Ghatana, Ghaṭana, Ghātana: 23 definitions
Introduction:
Ghatana means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Ghatna.
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In Hinduism
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Ghaṭanā (घटना) refers to “exertion” (for what is conventionally considered to be right or wrong), according to the Mahānayaprakāśa by Arṇasiṃha (Cf. verse 182-197).—Accordingly, “He who, by virtue of the innate expansion (of his own consciousness) and freedom, assumes the nature of the senses, without (this thereby) diminishing the glorious power of the Inexplicable (Fourth State of consciousness) in the sphere the objects of sense and who, abandoning (all) exertion (ghaṭanā) (for what is conventionally considered to be) right or wrong, moves (freely) at all times, is known as Meṣanātha who, endowed with the expansion (of consciousness), is ever intent (on realisation)”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Ghaṭana (घटन) refers to “exertion”, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] Putting on ochre garments, carrying a skull, plucking out clumps of hair, maintaining non-vedic religious observances, ashes, ascetic clothing and matted locks, behaving as if mad, [the ascetic practice of] nakedness, [studying] the Vedas, Tantras and so on and the meeting [of learned people] for [reciting] poetry in the assembly: All [this] is exertion (ghaṭana) for the sake of filling one's stomach and is not the cause of the highest good. [...]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Shaiva philosophy
Ghaṭanā (घटना) refers to the “formulation” (of arguments; over difference and non-difference), according to Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha’s 10th-century Tattvatrayanirṇayavivṛti—a commentary on the 7th-century Tattvatrayanirṇaya by Sadyojyoti which discusses philosophical aspects of Śiva including the theories of Puruṣas (souls), Māyā (primal matter) and Mala (the innate impurity afflicting souls).—Accordingly, [introduction verse]: “O Śambhu, when those whose perception has been rendered free of impurity after being empowered by the descent of power that is your grace see you, pure, your power uninhibited, then, surely, the arguments that philosophers formulate (ghaṭanā) over difference and non-difference are devoid of purpose”.
Shaiva philosophy is a spritiual tradition within Hinduism that includes theories such as the relationship between the Atman (individual soul) and Siva, the nature of liberation (moksha), and the concepts of maya (illusion) and shakti (divine energy). Saiva philosophy teaches that union with Shiva can be achieved through knowledge, devotion, and spiritual practice. It encompasses major branches like Shaiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Ghaṭanā (घटना) refers to one of the “thousand names of Kumārī”, as mentioned in the Kumārīsahasranāma, which is included in the 10th chapter of the first part (prathamabhāga) of the Rudrayāmala-Uttaratantra: an ancient Tantric work primarily dealing with the practice of Kuṇḍalinī-yoga, the worship of Kumārī and discussions regarding the Cakras. This edition is said to be derived of the Rudrayāmalatantra and consists of 6000 verses in 90 chapters (paṭalas) together with the Saralā-Hindīvyākhyopetam (i.e., the Rudrayamalam Uttaratantram with Sarala Hindi translation).—Ghaṭanā is mentioned in śloka 1.10.37.—The chapter notes that one is granted the rewards obtained by reciting the text even without the performance of pūjā (worship), japa, snāna (bathing) and puraścaryā.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
ghaṭana : (nt.) fixing; combination. || ghātana (nt.), killing; slaughter; destruction; robbery; brigandage. ghaṭanā (f.), fixing; combination.
Ghaṭana, see Ghaṭṭana. (Page 256)
1) ghaṭana (ဃဋန) [(thī,na) (ထီ၊န)]—
[ghaṭa+yu]
[ဃဋ+ယု]
2) ghātana (ဃာတန) [(thī,na) (ထီ၊န)]—
[hana+yu]
[ဟန+ယု]
[Pali to Burmese]
1) ghaṭana—
(Burmese text): (၁) စပ်-ယှဉ်-ခြင်း။ (၂) အပေါင်း၊ ဃဋနာ။ (၃) အားထုတ်ခြင်း။ (၄) ရိုက်ခတ်ခြင်း။ (တိ) (၅) စပ်အပ်သော။ ဃဋိကာ-(၁)-ကြည့်။ ဃဋနိဋ္ဌကာ-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Comparison. (2) Aggregate, coincidence. (3) Effort. (4) Impact. (5) Connected. Gutika - (1) Observe. Gutinitika - Observe.
