Cina, Ci-na, Cīna, Cīnā, Ciṉa, Ciṉā, Cīṉā, Cinā, Cina-na: 32 definitions
Introduction:
Cina means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include China.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Dietetics and Culinary Art (such as household cooking)
Cīna (चीन) is the name of a region mentioned in a list of regions in the 17th century Bhojanakutūhala (dravyaguṇāguṇa-kathana), and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—According to the author people living in different regions [viz., Cīna] have their own nourishing foodstuffs [viz., mārdvīka (grapes)]. Such foodstuffs are more beneficial for them.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Cīna (चीन) is a Sanskrit word for a variety of rice (ṣaṣṭika) which is said to have a superior quality, according to Caraka in his Carakasaṃhitā sūtrasthāna (chapter 27), a classical Ayurvedic work. The literal translation of the word is “thread” or “banner”. The plant Cīna is part of the Śūkadhānyavarga group of medicinal plants, referring to the “group of awned grains”. Caraka defined such groups (vargas) based on the dietic value of the plant. Cīna is said to be cold, unctuous, non-heavy, promoting the stability of and alleviates the three doṣas.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Cīna (चीन).—(c) a northern kingdom;1 unfit for śrāddha;2 people of.3
- 1) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 16. 7; 18. 46; 31. 83.
- 2) Matsya-purāṇa 16. 16.
- 3) Vāyu-purāṇa 47. 42; 58. 83.
Cīnā (चीना) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. II.47.19, II.47.22, III.48.21, III.174.12, V.19.15, V.72.14, VI.10.65) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Cīnā) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Kavya (poetry)
Cīna refers to an ancient district or cultural territory, as mentioned in the 7th-century Mudrārākṣasa written by Viśākhadeva. Cīna probably corresponds to the Chinese.
Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Cīna (चीन) refers to a country identified with China, belonging to “Aiśānī (north-eastern division)” classified under the constellations of Revatī, Aśvinī and Bharaṇī, according to the system of Kūrmavibhāga, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 14), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “The countries of the Earth beginning from the centre of Bhāratavarṣa and going round the east, south-east, south, etc., are divided into 9 divisions corresponding to the 27 lunar asterisms at the rate of 3 for each division and beginning from Kṛttikā. The constellations of Revatī, Aśvinī and Bharaṇī represent the north-eastern consisting of [i.e., Cīna] [...]”.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Cīna (चीन) or Cīnatantra refers to one of the Tantras mentioned in the Mahāmokṣa-Tantra, a Sanskrit manuscript collected in volume 12 of the catalogue “Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (second series)” by Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri.—The Mahāmokṣatantra manuscript, consisting of 3,024 ślokas (metrical verses), is deposit: Dhaka, Vikramapura Majhapada, Babu Rasavihari Raya. It deals with the salvation, cosmogony (i.e., the order of cosmic regions) and contains a bibliography of Tantric literature.—The catalogue includes the term—Cīna in its ‘subject-matter list’ or Viṣaya (which lists topics, chapters and technical terms).
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Cīna (चीन) is the name of a country classified as Kādi (a type of Tantrik division), according to the 13th century Sammoha-tantra (fol. 7).—There are ample evidences to prove that the zone of heterodox Tantras went far beyond the natural limits of India. [...] The zones in the Sammoha-tantra [viz., Cīna] are here fixed according to two different Tantrik modes, known as Kādi and Hādi.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
The Pali name of China. It is several times mentioned in the Milindapanha (121, 327), once as a place where ships congregate (359). Nagasena speaks (121) of a contemporary Cinaraja who could charm the ocean by an Act of Truth and could enter the ocean to a distance of one league in his chariot drawn by lions, the waves rolling back at his approach.
The Apadana (ii.359) speaks of the Cinarattha in a list of countries and tribes.
The Commentaries (E.g., VibbA.159) speak of the softness of Chinese silk (Cinapata).
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Cīna (चीन) or Cīnasthāna (in Chinese: Tchen-tan) (identified with China) refers to one of the fifty-five kingdoms enumerated in chapter 17 of the Candragarbha: the 55th section of the Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, a large compilation of Sūtras (texts) in Mahāyāna Buddhism partly available in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese.q
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Cīna (चीन) refers to a sub-division of the Mlecchas: one of the two-fold division of men born in Mānuṣottara and in the Antaradvīpas, situated in the “middle world” (madhyaloka), according to chapter 2.3 [ajitanātha-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.
