Alambana, Ālambana: 27 definitions
Introduction:
Alambana means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Jainism, Prakrit, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Alamban.
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—See yoga.*
- * Viṣṇu-purāṇa VI. 7. 42.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Kavyashastra (science of poetry)
Ālambana (आलम्बन) or Ālambanavibhāva refers to “substantial excitant” and represents one of the two types of vibhāva (excitants) according to Mammaṭa.—Basing upon which the basic feeling rati etc. are originated, that is called ālambana-vibhāva. In fact the dramatic personae like Duṣyanta and Śakuntala etc. are considred as ālambana-vibhāva respectively.
Kavyashastra (काव्यशास्त्र, kāvyaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian tradition of poetry (kavya). Canonical literature (shastra) of the includes encyclopedic manuals dealing with prosody, rhetoric and various other guidelines serving to teach the poet how to compose literature.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Ālambana (आलम्बन) refers to a “supporting object” (like the empty sky), according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] The conquest of the breath can be achieved by means of [reciting] the three types of Om and by various [Haṭhayogic] mudrās, as well as meditation on a fiery light [or meditation] on a supporting object (ālambana) [like] the empty sky [which are done] in the lotus of the inner space [of the heart]. [However,] having abandoned all this [because it is] situated in the body [and therefore limited], and having thought it to be a delusion of the mind, the wise should practise the no-mind state, which is unique, beyond the body and indescribable. [...]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Ālambana (आलम्बन, “object ”) refers to the “mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna) as object (ālambana)”, according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra chapter XXXI.—All dharmas with form (rūpadharma), namely, the ten bases of consciousness and a small part of the dharmāyatana are mindfulness of body.—The six kinds of feelings, namely, feeling arising from contact with the eye and the feelings arising from contact with the ear, nose, tongue, body and mind respectively.—The six kinds of consciousnesses, namely, consciousness of the eye and consciousnesses of the ear, nose, tongue, body and mind are mindfulness of mind.—The notion aggregate, the volition aggregate and the three unconditioned are mindfulness of dharmas. That is mindfulness as object (ālambana).
Ālambana (आलम्बन) refers to an “object of observation” connected with śamatha (“access concentration”), according to Kamalaśīla and the Śrāvakabhūmi section of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra.—To practice śamatha, one must select an object of observation (ālambana, Tibetan: dmigs-pa). Then one must overcome the five faults (ādīnava, Tibetan: nyes-dmigs).
Ālambana (आलम्बन) refers to an “object”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “[...] Then a voice resounded from open space, saying: ‘The Bodhisattva, the great being Gaganagañja has praised in verses the complete unsurpassable awakening which has been fully accomplished by the Buddhas in uncountable hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of ages. However, these Bodhisattvas cannot see this [awakening] as object (ālambana) even in their dreams because of their attachment. Having heard this guiding principle of the dharma in verses, attained it and believe it, whoever will gradually attain the lion’s roar like that of Bodhisattva Gaganagañja’.”
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Ālambana (आलम्बन) refers to the “(unique) ground” (of all phenonena), according to the Nāmamantrārthāvalokinī by Vilāsavajra, which is a commentary on the Nāmasaṃgīti.—Accordingly, [while commenting on verse 100ab]—“{Ādi-buddha}: [the word] ādibuddha means [he who is] ‘awakened from the very beginning’, and that one has the five gnoses as his nature. [...] So that one, who has the five gnoses as his natureand [also] the five colours as his nature , is the lord. And he should be understood to be Mañjuśrī, since as the equality of all dharmas he is the unique ground [of all phenonena] (eka-ālambana-tva). For that very reason he is [described as] free from [causal] connection”.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
India history and geography
Ālambana.—(LL), the base stone. Note: ālambana is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
ālambana : (nt.) 1. a sense-object; 2. hanging down from; 3. support.
