Asara, Asāra, Āśara, Āśāra, Ashara: 29 definitions
Introduction:
Asara means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Christianity, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms Āśara and Āśāra can be transliterated into English as Asara or Ashara, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Asar.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Source: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of termsAsāra (असार):—Undernourished
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Source: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)Āsāra (आसार) refers to “sprays (of water)” (used for cooling buildings), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the treatment of hawks]: “Hawks should be kept tied in a quiet place on the top of a lofty building, beautifully whitewashed and cooled with sprays of water (pānīya-āsāra) by means of machines; fans should be moved gently and at intervals, by men placed at a distance ; and the place should be kept free from flies by means of netted windows”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationĀsāra (आसार) refer to “streams (of blood)”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.5.20 (“The fight between the Gaṇas and the Asuras”).—Accordingly, as Jalandhara laid siege to Kailāsa: “[...] All the three powerful Daityas obstructed the army of the Gaṇas showering arrows like the destructive clouds in the rainy season. The volleys of arrows discharged by the Daityas enveloped all the quarters and the atmosphere like huge swarms of locusts. They shook the hosts of Gaṇas. Split by hundreds of arrows, the Gaṇas shed streams of blood (rudhira-āsāra-varṣin). They resembled the red Kiṃśuka flowers of the spring season. They did not know what to do. On seeing their army thus shattered, the infuriated leaders Nandin, Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya hurriedly checked the rushing Daityas”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
Source: Wikisource: Ashtavakra GitaAsāra (असार) refers to “insubstantial” (and is used to describe the illusory world), according to the Aṣṭāvakragītā (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Vedānta topics.—Accordingly, [as Aṣṭavakra says to Janaka]: “[...] All this is impermanent and spoilt by the three sorts of pain. Recognising it to be insubstantial (asāra), comtemptible and only fit for rejection, one attains peace [asāraṃ ninditaṃ heyamiti niścitya śāmyati]. When was that age or time of life when the dualism of extremes did not exist for men? Abandoning them, a person who is happy to take whatever comes attains perfection. [...]”.
Vedanta (वेदान्त, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the GaganagañjaparipṛcchāAsāra (असार) refers to “that which is devoid [of any root?]”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, as the Lord said: “[...] The essential nature is like space, the superficial mental effort is like wind, the actions and vices are like water, and the parts of personality, spheres and fields of perception are like earth. Therefore, it is said that all dharmas are devoid of any root (asāra-mūla), the root which is established in nothing, the root of purity, and the root of no root. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: academia.edu: Tessitori Collection IAṣara is possibly identified with Akhara: the author of the Lāvaṇī (dealing with the Didactic or Moral section of Jain Canonical literature), which is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi’ library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajasthan between 1914 and 1919.—The Lāvaṇī contains general teaching about impermanence and invitation to awakeness. The material collected in the Koba database shows that these verses can be signed by Akhamal (var. Akhemal), by Akhapata, or be unsigned. The reading of the Udine manuscript is clear. So Aṣara is either another variant of these names or another person.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Biology (plants and animals)
Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and DrugsAsara [असरा] in the Nepali language is the name of a plant identified with Viburnum nervosum D.Don from the Viburnaceae (Viburnum) family having the following synonyms: Solenotinus nervosus, Viburnum nervosum var. hypsophilum. For the possible medicinal usage of asara, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)1) Asara in India is the name of a plant defined with Aquilaria agallocha in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Aloexylum agallochum Lour. (among others).
2) Asara is also identified with Clerodendrum japonicum.
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Phytologia (1935)
· Phytologia (1986)
· Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (1844)
· Numer. List (1799)
· Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen (1830)
· Hortus Britannicus ed. 1 (1826)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Asara, for example side effects, pregnancy safety, diet and recipes, health benefits, extract dosage, chemical composition, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionaryasāra : (adj.) worthless; sapless; vain.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionaryAsāra, (n. adj.) (a + sāra) that which is not substance, worthlessness; adj. worthless, vain, idle Sn. 937 (= asāra nissāra sārâpagata Nd1 409); Dh. 11, 12 (cp. DhA. I, 114 for interpretation). (Page 88)
[Pali to Burmese]
Source: Sutta: Tipiṭaka Pāḷi-Myanmar Dictionary (တိပိဋက-ပါဠိမြန်မာ အဘိဓာန်)1) asāra—
(Burmese text): (၁) အနှစ်သာရမရှိသော၊ အနှစ်မဲ့သော။ (၂) အနှစ်-မဟုတ်သော၊ အကာဖြစ်သော။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Without substance, non-substantive. (2) Non-essential, irrelevant.