Accordingly:—“In these 35 zones on this side of Mānuṣottara and in the Antaradvīpas, men arise by birth; on the mountains, Meru, etc., by kidnapping and power of learning, in the 2½ continents and in 2 oceans. [...]. From the division into Āryas and Mlecchas they are two-fold. [...] The Mlecchas—[e.g., the Cīnas, ...] and other non-Āryas also are people who do not know even the word ‘dharma’”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Cīna (चीन) or Cīnatantra is the name of a Tantra categorized as “Aśvakrānta”, and is mentioned in a (further unknown) book in the possession of Kamlesh Punyark [=Śrī Kamaleśa Puṇyārka or श्री कमलेश पुण्यार्क].—This book contains a detailed discussion of the basics of Tantra and opens with a list of three times sixty-four Tantras. One such text is the चीन-तन्त्रम् [cīna-tantram] or चीन [cīna].
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
1) Cina in India is the name of a plant defined with Acalypha hispida in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Ricinocarpus hispidus (Burm. f.) Kuntze (among others).
2) Cina is also identified with Aristolochia bracteata.
3) Cina is also identified with Artemisia maritima It has the synonym Seriphidium maritimum (L.) Poljakov (etc.).
4) Cina is also identified with Cissampelos pareira It has the synonym Chondodendron tomentocarpum (Rusby) Moldenke (etc.).
5) Cina is also identified with Oryza sativa It has the synonym Oryza sativa var. suberythroceros Kanevsk (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Hortus Bengalensis, or ‘a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta’ (1814)
· Taxon (1980)
· Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (1987)
· Blumea, Supplement (1946)
· J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. (1994)
· Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (1821)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Cina, for example extract dosage, chemical composition, pregnancy safety, diet and recipes, health benefits, side effects, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
cīṇa (चीण).—f ( P) The ruffle or plaits of a garment. 2 A crack or an opening (as in a wall or floor). 3 C (ciṇaṇēṃ) A well-beaten terrace or floor.
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cīna (चीन).—m n The root of cinī (a variety of yam). 2 m f ( P) The ruffle or plaits of a garment. 3 f (Better cīṇa) A crack or fissure. 4 n or cīna- rēśīma n An inferior kind of silk.
cīṇa (चीण).—f The ruffle of a garment. A crack. A well-beaten floor.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Cīna (चीन).—[ci-nak pṛṣo ° dīrghaḥ]
1) Name of a country, the modern China.
2) A kind of deer.
3) A sort of cloth.
4) A thread.
-nāḥ m. (pl.) The rulers or people of China.
-nam 1 A banner.
2) A kind of bandage for the corners of the eyes.
3) Lead.
Derivable forms: cīnaḥ (चीनः).
Cīna (चीन).—m.
(-naḥ) 1. A kind of deer. 2. A sort of panic, (Panicum miliaceum.) 3. A country, China. 4. A sort of cloth 5. A thread. n.
(-naṃ) 1. A banner, (perhaps made of deer skin.) 2. Lead. E. ci to collect, nak affix, and the deriv. irr. pṛṣo dīrghaḥ .
Cīna (चीन).—m. 1. pl. The name of a people, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 44. 2. A sort of cloth, [Suśruta] 1, 65, 14.
Cīna (चीन).—[masculine] [plural] the Chinese.
1) Cīṇa (चीण):—for cīna etc. q.v.
2) Cīna (चीन):—m. [plural] the Chinese, [Manu-smṛti x, 44; Mahābhārata ii f., vf.; Rāmāyaṇa iv, 44, 14; Lalita-vistara; Jaina literature; Caraka; Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā] (also cīṇa)
3) m. sg. a kind of deer, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) Panicum miliaceum (also cinna, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.])
5) a thread, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) n. a banner, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) a bandage for the corners of the eyes, [Suśruta i, 18, 11]
8) lead, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
Cīna (चीन):—(naḥ) 1. m. A kind of deer; of panic; of cloth; thread; China. n. A banner; tin.
Cīṇa (चीण):—m. pl. v.l. für cīna (Nomen proprium eines Landes) [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 10, 11. 14, 30. 16, 1.] [Śatruṃjayamāhātmya 14, 192.]
