Grishma, Grīṣma: 24 definitions
Introduction:
Grishma means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Grīṣma can be transliterated into English as Grisma or Grishma, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Grishm.
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In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Kalpa (Formulas, Drug prescriptions and other Medicinal preparations)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the “summer season”, whose pitta-provocative symptoms are dealt with in the 10th century Yogaśataka written by Pandita Vararuci.—The Yogaśataka of Pandita Vararuci is an example of this category. This book attracts reader by its very easy language and formulations which can be easily prepared and have small number of herbs. It describes only those formulations which are the most common and can be used in majority conditions of diseases (viz., in Grīṣma).
The 101st stanza is related with provocation of Doṣas in particular seasons. Seasons for provocation of Vāta are Hemanta (Jan-Feb), Varṣa (Rainy season) and Śiśira (Dec-Jan). Season for provocation of Pitta is Grīṣma (summer) and Śarad (Oct-Nov) while for provocation of Kapha is Vasanta (Feb-Mar).
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the “summer season” (during which period, rice porridge is prescribed for elephants), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 11, “On the keeping of elephants and their daily and seasonal regimen”]: “28. In the morning jaggery with butter is prescribed in the autumn, and in summer a rice porridge [grīṣme ca śālyodanaṃ]; in the evening the same with salt; but at other (seasons), contrary to that rule, (rice porridge) with sesame oil. He shall cause kulmāṣa (see verse 17) with jaggery and with rice porridge to be given to elephants, producing heat (or vigor), strength, and (digestive) fire in them; and also other powders mixed with jaggery”.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म, “summer”):—One of the six season of the year, comprising the months Jyeṣṭha and Āṣāḍha.—This season takes place dusing visarga, when the sun is dominant, and draws out the nutrient essence of the living beings. In these months, Vāyu-doṣa is accumulated. A skilled physician should moniter these conditions during the treatment of a patient.
Grishma is the Hindu season corresponding to summer. Summer is marked by two months known as Shuchi and Shukra (Jaistha and Ashadha).
The said plants and vegetables, in their turn, lose their sap, moisture and nutritive element in summer, and become dry and extremely light. In the same manner water becomes drought-making [produces a state of parchedness in the organism—Ruksha] in its virtue, and considerably loses its natural coolness and nutritive properties. The sun’s rays dry up the natural moisture of the human system, and accordingly water and vegetables largely partaken of in summer, give rise to an accumulation of wind in the system owing to their lightness, dryness, or expansive and drought-making properties.
Subsequently wind thus accumulated in the summer, is agitated by the rains and cold winds in the forepart of the rainy season (Pravrit) when the ground is flooded with water and thus gives rise to diseases which are incidental to a deranged state of the bodily wind.
Diseases which owe their origin to a deranged state of bile, phlegm and wind, are respectively ameliorated in Hemanta, summer, and autumn by natural causes, [such as the variations of atmospheric or earthly temperature, rainfall, etc.].
The sun’s rays become stronger and more intense in summer. Unhealthy winds blow from the south-east. The earth is heated ; the rivers run narrow and shallow in their beds ; the quarters of the sky glare with a blazing light, the birds Chakravákas with their mates roam about in quest of cool ponds and reservoirs of water ; herds of deer are tormented and overwhelmed with thirst ; trees, plants and creepers are scorched by the intense heat, and withered leaves drop off from the trees which alone serve to make the identification of their parents possible.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—The summer (grīṣma) is to be indicated through the representation of the heat of the earth, fans, wiping off sweat and feeling the hot wind.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the “summer” season and represents the months Vaiśākha to Āṣāḍha (mid May to mid July) and is one of the six “seasons” (ṛtu).—According to the Vedic calendar, there are six different seasons, which correspond to the twelve months of the year.
