Gauda, Gauḍa, Gauḍā: 27 definitions
Introduction:
Gauda means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Gauḍa (गौड).—In the “extraneous representation” (āhāryābhinaya) of dramatic plays, the women of Gauḍa are generally to have hairs curled, and they are to have the Śikhāpāśa and the Veṇī, according to Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 23. Gauḍa is probably the district of Malda and neighbouring regions of North Bengal.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Shaktism
Gauḍa (गौड) is the name of a Śāktapīṭha mentioned in the Kulārṇavatantra. The Kulārṇava-tantra is an important 11th century work for the Kaula school of Śāktism. It refers to eighteen such Śākta-pīṭhas (e.g. Gauḍa) which is defined as a sacred sanctuary of Devī located here on earth. According to legend, there are in total fifty-one such sanctuaries (pīṭha) on earth, created from the corresponding parts of Devī’s body,
Gauḍa (गौड) is home to Jājanagara, the birth-place of Vaṅkāpura—one of the Sixteen Siddhas according to the Kubjikānityāhnikatilaka: a derative text drawing from Tantras and other sources such as the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā.—These sixteen spiritual teachers represent the disciples of the Nine Nāthas who propagated the Western Transmission noted in the Kubjikā Tantras.—Vaṅkāpura is the Caryā name of this Nātha (i.e., the public name the Siddha uses when living as a wandering renouncer). He is associated withe with the birth-place known as Jājanagara in Gauḍa (alternatively, Makuṭa).
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Kavya (poetry)
Gauḍa (गौड) is the name a locality mentioned in Rājaśekhara’s 10th-century Kāvyamīmāṃsā.—In the Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Rājaśekhara describes the Gauḍas are a people inhabiting the whole tract of country lying between Benāras and the Bay of Bengal. To Rājaśekhara, the word Gauḍa is not the name of any particular country, so he describes the costume of Gauḍa ladies and mentions the fondness of the Gauḍa for the Sanskrit language. But N. L. Dey thinks that the whole of Bengal is known as the Gauḍa country with its capital at Gaud, the ruins of which have been discovered near Māldā in Bengal at a distance of about ten miles. The king of Pāla and Sena dynasties made this city of Gouḍa their capital on the several occasions. Further this city was also known as Lakṣmahavati or Lakhnauti after the name of king Lakṣmanasena of the Sena dynasty of Bengal.
Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Gauḍa (गौड) is the name of a ancient country/region from where the Rudrākṣa trees are said to be very sacred, according to the Śivapurāṇa 1.25, while explaining the greatness of Rudrākṣa:—“[...] Rudrākṣas grown in Gauḍa land became great favourites of Śiva. They were grown in Mathurā, Laṅkā, Ayodhyā, Malaya, Sahya mountain, Kāśī and other places. They are competent to break asunder the clustered sins unbearable to the others, as the sacred texts have declared”.
Note: Gauḍa or Gauḍadeśa according to Skandapurāṇa, was the central part of Bengal extending from Vaṅga to the borders of Orissa.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Gauḍa (गौड) refers to “rum”, which is mentioned in verse 3.12 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] Having thereupon bathed according to ritual—with the oil removed by an astringent—,rubbed (one’s body) with musk-charged saffron, (and) fumigated (oneself) with aloe-wood one shall (at last) turn to rich, broths, fat meat, rum [viz., gauḍa], barm, arrack, delicious products made of wheat, (rice-)flour, urd-beans, sugarcane, and milk, [...]”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Gauḍa (गौड) is mentioned as a teacher who counter-argue the Buddhists and Jains, according to chapter 15 of the (fourth part of the) Śāṇḍilyasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising 3600 Sanskrit verses dealing with devotion towards Kṛṣṇa who is identified with the Supreme, as well as ethical behavior and pious practices to be observed by devotees (bhaktas).—Description of the chapter [bhaviṣyadācārya-nirūpaṇa]: A more detailed prediction is made concerning the (tempting) avatāras God will take as Buddha (1-8). [...] Those who appear to counter-argue the Buddhists and Jains number among themselves such names as: [e.g., Gauḍa] [...]. And each of these teachers will have a following: among them Ruru who himself had hundreds of followers. [...]