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Cīna (चीन):—
1) m. a) pl. Nomen proprium eines Volkes, die Chinesen [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 264.] [Medinīkoṣa Nalopākhyāna 4.] [Lassen’s Indische Alterthumskunde I, 857.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 10, 44] (zu Śūdra herabgesunkene Kṣatriya). [Mahābhārata 2, 1002. 3, 1991. 12350. 5, 584. 2730.] vājināṃ ca sahasrāṇi cīnadeśodbhavāni ca [3049. 6, 373.] cīnānaparacīnāṃśca [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 44, 14.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 5, 77. 78. 80. 10, 7. 11. 11, 62. 14, 30. 16, 1. 38.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 194.] [Rgva tch’er rol pa 122.] — b) eine Art Antilope [Amarakoṣa 2, 5, 9.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1294.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] — c) eine best. Körnerfrucht, Panicum miliaceum [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 238.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] — d) eine Art Zeug [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Suśruta 1, 65, 14] (hier viell. cīnapaṭṭa als ein Wort aufzufassen). [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 88, 3.] — e) Faden (tantu) [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] —
2) n. a) Banner, Fahne (vgl. u. cīnāṃśuka) [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 8, 58.] — b) eine best. Art von Verband für die Augenwinkel [Suśruta 1, 65, 18. 66, 2.] — c) Blei [Ratnamālā 296.]
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Cīna (चीन):—
1) a) die CĪna und Prācya gebrauchen zu viel kṣāra [CARAKA 3, 1.]
Cīṇa (चीण):—m. Pl. = cīna die Chinesen.
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Cīna (चीन):——
1) m. — a) Pl. die Chinesen. — b) *eine Art Antilope. — c) Panicum miliaceum [Materia medica of the Hindus 295.] — d) eine Art Zeug. — ee) *Faden. —
2) n. — a) *Banner , Fahne. — b) eine Art von Verband für die Augenwinkel. — c) *Blei.
Cīna (चीन) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Cīṇa.
Cīna (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 指那 [zhǐ nà]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
2) 振丹 [zhèn dān]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
3) 振旦 [zhèn dàn]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
4) 支那 [zhī nà]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna”; “Cīna-sthāna”; “Mahā-cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
5) 斯那 [sī nà]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
6) 旃丹 [zhān dān]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
7) 眞丹 [zhēn dān]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna”; “Cīna-sthāna” [Sanskrit place name].
8) 眞旦 [zhēn dàn]: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
9) 眞那 [zhēn nà]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
10) 脂難 [zhī nán]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
11) 至那 [zhì nà]: “China” [Chinese place name]; Alternatively: “Cīna” [Sanskrit place name].
12) 震旦 [zhèn dàn]: “Cina”; “Cīna”; “Cīnaṣṭhāna” [Sanskrit place name].
2) Cina (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 震旦 [zhèn dàn]: “Cina”; “Cīna”; “Cīnaṣṭhāna” [Sanskrit place name].
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Cīnā (चीना):—(nm) millet; a Chinese; (a) belonging to China.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Cīṇa (चीण) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Cīna.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Cina (ಚಿನ):—[adjective] = ಚಿನ್ನ [cinna]2.
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Cina (ಚಿನ):—[noun] = ಚಿನ್ನ [cinna]3.
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Cīṇa (ಚೀಣ):—[noun] = ಚೀನ [cina]1.
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Cīna (ಚೀನ):—
1) [noun] the name of a country to the north of India; China.
2) [noun] a kind of silk cloth, formerly produced in China.
3) [noun] a kind of deer.
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Cīna (ಚೀನ):—[noun] a kind of percussion instrument used to make a loud sound in battlefield.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Ciṉa (சின) [ciṉattal] 12 verb [K. kinisu, M. cinikka.] transitive & intransitive To be enraged, to be very angry; கோபித்தல். [kopithal.] — intransitive To become red with inflammation, as tumour; புண் முதலியன வீங்கிச் சிவத்தல். [pun muthaliyana vingis sivathal.] Local usage
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Ciṉā (சினா) noun cf. prācīnā. (வைத்திய மலையகராதி [vaithiya malaiyagarathi])
1. Indian pareira. See வட்டத்திருப்பி. [vattathiruppi.] (W.)
2. Worm-killer. See பங்கம்பாளை. [pangambalai.]
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Cīṉā (சீனா) noun < idem. China. See சீனம் [sinam], 1.
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
1) Cina (चिन):—n. China;
2) Cinā (चिना):—n. 1. Bot. fennel; 2. fennel seed; 3. horoscope;
3) Cīna (चीन):—n. 1. China; 2. silken cloth made in China; 3. a flag; banner;
4) Cīnā (चीना):—n. 1. fennel; 2. fennel-seed;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
Pali-English dictionary
1) cīna (စီန) [(ti) (တိ)]—
[cīna+ṇa]
[စီန+ဏ]
2) cīna (စီန) [(pu) (ပု)]—
[ci+na．ci-caye dīghattaṃ,cayanti ettha ratanānīti cīno,janapado．ṇvādi．1va7.]