2) ghātana—
(Burmese text): (၁) သတ်ဖြတ်ခြင်း။ (၂) ဖျက်ဆီးခြင်း။ ဃာတနသမတ္ထ-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Killing. (2) Destruction. Look at the doctrine of duality.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
ghaṭaṇa (घटण).—& ghaṭaṇā Properly ghaṭana & ghaṭanā.
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ghaṭana (घटन).—n S ghaṭanā f (S) Forging, forming, fashioning, working up, making: also workmanship or handiwork: (the skill or the product.) 2 Happening or occurring. 3 also sometimes ghaṭaṇūka f Negotiating (esp. of matrimonial matches); bringing about. Ex. ubhaya lakṣāsīṃ aikya gha0 sādhijēla.
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ghatana (घतन).—a (ghāta S) Pernicious, destructive, deleterious: also baneful, baleful, hurtful gen.
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ghatana (घतन).—n (ghāta S) n A deadly or hurtful thing or matter. 2 Jeopardy, peril, danger of loss of life or of loss gen. 3 Destruction of life: also damage or loss gen.
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ghāṭaṇa (घाटण).—n Split pulse mashed or beaten up in boiling water into a thick consistence, pulse-stirabout. 2 Bruising, mashing, or stirring about (as with a ladle or spoon). v ghāla.
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ghāṭaṇā (घाटणा).—m ghāṭaṇērā m (ghāṭaṇēṃ) A stick with a cloth at the end: used to stir about grain &c. under parching.
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ghāṭaṇā (घाटणा).—m W A muller or bruiser (of a mortar). See ghāṭū.
ghaṭanā (घटना) [-ghaṭaṇūka, -घटणूक].—f Negotiationg; bringing about. Forging, forming, fashioning, working up.
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ghaṭana (घटन).—n-nā f Forging, forming, handi- work; happening.
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ghāṭaṇa (घाटण).—n Bruising, mashing, or stirring about (as with a ladle or spoon.).
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ghāṭaṇā (घाटणा).—m ghāṭaṇērā m A stick with a cloth at the end: used to stir about grain &c. under parching.
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ghāṭaṇā (घाटणा).—m A muller or bruiser (of a mortar).
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Ghaṭana (घटन) or Ghaṭanā (घटना).—[ghaṭ-lyuṭ]
1) Effort, exertion.
2) Happening, occurring; तदेषा दैवघटना (tadeṣā daivaghaṭanā) Kathāsaritsāgara 122.33.
3) Accomplishment, bringing about, effecting; as in अघटितघटना (aghaṭitaghaṭanā); यन्माहात्म्यवशेन यान्ति घटनां कार्याणि निर्यन्त्रणाम् (yanmāhātmyavaśena yānti ghaṭanāṃ kāryāṇi niryantraṇām) Rāj. T.4.365.
4) Joining, union, mixing or bringing together, combination; तप्तेन तप्तमयसा घटनाय योग्यं (taptena taptamayasā ghaṭanāya yogyaṃ) V.2.16; देहद्वयार्धघटना रचितम् (dehadvayārdhaghaṭanā racitam) K.239; Uttararāmacarita 3.13.
5) Making, forming, shaping.
6) Motion.
7) Strife, hostility; इत्थं यत्र परिग्रहस्य घटना शम्भोरपि स्याद्गृहे (itthaṃ yatra parigrahasya ghaṭanā śambhorapi syādgṛhe) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.159. -8 (-nā) A troop of elephants.
9) A literary composition.
Derivable forms: ghaṭanam (घटनम्).
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Ghāṭaṇa (घाटण).—A bolt; अन्तर्वापि बहिर्वापि घाटणं कीलसंयुतम् (antarvāpi bahirvāpi ghāṭaṇaṃ kīlasaṃyutam) Māna.19.152-53.
Derivable forms: ghāṭaṇam (घाटणम्).
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Ghātana (घातन).—[in ṇic bhāve lyuṭ] A killer, murderer.
-nam 1 Striking, killing, slaughter.
2) Killing (as an animal at a sacrifice), immolatting; स्वपुत्रघातनं कृत्वा प्राप्तं तन्मांसभक्षणम् (svaputraghātanaṃ kṛtvā prāptaṃ tanmāṃsabhakṣaṇam) Kathāsaritsāgara 2.214.