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Gitashastra (science of music)
1) Gauḍa (गौड) is the name of a Rāga (melodic modes in Indian classical music) which is to be sung after Madhyāhna (specific period of the day), according to the Kohalamatam, one of the works ascribed to Kohala—a celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Yāṣṭika, Śārdūla, Kāśyapa etc.—The section on rāga begins with an excerpt from Mataṅga’s Bṛhaddesi regarding the definition of rāga. [...] The work then gives a list of sūryāṃśa and candramāṃśa-rāgas and also another list of rāgas to be sung at certain praharas. For example, Gauḍa-raga is to be sung after Madhyāhna. This entire portion is found almost in exact form in Saṅgītamakaranda of Nārada. The fruit of singing rāgas in the appropriate time and the demerits accrued by ignoring these are mentioned.
2) Gauḍa (गौड) (see Gauḍarāga) has two varieties according to the Saṅgītanārāyaṇa, Vol. I, p.88: drāviḍagauḍa-rāga and turuṣkagauḍa-rāga.
Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, gītaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Gauḍa (गौड) is the name of a country classified as both Hādi and Kādi (both types of Tantrik division), according to the 13th century Sammoha-tantra (fol. 7).—There are ample evidences to prove that the zone of heterodox Tantras went far beyond the natural limits of India. [...] The zones in the Sammoha-tantra [viz., Gauḍa] are here fixed according to two different Tantrik modes, known as Kādi and Hādi.
India history and geography
1) Gauda (“headman”) is one of the gotras (clans) among the Kurnis (a tribe of South India). Kurni is, according to the Census Report 1901, “a corruption of kuri (sheep) and vanni (wool), the caste having been originally weavers of wool”. The gotras (viz., Gauda) are described as being of the Brāhman, Kshatriya, and Vaisya sub-divisions of the caste, and of Shanmukha’s Sudra caste.
2) Gauda (“headman”) is one of the exogamous septs (divisions) among the Kurubas (a tribe of South India). The Kurubas are sub-divided into clans or gumpus, each having a headman or guru called a gaudu, who gives his name to the clan. And the clans are again sub-divided into gotras or septs (viz., Gauda).
Gauda.—(EI 5; ASLV), Kannaḍa; same as Gāvuṇḍa; a village headman; the chief farmer of a village. See Gavuḍa. (EI 1), a temple priest. (IE 8-5; EI 28), Od8iyā; same as gokuṭa; a cowherd or milkman. Note: gauda is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
Gauḍa (गौड) refers to one of the twelve Kāyastha groups from Māthurā, according to the “Samoṣaṇa Kāitha Māthura-rāsa” (dealing with caste history), and is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi’ library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajasthan between 1914 and 1919.—In between the work deals with the legendary origin of the Kāyasthas as sons of Citragupta, himself born from Brahmā’s body. The Māthura Kāyasthas are one of the twelve Kāyastha groups. (See partial list, e.g., Gauḍa, [...]).
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
gauḍa (गौड).—m S The district of Gaur, the central part of Bengal. 2 A tribe of Brahmans or an individual of it.
gauḍa (गौड).—m The central part of Bengal: a tribe of Brahmans.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Gauḍa (गौड).—1 Name of a country; the स्कन्दपुराण (skandapurāṇa) thus describes its position :-वङ्गदेशं समारभ्य भुवनेशान्तगः शिवे । गौडदेशः समाख्यातः सर्वविद्याविशारदः (vaṅgadeśaṃ samārabhya bhuvaneśāntagaḥ śive | gauḍadeśaḥ samākhyātaḥ sarvavidyāviśāradaḥ) ||
2) A particular subdivision of Brāhmaṇas.
3) see गोण्डः (goṇḍaḥ) above. L. D. B.
-ḍāḥ (pl.) The inhabitants of Gauḍa.
-ḍī 1 Spirit distilled from molasses; गौडी पैष्ठी च माध्वी च विज्ञेया त्रिविधा सुरा (gauḍī paiṣṭhī ca mādhvī ca vijñeyā trividhā surā) Ms. 11.95.
2) One of the Rāgiṇis.