Ālambana, (adj.-nt.) (fr. ā + lamb, cp. ālamba) (adj.) hanging down from, hanging up J.III, 396; IV, 457; SnA 214. — (nt.) support, balustrade (or screen?) Vin.II, 117, 152 (°bāha) Miln.126. (Page 109)
1) alambana (အလမ္ဗန) [(na) (န)]—
[na+lambana]
[န+လမ္ဗန]
2) ālambana (အာလမ္ဗန) [(na) (န)]—
[ā+labi+yu]
[အာ+လဗိ+ယု]
3) ālambaṇa (အာလမ္ဗဏ) [(na) (န)]—
[ā+labi+yu]
[အာ+လဗိ+ယု]
4) ālambaṇa (အာလမ္ဗဏ) [(na) (န)]—
[ā+labi+yu]
[အာ+လဗိ+ယု]
[Pali to Burmese]
1) alambana—
(Burmese text): တွဲလျားမကျခြင်း။ အလဒ္ဓတ္တလာဘတာ-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): Inconsistency. Observe the consequences.
2) ālambana—
(Burmese text): (၁) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သောအရာ။ (က) အာရုံ၊ စိတ်စေတသိက်တရားတို့သည် ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော တရား၊ (ရူပါရုံ,သဒ္ဒါရုံ စသော အာရုံ ခြောက်ပါး)။ အာရမ္မဏ-(၁)-လည်းကြည့်။ (ခ) အကြောင်းတရား၊ အကျိုးတရားသည်- ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-မှီတွယ်အပ်သော-အကြောင်းတရား (အကျိုးတရားကို ဖြစ်စေတတ်သော အကြောင်းတရား)။ (ဂ) မှီရာဌာန၊ လွှမ်းဖိရပ်တည်ရာဌာန၊ အမှီတကဲပြုစရာ-အားကိုးအားထားရာ-ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်-တရား။ (တိ) (ဃ) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-ဆွဲကိုင်စရာဖြစ်သော-ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်-တရား။ (င) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-ဆွဲကိုင်စရာဖြစ်သော-ကြိုးတန်း,တုတ်တန်း-စသည်။ (စ) ထောက်မှီအပ်သော-ကိုင်ဆောင်အပ်သော-တောင်ဝှေး,တုတ်စသည်။ (ဆ) မှီတွယ်-မှီတည်-အပ်သော ပျဉ်ချပ်,သစ်ပင်,တိုင်-စသည်။ (၂) အာရုံပြုခြင်း။ အာလမ္ဗနဗာဟာ-စသည်လည်းကြည့်။ (ဆ) အာလမ္ဗနဖလက,အာလမ္ဗနရုက္ခ-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Things that are clung to. (a) Sensations, mental states, and consciousness are the principles that are clung to (such as the six sense bases: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental). Look also at the term "aarammana" (1). (b) Causes and effects that are clung to and dependent upon (causes that can produce effects). (c) The abode where one seeks refuge, the place of refuge and reliance-a being or principle. (d) (g) A being that is clung to or is an object of clinging. (e) Objects that are clung to, such as cords and poles. (f) Supportive and carried objects, such as mountains, poles, and so forth. (g) Dependent on something or relying on something-trees, posts, and so forth. (2) Attention or mindfulness. Also look at the term "aalambana." (h) "Aalambana-phala," "aalambana-rukka"-look at these.
3) ālambaṇa—
(Burmese text): အာလမ္ဗန-ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): Alambana - Look.
4) ālambaṇa—
(Burmese text): (၁) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သောအရာ။ (က) အာရုံ၊ စိတ်စေတသိက်တရားတို့သည် ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော တရား၊ (ရူပါရုံ,သဒ္ဒါရုံ စသော အာရုံ ခြောက်ပါး)။ (အာရမ္မဏ (၁) လည်း ကြည့်)။ (ခ) အကြောင်းတရား၊ အကျိုးတရားသည်- ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-မှီတွယ်အပ်သော-အကြောင်းတရား (အကျိုးတရားကို ဖြစ်စေတတ်သော အကြောင်းတရား)။ (ဂ) မှီရာဌာန၊ လွှမ်းဖိရပ်တည်ရာဌာန၊ အမှီတကဲပြုစရာ-အားကိုးအားထားရာ-ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်-တရား။ (တိ) (ဃ) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-ဆွဲကိုင်စရာဖြစ်သော-ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်-တရား။ (င) ဆွဲကိုင်အပ်သော-ဆွဲကိုင်စရာဖြစ်သော-ကြိုးတန်း,တုတ်တန်း-စသည်။ (စ) ထောက်မှီအပ်သော-ကိုင်ဆောင်အပ်သော-တောင်ဝှေး,တုတ်စသည်။ (ဆ) မှီတွယ်-မှီတည်-အပ်သော ပျဉ်ချပ်,သစ်ပင်,တိုင်-စသည်။ (၂) အာရုံပြုခြင်း။ အာလမ္ဗနဗာဟာ-စသည်လည်းကြည့်။ (ဆ) အာလမ္ဗနဖလက,အာလမ္ဗနရုက္ခ-စသည် ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Attachment to a matter. (a) Sensation, mental states are the truth to which there is attachment (such as the six senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and mental objects). (Refer to Arammanha (1) as well). (b) Causal conditions, results are the attachment-dependent-causes (causal conditions that can lead to the results). (c) Reliant department, adherent department, supported-trustworthy-individual-truth. (d) (g) Attachment-what causes attachment-individual-truth. (e) Attachment-what causes attachment-strings, sticks, etc. (f) Supportive-holding onto-mountain trails, sticks, etc. (g) Dependent-established attachment-branch, tree, pole, etc. (2) Perception. Also see Alambanavahara, etc. (h) See Alambanaphalaka, Alambanarukha, etc.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Sanskrit dictionary
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—1 Depending on or from, hanging from.