Ghaṭana (घटन).—nf.
(-naṃ-nā) 1. Effort, exertion. 2. Assembling, bringing together. 3. Joining, mixing. 4. Occuring. E. ghaṭ to strive, &c. affix yuc .
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Ghātana (घातन).—n.
(-naṃ) A murderer, a killer. n.
(-naṃ) 1. Killing, slaughter. 2. Striking. 3. Immolating victims. E. han to kill, lyuṭ affix, and ghāta substituted for the radical. hastyarthatvāt svārthe ṇic bhāve lyuṭ .
Ghaṭana (घटन).—[ghaṭ + ana], n. and f. nā, 1. Striving, [Pañcatantra] i. [distich] 175. 2. Exertion, Śāntiś. 2, 20. 3. Junction, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 34, v. r.; [Kathāsaritsāgara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 24, 231. 4. Composition, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 68, 12.
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Ghātana (घातन).—i. e. han, [Causal.], + ana, I. n. Killing, Mahābhārata 2, 1558. Ii. f. nī, A club, [Rāmāyaṇa] 6, 37, 54.
Ghaṭana (घटन).—[neuter] joining, union with ([instrumental] or —°). [feminine] ā the same, arranging or shooting (of an arrow), action, way of acting, effort, endeavour at ([locative] or —°); success, accomplishment; getting, procuring, producing; literary work or composition.
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Ghātana (घातन).—[neuter] killing, murder; [feminine] ī a kind of club.
1) Ghaṭana (घटन):—[from ghaṭ] n. (= ṭā, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]) connection or union with ([instrumental case] or in [compound]), [Vikramorvaśī ii, 15] ([varia lectio]), [Kathāsaritsāgara xxiv, 231]
2) Ghaṭanā (घटना):—[from ghaṭana > ghaṭ] f. exertion, motion, acting, manner of acting, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā l, 1; Pañcatantra; Kathāsaritsāgara cxxii, 33]
3) [v.s. ...] striving after, being occupied or busy with ([locative case] or in [compound]), [Śāntiśataka ii, 20] (= [Nāgānanda iv, 2]), [Sāhitya-darpaṇa iv, 14/v] (iṣu-, ‘shooting an arrow’)
4) [v.s. ...] taking effect, answering, accomplishment, (nāṃ-√yā, ‘to take effect, succeed’ [Rājataraṅgiṇī iv, 365]; nāṃ-√nī, to effect, accomplish, [Siṃhāsana-dvātriṃśikā or vikramāditya-caritra, jaina recension])
5) [v.s. ...] connection, union with (in [compound]), [Sāhitya-darpaṇa iii, 226/227]
6) [v.s. ...] (= ṭa) a troop (of elephants), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] a literary composition, [viii, 7]
8) [v.s. ...] a work consisting of (in [compound]), [Vikramāṅkadeva-carita, by Bilhaṇa vi, 33]
9) Ghaṭana (घटन):—[from ghaṭ] nf. procuring, finding, [Kathāsaritsāgara cxviii, 197]
10) [v.s. ...] making, effecting, forming, fashioning, bringing about, [Dhūrtasamāgama i, 7; Kathāsaritsāgara cxxiii, 140; Hemacandra’s Yoga-śāstra iii, 102.]
11) [v.s. ...] m. an actor, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
12) [v.s. ...] a wicked or shameless person, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
13) Ghatana (घतन):—See ghāt.
14) Ghātana (घातन):—[from ghāta] mfn. killing, [Uṇādi-sūtra v, 42] (also ghat)
15) [v.s. ...] m. Name of an inhabitant of a hell, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
16) [v.s. ...] n. slaying, killing, slaughter, immolating, [Mahābhārata ii, 1558; Kathāsaritsāgara xx, 214; Devī-māhātmya]
1) Ghaṭanā (घटना):—[(nā-naṃ)] 1. f. Effort; assembling, joining, occurrence.
2) Ghātana (घातन):—(naṃ) 1. n. Killing; striking; immolating. m. A murderer.