3) (In rhet.) One of the Ritis or Vrittis or styles of poetic composition; S. D. mentions four Ritis, while K. P. only three, गौडी (gauḍī) being another name for पुरुषा वृत्ति (puruṣā vṛtti); ओजःप्रकाशकैस्तैः (ojaḥprakāśakaistaiḥ) (varṇaiḥ) तु परुषा (tu paruṣā) (i. e. gauḍī) M. P.7; ओजःप्रकाशकैर्वर्णैर्बन्ध आडम्बरः पुनः समासबहुला गौडी (ojaḥprakāśakairvarṇairbandha āḍambaraḥ punaḥ samāsabahulā gauḍī) S. D.627. Here is an illustration : उन्मीलन्मधुगन्धलुब्धमधुपव्याधूतचूताङ्कुरः क्रीडत्कोकिलकाकंलीकलकलैरु- द्गीर्णकर्णज्वराः । नीयन्ते पथिकैः कथं कथमपि ध्यानावधानक्षणप्राप्त- प्राणसमासमागमरसोल्लासैरमी वासराः ॥ अलंकारशेखर (unmīlanmadhugandhalubdhamadhupavyādhūtacūtāṅkuraḥ krīḍatkokilakākaṃlīkalakalairu- dgīrṇakarṇajvarāḥ | nīyante pathikaiḥ kathaṃ kathamapi dhyānāvadhānakṣaṇaprāpta- prāṇasamāsamāgamarasollāsairamī vāsarāḥ || alaṃkāraśekhara) 6.
-ḍam Sweetmeats; भोजनानि सुपूर्णानि गौडानि च सहस्रशः (bhojanāni supūrṇāni gauḍāni ca sahasraśaḥ) Rām.1.53.4. -a. Relating to or prepared from molasses; विविधानि च गौडानि खाण्डवानि तथैव च (vividhāni ca gauḍāni khāṇḍavāni tathaiva ca) Rām.7.92.12.
Derivable forms: gauḍaḥ (गौडः).
Gauḍa (गौड).—m.
(-ḍaḥ) The district of Gaur, the central part of Bengal, extending from Banga to Bhubaneshwar in Orrissa: the ruins of its capital, called by the same name, are still in existance. m. plu.
(-ḍāḥ) The inhabitants of Gaur. f. (-ḍī) 1. Rum or spirit distilled from Gur or molasses. 2. One of the Raginis. 3. A style of poetry, the bold and spirited style, E. guḍa to surround, or guḍa raw sugar, and aṇ affix, fem. affix ṅīṣ.
Gauḍa (गौड).—i. e. guḍa + a, I. adj. Distilled from molasses, Mahābhārata 8, 2050. Ii. f. ḍī, Rum, or spirit distilled from molasses, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 11, 94. Iii. n. pl. Sweetmeats, [Rāmāyaṇa] 1, 53, 4. Iv. m. and n. The name of a country, modern Gaur; m. pl. Its inhabitants, [Prabodhacandrodaya, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 22, 13.
Gauḍa (गौड).—[feminine] ī made of sugar or belonging to the Gaudas. [masculine] [neuter] [Name] of a country; [masculine] [plural] [Name] of a people; [feminine] ī rum made of sugar.
1) Gauḍa (गौड) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—a certain grammarian. Quoted by Hemacandra Oxf. 185^b, Gauḍa and Gauḍāḥ quoted by Kṣīrasvāmin on Amarakośa.
2) Gauḍa (गौड):—a poet. One verse in Pmt.
3) Gauḍa (गौड):—[gauḍāḥ, gauḍārvāñcaḥ, navyagauḍāḥ] on [dharma] Quoted in Nirṇayasindhu.
Gauḍa has the following synonyms: Gauḍagrantha.
1) Gauḍa (गौड):—mf(ī)n. ([from] guḍa), prepared from sugar or molasses, [Mahābhārata viii, 2050; Suśruta; Hemādri’s Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi]
2) relating or belonging to the Gauḍas, [Vātsyāyana; Kāvyādarśa i, 35; Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha xv]
3) m. ([scilicet] deśa) or n. ([scilicet] rāṣṭra) ‘sugar country’, Name of a country (district of Gaur, central part of Bengāl, extending from Vaṅga to the borders of Orissa; the ruins of its capital called by the same Name are still extensive), [Rājataraṅgiṇī; Prabodha-candrodaya ii, 7; Hitopadeśa]
4) m. [plural] the inhabitants of that country, [Vātsyāyana; Rājataraṅgiṇī; Śūdra-dharma-tattva]
5) m. sg. a prince of the Gauḍas, [Kathāsaritsāgara cxxii, 3]
6) Name of a lexicographer
7) n. sweetmeats, [Rāmāyaṇa i, 53, 4; vii, 92, 12]
Gauḍa (गौड):—[(ḍaḥ-ḍī)] 1. m. 3. f. The district of Gaur. f. Rum; spirited style.