[စိ+န။ စိ-စယေ ဒီဃတ္တံ၊ စယန္တိ ဧတ္ထ ရတနာနီတိ စီနော၊ ဇနပဒေါ။ ဏွာဒိ။ ၁ဝ၇။]
[Pali to Burmese]
1) cīna—
(Burmese text): (၁) ရတနာတို့ပေါင်းစုရာအရပ်၊ စိန်တိုင်း၊ တရုပ်ပြည်။ (၂) ပဲနောက်၊ တောပ်နောက်။ (၃) ပဲမင်းငယ်၊ ပဲရာဇာ။ စီနက-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) The place where gemstones are gathered, every jewel, the land of treasures. (2) Behind the beans, behind the forest. (3) Young bean king, bean lord. Look at the scene.
2) cīna—
(Burmese text): (၁) စိန့်တိုင်း၌ဖြစ်သော။ (၂) စိန့်တိုင်း၌ဖြစ်သော-အဝတ်-အထည်-တို့ဖြင့် ပြုအပ်သော (ခြုံထည်)။ (၃) စိန့်တိုင်း၌-နေထိုင်-ပေါက်ဖွား-သော၊ သူ။ (စိန့်တိုင်းသား)။ သကယဝနစီနဝိလာတ-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) It occurs in the state. (2) It is made from clothing and fabric occurring in the state (woven fabric). (3) He who lives and is born in the state (state citizen). Look at the characteristics of the state citizen.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Ci, Cina, Ce, Na.
Starts with (+26): Cina cina, Cina-erivantu, Cina-kkanakam, Cina-kkanakkam, Cina-pagoda, Cinabilimara, Cinaccarappali, Cinaccatti, Cinaccurul, Cinaccutan, Cinacela, Cinadaru, Cinadesa, Cinaja, Cinaka, Cinakarkati, Cinakarkatika, Cinakarppura, Cinakarpura, Cinakkakitam.
Full-text (+15360): Cinamshuka, Nikaya, Cinaka, Mahacina, Cinapatta, Cinaja, Cinapishta, Cinakarpura, Cinavanga, Aparacina, Cinapittha, Cinakarkati, Cinapati, Cinakarkatika, Zhen dan, Zhi na, Avashina, Cinappiretam, Cinattoppi, Cinakkakitam.
Relevant text
Search found 304 books and stories containing Cina, China, Ci-na, Cīna, Cīṇa, Cīnā, Ciṉa, Ciṉā, Cīṉā, Cinā, Cina-na, Cīna-ṇa, Cinas, Seenaa, Sina, Sinaa; (plurals include: Cinas, Chinas, nas, Cīnas, Cīṇas, Cīnās, Ciṉas, Ciṉās, Cīṉās, Cinās, ṇas, Cinases, Seenaas, Sinas, Sinaas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 92 < [Tamil-Hindi-English, Volume 2]
Page 229 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 2]
Page 340 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 2]
Vasudevahindi (cultural history) (by A. P. Jamkhedkar)
Appendix 6 - Lands and Provinces mentioned in the Vasudevahindi
Appendix 7 - Mountains and Hills mentioned in the Vasudevahindi
7. Trade and Trade-centres (in ancient India) < [Chapter 4 - Economic Conditions]
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Role of leech therapy in treating thrombosed piles: case study. < [2016: Volume 5, December issue 12]
Efficacy of habb-e-bawaseer khooni in the management of haemorrhoid < [2014: Volume 3, December issue 10]
Study on self-medication among nursing staff at Ibn Sina Hospital, Yemen < [2018: Volume 7, January special issue 2]
Society as depicted in the Chaturbhani (study) (by Mridusmita Bharadwaj)
Part 2.3 - Dynasties of ancient India < [Chapter 4 - Critical assessment of the Society as depicted in the Caturbhāṇī]
Part 4.9 - Dress and Costumes in ancient India < [Chapter 4 - Critical assessment of the Society as depicted in the Caturbhāṇī]
List of Mahabharata tribes (by Laxman Burdak)
The Shorter Kurma-Vibhaga Text of the Puranas < [Purana, Volume 9, Part 1 (1967)]
The Geographical Text of the Puranas: A Further Critical Study < [Purana, Volume 4, Part 1 (1962)]
The Problem of Ganesa in the Puranas < [Purana, Volume 4, Part 1 (1962)]