2) āsāra—
(Burmese text): မိုးရေအယဉ်။
(Auto-Translation): Rain is beautiful.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryaśara (अशर).—a ( A) Ten. aśarīna a ( A) Twenty. Used of the Arabic year.
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asāra (असार).—a (S) Wanting sap or pith; unsubstantial, unsolid, unreal.
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asāra (असार).—m A roll of silk as wound off the wheel. 2 Amongst masons. The breadth of a wall: also the interval betwixt the opposing parts of a door or window-frame: also the area of the frame. 3 ( A Effect.) Communicated quality; smack, savor, tincture, tang. Ex. dudhāmadhyēṃ pāṇyācā a0 āhē; aṅgāmadhyēṃ tāpācā a0 āhē; pāṇyācā a0 lāgūna gāṇṭhōḍēṃ bhijalēṃ.
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asārā (असारा).—m The lines stretched on the loom (esp. before pājaṇa or the pasting).
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asārā (असारा).—m asārī f A wheel for winding silk (or cotton).
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āsara (आसर).—m R An interval in the rainy season of fine weather; a break.
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āsarā (आसरा).—m (āśraya S through ) An asylum or a refuge. 2 Shelter, defence, cover. 3 Support, lit. fig. sanction, authority, warrant. 4 pl as āsarē Water-demons.
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āsāra (आसार).—m A roll of silk as wound off the wheel. 2 Space betwixt the opposing parts of a door or window-frame.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishasāra (असार).—a Wanting sap, unsubstantial. m Communicated quality, savor.
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asārā (असारा).—m rī f A wheel for winding silk.
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āsarā (आसरा).—m A refuge; shelter; support. Sanction.
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āsāra (आसार).—m A roll of silk as wound off the wheel. Space betwixt the opposing parts of a door or window frames.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryAsāra (असार).—a. [na. ba.]
1) Sapless, insipid.
2) (a) Without essence, useless; असारः खलु संसारः (asāraḥ khalu saṃsāraḥ) Udb.; (b) worthless, unsubstantial, without strength, stuff or value, deprived of its essence; असारं संसारं परि- मुषितरत्नं त्रिभुवनम् (asāraṃ saṃsāraṃ pari- muṣitaratnaṃ tribhuvanam) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 5.3; Uttararāmacarita 1; असारे खलु संसारे सारमेतच्चतुष्टयम् (asāre khalu saṃsāre sārametaccatuṣṭayam) Dharm.12,13; तत्संसारमसारमेव निखिलं वुद्ध्वा वुधा बोधकाः (tatsaṃsāramasārameva nikhilaṃ vuddhvā vudhā bodhakāḥ) Bhartṛhari 3.146.
3) Vain, unprofitable; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.28.
4) Weak, feeble, infirm, fragile; श्रुति- पथमसारम् (śruti- pathamasāram) Mu.6.14; बहूनामप्यसाराणां संहतिः कार्यसाधिका (bahūnāmapyasārāṇāṃ saṃhatiḥ kāryasādhikā) (samavāyo hi durjayaḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.331; Śiśupālavadha 2.5.
5) Poor; Daśakumāracarita 4.
6) With no enthusiasm, not ready; सुयुद्धकामुकं सारमसारं विपरीतकम् (suyuddhakāmukaṃ sāramasāraṃ viparītakam) | Śukra.4.872.
-raḥ, -ram 1 Unessential or unimportant portion; कुर्यादसारभङ्गो हि सारभङ्गमपि स्फुटम् (kuryādasārabhaṅgo hi sārabhaṅgamapi sphuṭam) H.3.82.
2) Name of a tree (eraṇḍa).
3) Aloe wood. (Mar. agaru).
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Āśara (आशर).—(ā-śṝ-ac]
1) Fire.
2) A demon, goblin (rakṣas); स शरदाऽऽशरदावदवानलः (sa śaradā''śaradāvadavānalaḥ) Rām. ch.4.67.
3) Wind; आशरस्तु पुमान् वैश्वानरे च रजनीचरे (āśarastu pumān vaiśvānare ca rajanīcare) Medinī.
Derivable forms: āśaraḥ (आशरः).