Gauḍa (गौड):—
1) (von guḍa) a) adj. aus Zucker (Melasse) bereitet u.s.w. [Suśruta 1, 192, 14. 233, 18.] pītvā gauḍaṃ surāsavam [Mahābhārata 8, 2050.] — b) Rum aus Melasse [Suśruta 1, 189, 17.] f. gauḍī [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 10, 15.] [Gṛhyasaṃgrahapariśiṣṭa 2, 27.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 94.] gauḍyāsava [Mahābhārata 8, 2034.] — c) n. Zuckerwerk, pl. [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 53, 4.] — d) m. (sc. deśa) und n. (sc. rāṣṭra) das Zuckerland, Nomen proprium eines Landes; m. pl. die Bewohner dieses Landes [Lassen’s Indische Alterthumskunde I, 140. fg.] [Burnouf 632.] vaṅgadeśaṃ samārabhya bhuvaneśāntagaṃ śive . gauḍadeśaḥ samākhyātaḥ sarvavidyāviśāradaḥ .. iti śaktisaṃgamatantre saptamaḥ paṭalaḥ .. sārasvatāḥ kānyakubjā gauḍamaithilikotkalāḥ . pañcagauḍā iti khyātā vindhyasyottaravāsinaḥ .. iti skandapurāṇam .. [Śabdakalpadruma] gauḍaṃ rāṣṭramanuttamaṃ nirupamā tatrāpi rāḍhā purī [Prabodhacandrodaja 22, 13.] gauḍanīvṛt [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 1, 7.] asti gauḍaviṣaye kauśāmbī nāma nagarī [Hitopadeśa 27, 22.] gauḍamaṇḍala [Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 148.] gauḍarāja [420. 467.] gauḍopajīvinaḥ [324.] gauḍaiḥ [332.] Gauḍa - Brahmanen [Colebrooke II, 179. 187.] —
2) (von gauḍa [1,d]) a) m. Bez. eines Rāga: mālavagauḍarāga [Gītagovinda S. 2]; vgl. weiter unten gauḍī und gaurī . — b) m. Nomen proprium eines Lexicographen [Scholiast] zu [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 294. 400. 676.] — c) f. ī α) Name einer Rāgiṇī, der Gemahlin des Rāga Megha, [SAṂGĪTÁDAM. im Śabdakalpadruma] — β) ein kräftiger, lebensvoller Stil (kāvyarīti): ojaḥprasādamādhuryaṃ guṇatritayabhedataḥ . gauḍavaidarbhapāñcalarītayaḥ (also eig. adj.) parikīrtitāḥ .. [Kāvyacandrikā im Śabdakalpadruma] —
3) m. v.l. für gauṇḍa [Amarakoṣa 3, 6, 2, 18.]
--- OR ---
Gauḍa (गौड):—
1) b) gauḍī [Halāyudha 2, 169.] — c) [Rāmāyaṇa 7, 92, 12.] — d) gauḍāḥ [Oxforder Handschriften 217,b,14. 278,a,21.] —
2) c) β) 3 Rīti: vaidarbhī, gauḍī und pāñcālī [PRATĀPAR. 11,a,9.] [Oxforder Handschriften 207,a,2.] ausserdem lāṭikā [Sāhityadarpana 625. 627.] [?auch 2 und 6 Scholiast zu kāvyādarśa 1, 40. Z. 2] lies pāñcāla . — d) adj. (f. ī) zu Gauḍa in Beziehung stehend: bhāṣā [kāvyādarśa 1, 35.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 178, 12.] gauḍyaḥ striyaḥ [Oxforder Handschriften 217,b,14.] — e) m. ein Fürst der Gauḍa [Kathāsaritsāgara 122, 3.]