2) Support, prop, stay; एतदालम्बनं श्रेष्ठमेतदालम्बनं परम् (etadālambanaṃ śreṣṭhametadālambanaṃ param) Kaṭh. Up.2.17. Kirātārjunīya 2.13; जातस्य नदीतीरे तस्यापि तृणस्य जन्मसाफल्यम् । यत्सलिलमज्जनाकुलजनहस्तावलम्बनं भवति (jātasya nadītīre tasyāpi tṛṇasya janmasāphalyam | yatsalilamajjanākulajanahastāvalambanaṃ bhavati) || Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.28.; sustaining, supporting; Meghadūta 4.
3) Receptacle, abode; Uttararāmacarita 6.1 (v. l.).
4) Reason, cause.
5) Base.
6) (In Rhet.) That on which a रस (rasa) or sentiment, as it were, hangs, person or thing with reference to which a sentiment arises, the natural and necessary connection of sentiment with the cause which excites it. The causes (vibhāva) giving rise to a Rasa are classified as two :-आलम्बन (ālambana) and उद्दीपन (uddīpana); e. g. in the Bībhatsa sentiment stinking flesh &c. is the आलम्बन (ālambana) of the Rasa, and the attendant circumstances which enhance the feeling of loathing (the worms &c. in the flesh) are its उद्दीपनानि (uddīpanāni) (exciters); for the other Rasas see S. D.21-238.
8) The mental exercise practised by the Yogin in endeavouring to bring before his thoughts the gross form of the Eternal.
9) Silent repetition of a prayer.
1) (With Buddhists) The five attributes of things corresponding to five senses, i. e. रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श (rūpa, rasa, gandha, sparśa) and शब्द (śabda).
11) Dharma or law corresponding to manas.
Derivable forms: ālambanam (आलम्बनम्).
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—nt. (in meaning 1, essentially = Sanskrit id.; in meaning 2 = ārambaṇa, q.v.), (1) basis, ground, reason (= Sanskrit id.); ālambana-pratyaya, third of four pratyaya, q.v., compare ārambaṇa, 1, end: Mahāvyutpatti 2269; (2) object of sense (= ārambaṇa, 3): Lalitavistara 392.15 sarvālambana-samati- krāntaḥ (dharmaḥ); Bodhisattvabhūmi 384.8 (see s.v. saṃprakhyāna); Asaṅga (Mahāyāna-sūtrālaṃkāra) iv.1 (see Lévi's note in Transl.; seems restricted to correspondence with citta = manas (?), at least according to Tibetan); (3) architectural term, part of a railing or balus- trade; bar, crossbar (functioning as support), especially of a vedikā (-jāla), q.v., one of the cross-pieces of a balustrade or railing; = ārambaṇaka, q.v.; associated with adhiṣṭhāna (q.v., 4) or °naka (q.v.); repeatedly a sūcī (sūcikā) is stated to function as ālambana to the upright [Page106-a+ 71] pillars (pādaka) of a vedikā-jāla (Mahāvastu), or simply to a vedikā (Divyāvadāna): Mahāvastu i.195.1 sūcikā ālambanam adhiṣṭhāna- kaṃ ca abhūṣi; iii.227.7 ff. sūcikā ālambanaṃ adhiṣṭhā- nakaṃ ca (in some repetitions below, abhūṣi is added); Divyāvadāna 221.9 sūcī ālambanam adhiṣṭhānam (sc. āsīt); see next.