Ghaṭana (घटन):—(von ghaṭ) n. f. (ā)
1) Anstrengung, Kraftäusserung, Bemühung, n. [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 88.] [Medinīkoṣa ṭ. 11.] aṅgaghaṭanā Körperbewegung [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 50, 1.] yatparārthaghaṭanāyatnairvinā sthīyate [Śihlana’s Śāntiśataka 2, 20.] [Pañcatantra I, 175.] —
2) das Zustandekommen: svairaṃ daviṣṭhānyaho yanmāhātmyavaśena yānti ghaṭanāṃ kāryāṇi niryantraṇam [Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 365.] —
3) Verbindung, Vereinigung: taptena taptamayasā ghaṭanāya yogyam [Vikramorvaśī 34, v. l.] priyajanaghaṭanā [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 51, 2.] nāsyāścānyamabhīṣṭabhartṛghaṭane paśyannupāyakramam [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 231.] kariṇāṃ ghaṭanā [Amarakoṣa 2, 8, 2, 75.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1223.] [Medinīkoṣa] —
4) das Hervorbringen, Zustandebringen (?) [Dhūrtasamāgama 68, 12.] — Nach [Medinīkoṣa Nalopākhyāna 60] hat ghaṭanā die Bedd. calanāvṛtyoḥ; vgl. ghaṭṭanā .
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Ghātana (घातन):—(von han)
1) adj. subst. tödtend, Mörder [Die Uṇādi-Affixe 5, 42,] [Scholiast] —
2) m. Nomen proprium eines Höllenbewohners [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1362,] [Scholiast] —
3) f. ī eine Art Keule: ghātanībhiśca gurvībhiḥ śataghnībhistathaiva ca [Harivaṃśa 2655. 12537.] rajjujālāvanaddhābhirghātanībhiśca sarvataḥ . vadhyamāno mahākāyo na prābudhyata rākṣasaḥ .. [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 37, 54.] Vgl. ghātinī . —
4) n. das Tödten, Erschlagen, Morden [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] paśuvadghātanaṃ vā me dahanaṃ vā kaṭāgninā . kriyatām [Mahābhārata 2, 1558.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 20, 214.] [Devīmāhātmya 12, 2.] — Vgl. kravyaghātana .
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Ghaṭana (घटन):—
3) [Sāhityadarpana 87, 12. 114, 5] (mit loc.). [Kathāsaritsāgara 122, 33.] —
4) das Schaffen, Bilden: upāyaghaṭanākulacittavṛtti [Kathāsaritsāgara 118, 97.] tadrūpaghaṭanepsu [123, 140.] gṛhakarma das Ausüben, Betreiben [Sāhityadarpana 323, 14.] prastaraghaṭanopakaraṇa (ṭaṅka) das Bearbeiten [Halāyudha 5, 35.] ghaṭanā eine literärische Composition [Sāhityadarpana 610.] —
5) das Heften an, Abschiessen auf: iṣughaṭanā [Sāhityadarpana 114, 5.]
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Ghatana (घतन):—[Uṇādisūtra 5, 42.] adj. = māraka [UJJVAL.] Wohl fehlerhaft für ghātana .
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Ghātana (घातन):—
1) vgl. ghatana . —
4) [Halāyudha 2, 322.] sthāna Schlachthaus [440.]
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Ghaṭana (घटन):—
4) das Verfertigen: śakaṭānām [Hemacandra] [Yogaśāstra 3, 102.]
Ghaṭana (घटन):——
1) n. = ghaṭā [Hemacandra's Anekārthasaṃgraha ] [Medinikośa. ] Verbindung — , Vereinigung mit (Instr. oder im Comp. vorangehend). —
2) f. ā — a) das Treiben , Art und Weise zu handeln [Indische sprüche 164.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 122,33.] — b) das Sichbemühen um , Sichzuschaffenmachen mit , Betreiben ; die Ergänzung im Loc. oder im Comp. vorangehend [Indische sprüche 6410.] [Sāhityadarpaṇa 114,5.323,14.] iṣu so v.a. das Abschiessen eines Pfeils [114,5.] — c) das Zustandekommen , Gelingen. ghaṭanāṃ yā gelingen. ghaṭanāṃ nī zu Stande bringen [Indische studien von Weber 15,332.] — d) Verbindung — , Vereinigung mit (im Comp. vorangehend) [Sāhityadarpaṇa 87,12.] — e) *(Elephanten) Trupp. — f) ein Werk aus (im Comp. vorangehend) [Vikramāṅkadevacarita 6,33.] — g) eine literärische Composition. —
3) unbestimmt ob n. oder f. — a) das Herbeischaffen , Finden [Kathāsaritsāgara 118,197.] — b) das Bearbeiten. — c) das Bilden , Hervorbringen , Schaffen [Kathāsaritsāgara 123,140.] — d) eine literärische Composition [Sāhityadarpaṇa 68,12.]