--- OR ---
Gauḍa (गौड):—
1) d) sg. [Spr. (II) 7562.]
Gauḍa (गौड):——
1) Adj. (f. ī) — a) aus Zucker gemacht [Suśruta (rotrh) 1,189,17.] [Hemādri’s Caturvargacintāmaṇi 1,391,14.] — b) zu den Gauḍa in Beziehung stehend. rīti f. eine best. Stilart. —
2) Nomen proprium m. n. Sg. eines Landes , m. Pl eines Volkes. —
3) m. — a) ein Fürst der Gauḍa. — b) Nomen proprium eines Lexicographen. —
4) f. ī — a) Rum aus Zucker. — b) eine best. Rāgiṇī. —
5) n. Zuckerwerk.
Gauḍa (गौड) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Koṃḍa, Gauḍa, Goḍa.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Prakrit-English dictionary
Gauḍa (गौड) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Gauḍa.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Gauḍa (ಗೌಡ):—
1) [noun] the chief of a village.
2) [noun] a caste the main occupation of the members of which is agriculture and farming.
3) [noun] a member of that caste.
--- OR ---
Gauḍa (ಗೌಡ):—
1) [noun] name of a region including the present Bengal and northern part of Orissa in Eastern India.
2) [noun] (rhet.) a literary style that is fraught with long and intertwined words, showy and artificially rhetoric sentences.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
1) Gauḍa (गौड):—n. deep thought; reflection;
2) Gauḍā (गौडा):—n. a place where fort is made;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+11): Gauda brahmananda sarasvati, Gauda kumbhakara, Gauda purnananda, Gauda purnananda kavicakravartin, Gauda-khadika, Gauda-mahasandhivigrahika, Gaudabangala, Gaudabangali, Gaudabhattacarya, Gaudabhinanda, Gaudabhinandana, Gaudabhrityapura, Gaudabrahmanajati, Gaudabrahmananda, Gaudadesha, Gaudadeshiya, Gaudagrantha, Gaudaka, Gaudakamriga, Gaudamalava.
Full-text (+178): Gaudapada, Gaudadesha, Gaudagrantha, Pracinagauda, Gaudanibandha, Gaudapura, Gaudamalava, Malavagauda, Gaudatithitattva, Gaudabangala, Gaudabangali, Gaudadeshiya, Gaudasarangi, Karnatagauda, Nadagauda, Pancagauda, Gaudiya, Shakti gauda, Gaudamarga, Gaudariti.
Relevant text
Search found 142 books and stories containing Gauda, Gauḍa, Gauḍā, Gaudas; (plurals include: Gaudas, Gauḍas, Gauḍās, Gaudases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Satirical works of Kshemendra (study) (by Arpana Devi)
5.19. The Student (chātra) < [Chapter 5 - Kṣemendra’s objectives of Satire]
2. Summary of the Deśopadeśa < [Chapter 3 - Satirical Works of Kṣemendra]
Yasastilaka and Indian culture (Study) (by Krishna Kanta Jandiqui)
Appendix 1 - Somadeva and the Pratihara court of Kanauj
9. Conclusion of chapter 9 < [Chapter 9 - Schools of Thought]
Alankara Sastra (English study) (by V. Raghavan)
Political history of Kashmir (from A.D. 600–1200) (by Krishna Swaroop Saxena)
Part 4 - The history of Jayapida Vinayaditya < [Chapter 5 - Nightfall of the Karkotas]
Part 10 - His Manifold Qualities and Code of Ethics < [Chapter 4 - The zenith of Karkota rule]
Part 4 - Foreign Relations of ancient Kashmir < [Chapter 15 - Administration]
Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (study) (by A. Yamuna Devi)
Economics (5): Means of Transportation < [Chapter 3 - Social Aspects]
Flora (14): Vegetables < [Chapter 5 - Aspects of Nature]
Fauna (9): Other Fauna < [Chapter 5 - Aspects of Nature]
Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal (by Shubha Majumder)
Geographical as well as Geo-political unit of Zone III < [Chapter 2 - Geographical Setting of the Study Area]
Jainism in ancient Bengal during the early medieval period < [Chapter 3 - Historical Background of Jainism in Ancient Bengal]