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—n.
(-naṃ) 1. Depending on or resting upon, hanging from. 2. The natural and necessary connexion of feeling with the cause by which it is excited. 3. Supporting, sustaining. E. āṅ before labi to go, lyuṭ aff.
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—[ā-lamb + ana], n., 1. Supporting, [Meghadūta, (ed. Gildemeister.)] 4. 2. Support, [Pañcatantra] i. [distich] 34.
Ālambana (आलम्बन).—[neuter] leaning or depending on; also = [preceding] [masculine]
1) Ālambana (आलम्बन):—[=ā-lambana] [from ā-lamb] n. depending on or resting upon
2) [v.s. ...] hanging from, [Pāṇini]
3) [v.s. ...] supporting, sustaining, [Meghadūta]
4) [v.s. ...] foundation, base, [Prabodha-candrodaya; Kaṭha-upaniṣad]
5) [v.s. ...] reason, cause
6) [v.s. ...] (in rhetoric) the natural and necessary connection of a sensation with the cause which excites it, [Sāhitya-darpaṇa]
7) [v.s. ...] the mental exercise practised by the Yogin in endeavouring to realize the gross form of the Eternal, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
8) [v.s. ...] silent repetition of a prayer ([Horace H. Wilson])
9) [v.s. ...] (with Buddhists) the five attributes of things (apprehended by or connected with the five senses, viz. form, sound, smell, taste, and touch; also dharma or law belonging to manas).
Ālambana (आलम्बन):—[ā-lambana] (naṃ) 1. n. Idem.
Ālambana (आलम्बन):—(wie eben) n.
1) das sich auf - Etwas - Stützen [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 3, 68.] —
2) das Stützen, Erhalten: dayitājīvitālambanārthī [Meghadūta 4.] —
3) Stütze, Haltpunkt: nirālambanamambaram [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 3, 64.] yatsalilamajjanākulahastālambanaṃ bhavati (tṛṇam) [Pañcatantra I, 34.] übertr. Fundament, Grundlage [Kaṭhopaniṣad 2, 17.] Grund, Veranlassung: anālambanamevāvirbhavatā [Prabodhacandrodaja 71, 7] [?(Scholiast 1:] = niṣkāraṇameva). In der Rhetorik ist ālambana der eigentliche Grund der Gefühlserregung, wie z. B. der Held eines Stückes, [Sāhityadarpana 32, 7. 9. 29, 6. 61, 18. 76, 22.] — [Viṣṇupurāṇa 653] wird ālambana erklärt als the exercise of the Yogi (yogin), whilst endeavouring to bring before his thoughts the gross from of the eternal; [Wilson’s Wörterbuch] in der Note: Ālambana is the silent repetition of prayer. — Die Buddhisten nennen ālambana die den fünf Sinnesorganen gegenüberstehenden fünf Attribute der Dinge (Gestalt, Laut, Geruch, Geschmack und die durch das Gefühl wahrgenommenen Eigenschaften der Dinge) und das dem Manas gegenüberstehende Gesetz (dharma) [Burnouf 449.]
--- OR ---
Ālambana (आलम्बन):—
3) sthūlasūkṣmālambanabhedena [Oxforder Handschriften 229,a,28.] visadṛśapariṇāmaparihāradvāreṇa yadeva dhāraṇāyāmālambanīkṛtaṃ tadālambanatayaiva nirantaramutpattiḥ [17. fgg.] anālambanatā f. so v. a. Wüstheit des Kopfes [Sāhityadarpana 222.] Ueber die ālambana bei den Buddhisten vgl. [SARVADARŚANAS. 20, 3. fgg.] — Vgl. nirālambana .
