2) Hạ with 夏 [xià]: “summer”.
3) Hạ with 暇 [xiá]: “leisure moment”.
4) Hạ with 賀 [hè]: “congratulate”.
5) Hà with 何 [hé]: “what”.
6) Hà with 河 [hé]: “river”.
7) Hà with 瑕 [xiá]: “flaw”.
8) Hà with 荷 [hé]: “water-lily”.
9) Hà with 蝦 [xiā]: “shrimp”.
10) Hà with 遐 [xiá]: “far”.
11) Hà with 霞 [xiá]: “haze”..
12) Ha with 呵 [hē]: “criticize”.
13) Ha with 訶 [hē]: “scold”.
Vietnamese language.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+32): Caga, Ge, Ha kho thao, Ha re nu ka, Ha thu o trang, Ha-angouba, Ha-azami, Ha-khi-phae, Ha-mung, Hahakrita, Hakara, Hambha, Hayenal, Jaha, Jahama, Jahamase, Jahami, Jahanta, Jahanti, Jahapenta.
Full-text (+8017): Ham, Aha, Ge, Pataha, Jani, Uha, Saha, Loha, Varaha, Ahaha, Apaha, Aho, Jaha, Haha, Hakara, Nihina, Hada, Jahati, Kataha, Jahana.
Relevant text
Search found 442 books and stories containing Ha, Hā, Há, Hạ, Hà, Haa, 哈, 蛤, 铪; (plurals include: Haas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Agni Purana (by N. Gangadharan)
Chapter 88 - Mode of initiation which secures Nirvāṇa (liberation from existence)
Chapter 85 - Mode of purifying the Beatific principle of establishment
Narada Purana (English translation) (by G. V. Tagare)
Chapter 74 - The mantras of Hanumān < [Part 3 - Pūrva-bhāga: Tṛtīya-pāda]
Chapter 85 - Yakṣiṇīmantra-nirūpaṇa—The mantras of Yakṣiṇī < [Part 3 - Pūrva-bhāga: Tṛtīya-pāda]
Chapter 69 - The procedure of repeating the mantras < [Part 3 - Pūrva-bhāga: Tṛtīya-pāda]
Guhyagarbha Tantra (with Commentary) (by Gyurme Dorje)
Text 7.15 (Commentary) < [Chapter 7 (text and commentary)]
Chapter 7 - Absorption of the Maṇḍala and the Secret Mantras < [Chapter 7 (text and commentary)]
Chapter 10 - Conferral of Empowerment < [Chapter 10 (Text and Commentary)]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 3.71 < [Section VII - Duties of the Householder]
Verse 2.79 < [Section XVII - Rules of Study]
Verse 7.36 < [Section IV - Duties of the King]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (MDPI)
Presence of Disinfection Byproducts in Public Swimming Pools in Medellín,... < [Volume 17, Issue 13 (2020)]
Occurrence and Spatial and Temporal Variations of Disinfection By-Products in... < [Volume 9, Issue 8 (2012)]
Establishing Heat Alert Thresholds for the Varied Climatic Regions of British... < [Volume 15, Issue 9 (2018)]