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Ghātana (घातन):——
1) *Adj. tödtend , Mörder. —
2) *m. Nomen proprium eines Höllenbewohners. —
3) f. ī eine Art Keule. —
4) n. das Tödten , Erschlagen , Morden.
Ghaṭana (घटन) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Ghaḍaṇa, Ghaḍaṇā, Ghāyāvaṇā.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Ghaṭanā (घटना) [Also spelled ghatna]:—(nf) an incident, event; incidence, occurrence; phenomenon; (v) to happen; to be subtracted; to decrease, to lessen; —[krama] series of events; —[cakra] march of events; —[baḍhanā] to fluctuate, to vary; ~[sthala] the site/scene of an incident/occurrence.
2) Ghaṭānā (घटाना):—(v) to reduce; to subtract; to deduct; to diminish; to lessen/decrease; to apply.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Ghaṭana (ಘಟನ):—
1) [noun] a bringing or joining together.
2) [noun] a bringing about; the act of making (something) happen or becoming.
3) [noun] an effort a) a using of energy to get something done; exertion of strength or mental power; b) a try, esp. a hard try; an attempt; an endeavour.
4) [noun] an accomplishing or being accomplished; completion; accomplishment.
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Ghātana (ಘಾತನ):—
1) [noun] the act of breaking faith with; a cheating; betrayal.
2) [noun] the act of inflicting pain; 3 the act or process of killing (another).
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
1) Ghaṭana (घटन):—n. 1. attempt; endeavor; effort; 2. coincidence; chance; 3. construction; creation;
2) Ghaṭanā (घटना):—n. 1. a sudden incident; happening; occurrence; 2. accident; affray;
3) Ghātana (घातन):—n. killing; assaulting; immolating;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Hana, Ao, Yu, Yu, Ghata.
Starts with (+5): Ghatanacakra, Ghatanacariya, Ghatanahetu, Ghatanakamma, Ghatanakaraka, Ghatanakrama, Ghatanakshatra, Ghatanala, Ghatanalakkhana, Ghatanapabandhanakilesa, Ghatanappavatta, Ghatanapradhana, Ghatanartha, Ghatanasabhe, Ghatanasamattha, Ghatanasila, Ghatanasrota, Ghatanasthala, Ghatanasthana, Ghatanattha.
Full-text (+84): Aghatana, Vighatana, Udghatana, Pratighatana, Parighatana, Nirghatana, Kravyaghatana, Pranighatana, Shulaghatana, Kharaghatana, Ugghatana, Upaghatana, Ghatanasthana, Anughatana, Avahanana, Abhihanana, Padaghatana, Yantrarajaghatana, Patihanana, Kashthaghatana.
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Search found 41 books and stories containing Ghatana, Ghata-yu, Ghaṭa-yu, Ghaṭana, Ghaṭaṇa, Ghāṭaṇa, Ghāṭaṇā, Ghaṭanā, Ghātana, Ghaṭānā, Ghātanā, Hana-yu; (plurals include: Ghatanas, yus, Ghaṭanas, Ghaṭaṇas, Ghāṭaṇas, Ghāṭaṇās, Ghaṭanās, Ghātanas, Ghaṭānās, Ghātanās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 7.36 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 10.203 [Viṣama] < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 4.35 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 112 < [Hindi-English-Nepali (1 volume)]
Page 863 < [Hindi-Kannada-English Volume 1]
Page 595 < [Hindi-Sindhi-English Volume 2]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 4.19.134 < [Chapter 19 - A Thousand Names of Srī Yamunā]
Puranic encyclopaedia (by Vettam Mani)
Kashyapa Shilpa-shastra (study) (by K. Vidyuta)
2 (b). Vāstuśāstra texts < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
The body in early Hatha Yoga (by Ruth Westoby)