Ālambana (आलम्बन):—n. —
1) das Sichstützen auf — , das Sichanhalten an Etwas [115,29.] —
2) das Stützen , Befestigen. —
3) Stütze , Halt [105,18.] Dazu Nom.abstr. tā Comm. zu [Yogasūtra 3,2.] in [Aufrecht 229] a. —
4) Fundament , Grundlage (in übertr. Bed.). —
5) im Yoga eine Art Meditation [Bādarāyaṇa’s Brahmasūtra 4,3,15.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 6,7,42.] Comm. zu [Yogasūtra 3,6] in [Aufrecht 229,a] —
6) in der Poetik der eigentliche Grund einer Gefühlserregung. —
7) buddh. die von den fünf Sinnesorganen und dem Manas wahrgenommenen Objecte.
Ālambana (आलम्बन) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Ālaṃbaṇa, Āvaṃbaṇā.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Ālaṃbana (आलंबन) [Also spelled alamban]:—(nm) foundation; base; (in Poetics) the object that arouses emotion; (in Rhetorics) the natural and necessary connection of a sensation which excites it; reason; cause; hence~[bita] (a).
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Ālaṃbaṇa (आलंबण) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Ālambana.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Ālaṃbana (ಆಲಂಬನ):—
1) [noun] that which supports; a prop; a stay; a support.
2) [noun] support received from another; a help.
3) [noun] the act of hanging or the state of being suspended.
--- OR ---
Āḷaṃbana (ಆಳಂಬನ):—
1) [noun] that which supports; a prop; a stay; a support.
2) [noun] a help; support received from another.
3) [noun] the act of hanging or the state of being suspended.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Ālambana (आलम्बन):—n. 1. support; prop; protection; 2. dependence; 3. base; 4. Rhet. that on which a rasa/sentiment hangs; 5. silent repetition of a prayer;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: La bi, Lambana, Ao, Yu, Yu, A, Na.
Starts with (+5): Alambanabaha, Alambanadayaka, Alambanadayakatthera, Alambanadayakavagga, Alambanagey, Alambanaka, Alambanakarananaya, Alambananangala, Alambananidassana, Alambanapariksha, Alambanaparikshatika, Alambanaparikshavritti, Alambanaphalaka, Alambanapratyaya, Alambanarajju, Alambanarukkha, Alambanasha, Alambanata, Alambanattha, Alambanatthambha.
Full-text (+111): Niralambana, Analambana, Alambara, Alambanapariksha, Samalambana, Alambani, Alambanadayaka, Alambanapratyaya, Alambanarajju, Alambananidassana, Alambaramegha, Alambanattha, Nibbanalambana, Vadalambana, Alambanarukkha, Alambanabaha, Hastalambana, Arambana, Alambanavat, Vibhava.
Relevant text
Search found 80 books and stories containing Alambana, A-labi-yu, Ā-labi-yu, A-labi-yu, Ā-labi-yu, A-labi-yu, Ā-labi-yu, A-lambana, Ā-lambana, Ālambana, Ālaṃbana, Ālaṃbaṇa, Ālambaṇa, Ālambanā, Āḷaṃbana, Āḷambana, Na-lambana; (plurals include: Alambanas, yus, lambanas, Ālambanas, Ālaṃbanas, Ālaṃbaṇas, Ālambaṇas, Ālambanās, Āḷaṃbanas, Āḷambanas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī)
Verse 3.5.3 < [Part 5 - Conjugal Love (mādhurya-rasa)]
Verse 2.1.16 < [Part 1 - Ecstatic Excitants (vibhāva)]
Verse 3.3.2 < [Part 3 - Fraternal Devotion (sakhya-rasa)]
Mundaka Upanishad (Madhva commentary) (by Srisa Chandra Vasu)
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 196 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Page 196 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 1]
Page 266 < [Bengali-Hindi-English, Volume 1]
Dramaturgy in the Venisamhara (by Debi Prasad Namasudra)
Vīra Rasa (emotion of zeal) < [Chapter 4 - Dramaturgy in Veṇīsaṃhāra]
Chapter 5 - Major findings and Concluding observations
The Hero of the Dramatic Play < [Chapter 4 - Dramaturgy in Veṇīsaṃhāra]
A Manual of Abhidhamma (by Nārada Thera)
Summary of Objects < [Chapter III - Miscellaneous Section]
The Law of Casual Relations < [Chapter VIII - The Compendium Of Relations]
Thought-Processes < [Chapter IV - Analysis of Thought-Processes]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)