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the months June and July, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 3), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “If in Śiśira (February, March) the sun be of copper colour or red black, if, in Vasanta (April, May), blue crimson, if, in Grīṣma (June, July), slightly white and of gold color, if, in Varṣā (August, September), white, if, in Śarada (October, November), of the colour of the centre of the lotus, if, in Hemanta (December, January), of blood color, mankind will be happy. If, in Varṣā (August, September), the rays of the sun be soft, mankind will be happy even though the sun should be of any of the colors mentioned above”.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the “summer season” (requiring a cooling process for one’s Hawk), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the treatment of hawks]: “In summer (grīṣma), when the air is heated by the terrible rays of the meridian sun, the bare trees cannot afford shelter; stormy winds surcharged with dust blow on all sides; [...] then the season, like the forest fire, becomes intolerable to these birds [i.e., hawks], [...]. Therefore cooling processes should be now resorted to”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) refers to the “summer season” (associated with certain austerities), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.5.1 (“Description of Tripura—the three cities”).—Accordingly, as Sanatkumāra narrated to Vyāsa: “O great sage, when the Asura Tāraka was killed by Skanda, the son of Śiva, his three sons performed austerities. [...] In the summer season (grīṣma) they mastered sunshine. They lighted fires in all directions. Standing in their midst they performed sacrifice with great devotion for the attainment of success. They lay unconscious in the blazing sunshine. During the rainy season, they fearlessly bore all the showers on their heads. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
India history and geography
Grīṣma.—(EI 24; CII 4), one of the three seasons constituting the ancient Indian official year; the four months from Caitra ba-di 1 to Āṣāḍha su-di 15. Note: grīṣma is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—m (S) grīṣmartu m S The hot season; comprehending two months, about June-July.
grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—m The hot season.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—a. [grasate rasān; gras-manin Uṇādi-sūtra 1.147] Hot, warm.
-ṣmaḥ 1 The summer, the hot season, corresponding to the months of Jyeṣṭha and Āṣāḍha; ग्रीष्म- समयमधिकृत्य गीयताम् (grīṣma- samayamadhikṛtya gīyatām) Ś.1; R.16.54; Bv.1.35.
2) Heat, warmth.
-ṣmī The नवमल्लिका (navamallikā) plant.
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—mfn.
(-ṣmaḥ-ṣmā-ṣmaṃ) Hot, warm. m.
(-ṣmaḥ) 1. The hot season, comprehending two months, about June July. 2. Heat, warmth. f. (-ṣmī) Jasmin. E. gras to take, &c. manin Unadi affix, and the deriv. irr. grasate rasān .
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—m. The hot season, comprehending about June and July, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 261.
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म).—[masculine] summer.
1) Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—m. (√gras, [Uṇādi-sūtra]) the summer, hot season (the months Śuci and Śukra, [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā xiv, 6; Suśruta]; or Jyeṣṭha and Āṣāḍha, from the middle of May to the middle of July), [Ṛg-veda x, 90, 6; Atharva-veda] etc.
2) summer heat, heat, [Pañcatantra]
3) Name of a man [gana] aśvādi
4) Grīṣmā (ग्रीष्मा):—[from grīṣma] f. Symplocos racemosa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—cf. [Hibernian or Irish] gris, ‘fire’; griosgaim, ‘I fry, boil’; griosach, ‘burning embers.’
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—(ṣmaḥ) 1. m. The hot season; heat. (ṣmī) f. Jasmin. a. Hot.