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Āśāra (आशार).—Shelter; °एषिन् (eṣin) seeking shelter; आशारैषी कृशगुरेत्वस्तम् (āśāraiṣī kṛśaguretvastam) Av.4.15.6.
Derivable forms: āśāraḥ (आशारः).
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Āsāra (आसार).—[ā-sṛ-ghañ]
1) A hard or sharp-driving shower (of anything); आसारसिक्तक्षितिबाष्पयोगात् (āsārasiktakṣitibāṣpayogāt) R.13.29; Meghadūta 17; पुष्पासारैः (puṣpāsāraiḥ) 43; so तुहिन°, रुधिर° (tuhina°, rudhira°) &c.; बाष्पासारा (bāṣpāsārā) M.3.2 flooded or suffused with tears; धारासारैर्वृष्टिर्बभूव (dhārāsārairvṛṣṭirbabhūva) H.3 it rained in torrents.
2) Surrounding an enemy.
3) Attack, incursion.
4) The army of an ally or king (whose dominions are separated by other intervening states); पार्ष्णिग्राहासरौ अन्तःकोपं आटविकं वा समुत्थापयितुकामः (pārṣṇigrāhāsarau antaḥkopaṃ āṭavikaṃ vā samutthāpayitukāmaḥ) Kau. A.1.16.
5) Provision, food; अज्ञानविविधासारतोय- शस्यो व्रजेत्तु यः (ajñānavividhāsāratoya- śasyo vrajettu yaḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 3.41,51.
Derivable forms: āsāraḥ (आसारः).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryAsāra (असार).—mfn.
(-raḥ-rā-raṃ) 1. Sapless, pithless. 2. Vein, unprofitable. 3. Weak, feeble. n.
(-raṃ) The castor oil tree. E. a priv. and sāra juice, sap, &c.
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Āśara (आशर).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Fire. 2. An imp, a goblin. E. āṅ before śṛ to injure, ap affix; also āśira.
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Āsāra (आसार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. A hard shower. 2. Surrounding an enemy. 3. The army of an ally, or of a king whose dominions are separated by other intervening states. E. āṅ before sṛ to go, ghañ aff.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryĀsāra (आसार).—i. e. ā-sṛ + a, m. 1. A hard shower, [Pañcatantra] 94, 3. 2. A king whose dominions are separated by other intervening states, Kāmand. Nītis. 8, 17.
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Asāra (असार).—adj. 1. sapless, [Hitopadeśa] iv. [distich] 87. 2. insipid, [Daśakumāracarita] in
Asāra is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms a and sāra (सार).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryAsāra (असार).—[adjective] worthless, vain.
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Āsāra (आसार).—[masculine] shower of rain.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Asāra (असार):—[=a-sāra] mfn. sapless, without strength or value, without vigour, spoiled, unfit, unprofitable, [Manu-smṛti viii, 203; Suśruta] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] (also) faithless, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) [v.s. ...] m. ‘worthlessness’ See sārāsāra
4) [v.s. ...] Ricinus Communis (castor-oil tree), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) Asārā (असारा):—[=a-sārā] [from a-sāra] f. the plant Musa Paradisiaca, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) Asāra (असार):—[=a-sāra] n. Aloe wood, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) Āśara (आशर):—[=ā-śara] m. (√śṝ), fire, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) [v.s. ...] a Rākṣasa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
9) Āśāra (आशार):—[=ā-śāra] m. (√śri), shelter, refuge.
10) Āsāra (आसार):—[=ā-sāra] a etc. See ā-√śri.
11) [=ā-sāra] [from ā-sṛ] b m. surrounding an enemy
12) [v.s. ...] incursion, attack, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
13) [v.s. ...] a hard shower, [Mahābhārata; Meghadūta; Raghuvaṃśa; Mālavikāgnimitra; Kathāsaritsāgara] etc.
14) [v.s. ...] a king whose dominions are separated by other states and who is an ally in war, [Kāmandakīya-nītisāra]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Asāra (असार):—[a-sāra] (raḥ-rā-raṃ) a. Sapless; vain; weak. n. Castor oil tree.
2) Āśara (आशर):—[ā-śara] (raḥ) 1. m. Air; an imp.
3) Āsāra (आसार):—[ā-sāra] (raḥ) 1. m. A hard shower; surrounding an enemy.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Asāra (असार) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Asāra, Asāraya, Āsāra, Ūsāra.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary1) Asara (असर) [Also spelled asar]:—(nm) effect; influence; impression.
2) Asāra (असार) [Also spelled asar]:—(a) worthless; unsubstantial; unreal; illusory; immaterial; hence ~[tā] (nf).
3) Āsarā (आसरा) [Also spelled asra]:—(nm) reliance; shelter.
4) Āsāra (आसार) [Also spelled aasar]:—(nm) symptom, sign; breadth of a wall;—[najara ānā] some signs to be visible.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary1) Asāra (असार) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Asāra.
Asāra has the following synonyms: Asāraya.
2) Āsāra (आसार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Āsāra.
3) Āsāra (आसार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Āsāra.
4) Āsāra (आसार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Āsāra.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusAsāra (ಅಸಾರ):—
1) [noun] without essence.
2) [noun] insipid a) without flavour; tasteless; b) not exciting or interesting; dull; lifeless.
3) [noun] lacking value or significance.
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Āśara (ಆಶರ):—
1) [noun] (myth.) a devil; an evil spirit.
2) [noun] the Fire-God.
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Āsara (ಆಸರ):—[noun] the hard, aromatic seed of an East Indian tree (Myristica fragrans) of the nutmeg family, grated and used as a spice, and its outer covering yields the spice mace; nutmeg.
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Āsara (ಆಸರ):—[noun] = ಆಸರೆ [asare].
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Āsāra (ಆಸಾರ):—
1) [noun] a continuous and heavy down pour; torrential rain.
2) [noun] an attack; an incursion; an inroad.
3) [noun] the army of a friendly country ( ready to fight for).
4) [noun] a stock of good grains; provisions.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Source: DDSA: University of Madras: Tamil LexiconĀsarā (ஆஸரா) noun < Urdu āsarā. < ā-śraya. Shelter, support; ஆதாரம். [atharam.]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Asara (असर):—n. 1. effect; result; 2. impression; influence;
2) Asāra (असार):—n. Asadh/Asar; third month of the Nepali year (June-July);
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Sara, A, Cara, Na.
Starts with (+19): Acara, Acaraccavati, Acarakantam, Acarakkallan, Acarakkalli, Acarakkanakku, Acarakkovai, Acaralinkam, Acaraparan, Acarapocan, Acarappilai, Acarappotu, Acarati, Acaratu, Acaravacal, Acaravaci, Acaravinai, Acaravinan, Acaravini, Acaravupacaram.
Full-text (+121): Dharasara, Accasara, Pushpasara, Asarata, Sasara, Asaraka, Rudhirasara, Karakasara, Asarasharkara, Asaram, Asarabhava, Tucchasara, Asarapagata, Asaradassi, Asarada, Gahitasara, Caritva, Asarapumi, Avasarati, Acar.
Relevant text
Search found 63 books and stories containing Asara, Asāra, Ā-śara, Asārā, A-shara, Āsāra, Āśara, Āśāra, A-sārā, A-sāra, A-sara, Āsarā, Āsara, Aśara, Ashara, Ā-śāra, Ā-sāra, Aṣara, Aasaraa, A-sara-na, Ā-sara-ṇa, Na-sara, Na-sāra; (plurals include: Asaras, Asāras, śaras, Asārās, sharas, Āsāras, Āśaras, Āśāras, sārās, sāras, saras, Āsarās, Āsaras, Aśaras, Asharas, śāras, Aṣaras, Aasaraas, nas, ṇas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 1.11.46 < [Chapter 11 - Description of Śrī Kṛṣṇacandra’s Birth]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 9.42 [sarvatobhadra] < [Chapter 9 - Ornaments of Sound]
Malatimadhava (study) (by Jintu Moni Dutta)
Part 2.3a - Śabdālaṃkāra (Figure of Word) < [Chapter 2 - Literary Study of the Mālatīmādhava]
Part 4.3b - Ojas Guṇa (Floridity) < [Chapter 2 - Literary Study of the Mālatīmādhava]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 153 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 1]
Page 136 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 2]
Page 53 < [Telugu-English-Malayalam (1 volume)]
Dhammapada (Illustrated) (by Ven. Weagoda Sarada Maha Thero)
Verse 11-12 - The Story of Monk Sāriputta < [Chapter 1 - Yamaka Vagga (Twin Verses)]
Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (study) (by A. Yamuna Devi)
Politics and Administration (4): War strategy < [Chapter 3 - Social Aspects]