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—
1) m. [Die Uṇādi-Affixe 1, 148.] a) Sommer [Yāska’s Nirukta 4, 27. 7, 10.] [Medinīkoṣa Manu’s Gesetzbuch 10.] umfasst die Monate Śuci und Śukra [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 14, 6.] [Suśruta 1, 19, 9.] [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 3, 18.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 157. -] [Ṛgveda 10, 90, 6.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 6, 55, 2. 8, 2, 22. 12, 1, 36. 15, 3, 4.] [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 10, 11. 13, 55. 21, 24.] grīṣmo hyāsāṃ prajānāṃ tanūstapati [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 1, 5, 3, 10. 11, 2, 7, 32.] grīṣma iva vā adya [2, 2, 3, 7. 8.] vasantagrīṣmau [12, 8, 2, 34.] grīṣmahemantau [1, 5, 3, 11.] [ĀŚV. GṚHY. 2, 4.] [Chāndogyopaniṣad 2, 5, 1.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 281. 6, 23.] [Mahābhārata 14, 1284.] [Suśruta 1, 22, 12. 135, 12.] [Śākuntala 57.] [Raghuvaṃśa 16, 54.] [Pañcatantra II, 92.] [Amaruśataka 84.] samaya [Śākuntala 4, 4.] Nach [Medinīkoṣa] auch Hitze. — b) Nomen proprium eines Mannes gaṇa aśvādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 1, 110.] —
2) f. ā Name eines Baumes (s. lodhra) [Hārāvalī 95.] —
3) f. ī Jasminum Sambac Ait. (navamallikā) [Rājanirghaṇṭa im Śabdakalpadruma]
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Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—
1) a) Sommerhitze, Hitze: taptā grīṣmeṇa sevante śaityārthaṃ te hutāśanam [Spr. 1296.]
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):——
1) m. — a) Sommer. grīṣmahemantau , vasantagrīṣmau. — b) Sommerhitze , Hitze. — c) *Nomen proprium eines Mannes. —
2) *f. ā Symplocos racemosa. —
3) *f. ī Jasminum Sambac [Rājan 10,93.]
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Gihya, Ghi, Ghiṃsu.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म) [Also spelled grishm]:—(nm) the summer; —[kāla] summer season; ~[kālīna] pertaining to or of the summer season, summer.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Grīṣma (ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ):—
1) [noun] second of the six seasons (consisting of Jyēṣṭha and Āṣāḍha, the third and fourth months of the year); the summer season.
2) [noun] much hotness; great warmth.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Grīṣma (ग्रीष्म):—n. 1. summer; 2. heat; warmth;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+5): Greeshmakaleen, Greeshmavkash, Grishmabhava, Grishmadhanya, Grishmahasa, Grishmahemanta, Grishmaja, Grishmaka, Grishmakala, Grishmakalina, Grishmakranti, Grishmalopita, Grishmamayuri, Grishmanamase, Grishmapushpi, Grishmartu, Grishmartuvarnana, Grishmasamaya, Grishmasundara, Grishmasundaraka.
Full-text (+87): Grishmaja, Grishmasundaraka, Grishmabhava, Grishmodbhava, Grishmahasa, Grishmavana, Grishmartu, Grishmadhanya, Grishmasamaya, Grishmapushpi, Sugrishma, Grishmakala, Grishmakalina, Grishmahemanta, Graishmayana, Graishma, Graishmika, Grishm, Shadritu, Ritu.
Relevant text
Search found 85 books and stories containing Grishma, Grīṣma, Grisma, Grīṣmā; (plurals include: Grishmas, Grīṣmas, Grismas, Grīṣmās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 526 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Page 137 < [Telugu-English-Malayalam (1 volume)]
Page 526 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 1]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Rig Veda 10.90.6 < [Sukta 90]
Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara (Study) (by Debabrata Barai)
Part 9 - Deśa-vibhāga and Kāla-vibhāga < [Chapter 3 - Contribution of Rājaśekhara to Sanskrit Poetics]
Part 8.14 - Characteristics of Grīṣma-kāla (summer season) < [Chapter 5 - Analyasis and Interpretations of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā]
Part 8.8 - Region of Madhyadeśa (central part) < [Chapter 5 - Analyasis and Interpretations of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā]
Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation) (by Swami Lokeswarananda)
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 26.2 < [Chapter 26 - Lost Horoscopes]
Brihaddevata attributed to Shaunaka (by Arthur Anthony Macdonell)
Part 26 - Deities and deified objects belonging to Indra's sphere < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]